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Phillips AH, Kriwacki RW. The role of intrinsic protein disorder in regulation of cyclin-dependent kinases. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2024; 88:102906. [PMID: 39142260 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2024.102906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2024] [Revised: 07/18/2024] [Accepted: 07/22/2024] [Indexed: 08/16/2024]
Abstract
While the structure/function paradigm for folded domains was established decades ago, our understanding of how intrinsically disordered regions (IDRs) contribute to biological function is still evolving. IDRs exist as conformational ensembles that can range from highly compact to highly extended depending on their sequence composition. IDR sequences are less conserved than those of folded domains, but often display short, conserved segments termed short linear motifs (SLiMs), that often mediate protein-protein interactions and are often regulated by posttranslational modifications, giving rise to complex functionality when multiple, differently regulated SLiMs are combined. This combinatorial functionality was associated with signaling and regulation soon after IDRs were first recognized as functional elements within proteins. Here, we discuss roles for disorder in proteins that regulate cyclin-dependent kinases, the master timekeepers of the eukaryotic cell cycle. We illustrate the importance of intrinsic flexibility in the transmission of regulatory signals by these entirely disordered proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron H Phillips
- Department of Structural Biology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Richard W Kriwacki
- Department of Structural Biology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA.
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2
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Celada SI, Li G, Celada LJ, Lu W, Kanagasabai T, Feng W, Cao Z, Salsabeel N, Mao N, Brown LK, Mark ZA, Izban MG, Ballard BR, Zhou X, Adunyah SE, Matusik RJ, Wang X, Chen Z. Lysosome-dependent FOXA1 ubiquitination contributes to luminal lineage of advanced prostate cancer. Mol Oncol 2023; 17:2126-2146. [PMID: 37491794 PMCID: PMC10552895 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.13497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Changes in FOXA1 (forkhead box protein A1) protein levels are well associated with prostate cancer (PCa) progression. Unfortunately, direct targeting of FOXA1 in progressive PCa remains challenging due to variations in FOXA1 protein levels, increased FOXA1 mutations at different stages of PCa, and elusive post-translational FOXA1 regulating mechanisms. Here, we show that SKP2 (S-phase kinase-associated protein 2) catalyzes K6- and K29-linked polyubiquitination of FOXA1 for lysosomal-dependent degradation. Our data indicate increased SKP2:FOXA1 protein ratios in stage IV human PCa compared to stages I-III, together with a strong inverse correlation (r = -0.9659) between SKP2 and FOXA1 levels, suggesting that SKP2-FOXA1 protein interactions play a significant role in PCa progression. Prostate tumors of Pten/Trp53 mice displayed increased Skp2-Foxa1-Pcna signaling and colocalization, whereas disruption of the Skp2-Foxa1 interplay in Pten/Trp53/Skp2 triple-null mice demonstrated decreased Pcna levels and increased expression of Foxa1 and luminal positive cells. Treatment of xenograft mice with the SKP2 inhibitor SZL P1-41 decreased tumor proliferation, SKP2:FOXA1 ratios, and colocalization. Thus, our results highlight the significance of the SKP2-FOXA1 interplay on the luminal lineage in PCa and the potential of therapeutically targeting FOXA1 through SKP2 to improve PCa control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherly I. Celada
- Department of Biochemistry, Cancer Biology, Neuroscience and PharmacologyMeharry Medical CollegeNashvilleTNUSA
- Department of Biological SciencesTennessee State UniversityNashvilleTNUSA
| | - Guoliang Li
- Department of Biochemistry, Cancer Biology, Neuroscience and PharmacologyMeharry Medical CollegeNashvilleTNUSA
| | | | - Wenfu Lu
- Department of Biochemistry, Cancer Biology, Neuroscience and PharmacologyMeharry Medical CollegeNashvilleTNUSA
| | - Thanigaivelan Kanagasabai
- Department of Biochemistry, Cancer Biology, Neuroscience and PharmacologyMeharry Medical CollegeNashvilleTNUSA
| | - Weiran Feng
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis ProgramMemorial Sloan Kettering Cancer CenterNew YorkNYUSA
| | - Zhen Cao
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis ProgramMemorial Sloan Kettering Cancer CenterNew YorkNYUSA
- Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical SciencesWeill Cornell MedicineNew YorkNYUSA
| | - Nazifa Salsabeel
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis ProgramMemorial Sloan Kettering Cancer CenterNew YorkNYUSA
| | - Ninghui Mao
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis ProgramMemorial Sloan Kettering Cancer CenterNew YorkNYUSA
| | - LaKendria K. Brown
- Department of Biochemistry, Cancer Biology, Neuroscience and PharmacologyMeharry Medical CollegeNashvilleTNUSA
| | - Zaniya A. Mark
- Department of Biochemistry, Cancer Biology, Neuroscience and PharmacologyMeharry Medical CollegeNashvilleTNUSA
| | - Michael G. Izban
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell BiologyMeharry Medical CollegeNashvilleTNUSA
| | - Billy R. Ballard
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell BiologyMeharry Medical CollegeNashvilleTNUSA
| | - Xinchun Zhou
- Department of PathologyUniversity of Mississippi Medical CenterJacksonMSUSA
| | - Samuel E. Adunyah
- Department of Biochemistry, Cancer Biology, Neuroscience and PharmacologyMeharry Medical CollegeNashvilleTNUSA
| | - Robert J. Matusik
- Department of UrologyVanderbilt University Medical CenterNashvilleTNUSA
| | - Xiaofei Wang
- Department of Biological SciencesTennessee State UniversityNashvilleTNUSA
| | - Zhenbang Chen
- Department of Biochemistry, Cancer Biology, Neuroscience and PharmacologyMeharry Medical CollegeNashvilleTNUSA
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Tian Z, Hua X, Zhu J, Li P, Chen R, Li X, Li T, Zhou C, Huang C. ATG7 upregulation contributes to malignant transformation of human bronchial epithelial cells by B[a]PDE via DNMT3B protein degradation and miR-494 promoter methylation. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 263:115273. [PMID: 37480691 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.115273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/24/2023]
Abstract
Lung cancer primarily arises from exposure to various environmental factors, particularly airborne pollutants. Among the various lung carcinogens, benzo(a)pyrene and its metabolite B[a]PDE are the strongest ones that actively contribute to lung cancer development. ATG7 is an E1-like activating enzyme and contributes to activating autophagic responses in mammal cells. However, the potential alterations of ATG7 and its role in B[a]PDE-caused lung carcinogenesis remain unknown. Here, we found that B[a]PDE exposure promoted ATG7 expression in mouse lung tissues, while B[a]PDE exposure resulted in ATG7 induction in human normal bronchial epithelial cells. Our studies also demonstrated a significant correlation between high ATG7 expression levels and poor overall survival in lung cancer patients. ATG7 knockdown significantly repressed Beas-2B cell transformation upon B[a]PDE exposure, and such promotive effect of ATG7 on cell transformation mediated the p27 translation inhibition. Further studies revealed that miR-373 inhibition was required to stabilize ATG7 mRNA, therefore increasing ATG7 expression following B[a]PDE exposure, while ATG7 induction led to the autophagic degradation of the DNA methyltransferase 3 Beta (DNMT3B) protein, in turn promoted miR-494 transcription via its promoter region methylation status suppression. We also found that the miR-494 upregulation inhibited p27 protein translation and promoted bronchial epithelial cell transformation via its directly targeting p27 mRNA 3'-UTR region. Current studies, to the best of our knowledge, are for the first time to identify that ATG7 induction and its mediated autophagy is critical for B[a]PDE-induced transformation of human normal epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongxian Tian
