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Morio KA, Sternowski RH, Zeng E, Brogden KA. Antimicrobial Peptides and Biomarkers Induced by Ultraviolet Irradiation Have the Potential to Reduce Endodontic Inflammation and Facilitate Tissue Healing. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14091979. [PMID: 36145725 PMCID: PMC9503046 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14091979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Ultraviolet (UV) irradiation can modulate host immune responses and this approach is a novel application for treating endodontic infections and inflammation in root canals. Methods: A dataset of UV-induced molecules was compiled from a literature search. A subset of this dataset was used to calculate expression log2 ratios of endodontic tissue molecules from HEPM cells and gingival fibroblasts after 255, 405, and 255/405 nm UV irradiation. Both datasets were analyzed using ingenuity pathway analysis (IPA, Qiagen, Germantown, MD, USA). Statistical significance was calculated using Fisher’s exact test and z-scores were calculated for IPA comparison analysis. Results: The dataset of 32 UV-induced molecules contained 9 antimicrobial peptides, 10 cytokines, 6 growth factors, 3 enzymes, 2 transmembrane receptors, and 2 transcription regulators. These molecules were in the IPA canonical pathway annotations for the wound healing signaling pathway (9/32, p = 3.22 × 10−11) and communication between immune cells (6/32, p = 8.74 × 10−11). In the IPA disease and function annotations, the 32 molecules were associated with an antimicrobial response, cell-to-cell signaling and interaction, cellular movement, hematological system development and function, immune cell trafficking, and inflammatory response. In IPA comparison analysis of the 13 molecules, the predicted activation or inhibition of pathways depended upon the cell type exposed, the wavelength of the UV irradiation used, and the time after exposure. Conclusions: UV irradiation activates and inhibits cellular pathways and immune functions. These results suggested that UV irradiation can activate innate and adaptive immune responses, which may supplement endodontic procedures to reduce infection, inflammation, and pain and assist tissues to heal.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Erliang Zeng
- Division of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, College of Dentistry, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Kim A. Brogden
- College of Dentistry, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
- Correspondence:
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2
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Artyukhov VG, Basharina OV. Modern Ideas about the Mechanisms of Action of Ultraviolet Radiation on Cells and Subcellular Systems. BIOL BULL+ 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s1062359021120025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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3
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Gorgisen G, Ozkol H, Tuluce Y, Arslan A, Ecer Y, Keskin S, Kaya Z, Ragbetli MC. Silibinin and ellagic acid increase the expression of insulin receptor substrate 1 protein in ultraviolet irradiated rat skin. Biotech Histochem 2020; 95:641-646. [PMID: 32347127 DOI: 10.1080/10520295.2020.1753238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Daily exposure to ultraviolet (UV) light induces inflammation and tumorigenesis in the skin. Silibinin and ellagic acid are natural products that exhibit anti-inflammatory and anti-tumorigenic properties. Insulin receptor substrate protein 1 (IRS1) is important for skin homeostasis and physiology, but its activity following UV radiation remains unclear. We investigated the effects of ellagic acid and silibinin on IRS1 expression in ultraviolet A (UVA) and ultraviolet B (UVB) irradiated rat skin. Forty-two female Wistar rats were divided randomly into six groups of seven animals. The dorsal skin of rats was exposed to UVA + UVB, then treated with ellagic acid and silibinin by gavage. IRS1 expression in skin tissues was determined by western blot analysis. IRS1 expression increased significantly following treatment with ellagic acid and silibinin in UVA + UVB irradiated skin compared to the UVA + UVB only group. After UVA + UVB treatment, ellagic acid effected greater induction of IRS1 expression than silibinin. Our findings suggest that the photoprotective roles of ellagic acid and silibinin may be due to induction of IRS1 expression in UVA + UVB treated rat skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Gorgisen
- Department of Medical Biology, Van Yuzuncu Yil University Medical School , Van, Turkey
| | - H Ozkol
- Department of Medical Biology, Van Yuzuncu Yil University Medical School , Van, Turkey
| | - Y Tuluce
- Department of Medical Biology, Van Yuzuncu Yil University Medical School , Van, Turkey
| | - A Arslan
- Department of Medical Biology, Van Yuzuncu Yil University Medical School , Van, Turkey
| | - Y Ecer
- Department of Medical Biology, Van Yuzuncu Yil University Medical School , Van, Turkey
| | - S Keskin
- Department of Medical Histology and Embryology, Van Yuzuncu Yil University Medical School , Van, Turkey
| | - Z Kaya
- Department of Medical Biology, Van Yuzuncu Yil University Medical School , Van, Turkey
| | - M C Ragbetli
- Department of Medical Histology and Embryology, Van Yuzuncu Yil University Medical School , Van, Turkey
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4
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Thrombomodulin Regulation of Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20081851. [PMID: 30991642 PMCID: PMC6514922 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20081851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2019] [Revised: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The multifaceted role of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) in modulating signal transduction pathways in inflammatory conditions such as infection, cardiovascular disease, and cancer has been well established. Recently, coagulation factors have also emerged as key players in regulating intracellular signaling pathways during inflammation. Among coagulation factors, thrombomodulin, as a high affinity receptor for thrombin on vascular endothelial cells, has been discovered to be a potent anti-inflammatory and anti-tumorigenic signaling molecule. The protective signaling function of thrombomodulin is separate from its well-recognized role in the clotting cascade, which is to function as an anti-coagulant receptor in order to switch the specificity of thrombin from a procoagulant to an anti-coagulant protease. The underlying protective signaling mechanism of thrombomodulin remains largely unknown, though a few published reports link the receptor to the regulation of MAPKs under different (patho)physiological conditions. The goal of this review is to summarize what is known about the regulatory relationship between thrombomodulin and MAPKs.
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5
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Clinical and laboratory skin biomarkers of organ-specific diseases. Mech Ageing Dev 2019; 177:144-149. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2018.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Revised: 07/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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6
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Zernii EY, Gancharova OS, Tiulina VV, Zamyatnin AA, Philippov PP, Baksheeva VE, Senin II. Mitochondria-targeted antioxidant SKQ1 protects cornea from oxidative damage induced by ultraviolet irradiation and mechanical injury. BMC Ophthalmol 2018; 18:336. [PMID: 30587174 PMCID: PMC6307206 DOI: 10.1186/s12886-018-0996-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cornea protects the eye against natural and anthropogenic ultraviolet (UV) damage and mechanical injury. Corneal incisions produced by UV lasers in ophthalmic surgeries are often complicated by oxidative stress and inflammation, which delay wound healing and result in vision deterioration. This study trialed a novel approach to prevention and treatment of iatrogenic corneal injuries using SkQ1, a mitochondria-targeted antioxidant approved for therapy of polyethiological dry eye disease. Methods Rabbit models of UV-induced and mechanical corneal damage were employed. The animals were premedicated or treated with conjunctival instillations of 7.5 μM SkQ1. Corneal damage was assessed by fluorescein staining and histological analysis. Oxidative stress in cornea was monitored by measuring malondialdehyde (MDA) using thiobarbituric acid assay. Total antioxidant activity (AOA) was determined using hemoglobin/H2O2/luminol assay. Glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities were measured using colorimetric assays. Results In both models corneas exhibited fluorescein-stained lesions, histologically manifesting as basal membrane denudation, apoptosis of keratocytes, and stromal edema, which were accompanied by oxidative stress as indicated by increase in lipid peroxidation and decline in AOA. The UV-induced lesions were more severe and long healing as corneal endothelium was involved and GPx and SOD were downregulated. The treatment inhibited loss of keratocytes and other cells, facilitated re-epithelialization and stromal remodeling, and reduced inflammatory infiltrations and edema thereby accelerating corneal healing approximately 2-fold. Meanwhile the premedication almost completely prevented development of UV-induced lesions. Both therapies reduced oxidative stress, but only premedication inhibited downregulation of the innate antioxidant activity of the cornea. Conclusions SkQ1 efficiently prevents UV-induced corneal damage and enhances corneal wound healing after UV and mechanical impacts common to ocular surgery. Its therapeutic action can be attributed to suppression of mitochondrial oxidative stress, which in the first case embraces all corneal cells including epitheliocytes, while in the second case affects residual endothelial cells and stromal keratocytes actively working in wound healing. We suggest SkQ1 premedication to be used in ocular surgery for preventing iatrogenic complications in the cornea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgeni Yu Zernii
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119992, Russia. .,Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, 119991, Russia.
| | - Olga S Gancharova
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119992, Russia.,Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Veronika V Tiulina
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119992, Russia
| | - Andrey A Zamyatnin
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119992, Russia.,Institute of Molecular Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Pavel P Philippov
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119992, Russia
| | - Viktoriia E Baksheeva
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119992, Russia
| | - Ivan I Senin
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119992, Russia.
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7
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Furue M, Uchi H, Mitoma C, Hashimoto-Hachiya A, Tanaka Y, Ito T, Tsuji G. Implications of tryptophan photoproduct FICZ in oxidative stress and terminal differentiation of keratinocytes. GIORN ITAL DERMAT V 2018; 154:37-41. [PMID: 30035475 DOI: 10.23736/s0392-0488.18.06132-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Ultraviolet B (UVB) irradiation activates aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR), generates reactive oxygen species (ROS) and mediates photocarcinogenesis and photoaging. 6-Formylindolo[3,2-b]carbazole (FICZ) is a tryptophan photoproduct generated by UVB exposure. FICZ exhibits similar biological effects to UVB, including AHR ligation and ROS production. FICZ also acts as a potent photosensitizer for UVA and the production of ROS is synergistically augmented in the simultaneous presence of FICZ and UVA. In contrast, FICZ upregulates the expression of terminal differentiation molecules such as filaggrin and loricrin via AHR. In parallel with this, the administration of FICZ inhibits skin inflammation in a murine psoriasis and dermatitis model. In this article, we summarize the harmful and beneficial aspects of FICZ in skin pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masutaka Furue
- Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan - .,Research and Clinical Center for Yusho and Dioxin, Kyushu University Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan - .,Division of Skin Surface Sensing, Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan -
| | - Hiroshi Uchi
- Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Chikage Mitoma
- Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.,Research and Clinical Center for Yusho and Dioxin, Kyushu University Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Akiko Hashimoto-Hachiya
- Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.,Research and Clinical Center for Yusho and Dioxin, Kyushu University Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yuka Tanaka
- Research and Clinical Center for Yusho and Dioxin, Kyushu University Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Takamichi Ito
- Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Gaku Tsuji
- Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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8
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Murai M, Yamamura K, Hashimoto-Hachiya A, Tsuji G, Furue M, Mitoma C. Tryptophan photo-product FICZ upregulates AHR/MEK/ERK-mediated MMP1 expression: Implications in anti-fibrotic phototherapy. J Dermatol Sci 2018; 91:97-103. [PMID: 29703420 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2018.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Revised: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Scleroderma is caused by aberrant transforming growth factor-ß signaling. The degradation of extracellular matrix proteins is regulated by matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs). Ultraviolet (UV) radiation has been a therapy for scleroderma. 6-Formylindolo[3,2-b]carbazole (FICZ), an endogenous aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) ligand, is a tryptophan metabolite generated by UV exposure. Nonetheless, whether FICZ regulates MMPs and TIMPs has not been investigated. OBJECTIVE To elucidate the regulatory roles of FICZ in the expression of MMPs and TIMPs in normal human dermal fibroblasts (NHDFs). METHODS Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction was performed to determine the expression of MMPs or TIMPs in the NHDFs treated with FICZ or UVB. The MMPs levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The actions of FICZ on MMPs were analyzed using AHR-knockdown NHDFs or selective inhibitors of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs). Microtubule-associated protein kinase (MEK) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) phosphorylation was examined by western blotting. RESULTS UVB increased the mRNA and protein levels of MMP1 and MMP3 in NHDFs, while FICZ upregulated those of MMP1, but not MMP3. The effects of FICZ on TIMPs were negligible. FICZ increased MMP1 expression in an AHR-dependent manner. The FICZ-induced MMP1 upregulation was ameliorated with MEK/ERK inhibitors, whereas the effects of UVB were canceled with c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and p38-MAPK as well as MEK/ERK inhibitors. FICZ-induced ERK phosphorylation is dependent on AHR. CONCLUSION FICZ contributes to the UV-mediated anti-fibrotic effects via the AHR/MEK/ERK signal pathway in NHDFs. FICZ is a potential therapeutic agent for scleroderma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mika Murai
- Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan.
| | - Kazuhiko Yamamura
- Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan.
| | - Akiko Hashimoto-Hachiya
- Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan.
| | - Gaku Tsuji
- Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan.
| | - Masutaka Furue
- Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan; Research and Clinical Center for Yusho and Dioxin, Kyushu University Hospital, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan.
| | - Chikage Mitoma
- Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan; Research and Clinical Center for Yusho and Dioxin, Kyushu University Hospital, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan.
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9
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Ujfaludi Z, Tuzesi A, Majoros H, Rothler B, Pankotai T, Boros IM. Coordinated activation of a cluster of MMP genes in response to UVB radiation. Sci Rep 2018; 8:2660. [PMID: 29422610 PMCID: PMC5805780 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-20999-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Ultraviolet (UV) B radiation is a dangerous environmental stressor, which can lead to photoaging, inflammation, immune suppression and tumour formation. A recent report has shown the transcriptional activation of several skin-specific genes including matrix metalloproteases (MMPs) in response to UV irradiation. Here, we use a novel human keratinocyte model, HKerE6SFM, to demonstrate that UVB activates the transcription of most members of the 11q22.3 MMP gene cluster including MMP13, MMP12, MMP3, MMP1 and MMP10. Curiously, the expression of the well-characterized UVB-inducible MMP9, which is located outside of the cluster, remains unchanged. In accordance with the increased expression of the MMP gene cluster upon UVB irradiation, RNA polymerase II showed increased occupancy at their promoters following UVB irradiation. The results also demonstrate increased acetylated histone H3K9 levels at the promoters of the MMP13, MMP12, MMP3, MMP1 and MMP10 genes. These findings suggest a coordinated transcriptional activation of genes in the MMP cluster at 11q22.3 and that acetylation of histone H3 at lysine 9 has an important role in the UVB-dependent enhancement of transcription of MMP genes in this region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsuzsanna Ujfaludi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, FSI, USZ, Közép fasor 52, Szeged, H6726, Hungary
| | - Agota Tuzesi
- Institute of Biochemistry, BRC, HAS, Temesvári körút 62, H6726, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Hajnalka Majoros
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, FSI, USZ, Közép fasor 52, Szeged, H6726, Hungary
| | - Balint Rothler
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, FSI, USZ, Közép fasor 52, Szeged, H6726, Hungary
| | - Tibor Pankotai
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, FSI, USZ, Közép fasor 52, Szeged, H6726, Hungary.
| | - Imre M Boros
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, FSI, USZ, Közép fasor 52, Szeged, H6726, Hungary. .,Institute of Biochemistry, BRC, HAS, Temesvári körút 62, H6726, Szeged, Hungary.
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10
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An endogenous tryptophan photo-product, FICZ, is potentially involved in photo-aging by reducing TGF-β-regulated collagen homeostasis. J Dermatol Sci 2017; 89:19-26. [PMID: 29102224 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2017.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Revised: 09/23/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Persistent ultraviolet (UV) radiation in the form of sunlight causes photo-aging of the skin by reducing the production of type I collagen, the major constituent of the extracellular matrix of the dermis. Transforming growth factor (TGF)-β transforms dermal fibroblasts into α2-smooth muscle actin (ACTA2)-expressing myofibroblasts. Myofibroblasts produce a precursor form of type I collagen, type I procollagen (collagen I), consisting of pro-alpha1 (produced by the COL1A1 gene) and pro-alpha2 chains (produced by the COL1A2 gene). Smad2/3 is a key downstream molecule of TGF-β signaling. The mechanisms through which UV inhibits collagen I synthesis are not fully understood. 6-Formylindolo[3,2-b]carbazole (FICZ) is an endogenous tryptophan photo-metabolite generated by UV irradiation. FICZ is well known as a high-affinity ligand for aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR). However, the physiological roles of FICZ in photo-aging have yet to be addressed. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effects of FICZ on the TGF-β-mediated ACTA2 and collagen I expression in normal human dermal fibroblasts (NHDFs). METHODS Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and western blot analysis were performed to determine the expression of ACTA2, COL1A1, and COL1A2 in NHDFs with or without FICZ and TGF-β. The phosphorylated Smad2/3 (pSmad2/3) protein levels in cytoplasmic or nuclear portions were investigated by western blot analysis. Immunofluorescence staining was conducted to evaluate pSmad2/3 localization, and F-actin staining with phalloidin was performed to visualize actin polymerization in myofibroblasts. The actions of FICZ on the TGF-β-mediated collagen I expression and nuclear translocation of pSmad2/3 were analyzed in the presence of selective AHR antagonists or in AHR-knockdown NHDFs. RESULTS We found that FICZ significantly inhibited the TGF-β-induced upregulation of mRNA and protein levels of ACTA2 and collagen I and actin polymerization in myofibroblasts. FICZ did not disturb the phosphorylation of Smad2/3. Notably, FICZ reduced the expression of pSmad2/3 in the nucleus, while it increased that in the cytoplasm, suggesting that it inhibits the nuclear translocation of pSmad2/3 induced by TGF-β. The inhibitory actions of FICZ on the TGF-β-mediated collagen I expression and nuclear translocation of pSmad2/3 were independent of AHR signaling. Another endogenous AHR agonist, kynurenine, also inhibited the TGF-β-mediated ACTA2 and collagen I upregulation in NHDFs in an AHR-independent manner; however, its effects were insignificant in comparison with those of FICZ. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that the endogenous photo-product FICZ may be a key chromophore that involves in photo-aging. Downregulation of FICZ signaling is thus a potential strategy to protect against photo-aging.