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health), Key Laboratory of Medicine. Ministry of Education, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China; Key Laboratory of Chest Cancer, Shandong University, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Xiaohui Hua
- Department of Occupational Health and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
| | - Junlan Zhu
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health), Key Laboratory of Medicine. Ministry of Education, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Peiwei Li
- Institute of Medical Sciences, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, 250033 China
| | - Ruifan Chen
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health), Key Laboratory of Medicine. Ministry of Education, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Xin Li
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health), Key Laboratory of Medicine. Ministry of Education, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Tengda Li
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health), Key Laboratory of Medicine. Ministry of Education, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Chengfan Zhou
- Department of Occupational Health and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
| | - Chuanshu Huang
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health), Key Laboratory of Medicine. Ministry of Education, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China.
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Tang L, Zhang B, Li G, Zhu Y, Feng B, Su Z, Han W, Huang H, Li Q, Wang M, Chen Y, Liu H, Dai Z, Wu D, Li H, Yang L, Lu Y, Ye Z, Zheng G. Punicalagin alleviates the hyperproliferation of keratinocytes in psoriasis through inhibiting SKP2 expression. J Nat Med 2023; 77:712-720. [PMID: 37306932 DOI: 10.1007/s11418-023-01711-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory skin disorder characterized by abnormal keratinocytes proliferation and multiple immune cells infiltration in the dermis and epidermis. Although most psoriasis-related researches have been concentrated on the interleukin-23 (IL-23)/interleukin-17 (IL-17) axis, new data suggest that keratinocytes also play a pivotal role in psoriasis. Previously, we found that punicalagin (PUN), a bioactive ellagitannin extracted from Pericarpium Granati (the pericarpium of Punica granatum L.), exerts a therapeutic effect on psoriasis. However, the underlying mechanism, especially its potential modulatory effect on keratinocytes, remains obscure. Our study aims to reveal the potential regulatory effect and its underlying cellular mechanism of PUN on the hyperproliferation of keratinocytes. We used tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), IL-17A and interleukin-6 (IL-6) to induce abnormal proliferation of HaCaT cells (Human Keratinocytes Cells) in vitro. Then, we evaluated the effects of PUN through MTT assay, EdU staining and cell cycle detection. Finally, we explored the underlying cellular mechanisms of PUN via RNA-sequencing, WB in vitro and in vivo. Here, we found that PUN can directly and dose-dependently decrease TNF-α, IL-17A and IL-6-induced abnormal proliferation of HaCaT cells in vitro. Mechanically, PUN suppresses the hyperproliferation of keratinocytes through repressing S-phase kinase-associated protein 2 (SKP2) expression in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, overexpression of SKP2 can partly abolish PUN-mediated inhibition of aberrantly proliferative keratinocytes. These results illustrate that PUN can reduce the severity of psoriasis through directly repressing SKP2-mediated abnormal proliferation of keratinocytes, which gives new insight into the therapeutic mechanism of PUN on psoriasis. Moreover, these findings imply that PUN might be a promising drug candidate for the treatment of psoriasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lipeng Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Dampness, Syndrome of Chinese Medicine, The Second Clinical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, 111 Dade Road, Guangzhou, 510000, China
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Joint Lab On Chinese Medicine and Immune Disease Research, The Second Clinical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510000, China
- Department of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The Second Clinical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510000, China
| | - Bowen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Dampness, Syndrome of Chinese Medicine, The Second Clinical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, 111 Dade Road, Guangzhou, 510000, China
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Joint Lab On Chinese Medicine and Immune Disease Research, The Second Clinical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510000, China
- Department of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The Second Clinical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510000, China
| | - Guanzhuo Li
- State Key Laboratory of Dampness, Syndrome of Chinese Medicine, The Second Clinical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, 111 Dade Road, Guangzhou, 510000, China
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Joint Lab On Chinese Medicine and Immune Disease Research, The Second Clinical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510000, China
- Department of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The Second Clinical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510000, China
| | - Ying Zhu
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Joint Lab On Chinese Medicine and Immune Disease Research, The Second Clinical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510000, China
- Department of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The Second Clinical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510000, China
| | - Bing Feng
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Joint Lab On Chinese Medicine and Immune Disease Research, The Second Clinical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510000, China
- Department of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The Second Clinical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510000, China
| | - Zuqing Su
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Joint Lab On Chinese Medicine and Immune Disease Research, The Second Clinical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510000, China
- Department of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The Second Clinical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510000, China
| | - Wenhui Han
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510000, China
| | - Huilin Huang
- School of Clinical Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510000, China
| | - Qiuping Li
- School of Clinical Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510000, China
| | - Maojie Wang
- Department of Rheumatology Clinical and Basic Research, The Second Clinical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510000, China
| | - Yuchao Chen
- Department of Immunology, The Second Clinical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510000, China
| | - Huazhen Liu
- Department of Immunology, The Second Clinical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510000, China
| | - Zhenhua Dai
- Department of Immunology, The Second Clinical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510000, China
| | - Dinghong Wu
- Department of Material Basis of Chinese Medicine, The Second Clinical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510000, China
| | - Hongxia Li
- Department of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The Second Clinical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510000, China
| | - Laijun Yang
- Department of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The Second Clinical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510000, China
| | - Yanjing Lu
- Department of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The Second Clinical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510000, China
| | - Zeting Ye
- Department of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The Second Clinical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510000, China
| | - Guangjuan Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Dampness, Syndrome of Chinese Medicine, The Second Clinical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, 111 Dade Road, Guangzhou, 510000, China.