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11
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Xie J, Zheng Y. Myricetin protects keratinocyte damage induced by UV through IκB/NFκb signaling pathway. J Cosmet Dermatol 2017; 16:444-449. [PMID: 28834104 DOI: 10.1111/jocd.12399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential molecular mechanism of myricetin that protecting cells from photodamage. METHODS Myricetin had broadly chemopreventive effects and anti-inflammatory properties. The effect of myricetin was assessed on HaCaT cells. Cell viability assay was carried out. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) level was measured. The expression of pro-inflammatory factor COX2 was determined by real-time PCR and Western blot. The protein levels of p-IκBa and IκBa were determined by Western blot. RESULTS Myricetin attenuated UV-induced keratinocyte death in a dose-dependent manner as determined by cell viability assay. Pretreatment with myricetin also reduced the UV-induced ROS levels. Myricetin suppresses the upregulation of COX2 induced by UV in keratinocyte as demonstrated by real-time PCR and Western blot. Furthermore, signal transduction studies confirmed that myricetin attenuates the upregulation of COX2 induced by UV via suppression of IκB/NFκB pathways. CONCLUSION These results showed that antioxidant property of myricetin can effectively attenuate UV-caused cell damage and suppress the expression of COX2 through the IκB/NFκB signaling pathways. Myricetin had potential protective effects on UV-induced skin cell damages, which might be used in cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Xie
- Shangdong Provincial Hospital for Skin Diseases, Shangdong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Wenzhou People's Hospital, Wenzhou, China
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12
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Montes de Oca MK, Pearlman RL, McClees SF, Strickland R, Afaq F. Phytochemicals for the Prevention of Photocarcinogenesis. Photochem Photobiol 2017; 93:956-974. [PMID: 28063168 DOI: 10.1111/php.12711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Ultraviolet (UV) exposure has an array of damaging effects and is the main cause of skin cancer in humans. Nonmelanoma skin cancer (NMSC), including basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma, is the most common type of cancer. Incidence of NMSC has increased due to greater UV radiation, increased life expectancy and other changes in lifestyle; the annual cost of skin cancer treatment in the United States has increased concurrently to around eight billion dollars. Because of these trends, novel approaches to skin cancer prevention have become an important area of research to decrease skin cancer morbidity and defray the costs associated with treatment. Chemoprevention aims to prevent or delay the development of skin cancer through the use of phytochemicals. Use of phytochemicals as chemopreventive agents has gained attention due to their low toxicity and anticarcinogenic properties. Phytochemicals also exhibit antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antiproliferative effects which support their use as chemopreventive agents, particularly for skin cancer. Preclinical and human studies have shown that phytochemicals decrease UV-induced skin damage and photocarcinogenesis. In this review article, we discuss the selected phytochemicals that may prevent or delay UV-induced carcinogenesis and highlight their potential use for skin protection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ross L Pearlman
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Sarah F McClees
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Rebecca Strickland
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Farrukh Afaq
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL.,Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
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13
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Mou K, Liu W, Han D, Li P. HMGB1/RAGE axis promotes autophagy and protects keratinocytes from ultraviolet radiation-induced cell death. J Dermatol Sci 2016; 85:162-169. [PMID: 28012822 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2016.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Revised: 11/06/2016] [Accepted: 12/14/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The primary cause of skin cancer is ultraviolet (UV) light from the sun. Keratinocytes are the predominant cell type in the epidermis and form a barrier against environmental damage, especially from UV light irradiation. Autophagy is a self-digestion mechanism for energy homeostasis at critical times during development and as a response to stress. High-mobility group protein 1 (HMGB1) is a highly conserved nuclear protein that is associated with cell autophagy. OBJECTIVE We investigated the role of HMGB1 in keratinocytes exposed to UV irradiation and its regulation of keratinocyte autophagy. METHODS Specimens of UV-exposed human skin were assayed immunohistochemically for HMGB1. HaCaT immortalized human keratinocytes were used to investigate the mechanism of HMGB1 translocation induced by UV irradiation. Levels of cytosolic reactive oxygen species (ROS) were determined by H2DCF assay, apoptosis was assayed by flow cytometry and western-blot after lentivirus-mediated shRNA targeting of HMGB1 in keratinocytes by UV irradiation. Phosphorylated-Erk1/2 expression was assayed by western blotting. RESULTS HMGB1 and its receptor (receptor for advanced glycation end products, RAGE) were both expressed by HaCaT cells, and HMGB1 was transferred from the nucleus to the cytoplasm after UV irradiation in both HaCaT and human skin keratinocytes. Knockdown of HMGB1 expression by lentivirus-mediated shRNA limited UV-induced autophagy and led to increased apoptosis of HaCaT cells. Pharmacological inhibition of HMGB1 cytoplasmic translocation by agents such as ethyl pyruvate limits starvation-induced autophagy. UV irradiation led to phosphorylation of Erk1/2 in HaCaT cells. Inhibition of RAGE and Erk1/2 limited HaCaT cell autophagy. CONCLUSION Autocrine HMGB1 modulated HaCaT autophagy via a RAGE/HMGB1/extracellular signal-regulated Erk1/2-dependent pathway to protect keratinocytes from apoptosis during UV irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuanhou Mou
- Department of Dermatology, the Frist Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 277 West Yanta Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Dermatology, the Frist Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 277 West Yanta Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, People's Republic of China
| | - Dan Han
- Department of Dermatology, the Frist Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 277 West Yanta Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, People's Republic of China
| | - Pan Li
- Center for Translational Medicine, the Frist Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 277 West Yanta Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, People's Republic of China.
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14
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Takeuchi S, Matsuda T, Ono R, Tsujimoto M, Nishigori C. Mitotic genes are transcriptionally upregulated in the fibroblast irradiated with very low doses of UV-C. Sci Rep 2016; 6:29233. [PMID: 27378355 PMCID: PMC4932599 DOI: 10.1038/srep29233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Ultraviolet (UV) radiation induces a variety of biological effects, including DNA damage response and cell signaling pathways. We performed transcriptome analysis using microarray in human primary cultured fibroblasts irradiated with UV-C (0.5 or 5 J/m2) and harvested at 4 or 12 h following UV exposure. All transcript data were analyzed by comparison with the corresponding results in non-irradiated (control) cells. The number of genes with significantly altered expression (≥2-fold difference relative to the control) is higher in the sample irradiated with high dose of UV, suggesting that gene expression was UV dose-dependent. Pathway analysis on the upregulated genes at 12 h indicates that the expression of some cell cycle-related genes was predominantly induced irrespective of UV-dose. Interestingly, almost all the genes with significant altered expression were cell cycle-related genes designated as ‘Mitotic Genes’, which function in the spindle assembly checkpoint. Therefore, even a low dose of UV could affect the transcriptional profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seiji Takeuchi
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Internal Related, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1 Kusunoki-cho, Chuou-ku, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
| | - Toshiro Matsuda
- Kindai University Atomic Energy Research Institute, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashiosaka City, Osaka 577-8502, Japan
| | - Ryusuke Ono
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Internal Related, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1 Kusunoki-cho, Chuou-ku, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
| | - Mariko Tsujimoto
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Internal Related, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1 Kusunoki-cho, Chuou-ku, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
| | - Chikako Nishigori
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Internal Related, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1 Kusunoki-cho, Chuou-ku, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
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15
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Madheshiya PK, Sahare AA, Jyotsana B, Singh KP, Saini M, Raja AK, Kaith S, Singla SK, Chauhan MS, Manik RS, Palta P. Production of a Cloned Buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) Calf from Somatic Cells Isolated from Urine. Cell Reprogram 2016; 17:160-9. [PMID: 26053516 DOI: 10.1089/cell.2014.0097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was aimed at isolation of cells from urine and skin on the ventral part of the tails of healthy adult female buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis), an area rarely exposed to solar radiation, establishment of the cells in culture, and their use as donor cells for production of buffalo embryos by handmade cloning (HMC). The blastocyst rate and total cell number of urine- and tail skin-derived embryos were similar to those of control embryos derived from ear skin cells; however, their apoptotic index was lower (p<0.05) than that of control blastocysts. The global level of histone H3 acetylated at lysine 9 (H3K9ac) was similar in the three types of donor cells and in urine- and tail skin-derived HMC blastocysts and in vitro-fertilized (IVF) blastocysts (controls). The global level of histone H3 trimethylated at lysine 27 (H3K27me3) in the cells was in the order (p<0.05) urine≥tail skin>ear skin-derived cells, whereas in blastocysts, it was higher (p<0.05) in urine- and tail skin-derived HMC blastocysts than that in IVF blastocysts. The expression level of CASPASE3, CASPASE9, P53, DNMT1, DNMT3a, OCT4, and NANOG, which was similar in HMC blastocysts of three the groups, was lower (p<0.05) than that in IVF blastocysts, whereas that of HDAC1 was similar among the four groups. Following transfer of urine-derived embryos (n=10) to five recipients (two embryos/recipient), one of the recipients delivered a normal calf that is now 5 weeks old.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pankaj K Madheshiya
- Embryo Biotechnology Laboratory, Animal Biotechnology Centre, National Dairy Research Institute , Karnal-132001, Haryana, India
| | - Amol A Sahare
- Embryo Biotechnology Laboratory, Animal Biotechnology Centre, National Dairy Research Institute , Karnal-132001, Haryana, India
| | - Basanti Jyotsana
- Embryo Biotechnology Laboratory, Animal Biotechnology Centre, National Dairy Research Institute , Karnal-132001, Haryana, India
| | - Karn P Singh
- Embryo Biotechnology Laboratory, Animal Biotechnology Centre, National Dairy Research Institute , Karnal-132001, Haryana, India
| | - Monika Saini
- Embryo Biotechnology Laboratory, Animal Biotechnology Centre, National Dairy Research Institute , Karnal-132001, Haryana, India
| | - Anuj K Raja
- Embryo Biotechnology Laboratory, Animal Biotechnology Centre, National Dairy Research Institute , Karnal-132001, Haryana, India
| | - Sakshi Kaith
- Embryo Biotechnology Laboratory, Animal Biotechnology Centre, National Dairy Research Institute , Karnal-132001, Haryana, India
| | - Suresh K Singla
- Embryo Biotechnology Laboratory, Animal Biotechnology Centre, National Dairy Research Institute , Karnal-132001, Haryana, India
| | - Manmohan S Chauhan
- Embryo Biotechnology Laboratory, Animal Biotechnology Centre, National Dairy Research Institute , Karnal-132001, Haryana, India
| | - Radhey S Manik
- Embryo Biotechnology Laboratory, Animal Biotechnology Centre, National Dairy Research Institute , Karnal-132001, Haryana, India
| | - Prabhat Palta
- Embryo Biotechnology Laboratory, Animal Biotechnology Centre, National Dairy Research Institute , Karnal-132001, Haryana, India
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17
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Gao HD, Thanasekaran P, Chiang CW, Hong JL, Liu YC, Chang YH, Lee HM. Construction of a Near-Infrared-Activatable Enzyme Platform To Remotely Trigger Intracellular Signal Transduction Using an Upconversion Nanoparticle. ACS NANO 2015; 9:7041-7051. [PMID: 26102426 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.5b01573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Photoactivatable (caged) bioeffectors provide a way to remotely trigger or disable biochemical pathways in living organisms at a desired time and location with a pulse of light (uncaging), but the phototoxicity of ultraviolet (UV) often limits its application. In this study, we have demonstrated the near-infrared (NIR) photoactivatable enzyme platform using protein kinase A (PKA), an important enzyme in cell biology. We successfully photoactivated PKA using NIR to phosphorylate its substrate, and this induced a downstream cellular response in living cells with high spatiotemporal resolution. In addition, this system allows NIR to selectively activate the caged enzyme immobilized on the nanoparticle surface without activating other caged proteins in the cytosol. This NIR-responsive enzyme-nanoparticle system provides an innovative approach to remote-control proteins and enzymes, which can be used by researchers who need to avoid direct UV irradiation or use UV as a secondary channel to turn on a bioeffector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua-De Gao
- †Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, 128 Academia Road, Section 2, Nankang, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Pounraj Thanasekaran
- †Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, 128 Academia Road, Section 2, Nankang, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Chao-Wei Chiang
- †Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, 128 Academia Road, Section 2, Nankang, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Jia-Lin Hong
- †Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, 128 Academia Road, Section 2, Nankang, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Chun Liu
- ‡Department of Materials and Mineral Resources Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology, 1 Zhongxiao E. Road, Section 3, Taipei 10608, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Hsu Chang
- ‡Department of Materials and Mineral Resources Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology, 1 Zhongxiao E. Road, Section 3, Taipei 10608, Taiwan
| | - Hsien-Ming Lee
- †Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, 128 Academia Road, Section 2, Nankang, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
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Boros G, Miko E, Muramatsu H, Weissman D, Emri E, van der Horst GTJ, Szegedi A, Horkay I, Emri G, Karikó K, Remenyik É. Identification of Cyclobutane Pyrimidine Dimer-Responsive Genes Using UVB-Irradiated Human Keratinocytes Transfected with In Vitro-Synthesized Photolyase mRNA. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0131141. [PMID: 26121660 PMCID: PMC4488231 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0131141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2015] [Accepted: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Major biological effects of UVB are attributed to cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPDs), the most common photolesions formed on DNA. To investigate the contribution of CPDs to UVB-induced changes of gene expression, a model system was established by transfecting keratinocytes with pseudouridine-modified mRNA (Ψ-mRNA) encoding CPD-photolyase. Microarray analyses of this model system demonstrated that more than 50% of the gene expression altered by UVB was mediated by CPD photolesions. Functional classification of the gene targets revealed strong effects of CPDs on the regulation of the cell cycle and transcriptional machineries. To confirm the microarray data, cell cycle-regulatory genes, CCNE1 and CDKN2B that were induced exclusively by CPDs were selected for further investigation. Following UVB irradiation, expression of these genes increased significantly at both mRNA and protein levels, but not in cells transfected with CPD-photolyase Ψ-mRNA and exposed to photoreactivating light. Treatment of cells with inhibitors of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) blocked the UVB-dependent upregulation of both genes suggesting a role for JNK in relaying the signal of UVB-induced CPDs into transcriptional responses. Thus, photolyase mRNA-based experimental platform demonstrates CPD-dependent and -independent events of UVB-induced cellular responses, and, as such, has the potential to identify novel molecular targets for treatment of UVB-mediated skin diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gábor Boros
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Edit Miko
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Hiromi Muramatsu
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Drew Weissman
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Eszter Emri
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | | | - Andrea Szegedi
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
- Department of Dermatological Allergology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Irén Horkay
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Gabriella Emri
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
- * E-mail:
| | - Katalin Karikó
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Éva Remenyik
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
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He T, Quan T, Fisher GJ. Ultraviolet irradiation represses TGF-β type II receptor transcription through a 38-bp sequence in the proximal promoter in human skin fibroblasts. Exp Dermatol 2015; 23 Suppl 1:2-6. [PMID: 25234828 DOI: 10.1111/exd.12389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) is a major regulator of collagen gene expression in human skin fibroblasts. Cellular responses to TGF-β are mediated primarily through its cell surface type I (TβRI) and type II (TβRII) receptors. Ultraviolet (UV) irradiation impairs TGF-β signalling largely due to reduced TβRII gene expression, thereby decreasing type I procollagen synthesis, in human skin fibroblasts. UV irradiation does not alter either TβRII mRNA or protein stability, indicating that UV reduction in TβRII expression likely results from transcriptional or translational repression. To understand how UV irradiation regulates TβRII transcription, we used a series of TβRII promoter-luciferase 5'-deletion constructs (covering 2 kb of the TβRII proximal promoter) to determine transcriptional rate in response to UV irradiation. We identified a 137-bp region upstream of the transcriptional start site that exhibited high promoter activity and was repressed 60% by UV irradiation, whereas all other TβRII promoter reporter constructs exhibited either low promoter activities or no regulation by UV irradiation. Mutation of potential transcription factor binding sites within the promoter region revealed that an inverted CCAAT box (-81 bp from transcription start site) is required for promoter activity. Mutation of the CCAAT box completely abolished UV irradiation regulation of the TβRII promoter. Protein-binding assay, as determined by electrophoretic mobility-shift assays (EMSAs) using the inverted CCAAT box as probe (-100/-62), demonstrated significantly enhanced protein binding in response to UV irradiation. Super shift experiments indicated that nuclear factor Y (NFY) is able to binding to this sequence, but NFY binding was not altered in response to UV irradiation, indicating additional protein(s) are capable of binding this sequence in response to UV irradiation. Taken together, these data indicate that UV irradiation reduces TβRII expression, at least partially, through transcriptional repression. This repression is mediated by a 38-bp sequence in TβRII promoter, in human skin fibroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyuan He
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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20
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Lan CCE, Ho PY, Wu CS, Yang RC, Yu HS. LED 590nm photomodulation reduces UVA-induced metalloproteinase-1 expression via upregulation of antioxidant enzyme catalase. J Dermatol Sci 2015; 78:125-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2015.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2014] [Revised: 01/25/2015] [Accepted: 02/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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21
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Zhirnov VV, Iakovenko IN. The osmotic resistance, and zeta potential responses of human erythrocytes to transmembrane modification of Ca2+ fluxes in the presence of the imposed low rate radiation field of 90Sr. Int J Radiat Biol 2014; 91:117-26. [PMID: 25084838 DOI: 10.3109/09553002.2014.950716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the effects of the imposed low dose rate ionizing field on membrane stability of human erythrocytes under modulation of transmembrane exchange of Ca(2+). MATERIALS AND METHODS Osmotic resistance of human erythrocytes was determined by a measure of haemoglobin released from erythrocytes when placed in a medium containing serial dilutions of Krebs isotonic buffer. The zeta potential as indicator of surface membrane potential was calculated from value of the cellular electrophoretic mobility. The irradiation of erythrocyte suspensions carried out by applying suitable aliquots of (90)Sr in incubation media. RESULTS Irradiation of human erythrocytes by (90)Sr (1.5-15.0 μGy·h(-1)) induced a reversible increase of hyposmotic hemolysis and negative charge value on the outer membrane surface as well as changed responses these parameters to modification of Ca(2+) fluxes with calcimycin and nitrendipine. CONCLUSIONS Findings indicate that the low dose rate radionuclides ((90)Sr) field modifies both Ca(2+)-mediated, and Ca(2+)-independent cellular signalling regulating mechanical stability of erythrocyte membrane. A direction of that modification presumably depends on the initial structure of membranes, and it is determined by the quality and quantitative parameters of changes in membrane structure caused by concrete operable factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor V Zhirnov