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Joint Lab On Chinese Medicine and Immune Disease Research, The Second Clinical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510000, China.
- Department of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The Second Clinical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510000, China.
- Department of Pathology, The Second Clinical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510000, China.
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Targeting the untargetable: RB1-deficient tumours are vulnerable to Skp2 ubiquitin ligase inhibition. Br J Cancer 2022; 127:969-975. [PMID: 35752713 PMCID: PMC9470583 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-022-01898-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteins that regulate the cell cycle are accumulated and degraded in a coordinated manner during the transition from one cell cycle phase to the next. The rapid loss of a critical protein, for example, to allow the cell to move from G1/G0 to S phase, is often regulated by its ubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation. Protein ubiquitination is mediated by a series of three ligases, of which the E3 ligases provide the specificity for a particular protein substrate. One such E3 ligase is SCFSkp1/Cks1, which has a substrate recruiting subunit called S-phase kinase-associated protein 2 (Skp2). Skp2 regulates cell proliferation, apoptosis, and differentiation, can act as an oncogene, and is overexpressed in human cancer. A primary target of Skp2 is the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p27 (CDKN1b) that regulates the cell cycle at several points. The RB1 tumour suppressor gene regulates Skp2 activity by two mechanisms: by controlling its mRNA expression, and by an effect on Skp2's enzymatic activity. For the latter, the RB1 protein (pRb) directly binds to the substrate-binding site on Skp2, preventing protein substrates from being ubiquitinated and degraded. Inactivating mutations in RB1 are common in human cancer, becoming more frequent in aggressive, metastatic, and drug-resistant tumours. Hence, RB1 mutation leads to the loss of pRb, an unrestrained increase in Skp2 activity, the unregulated decrease in p27, and the loss of cell cycle control. Because RB1 mutations lead to the loss of a functional protein, its direct targeting is not possible. This perspective will discuss evidence validating Skp2 as a therapeutic target in RB1-deficient cancer.
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Schirripa A, Sexl V, Kollmann K. Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors in malignant hematopoiesis. Front Oncol 2022; 12:916682. [PMID: 36033505 PMCID: PMC9403899 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.916682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The cell-cycle is a tightly orchestrated process where sequential steps guarantee cellular growth linked to a correct DNA replication. The entire cell division is controlled by cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs). CDK activation is balanced by the activating cyclins and CDK inhibitors whose correct expression, accumulation and degradation schedule the time-flow through the cell cycle phases. Dysregulation of the cell cycle regulatory proteins causes the loss of a controlled cell division and is inevitably linked to neoplastic transformation. Due to their function as cell-cycle brakes, CDK inhibitors are considered as tumor suppressors. The CDK inhibitors p16INK4a and p15INK4b are among the most frequently altered genes in cancer, including hematopoietic malignancies. Aberrant cell cycle regulation in hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) bears severe consequences on hematopoiesis and provokes hematological disorders with a broad array of symptoms. In this review, we focus on the importance and prevalence of deregulated CDK inhibitors in hematological malignancies.
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Zhang J, Li C, Zhang L, Heng Y, Wang S, Pan Y, Cai L, Zhang Y, Xu T, Chen X, Hoffman RM, Jia L. Andrographolide, a diterpene lactone from the Traditional Chinese Medicine Andrographis paniculate, induces senescence in human lung adenocarcinoma via p53/p21 and Skp2/p27. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 98:153933. [PMID: 35121394 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2022.153933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Senescence leads to permanent cell-cycle arrest and is a potential target for cancer therapy. Andrographolide (AD) is a diterpene lactone isolated from Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) Andrographis paniculate, which has been used as an anti-inflammatory drug in clinical practice with the potential to target senescence in recalcitrant lung cancer. PURPOSE To determine whether AD can induce senescence in human lung adenocarcinoma in vitro and in vivo and to elucidate the underlying mechanisms. METHODS SA-β-Gal staining was used to detect the expression of senescence-associated β-galactosidase (SA-β-Gal) in human lung adenocarcinoma cells A549 and NCI-H1795. DNA damage was examined by the detection of γH2AX foci. Cell cycle was analyzed by flow cytometry. Cancer cell proliferation was determined by ATPlite assay and clonogenic survival assay in vitro. Tumor growth was determined in a mouse model of A549. The expression level of proteins and mRNA was estimated by Western blotting and Quantitative RT-PCR, respectively. Small interfering RNA (siRNA) was used to knock down p21, p27 and p53 to explore the potential mechanism of AD-induced senescence in human lung adenocarcinoma cells. RESULTS AD-induced A549 and NCI-H1795 cell senescence determined by increased cell size, flattened morphology, DNA damage, cell cycle arrest as well as the increased expression of β-galactosidase. AD inhibited cell proliferation in lung cells in vitro and lung cells xenograft growth in nude mice. p21 and p27, the major cell cycle regulators and mediators of senescence, were upregulated at the protein level in AD-treated A549 lung adenocarcinoma in vitro and in vivo. Further studies demonstrated that AD induced cell senescence via p53/p21 and Skp2/p27. CONCLUSION In the present study, we found that the primary anti-inflammatory drug AD could have a potential antitumor effect in lung cancer. We demonstrated that AD induced lung adenocarcinoma senescence in vitro and in vivo via p53/p21 and Skp2/p27 for the first time. AD is therefore a promising senescence-inducing therapeutic for recalcitrant human lung adenocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junqian Zhang
- Cancer Institute, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Chunjie Li
- Cancer Institute, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Cancer Institute, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yongqing Heng
- Cancer Institute, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Shiwen Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Huadong Hospital, Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yongfu Pan
- Cancer Institute, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Lili Cai
- Cancer Institute, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yunjing Zhang
- Cancer Institute, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Tong Xu
- Cancer Institute, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Xihui Chen
- Cancer Institute, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Robert M Hoffman
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA; Anticancer, Inc., San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Lijun Jia
- Cancer Institute, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200032, China.