- Department of Cell Signal Systems, Institute of Bioorganic and Petroleum Chemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine , Kyiv , Ukraine
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22
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Fernandez TL, Van Lonkhuyzen DR, Dawson RA, Kimlin MG, Upton Z. Characterization of a human skin equivalent model to study the effects of ultraviolet B radiation on keratinocytes. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2014; 20:588-98. [PMID: 24219750 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2013.0293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The incidences of skin cancers resulting from chronic ultraviolet radiation (UVR) exposure are on the incline in both Australia and globally. Hence, the cellular and molecular pathways that are associated with UVR-induced photocarcinogenesis need to be urgently elucidated, in order to develop more robust preventative and treatment strategies against skin cancers. In vitro investigations into the effects of UVR (in particular, the highly mutagenic UVB wavelength) have, to date, mainly involved the use of cell culture and animal models. However, these models possess biological disparities to native skin, which, to some extent, have limited their relevance to the in vivo situation. To address this, we characterized a three-dimensional, tissue-engineered human skin equivalent (HSE) model (consisting of primary human keratinocytes cultured on a dermal-derived scaffold) as a representation of a more physiologically relevant platform to study keratinocyte responses to UVB. Significantly, we demonstrate that this model retains several important epidermal properties of native skin. Moreover, UVB irradiation of the HSE constructs was shown to induce key markers of photodamage in the HSE keratinocytes, including the formation of cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers, the activation of apoptotic pathways, the accumulation of p53, and the secretion of inflammatory cytokines. Importantly, we also demonstrate that the UVB-exposed HSE constructs retain the capacity for epidermal repair and regeneration after photodamage. Together, our results demonstrate the potential of this skin equivalent model as a tool to study various aspects of the acute responses of human keratinocytes to UVB radiation damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tara L Fernandez
- 1 Tissue Repair and Regeneration Program, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation , Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, Australia
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23
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Gupta A, Avci P, Dai T, Huang YY, Hamblin MR. Ultraviolet Radiation in Wound Care: Sterilization and Stimulation. Adv Wound Care (New Rochelle) 2013; 2:422-437. [PMID: 24527357 DOI: 10.1089/wound.2012.0366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Wound care is an important area of medicine considering the increasing age of the population who may have diverse comorbidities. Light-based technology comprises a varied set of modalities of increasing relevance to wound care. While low-level laser (or light) therapy and photodynamic therapy both have wide applications in wound care, this review will concentrate on the use of ultraviolet (UV) radiation. RECENT ADVANCES UVC (200-280 nm) is highly antimicrobial and can be directly applied to acute wound infections to kill pathogens without unacceptable damage to host tissue. UVC is already widely applied for sterilization of inanimate objects. UVB (280-315 nm) has been directly applied to the wounded tissue to stimulate wound healing, and has been widely used as extracorporeal UV radiation of blood to stimulate the immune system. UVA (315-400 nm) has distinct effects on cell signaling, but has not yet been widely applied to wound care. CRITICAL ISSUES Penetration of UV light into tissue is limited and optical technology may be employed to extend this limit. UVC and UVB can damage DNA in host cells and this risk must be balanced against beneficial effects. Chronic exposure to UV can be carcinogenic and this must be considered in planning treatments. FUTURE DIRECTIONS New high-technology UV sources, such as light-emitting diodes, lasers, and microwave-generated UV plasma are becoming available for biomedical applications. Further study of cellular signaling that occurs after UV exposure of tissue will allow the benefits in wound healing to be better defined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asheesh Gupta
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Defense Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences (DIPAS), Delhi, India
| | - Pinar Avci
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Tianhong Dai
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ying-Ying Huang
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Pathology, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Michael R. Hamblin
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Harvard–MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
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Ghosh R, Guha D, Bhowmik S, Karmakar S. Antioxidant enzymes and the mechanism of the bystander effect induced by ultraviolet C irradiation of A375 human melanoma cells. Mutat Res 2013; 757:83-90. [PMID: 23845763 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2013.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2012] [Revised: 06/12/2013] [Accepted: 06/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Irradiated cells generate dynamic responses in non-irradiated cells; this signaling phenomenon is known as the bystander effect (BE). Factors secreted by the irradiated cells communicate some of these signals. Conditioned medium from UVC-irradiated A375 human melanoma cells was used to study the BE. Exposure of cells to conditioned medium induce cell-cycle arrest at the G2/M transition. Although conditioned medium treatment, by itself, did not alter cell viability, treated cells were more resistant to the lethal action of UVC or H2O2. This protective effect of conditioned medium was lost within 8h. Apoptotic or autophagic cell death was not involved in this resistance. Exposure to conditioned medium did not influence the rate of DNA repair, as measured by NAD(+) depletion. The activities of catalase and superoxide dismutase were elevated in cells exposed to conditioned medium, but returned to normal levels by 8h post-treatment. These results indicate a close correlation between BE-stimulated antioxidant activity and cellular sensitivity. Cell-cycle arrest and stimulation of antioxidant activity may account for the resistance to killing that was observed in bystander cells exposed to UVC or H2O2 treatment and are consistent with the role of the BE as a natural defense function triggered by UVC irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Ghosh
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Kalyani, Kalyani 741235, West Bengal, India.
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25
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Huang HC, Chang TM, Chang YJ, Wen HY. UVB irradiation regulates ERK1/2- and p53-dependent thrombomodulin expression in human keratinocytes. PLoS One 2013; 8:e67632. [PMID: 23844043 PMCID: PMC3699658 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0067632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2012] [Accepted: 05/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Thrombomodulin (TM) is highly expressed in endothelial cells and acts as a natural anticoagulation factor to maintain circulation homeostasis. TM is an interesting molecule with many physiological functions, including anti-inflammation, anti-thrombosis, and carcinogenesis inhibition. TM can also be detected on the spinous layer of epidermal keratinocytes. However, the role of epidermal TM is still under investigation. In this study, we investigated keratinocyte TM expression and regulation in response to sub-cytotoxic ultraviolet B (UVB) irradiation. Oxidative stress was assessed with DCF and the results revealed that UVB irradiation significantly and dose-dependently augmented reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in HaCaT cells. In addition, low-dose UVB irradiation decreased TM mRNA and protein levels. Blocking ROS production and ERK activation prevented UVB-induced TM down-regulation. The nuclear p53 accumulation and TM promoter binding was observed within 3 h after UVB exposure. Small interfering RNA-mediated p53 knockdown disrupted the UVB-mediated TM protein down-regulation. Our study demonstrates that UVB irradiation results in ROS accumulation and ERK activation, which causes the nuclear p53 accumulation and TM promoter binding to inhibit TM expression. This study provides novel evidence demonstrating that p53 serves as a key regulator of keratinocyte TM expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huey-Chun Huang
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Health Care, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.
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26
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Echchgadda I, Roth CC, Cerna CZ, Wilmink GJ. Temporal gene expression kinetics for human keratinocytes exposed to hyperthermic stress. Cells 2013; 2:224-43. [PMID: 24709698 PMCID: PMC3972685 DOI: 10.3390/cells2020224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2013] [Revised: 03/29/2013] [Accepted: 04/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The gene expression kinetics for human cells exposed to hyperthermic stress are not well characterized. In this study, we identified and characterized the genes that are differentially expressed in human epidermal keratinocyte (HEK) cells exposed to hyperthermic stress. In order to obtain temporal gene expression kinetics, we exposed HEK cells to a heat stress protocol (44 °C for 40 min) and used messenger RNA (mRNA) microarrays at 0 h, 4 h and 24 h post-exposure. Bioinformatics software was employed to characterize the chief biological processes and canonical pathways associated with these heat stress genes. The data shows that the genes encoding for heat shock proteins (HSPs) that function to prevent further protein denaturation and aggregation, such as HSP40, HSP70 and HSP105, exhibit maximal expression immediately after exposure to hyperthermic stress. In contrast, the smaller HSPs, such as HSP10 and HSP27, which function in mitochondrial protein biogenesis and cellular adaptation, exhibit maximal expression during the “recovery phase”, roughly 24 h post-exposure. These data suggest that the temporal expression kinetics for each particular HSP appears to correlate with the cellular function that is required at each time point. In summary, these data provide additional insight regarding the expression kinetics of genes that are triggered in HEK cells exposed to hyperthermic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibtissam Echchgadda
- Air Force Research Laboratory, 711th Human Performance Wing, Human Effectiveness Directorate, Bioeffects Division, Radio Frequency Bioeffects Branch, 4141 Petroleum Road, Bldg. 3260, Fort Sam Houston, TX 78234, USA.
| | - Caleb C Roth
- Department of Radiology, University of Texas Health Science Center San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA.
| | - Cesario Z Cerna
- General Dynamics Information Technology, Fort Sam Houston, TX 78234, USA.
| | - Gerald J Wilmink
- Air Force Research Laboratory, 711th Human Performance Wing, Human Effectiveness Directorate, Bioeffects Division, Radio Frequency Bioeffects Branch, 4141 Petroleum Road, Bldg. 3260, Fort Sam Houston, TX 78234, USA.
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Nechifor MT, Niculiţe CM, Urs AO, Regalia T, Mocanu M, Popescu A, Manda G, Dinu D, Leabu M. UVA irradiation of dysplastic keratinocytes: oxidative damage versus antioxidant defense. Int J Mol Sci 2012; 13:16718-36. [PMID: 23222638 PMCID: PMC3546716 DOI: 10.3390/ijms131216718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2012] [Revised: 11/13/2012] [Accepted: 11/29/2012] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
UVA affects epidermal cell physiology in a complex manner, but the harmful effects have been studied mainly in terms of DNA damage, mutagenesis and carcinogenesis. We investigated UVA effects on membrane integrity and antioxidant defense of dysplastic keratinocytes after one and two hours of irradiation, both immediately after exposure, and 24 h post-irradiation. To determine the UVA oxidative stress on cell membrane, lipid peroxidation was correlated with changes in fatty acid levels. Membrane permeability and integrity were assessed by propidium iodide staining and lactate dehydrogenase release. The effects on keratinocyte antioxidant protection were investigated in terms of catalase activity and expression. Lipid peroxidation increased in an exposure time-dependent manner. UVA exposure decreased the level of polyunsaturated fatty acids, which gradually returned to its initial value. Lactate dehydrogenase release showed a dramatic loss in membrane integrity after 2 h minimum of exposure. The cell ability to restore membrane permeability was noted at 24 h post-irradiation (for one hour exposure). Catalase activity decreased in an exposure time-dependent manner. UVA-irradiated dysplastic keratinocytes developed mechanisms leading to cell protection and survival, following a non-lethal exposure. The surviving cells gained an increased resistance to apoptosis, suggesting that their pre-malignant status harbors an abnormal ability to control their fate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina T. Nechifor
- Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, Bucharest 050095, Romania; E-Mails: (M.T.N.); (D.D.)
| | - Cristina M. Niculiţe
- “Victor Babes” National Institute of Pathology, Bucharest 050096, Romania; E-Mails: (C.M.N.); (A.O.U.); (T.R.); (M.M.); (A.P.); (G.M.)
| | - Andreea O. Urs
- “Victor Babes” National Institute of Pathology, Bucharest 050096, Romania; E-Mails: (C.M.N.); (A.O.U.); (T.R.); (M.M.); (A.P.); (G.M.)
| | - Teodor Regalia
- “Victor Babes” National Institute of Pathology, Bucharest 050096, Romania; E-Mails: (C.M.N.); (A.O.U.); (T.R.); (M.M.); (A.P.); (G.M.)
- “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest 050096, Romania
| | - Mihaela Mocanu
- “Victor Babes” National Institute of Pathology, Bucharest 050096, Romania; E-Mails: (C.M.N.); (A.O.U.); (T.R.); (M.M.); (A.P.); (G.M.)
| | - Alexandra Popescu
- “Victor Babes” National Institute of Pathology, Bucharest 050096, Romania; E-Mails: (C.M.N.); (A.O.U.); (T.R.); (M.M.); (A.P.); (G.M.)
| | - Gina Manda
- “Victor Babes” National Institute of Pathology, Bucharest 050096, Romania; E-Mails: (C.M.N.); (A.O.U.); (T.R.); (M.M.); (A.P.); (G.M.)
| | - Diana Dinu
- Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, Bucharest 050095, Romania; E-Mails: (M.T.N.); (D.D.)
| | - Mircea Leabu
- “Victor Babes” National Institute of Pathology, Bucharest 050096, Romania; E-Mails: (C.M.N.); (A.O.U.); (T.R.); (M.M.); (A.P.); (G.M.)
- “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest 050096, Romania
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Ghosh R, Guha D, Bhowmik S. UV Released Factors Induce Antioxidant Defense in A375 Cells. Photochem Photobiol 2012; 88:708-16. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2012.01105.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Sun Exposure: What Molecular Photodermatology Tells Us About Its Good and Bad Sides. J Invest Dermatol 2012; 132:976-84. [DOI: 10.1038/jid.2011.394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Figuera-Losada M, LoGrasso PV. Enzyme kinetics and interaction studies for human JNK1β1 and substrates activating transcription factor 2 (ATF2) and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (c-Jun). J Biol Chem 2012; 287:13291-302. [PMID: 22351776 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.323766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) is a stress signal transducer linked to cell death, and survival. JNK1 has been implicated in obesity, glucose intolerance, and insulin resistance. In this study we report the kinetic mechanism for JNK1β1 with transcription factors ATF2 and c-Jun along with interaction kinetics for these substrates. JNK1β1 followed a random sequential mechanism forming a ternary complex between JNK-substrate-ATP. K(m) for ATF2 and c-Jun was 1.1 and 2.8 μM, respectively. Inhibition studies using adenosine 5'-(β,γ-methylenetriphosphate) and a peptide derived from JNK interacting protein 1 (JIP1) supported the proposed kinetic mechanism. Biolayer interferometry studies showed that unphosphorylated JNK1β1 bound to ATF2 with similar affinity as it did to c-Jun (K(D) = 2.60 ± 0.34 versus 1.00 ± 0.35 μM, respectively). The presence of ATP increased the affinity of unphosphorylated JNK1β1 for ATF2 and c-Jun, to 0.80 ± 0.04 versus 0.65 ± 0.07 μM, respectively. Phosphorylation of JNK1β1 decreased the affinity of the kinase for ATF2 to 11.0 ± 1.1 μM and for c-Jun to 17.0 ± 7.5 μM in the absence of ATP. The presence of ATP caused a shift in the K(D) of the active kinase for ATF2 to 1.70 ± 0.25 μM and for c-Jun of 3.50 ± 0.95 μM. These results are the first kinetic and biochemical characterization of JNK1β1 and uncover some of the differences in the enzymatic activity of JNK1β1 compared with other variants and suggest that ATP binding or JNK phosphorylation could induce changes in the interactions with substrates, activators, and regulatory proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Figuera-Losada
- Department of Molecular Therapeutics, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida 33458, USA
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López-Camarillo C, Ocampo EA, Casamichana ML, Pérez-Plasencia C, Álvarez-Sánchez E, Marchat LA. Protein kinases and transcription factors activation in response to UV-radiation of skin: implications for carcinogenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2011; 13:142-72. [PMID: 22312244 PMCID: PMC3269678 DOI: 10.3390/ijms13010142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2011] [Revised: 12/14/2011] [Accepted: 12/16/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation is an important environmental factor that leads to immune suppression, inflammation, photoaging, and skin carcinogenesis. Here, we reviewed the specific signal transduction pathways and transcription factors involved in the cellular response to UV-irradiation. Increasing experimental data supporting a role for p38, MAPK, JNK, ERK1/2, and ATM kinases in the response network to UV exposure is discussed. We also reviewed the participation of NF-κB, AP-1, and NRF2 transcription factors in the control of gene expression after UV-irradiation. In addition, we discussed the promising chemotherapeutic intervention of transcription factors signaling by natural compounds. Finally, we focused on the review of data emerging from the use of DNA microarray technology to determine changes in global gene expression in keratinocytes and melanocytes in response to UV treatment. Efforts to obtain a comprehensive portrait of the transcriptional events regulating photodamage of intact human epidermis after UV exposure reveals the existence of novel factors participating in UV-induced cell death. Progress in understanding the multitude of mechanisms induced by UV-irradiation could lead to the potential use of protein kinases and novel proteins as specific targets for the prevention and control of skin cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- César López-Camarillo
- Genomics Sciences Program, Oncogenomics and Cancer Proteomics Laboratory, University Autonomous of Mexico City, Av. San Lorenzo 290, 03100, Mexico; E-Mails: (M.L.-C.); (E.Á.-S.)
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +55-5488-6661 ext. 15307
| | - Elena Aréchaga Ocampo
- Carcinogenesis Laboratory, National Institute of Cancerology, Av. Saint Fernando 22, 14080, México; E-Mail:
| | - Mavil López Casamichana
- Genomics Sciences Program, Oncogenomics and Cancer Proteomics Laboratory, University Autonomous of Mexico City, Av. San Lorenzo 290, 03100, Mexico; E-Mails: (M.L.-C.); (E.Á.-S.)
| | - Carlos Pérez-Plasencia
- Massive Sequencing Unit, National Institute of Cancerology, Av. Saint Fernando 22, 14080, México; E-Mail:
- Genomics Laboratory, FES-I, UBIMED, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Av. De los Barrios 1, 54090, México
| | - Elizbeth Álvarez-Sánchez
- Genomics Sciences Program, Oncogenomics and Cancer Proteomics Laboratory, University Autonomous of Mexico City, Av. San Lorenzo 290, 03100, Mexico; E-Mails: (M.L.-C.); (E.Á.-S.)