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MicroRNA Profile Alterations in Parathyroid Carcinoma: Latest Updates and Perspectives. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14040876. [PMID: 35205624 PMCID: PMC8869975 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14040876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Despite the considerable development of diagnostic tools, distinguishing between benign and malignant parathyroid tumors poses a significant diagnostic challenge. Epigenetic regulations, including noncoding microRNAs (miRNAs), have recently emerged as a new and promising source of biomarkers. MiRNAs are post-transcriptional regulators of gene expression. These tissue-specific molecules are known to be deregulated between cancer and normal cells. This review delineates changes in miRNA expression in parathyroid carcinoma (PC), advancing our understanding of PC tumorigenesis and emphasizing, at the same time, that miRNAs can be further exploited for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. Abstract Parathyroid tumors are a genetically heterogenous group with a significant variability in clinical features. Due to a lack of specific signs and symptoms and uncertain histopathological criteria, parathyroid carcinomas (PCs) are challenging to diagnose, both before and after surgery. There is a great interest in searching for accurate molecular biomarkers for early detection, disease monitoring, and clinical management. Due to improvements in molecular pathology, the latest studies have reported that PC tumorigenesis is strongly linked to the epigenetic regulation of gene expression. MicroRNA (miRNA) profiling may serve as a helpful adjunct in distinguishing parathyroid adenoma (PAd) from PC and provide further insight into regulatory pathways involved in PTH release and parathyroid tumorigenesis. So far, only a few studies have attempted to show the miRNA signature for PC, and very few overlaps could be found between these relatively similar studies. A global miRNA downregulation was detected in PC compared with normal glands among differentially expressed miRNAs. This review summarizes changes in miRNA expression in PC and discusses the future research directions in this area.
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Somatostatin Receptor Splicing Variant sst5TMD4 Overexpression in Glioblastoma Is Associated with Poor Survival, Increased Aggressiveness Features, and Somatostatin Analogs Resistance. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031143. [PMID: 35163067 PMCID: PMC8835306 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most malignant and lethal brain tumor. Current standard treatment consists of surgery followed by radiotherapy/chemotherapy; however, this is only a palliative approach with a mean post-operative survival of scarcely ~12-15 months. Thus, the identification of novel therapeutic targets to treat this devastating pathology is urgently needed. In this context, the truncated splicing variant of the somatostatin receptor subtype 5 (sst5TMD4), which is produced by aberrant alternative splicing, has been demonstrated to be overexpressed and associated with increased aggressiveness features in several tumors. However, the presence, functional role, and associated molecular mechanisms of sst5TMD4 in GBM have not been yet explored. Therefore, we performed a comprehensive analysis to characterize the expression and pathophysiological role of sst5TMD4 in human GBM. sst5TMD4 was significantly overexpressed (at mRNA and protein levels) in human GBM tissue compared to non-tumor (control) brain tissue. Remarkably, sst5TMD4 expression was significantly associated with poor overall survival and recurrent tumors in GBM patients. Moreover, in vitro sst5TMD4 overexpression (by specific plasmid) increased, whereas sst5TMD4 silencing (by specific siRNA) decreased, key malignant features (i.e., proliferation and migration capacity) of GBM cells (U-87 MG/U-118 MG models). Furthermore, sst5TMD4 overexpression in GBM cells altered the activity of multiple key signaling pathways associated with tumor aggressiveness/progression (AKT/JAK-STAT/NF-κB/TGF-β), and its silencing sensitized GBM cells to the antitumor effect of pasireotide (a somatostatin analog). Altogether, these results demonstrate that sst5TMD4 is overexpressed and associated with enhanced malignancy features in human GBMs and reveal its potential utility as a novel diagnostic/prognostic biomarker and putative therapeutic target in GBMs.
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Naudi-Fabra S, Blackledge M, Milles S. Synergies of Single Molecule Fluorescence and NMR for the Study of Intrinsically Disordered Proteins. Biomolecules 2021; 12:biom12010027. [PMID: 35053175 PMCID: PMC8773649 DOI: 10.3390/biom12010027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 12/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Single molecule fluorescence and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) are two very powerful techniques for the analysis of intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs). Both techniques have individually made major contributions to deciphering the complex properties of IDPs and their interactions, and it has become evident that they can provide very complementary views on the distance-dynamics relationships of IDP systems. We now review the first approaches using both NMR and single molecule fluorescence to decipher the molecular properties of IDPs and their interactions. We shed light on how these two techniques were employed synergistically for multidomain proteins harboring intrinsically disordered linkers, for veritable IDPs, but also for liquid–liquid phase separated systems. Additionally, we provide insights into the first approaches to use single molecule Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) and NMR for the description of multiconformational models of IDPs.