| | - Laurence A. Marchat
- Biotechnology Program, Institutional Program of Molecular Biomedicine, National School of Medicine and Homeopathy of the National Polytechnic Institute, Guillermo Massieu Helguera 239, 07320, Mexico; E-Mail:
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Zhong JL, Yang L, Lü F, Xiao H, Xu R, Wang L, Zhu F, Zhang Y. UVA, UVB and UVC induce differential response signaling pathways converged on the eIF2α phosphorylation. Photochem Photobiol 2011; 87:1092-104. [PMID: 21707633 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2011.00963.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
It is clear that solar UV irradiation is a crucial environmental factor resulting in skin diseases partially through activation of cell signaling toward altered gene expression and reprogrammed protein translation. Such a key translational control mechanism is executed by the eukaryotic initiation factor 2α subunit (eIF2α) and the downstream events provoked by phosphorylation of eIF2α at Ser(51) are clearly understood, but the upstream signaling mechanisms on the eIF2α-Ser(51) phosphorylation responses to different types of UV irradiations, namely UVA, UVB and UVC, are still not well elucidated. Herein, our evidence reveals that UVA, UVB and UVC all induce a dose- and time-dependent phosphorylation of eIF2α-Ser(51) through distinct signaling mechanisms. UVA-induced eIF2α phosphorylation occurs through MAPKs, including ERKs, JNKs and p38 kinase, and phosphatidylinositol (PI)-3 kinase. By contrast, UVB-induced eIF2α phosphorylation is through JNKs and p38 kinase, but not ERKs or PI-3 kinase, whereas UVC-stimulated response to eIF2α phosphorylation is via JNKs alone. Furthermore, we have revealed that ATM is involved in induction of the intracellular responses to UVA and UVB, rather than UVC. These findings demonstrate that wavelength-specific UV irradiations activate differential response signaling pathways converged on the eIF2α phosphorylation. Importantly, we also show evidence that a direct eIF2α kinase PKR is activated though phosphorylation by either RSK1 or MSK1, two downstream kinases of MAPKs/PI-3 kinase-mediated signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Li Zhong
- The Base of 111 Project for Biomechanics & Tissue Repair Engineering, College of Medical Bioengineering, University of Chongqing, Shapingba District, Chongqing, China
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Jatoi A. Sunshine and rash: testing the role of sunscreen to prevent epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitor-induced rash. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 4:198-202. [PMID: 18632517 DOI: 10.3816/sct.2007.n.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Most patients who receive epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibitors develop a rash. To date, no effective palliative therapy has been developed for these rashes. This review describes the rationale behind N05C4, a placebo-controlled trial of sunscreen as an intervention to prevent EGFR inhibitor-related rash.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aminah Jatoi
- Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
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Portugal-Cohen M, Soroka Y, Frušić-Zlotkin M, Verkhovsky L, Brégégère FM, Neuman R, Kohen R, Milner Y. Skin organ culture as a model to study oxidative stress, inflammation and structural alterations associated with UVB-induced photodamage. Exp Dermatol 2011; 20:749-55. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0625.2011.01317.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Martínez-Carpio PA, Trelles MA. Cutaneous epidermal growth factor receptor system following ultraviolet irradiation: exploring the role of molecular mechanisms. PHOTODERMATOLOGY PHOTOIMMUNOLOGY & PHOTOMEDICINE 2011; 26:250-6. [PMID: 20831699 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0781.2010.00534.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/PURPOSE The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) pathway appears to be essential in many cutaneous disorders. It is well established that ultraviolet (UV) irradiation activates the EGFR in the animal and human skin; however, the molecular mechanisms involved in such activation remain unclear. Our aim is to review and analyse them. METHODS Computerized search and selection of original papers in the MEDLINE database (PubMed) from 1988 to 2009 were performed. Systematic analysis and breakdown of the information selected were carried out. RESULTS Full manuscripts were retrieved for 32 citations. It was proven that UV light acts directly and indirectly on EGFR (ErbB1/ErbB2) and on numerous intermediaries of extracellular and intracellular signalling. The most closely observed changes imply concentrations and/or molecular activity of the reactive oxygen species group, hydrogen peroxide, matrix metalloproteinases, p38MAPKinase, p21WAF1, p53, signal transducers and activators of transcription 3 and telomerase. CONCLUSION Our results help to clarify the working and importance of the UV-EGFR system in the human skin.
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Abstract
Mandatory and discretionary fortification with folic acid is eliminating deficiency of this vitamin. Blood levels of the vitamin have never been higher, with hematologic folate values commonly exceeding the upper range of calibration. The synthetic analog (pteroylmonoglutamic acid) prevents neural tube defects and lowers homocysteine, both positive attributes, yet negative correlates of pteroylmonoglutamic acid are increasingly reported. These involve increased risk for common cancers (ie, colon, breast, prostate) and antimetabolite effects on natural killer cells and at dihydrofolate reductase, a critical gatekeeper enzyme. This review, however, takes a different, human ecological perspective, examining novel folate-related phenomena distinct from the classic metabolic role of the vitamin in maintaining health and well-being. An argument is developed that at molecular, cellular, and organism levels, folate is crucial to some important events that link light to life.
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Black AT, Gordon MK, Heck DE, Gallo MA, Laskin DL, Laskin JD. UVB light regulates expression of antioxidants and inflammatory mediators in human corneal epithelial cells. Biochem Pharmacol 2011; 81:873-80. [PMID: 21300015 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2011.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2010] [Revised: 01/14/2011] [Accepted: 01/19/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The cornea is highly sensitive to ultraviolet B (UVB) light-induced oxidative stress, a process that results in the production of inflammatory mediators which have been implicated in tissue injury. In the present studies, we characterized the inflammatory response of human corneal epithelial cells to UVB (2.5-25mJ/cm(2)). UVB caused a dose-dependent increase in the generation of reactive oxygen species in the cells. This was associated with increases in mRNA expression of the antioxidants Cu,Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD), Mn-SOD, catalase and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), as well as the glutathione S-transferases (GST), GSTA1-2, GSTA3, GSTA4, GSTM1, and mGST2. UVB also upregulated expression of the proinflammatory cytokines, IFNγ, IL-1β, TGFβ and TNFα, and enzymes important in prostaglandin (PG) biosynthesis including cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and the PG synthases mPGES-2, PGDS, PGFS and thromboxane synthase, and in leukotriene biosynthesis including 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX), 15-LOX-2, and the epidermal and platelet forms of 12-LOX. UVB was found to activate JNK and p38 MAP kinases in corneal epithelial cells; ERK1/2 MAP kinase was found to be constitutively active, and its activity increased following UVB treatment. Inhibition of p38 blocked UVB-induced expression of TNFα, COX-2, PGDS and 15-LOX-2, while JNK inhibition suppressed TNFα and HO-1. These data indicate that UVB modulates corneal epithelial cell expression of antioxidants and proinflammatory mediators by distinct mechanisms. Alterations in expression of these mediators are likely to be important in regulating inflammation and protecting the cornea from UVB-induced oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrienne T Black
- Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rutgers University, 160 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA.
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Clemmensen A, Andersen KE, Clemmensen O, Tan Q, Petersen TK, Kruse TA, Thomassen M. Genome-Wide Expression Analysis of Human In Vivo Irritated Epidermis: Differential Profiles Induced by Sodium Lauryl Sulfate and Nonanoic Acid. J Invest Dermatol 2010; 130:2201-10. [DOI: 10.1038/jid.2010.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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39
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UV irradiation induces Snail expression by AP-1 dependent mechanism in human skin keratinocytes. J Dermatol Sci 2010; 60:105-13. [PMID: 20851575 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2010.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2010] [Revised: 07/28/2010] [Accepted: 08/08/2010] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ultraviolet (UV) irradiation from the sun is the major cause of keratinocyte skin cancer. Transcription factor Snail plays an important role in epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and epithelial tumor formation. OBJECTIVE The aims of this study are to determine the regulation of Snail expression of ultraviolet (UV) irradiation on Snail expression in human skin in vivo, and the mechanisms by which UV irradiation induces Snail expression, in human keratinocytes. METHODS Real-time RT-PCR was employed to measure Snail expression in human skin in vivo and cultured human keratinocytes. Luciferase assay and electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) were employed to investigate transcriptional regulation of the in Snail gene promoter. RESULTS Ultraviolet (UV) irradiation transiently induces Snail expression in human skin in vivo and cultured human keratinocytes. Snail induction is significantly reduced by specific inhibitors of ERK, p38 or JNK, indicating each of the three major mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways participate in Snail regulation. AP-1 transcription factor complex, a downstream target of MAPK signaling, is required for Snail induction. Inhibition of AP-1 activity by over-expression of dominant-negative c-Jun substantially reduces Snail induction. Analyses of the Snail promoter, revealed the presence of an AP-1 binding site. EMSA assay demonstrated that UV irradiation specifically induced c-Jun binding to this AP-1 site. Mutation of the AP-1-binding site completely blocked protein binding and inhibited UV irradiation-induced Snail promoter activity. CONCLUSION UV irradiation induces Snail gene expression in human skin keratinocytes. This induction is mediated by MAPK-AP-1 dependent signaling pathway. Elevated expression of Snail in response to chronic UV irradiation in human skin may contribute to UV irradiation-induced skin tumor development.
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Schaumburg L, Poletta G, Imhof A, Siroski P. Ultraviolet radiation-induced genotoxic effects in the broad-snouted caiman, Caiman latirostris. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2010; 700:67-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2010.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2010] [Revised: 04/27/2010] [Accepted: 05/04/2010] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Zhirnov VV, Khyzhnyak SV, Voitsitskiy VM. The effects of ultra-low dose β-radiation on the physical properties of human erythrocyte membranes. Int J Radiat Biol 2010; 86:499-506. [DOI: 10.3109/09553001003717167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Luecke S, Wincent E, Backlund M, Rannug U, Rannug A. Cytochrome P450 1A1 gene regulation by UVB involves crosstalk between the aryl hydrocarbon receptor and nuclear factor κB. Chem Biol Interact 2010; 184:466-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2010.01.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2009] [Revised: 01/19/2010] [Accepted: 01/26/2010] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Lu X, Shao J, Li H, Yu Y. Temporal gene expression changes induced by a low concentration of benzo[a]pyrene diol epoxide in a normal human cell line. Mutat Res 2010; 684:74-80. [PMID: 20018196 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2009.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2009] [Revised: 11/30/2009] [Accepted: 12/09/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
(+ or -)-anti-Benzo[a]pyrene-7,8-diol-9,10-epoxide (BPDE), which causes bulky-adduct DNA damage, is well-characterized as the ultimate carcinogen of benzo[a]pyrene (BaP). In this study, we have employed Affymetrix HG-U133 Plus 2.0 microarray and quantitative real-time RT-PCR methods to investigate a temporal transcriptomic response triggered by a low concentration (0.05 microM) of BPDE at 1, 10, and 22 h after exposure in normal human cells. The differential gene expression profiles at the three time points varied greatly, and generally reflected a cellular responsive process from initiation to progression and to recovery after the BPDE-caused damage. The dynamic regulation of the genes related with cell cycle progression and cell fate exhibited a tendency from inhibition to survival, which was accordant with the cell cycle arrest and cytotoxicity data induced by the low-dose BPDE exposure. In silico comparison of the genomic data revealed that BPDE and ultraviolet induced a panel of common transcriptional responses, which might be related with a series of similar molecular processes elicited by these two DNA-damaging agents. In conclusion, this whole-genome time-course study has identified a dynamically regulated transcriptional signature after low-dose BPDE exposure, which may help to understand the complex mechanisms of mutagenesis and carcinogenesis induced by BPDE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyun Lu
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
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Subramanian M, Gonzalez RW, Patil H, Ueda T, Lim JH, Kraemer KH, Bustin M, Bergel M. The nucleosome-binding protein HMGN2 modulates global genome repair. FEBS J 2009; 276:6646-57. [PMID: 19843163 PMCID: PMC3460546 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2009.07375.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The HMGN family comprises nuclear proteins that bind to nucleosomes and alter the structure of chromatin. Here, we report that DT40 chicken cells lacking either HMGN2 or HMGN1a, or lacking both HMGN1a and HMGN2, are hypersensitive to killing by UV irradiation. Loss of both HMGN1a and HMGN2 or only HMGN2 increases the extent of UV-induced G(2)-M checkpoint arrest and the rate of apoptosis. HMGN null mutant cells showed slower removal of UV-induced DNA lesions from native chromatin, but the nucleotide excision repair remained intact, as measured by host cell reactivation assays. These results identify HMGN2 as a component of the global genome repair subpathway of the nucleotide excision repair pathway, and may indicate that HMGN2 facilitates the ability of the DNA repair proteins to access and repair UV-induced DNA lesions in chromatin. Our finding that HMGNs play a role in global DNA repair expands the role of these proteins in the maintenance of genome integrity.
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45
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Huang JH, Huang CC, Fang JY, Yang C, Chan CM, Wu NL, Kang SW, Hung CF. Protective effects of myricetin against ultraviolet-B-induced damage in human keratinocytes. Toxicol In Vitro 2009; 24:21-8. [PMID: 19778600 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2009.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2008] [Revised: 03/28/2009] [Accepted: 09/18/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Myricetin is a flavonoid similar to quercetin, which is commonly found in natural foods such as berries, vegetables, teas, wine, and herbs. It is considered to be an antioxidant which is capable of quenching photoaging-causing free radicals within the skin. In this study, we investigated the mechanisms underlying protective effect of myricetin on ultraviolet-B (UVB)-induced damage to keratinocytes. We found that myricetin concentration-dependently attenuated UVB-induced keratinocyte death as determined by a cell viability assay. Pretreatment with myricetin also reduced the UVB-induced malondialdehyde level. Moreover, UVB-induced H(2)O(2) generation in keratinocytes was inhibited by myricetin according to flow cytometry, suggesting that myricetin can act as a free radical scavenger when keratinocytes experience photodamage. Furthermore, UVB-induced activation of c-jun-NH(2) terminal kinase (JNK) in keratinocytes was inhibited by myricetin. UVB-induced pre-G(1) phase arrest leading to apoptotic changes in keratinocytes was blocked by myricetin. Taken together, the protective mechanisms of keratinocyte by myricetin against UVB-induced photodamage occur by the inhibition of UVB-induced intracellular hydrogen peroxide production, lipid peroxidation and JNK activation. Therefore, myricetin is suitable for further development as an anti-aging agent for skin care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jheng-Hua Huang
- School of Medicine, Fu-Jen Catholic University, Taipei Hsien, Taiwan
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Fox JT, Shin WK, Caudill MA, Stover PJ. A UV-responsive internal ribosome entry site enhances serine hydroxymethyltransferase 1 expression for DNA damage repair. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:31097-108. [PMID: 19734144 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.015800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Thymidine nucleotides are required for faithful DNA synthesis and repair, and their de novo biosynthesis is regulated by serine hydroxymethyltransferase 1 (SHMT1). The SHMT1 transcript contains a heavy chain ferritin, heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein H2, and CUG-binding protein 1-responsive internal ribosome entry site (IRES) that regulates SHMT1 translation. In this study a non-lethal dose of UVC is shown to increase SHMT1 IRES activity and protein levels in four different cell lines. The mechanism for the UV-induced activation of the SHMT1 IRES involves an increase in heavy chain ferritin and heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein H2 expression and the translocation of CUG-binding protein 1 from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. The UV-induced increase in SHMT1 translation is accompanied by an increase in the small ubiquitin-like modifier-dependent nuclear localization of the de novo thymidylate biosynthesis pathway and a decrease in DNA strand breaks, indicating a role for SHMT1 and nuclear folate metabolism in DNA repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer T Fox
- Graduate Field of Biochemistry and Molecular and Cellular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
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Portugal-Cohen M, Soroka Y, Ma’or Z, Oron M, Zioni T, Brégégère FM, Neuman R, Kohen R, Milner Y. Protective effects of a cream containing Dead Sea minerals against UVB-induced stress in human skin. Exp Dermatol 2009; 18:781-8. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0625.2009.00865.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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48
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Brown BA, Headland LR, Jenkins GI. UV-B action spectrum for UVR8-mediated HY5 transcript accumulation in Arabidopsis. Photochem Photobiol 2009; 85:1147-55. [PMID: 19558421 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2009.00579.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Arabidopsis thaliana UV RESISTANCE LOCUS8 (UVR8) is a UV-B-specific signaling component that mediates low fluence, photomorphogenic responses to UV-B. It is required for UV-B-induced expression of the gene encoding the ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL5 (HY5) transcription factor. HY5 is a key effector of responses mediated by UVR8. In mature leaf tissue, HY5 transcript accumulation occurred rapidly in response to a brief UV-B treatment and no induction was observed in a uvr8 mutant over a broad range of UV wavelengths. In response to monochromatic light, maximal transcript accumulation occurred in wild-type plants at wavelengths 280-300 nm. HY5 transcript accumulation showed reciprocity between the fluence rate and duration of UV-B exposure, and on this basis conditions were chosen to generate an action spectrum for the UVR8 signaling pathway. Dose-response curves were produced for a range of UV wavelengths using 20 min exposure to UV and harvesting tissue 2 h after the start of illumination. Experiments using mutants defective in sinapate ester and flavonoid biosynthesis indicated that the presence of UV-absorbing compounds did not affect the construction of an action spectrum under the conditions employed. The action spectrum for the induction of HY5 by the UVR8 pathway showed a main peak at 280 nm with a smaller peak at 300 nm. The data are discussed in relation to the proposed mechanisms of UV-B photoreception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bobby A Brown
- Plant Science Group, Division of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biomedical and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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Abstract
UV-B radiation is a key environmental signal that initiates diverse responses in plants that affect metabolism, development, and viability. Many effects of UV-B involve the differential regulation of gene expression. The response to UV-B depends on the nature of the UV-B treatment, the extent of adaptation and acclimation to UV-B, and interaction with other environmental factors. Responses to UV-B are mediated by both nonspecific signaling pathways, involving DNA damage, reactive oxygen species, and wound/defense signaling molecules, and UV-B-specific pathways that mediate photomorphogenic responses to low levels of UV-B. Importantly, photomorphogenic signaling stimulates the expression of genes involved in UV-protection and hence promotes plant survival in UV-B. Photomorphogenic UV-B signaling is mediated by the UV-B-specific component UV RESISTANCE LOCUS8 (UVR8). Both UVR8 and CONSTITUTIVE PHOTOMORPHOGENESIS1 (COP1) are required for UV-B-induced expression of the ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL5 (HY5) transcription factor, which plays a central role in the regulation of genes involved in photomorphogenic UV-B responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gareth I. Jenkins
- Plant Science Group, Division of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biomedical and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
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p53 Protein and Pathogenesis of Melanoma and Nonmelanoma Skin Cancer. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2009; 624:265-82. [DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-77574-6_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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