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11
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Sung K, Hosoya K, Murase Y, Deguchi T, Kim S, Sunaga T, Okumura M. Visualizing the cancer stem-like properties of canine tumour cells with low proteasome activity. Vet Comp Oncol 2021; 20:324-335. [PMID: 34719098 DOI: 10.1111/vco.12779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Cancer stem-like cells (CSCs) cause treatment failure in various tumours; however, establishing CSC-targeted therapies has been hampered by difficulties in the identification and isolation of this small sub-population of cells. Recent studies have revealed that tumour cells with low proteasome activity display a CSC phenotype that can be utilized to image CSCs in canines. This study visualizes and reveals the CSC-like properties of tumour cells with low proteasome activity in HMPOS (osteosarcoma) and MegTCC (transitional cell carcinoma), which are canine cell lines. The parent cells were genetically engineered to express ZsGreen1, a fluorescent protein connected to the carboxyl-terminal degron of canine ornithine decarboxylase that accumulates with low proteasome activity (ZsG+ cells). ZsG+ cells were imaged and the mode of action of this system was confirmed using a proteasome inhibitor (MG-132), which increased the ZsGreen1 fluorescence intensity. The CSC-like properties of ZsG+ cells were evaluated on the basis of cell divisions, cell cycle, the expression of CSC markers and tumourigenicity. ZsG+ cells underwent asymmetric divisions and had a low percentage of G0/G1 phase cells; moreover, ZsG+ cells expressed CSC markers such as CD133 and showed a large tumourigenic capability. In histopathological analysis, ZsG+ cells were widely distributed in the tumour samples derived from ZsG+ cells and in the proliferative regions of the tumours. The results of this study indicate that visualized canine tumour cells with low proteasome activity have a CSC-like phenotype and that this visualization system can be utilized to identify and isolate canine CSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koangyong Sung
- Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Kenji Hosoya
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yusuke Murase
- Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Deguchi
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Sangho Kim
- Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Takafumi Sunaga
- Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Masahiro Okumura
- Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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12
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Huynh TK, Huang CH, Chen JY, Yao JH, Yang YS, Wei YL, Chen HF, Chen CH, Tu CY, Hsu YM, Liu LC, Huang WC. MiR-221 confers lapatinib resistance by negatively regulating p27 kip1 in HER2-positive breast cancer. Cancer Sci 2021; 112:4234-4245. [PMID: 34382727 PMCID: PMC8486195 DOI: 10.1111/cas.15107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Development of acquired resistance to lapatinib, a dual epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)/human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) tyrosine kinase inhibitor, severely limits the duration of clinical response in advanced HER2‐driven breast cancer patients. Although the compensatory activation of the PI3K/Akt survival signal has been proposed to cause acquired lapatinib resistance, comprehensive molecular mechanisms remain required to develop more efficient strategies to circumvent this therapeutic difficulty. In this study, we found that suppression of HER2 by lapatinib still led to Akt inactivation and elevation of FOX3a protein levels, but failed to induce the expression of their downstream pro‐apoptotic effector p27kip1, a cyclin‐dependent kinase inhibitor. Elevation of miR‐221 was found to contribute to the development of acquired lapatinib resistance by targeting p27kip1 expression. Furthermore, upregulation of miR‐221 was mediated by the lapatinib‐induced Src family tyrosine kinase and subsequent NF‐κB activation. The reversal of miR‐221 upregulation and p27kip1 downregulation by a Src inhibitor, dasatinib, can overcome lapatinib resistance. Our study not only identified miRNA‐221 as a pivotal factor conferring the acquired resistance of HER2‐positive breast cancer cells to lapatinib through negatively regulating p27kip1 expression, but also suggested Src inhibition as a potential strategy to overcome lapatinib resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanh Kieu Huynh
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Drug Development Center, China Medical University, Taichung, 404, Taiwan.,Center for Molecular Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, 404, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hao Huang
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Drug Development Center, China Medical University, Taichung, 404, Taiwan.,Division of Breast Surgery, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan
| | - Jhen-Yu Chen
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Drug Development Center, China Medical University, Taichung, 404, Taiwan
| | - Jin-Han Yao
- School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, 404, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Shiang Yang
- Center for Molecular Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, 404, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Ling Wei
- Center for Molecular Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, 404, Taiwan
| | - Hsiao-Fan Chen
- Center for Molecular Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, 404, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Hung Chen
- School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, 404, Taiwan.,Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Yen Tu
- School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, 404, Taiwan.,Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan
| | - Yuan-Man Hsu
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, China Medical University, Taichung, 404, Taiwan.,Department of Animal Science and Technology, Agriculture College, Tunghai University, Taichung, 40704, Taiwan
| | - Liang-Chih Liu
- Division of Breast Surgery, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, 404, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Chien Huang
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Drug Development Center, China Medical University, Taichung, 404, Taiwan.,Center for Molecular Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, 404, Taiwan.,The Ph.D. program for Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, China Medical University and Academia Sinica, Taichung, 404, Taiwan.,Department of Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung, 413, Taiwan
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13
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Sasai K, Tabu K, Saito T, Matsuba Y, Saido TC, Tanaka S. Difference in the malignancy between RAS and GLI1-transformed astrocytes is associated with frequency of p27 KIP1-positive cells in xenograft tissues. Pathol Res Pract 2021; 223:153465. [PMID: 33989885 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2021.153465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 05/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/02/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
We demonstrate that the introduction of GLI1 is sufficient for immortalized human astrocytes to be transformed whereas FOXM1 fails to induce malignant transformation, suggesting differences between GLI1 and FOXM1 in terms of transforming ability despite both transcription factors being overexpressed in malignant gliomas. Moreover, in investigations of mechanisms underlying relatively less-malignant features of GLI1-transformed astrocytes, we found that p27KIP1-positive cells were frequently observed in xenografts derived from GLI1-transformed astrocytes compared to those from RAS-transformed cells. As shRNA-mediated knockdown of p27KIP1 accelerates tumor progression of GLI1-transformed astrocytes, downregulation of p27KIP1 contributes to malignant features of transformed astrocytes. We propose that the models using immortalized/transformed astrocytes are useful to identify the minimal and most crucial set of changes required for glioma formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Sasai
- Department of Cancer Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Hokkaido University, N15 W7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8638, Japan.
| | - Kouichi Tabu
- Department of Cancer Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Hokkaido University, N15 W7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8638, Japan
| | - Takashi Saito
- Laboratory for Proteolytic Neuroscience, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Yukio Matsuba
- Laboratory for Proteolytic Neuroscience, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Takaomi C Saido
- Laboratory for Proteolytic Neuroscience, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Shinya Tanaka
- Department of Cancer Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Hokkaido University, N15 W7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8638, Japan; WPI Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD), Hokkaido University, N21 W10, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 001-0021, Japan
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14
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Abstract
Meiosis is a highly conserved process, and is responsible for the production of haploid gametes and generation of genetic diversity. We previously identified the transferrin receptor (TFRC) in the proteome profile of mice neonatal testes, indicating the involvement of the TFRC in meiosis. However, the exact molecular role of the TFRC in meiosis remains unclear. In this study, we aimed to determine the function of the TFRC in neonatal testicular development by TFRC knockdown using the testis culture platform. Our results showed high TFRC expression in 2-week testes, corresponding to the first meiotic division. Targeting TFRC using morpholino oligonucleotides resulted in clear spermatocyte apoptosis. In addition, we used the chromosomal spread technique to show that a deficiency of TFRC caused the accumulation of leptotene and zygotene spermatocytes, and a decrease of pachytene spermatocytes, indicating early meiotic arrest. Moreover, the chromosomes of TFRC-deficient pachytene spermatocytes displayed sustained γH2AX association, as well as SYCP1/SYCP3 dissociation beyond the sex body. Therefore, our results demonstrated that the TFRC is essential for the progression of spermatocyte meiosis, particularly for DNA double-stranded break repair and chromosomal synapsis.
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15
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Yang J, Li X, Yang H, Long C. Oleanolic Acid Improves the Symptom of Renal Ischemia Reperfusion Injury via the PI3K/AKT Pathway. Urol Int 2020; 105:215-220. [PMID: 33291121 DOI: 10.1159/000506778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to investigate the therapeutic effect of oleanolic acid (OA) on the renal ischemia reperfusion injury (RIRI) and the possible mechanism. METHODS The RIRI model was successfully established in rats. OA, LY294002 (a PI3K inhibitor), and OA combined with LY294002 were dosed to rats in 3 therapeutic groups, respectively. The blood was collected to detect the concentration of Cr and BUN by ELISA. The kidney of each rat was collected to detect the concentration of renal injury factor (Kim-1) and the HE staining was performed. Western blot was used to detect the expression level of PI3K, p-AKT, AKT, PDK1, Skp2, and p27 in the renal tissue homogenate. RESULTS The symptom of vacuolar degeneration and interstitial edema was greatly improved in the rat kidney from the 3 therapeutic groups, compared with that from the RIRI model group. No significant difference was observed among the 3 therapeutic groups. The concentration of Cr in the 3 therapeutic groups was greatly lower than that in the RIRI model group. The expression level of p-AKT/AKT, PI3K, PDK1, Skp2, and p27 in OA group, LY294002 group, and OA combined with LY294002 group was significantly lower than that in the RIRI model group, respectively. CONCLUSION OA could improve the symptom of RIRI, possibly by inhibiting PI3K/AKT signal pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- JinRan Yang
- Department of Organ Transplantation, Jiangxi Provincial People's Hospital, Nanchang City, China
| | - Xinchang Li
- Department of Organ Transplantation, Jiangxi Provincial People's Hospital, Nanchang City, China
| | - Hua Yang
- Department of Organ Transplantation, Jiangxi Provincial People's Hospital, Nanchang City, China
| | - Chenmei Long
- Department of Organ Transplantation, Jiangxi Provincial People's Hospital, Nanchang City, China,
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16
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Kravtsova-Ivantsiv Y, Goldhirsh G, Ivantsiv A, Ben Itzhak O, Kwon YT, Pikarsky E, Ciechanover A. Excess of the NF-ĸB p50 subunit generated by the ubiquitin ligase KPC1 suppresses tumors via PD-L1- and chemokines-mediated mechanisms. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:29823-29831. [PMID: 33168738 PMCID: PMC7703627 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2019604117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Nuclear factor-ĸB (NF-ĸB) transcription factor is a family of essential regulators of the immune response and cell proliferation and transformation. A typical factor is a heterodimer made of either p50 or p52, which are limited processing products of either p105 or p100, respectively, and a member of the Rel family of proteins, typically p65. The transcriptional program of NF-ĸB is tightly regulated by the composition of the dimers. In our previous work, we demonstrated that the ubiquitin ligase KPC1 is involved in ubiquitination and proteasomal processing of p105 to generate p50. Its overexpression and the resulting high level of p50 stimulates transcription of a broad array of tumor suppressors. Here we demonstrate that additional mechanisms are involved in the p50-mediated tumor-suppressive effect. p50 down-regulates expression of a major immune checkpoint inhibitor, the programmed cell death-ligand 1 (PD-L1), both in cells and in tumors. Importantly, the suppression is abrogated by overexpression of p65. This highlights the importance of the cellular quantities of the two different subunits of NF-ĸB which determine the composition of the dimer. While the putative p50 homodimer is tumor-suppressive, the "canonical" p50p65 heterodimer is oncogenic. We found that an additional mechanism is involved in the tumor-suppressive phenomenon: p50 up-regulates expression of the proinflammatory chemokines CCL3, CCL4, and CCL5, which in turn recruit into the tumors active natural killer (NK) cells and macrophages. Overall, p50 acts as a strong tumor suppressor via multiple mechanisms, including overexpression of tumor suppressors and modulation of the tumor microenvironment by recruiting active immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yelena Kravtsova-Ivantsiv
- The Rappaport Faculty of Medicine and Research Institute, and the Rappaport Technion Integrated Cancer Center (R-TICC), Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, 3109601 Haifa, Israel
| | - Gilad Goldhirsh
- The Rappaport Faculty of Medicine and Research Institute, and the Rappaport Technion Integrated Cancer Center (R-TICC), Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, 3109601 Haifa, Israel
| | - Alexandra Ivantsiv
- The Rappaport Faculty of Medicine and Research Institute, and the Rappaport Technion Integrated Cancer Center (R-TICC), Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, 3109601 Haifa, Israel
| | - Ofer Ben Itzhak
- The Rappaport Faculty of Medicine and Research Institute, and the Rappaport Technion Integrated Cancer Center (R-TICC), Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, 3109601 Haifa, Israel
- Department of Pathology, Rambam Health Care Campus, 3109601 Haifa, Israel
| | - Yong Tae Kwon
- Protein Metabolism Medical Research Center, Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 110-799, South Korea
| | - Eli Pikarsky
- The Lautenberg Center for Immunology and Cancer Research, Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, 9112000 Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Aaron Ciechanover
- The Rappaport Faculty of Medicine and Research Institute, and the Rappaport Technion Integrated Cancer Center (R-TICC), Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, 3109601 Haifa, Israel;
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17
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Gatti V, Bernassola F, Talora C, Melino G, Peschiaroli A. The Impact of the Ubiquitin System in the Pathogenesis of Squamous Cell Carcinomas. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12061595. [PMID: 32560247 PMCID: PMC7352818 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12061595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The ubiquitin system is a dynamic regulatory pathway controlling the activity, subcellular localization and stability of a myriad of cellular proteins, which in turn affects cellular homeostasis through the regulation of a variety of signaling cascades. Aberrant activity of key components of the ubiquitin system has been functionally linked with numerous human diseases including the initiation and progression of human tumors. In this review, we will contextualize the importance of the two main components of the ubiquitin system, the E3 ubiquitin ligases (E3s) and deubiquitinating enzymes (DUBs), in the etiology of squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs). We will discuss the signaling pathways regulated by these enzymes, emphasizing the genetic and molecular determinants underlying their deregulation in SCCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Gatti
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Translational Pharmacology, 00133 Rome, Italy;
| | - Francesca Bernassola
- Department of Experimental Medicine, TOR, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy; (F.B.); (G.M.)
| | - Claudio Talora
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy;
| | - Gerry Melino
- Department of Experimental Medicine, TOR, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy; (F.B.); (G.M.)
| | - Angelo Peschiaroli
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Translational Pharmacology, 00133 Rome, Italy;
- Correspondence:
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18
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Zamani-Ahmadmahmudi M, Nassiri SM, Soltaninezhad F. Development of an RNA sequencing-based prognostic gene signature in multiple myeloma. Br J Haematol 2020; 192:310-321. [PMID: 32410217 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.16744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Several prognostic gene signatures have been developed to predict the clinical outcome in patients with multiple myeloma (MM). The most salient disadvantage of the previous signatures is their non-reproducibility in external datasets. Given the disadvantages and the superiority of RNA sequencing over microarrays in transcriptome profiling to produce more reliable outputs, we sought to develop a reproducible RNA sequencing-based prognostic gene signature for MM. Genes significantly associated with survival were detected in The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) MM RNA sequencing dataset (MMRF-CoMMpass) (n = 412) through a strict pipeline containing four rigid filters. The reproducibility of the selected genes was checked in an independent dataset (GSE24080), containing 559 newly diagnosed patients with MM. The RNA sequencing-based prognostic signature was reconstructed based on the final genes in the training dataset (MMRF-CoMMpass) and externally validated in five independent datasets (i.e. GSE2658, GSE13624, GSE9782, GSE6477 and GSE57317), containing 1461 MM cases. The RNA sequencing-based signature was reconstructed using finally five reproducible genes: CCT2, CKS1B, PRKDC, NONO and UBE2A. This signature was able to robustly discriminate between low- and high-risk patients in both training and validation datasets (Ps ≤ 0·001). Our signature was also independent of and more powerful than the routine MM prognostic factors (i.e. β2-microglobulin, albumin, age and sex) (Ps ≤ 0·01). Treatment regimens had no effect on RNA sequencing-based signature insofar as this signature succeeded in predicting the clinical outcome in various treatment groups (Ps ≤ 0·001).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamad Zamani-Ahmadmahmudi
- Department of Clinical Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran
| | - Seyed Mahdi Nassiri
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Soltaninezhad
- Department of Clinical Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran
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19
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Tsytlonok M, Hemmen K, Hamilton G, Kolimi N, Felekyan S, Seidel CAM, Tompa P, Sanabria H. Specific Conformational Dynamics and Expansion Underpin a Multi-Step Mechanism for Specific Binding of p27 with Cdk2/Cyclin A. J Mol Biol 2020; 432:2998-3017. [PMID: 32088186 PMCID: PMC7254055 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2020.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Revised: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The protein p27, a prominent regulatory protein in eukaryotes and an intrinsically disordered protein (IDP), regulates cell division by causing cell cycle arrest when bound in ternary complex with cyclin-dependent kinase (Cdk2) and cyclins (e.g., Cdk2/Cyclin A). We present an integrative study of p27 and its binding to Cdk2/Cyclin A complex by performing single-molecule multiparameter fluorescence spectroscopy, stopped-flow experiments, and molecular dynamics simulations. Our results suggest that unbound p27 adopts a compact conformation and undergoes conformational dynamics across several orders of magnitude in time (nano-to milliseconds), reflecting a multi-step mechanism for binding Cdk2/Cyclin A. Mutagenesis studies reveal that the region D1 in p27 plays a significant role in mediating the association kinetics, undergoing conformational rearrangement upon initial binding. Additionally, FRET experiments indicate an expansion of p27 throughout binding. The detected local and long-range structural dynamics suggest that p27 exhibits a limited binding surface in the unbound form, and stochastic conformational changes in D1 facilitate initial binding to Cdk2/Cyclin A complex. Furthermore, the post-kinase inhibitory domain (post-KID) region of p27 exchanges between distinct conformational ensembles: an extended regime exhibiting worm-like chain behavior, and a compact ensemble, which may protect p27 against nonspecific interactions. In summary, the binding interaction involves three steps: (i) D1 initiates binding, (ii) p27 wraps around Cdk2/Cyclin A and D2 binds, and (iii) the fully-formed fuzzy ternary complex is formed concomitantly with an extension of the post-KID region. An understanding of how the IDP nature of p27 underpins its functional interactions with Cdk2/Cyclin A provides insight into the complex binding mechanisms of IDPs and their regulatory mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maksym Tsytlonok
- VIB-VUB Center for Structural Biology (CSB), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Katherina Hemmen
- Lehrstuhl für Molekulare Physikalische Chemie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany; Rudolf Virchow Center for Experimental Biomedicine, University of Würzburg, 97078, Würzburg, Germany
| | - George Hamilton
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, 29634, USA
| | - Narendar Kolimi
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, 29634, USA
| | - Suren Felekyan
- Lehrstuhl für Molekulare Physikalische Chemie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Claus A M Seidel
- Lehrstuhl für Molekulare Physikalische Chemie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Peter Tompa
- VIB-VUB Center for Structural Biology (CSB), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium; Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Hugo Sanabria
- Lehrstuhl für Molekulare Physikalische Chemie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany; Department of Physics and Astronomy, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, 29634, USA.
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20
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Blaquiere N, Villemure E, Staben ST. Medicinal Chemistry of Inhibiting RING-Type E3 Ubiquitin Ligases. J Med Chem 2020; 63:7957-7985. [PMID: 32142281 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b01451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS) presents many opportunities for pharmacological intervention. Key players in the UPS are E3 ubiquitin ligases, responsible for conjugation of ubiquitin to specific cognate substrates. Numbering more than 600 members, these ligases represent the most selective way to intervene within this physiologically important system. This Perspective highlights some of the dedicated medicinal chemistry efforts directed at inhibiting the function of specific single-protein and multicomponent RING-type E3 ubiquitin ligases. We present opportunities and challenges associated with targeting this important class of enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Blaquiere
- Discovery Chemistry, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Elisia Villemure
- Discovery Chemistry, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Steven T Staben
- Discovery Chemistry, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
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21
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Cai Z, Moten A, Peng D, Hsu CC, Pan BS, Manne R, Li HY, Lin HK. The Skp2 Pathway: A Critical Target for Cancer Therapy. Semin Cancer Biol 2020; 67:16-33. [PMID: 32014608 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2020.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Strictly regulated protein degradation by ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) is essential for various cellular processes whose dysregulation is linked to serious diseases including cancer. Skp2, a well characterized component of Skp2-SCF E3 ligase complex, is able to conjugate both K48-linked ubiquitin chains and K63-linked ubiquitin chains on its diverse substrates, inducing proteasome mediated proteolysis or modulating the function of tagged substrates respectively. Overexpression of Skp2 is observed in various human cancers associated with poor survival and adverse therapeutic outcomes, which in turn suggests that Skp2 engages in tumorigenic activity. To that end, the oncogenic properties of Skp2 are demonstrated by various genetic mouse models, highlighting the potential of Skp2 as a target for tackling cancer. In this article, we will describe the downstream substrates of Skp2 as well as upstream regulators for Skp2-SCF complex activity. We will further summarize the comprehensive oncogenic functions of Skp2 while describing diverse strategies and therapeutic platforms currently available for developing Skp2 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Cai
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Wake Forest University, Winston Salem, NC, 27101, USA.
| | - Asad Moten
- National Capital Consortium, Department of Defense, Washington DC, 20307, USA; Institute for Complex Systems, HealthNovations International, Houston, TX, 77089, USA; Center for Cancer Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA; Center on Genomics, Vulnerable Populations, and Health Disparities, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Danni Peng
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Wake Forest University, Winston Salem, NC, 27101, USA
| | - Che-Chia Hsu
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Wake Forest University, Winston Salem, NC, 27101, USA
| | - Bo-Syong Pan
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Wake Forest University, Winston Salem, NC, 27101, USA
| | - Rajeshkumar Manne
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Wake Forest University, Winston Salem, NC, 27101, USA
| | - Hong-Yu Li
- University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmaceutical Science, 200 South Cedar, Little Rock AR 72202, USA
| | - Hui-Kuan Lin
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Wake Forest University, Winston Salem, NC, 27101, USA; Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan; Department of Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung 41354, Taiwan.
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22
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Pereira BJA, Santana Júnior PAD, de Almeida AN, Cavalcante SG, de Melo KCM, de Aguiar PHP, Paiva WDS, Oba-Shinjo SM, Marie SKN. Cyclin E1 expression and malignancy in meningiomas. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2020; 190:105647. [PMID: 31945623 DOI: 10.1016/j.clineuro.2019.105647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of the present study was to analyze if the pathway Skp2-p27-cyclin E1 could also be a tumor progression marker for meningiomas. PATIENTS AND METHODS We used quantitative real-time PCR to assess the relative expression levels of the genes coding for cyclin E1 (CCNE1), Skp2 (SKP2), and p27 (P27). The expression levels were compared in grades I to III meningiomas and among different histological subtypes of grade I meningiomas. RESULTS Anaplastic meningiomas accounted for 4.9%, atypical meningiomas for 23.5% and grade I meningiomas for 71.6%.CCNE1 expression level was significantly higher in grade II compared to grade I meningiomas (p = 0.0027), and its expression level reliably predicts grade II meningiomas (ROC AUC = 0.731, p = 0.003). CCNE1 expression also correlated with SKP2 and P27 expression levels in grade I meningiomas (r = 0.539, p < 0.0001 and r = 0.687, p = <0.0001, respectively for CCNE1/SKP2 and CCNE1/P27, Spearman's test). Fibrous subtype among grade I meningiomas presented the highest expression levels of CCNE1, SKP2 and P27. Higher expression of cyclin E1 protein was detected in the nuclei of atypical meningiomas compared to grade I meningiomas. CONCLUSIONS CCNE1 expression level predicts meningioma malignancy, and the fibrous subtype presents the highest gene expression levels among grade I meningiomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedito Jamilson Araújo Pereira
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e celular (LIM 15), Departmento de Neurologia, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Pedro Augustto de Santana Júnior
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e celular (LIM 15), Departmento de Neurologia, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Stella Gonçalves Cavalcante
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e celular (LIM 15), Departmento de Neurologia, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Keyde Cristina Martins de Melo
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e celular (LIM 15), Departmento de Neurologia, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Wellingson da Silva Paiva
- Divisão de Neurocirurgia Funcional IPQ, Hospital das Clínicas da Universidade de São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Sueli Mieko Oba-Shinjo
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e celular (LIM 15), Departmento de Neurologia, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Suely Kazue Nagahashi Marie
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e celular (LIM 15), Departmento de Neurologia, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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23
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Atta IS. Study of the Association of Phosphatase and Tensin Homolog and p27 Expressions in Endometrial Hyperplasia and Carcinoma. J Microsc Ultrastruct 2019; 7:109-116. [PMID: 31548921 PMCID: PMC6753695 DOI: 10.4103/jmau.jmau_54_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) and p27 are commonly mutated gene in endometrial carcinoma (EC) and their association in development of EC has not been fully understood. The Aim of the Study: The aim is to clarify the association of PTEN and p27 in EC and their correlation with the histologic grade. Material and Methods: Paraffin-embedded 20 and 50 specimens representing EH and EC were collected, cut into 4 mm thick and stained with H&E stain for histopathological examination. All EC cases were graded according to the percentage of nonsquamous solid pattern into 3 grades. Immunohistochemical (IHC) analyses were done using a rabbit polyclonal anti-PTEN antibody and a rabbit monoclonal anti-p27 antibody. Evaluation of reactivity was categorized: 1+ (weak) = less than 10%, 2+ (moderate) = 11 to 50% and 3+ (strong) = more than 50% tumor. t-test, one way ANOVA and chi-square test were used in the statistical analysis. Results: Loss of PTEN was seen in 7/20 (35%) and 29/50 (58%) of EH and EC cases with significance (P =0.01824), opposite to 17/20 (85%) and 25/50 (50%) of p27 (P = 0.00334). Both antibodies showed significance in EH cases only (P = 0.00019). No correlation with the histological grade for both antibodies. Four major categories were formulated; PTEN+/p27+ (n = 2, 14, 10%, 28%), PTEN+/p27- (n = 5, 7; 25% and 14%), PTEN-/p27+ (n = 1, 11; 5%, 22%) PTEN-/p27- (n = 12, 18; 60%, 36%) cases of EH and EC, respectively with no significant difference obtained. Conclusion: Not all cases of PTEN negative EC showing p27 loss and vice versa. Despite many studies reacted with PTEN and p27 expression in EC, none of them is confirmatory to adjust the correlation between them in EC. So, more studies must be done to correlate between the degree of PTEN loss and p27 comprising all subtypes and grading of EC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ihab Shafek Atta
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Assuit, Al-Azhar University, Egypt
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24
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Hernández-Bule ML, Medel E, Colastra C, Roldán R, Úbeda A. Response of neuroblastoma cells to RF currents as a function of the signal frequency. BMC Cancer 2019; 19:889. [PMID: 31488097 PMCID: PMC6728948 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-019-6090-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Capacitive-resistive electric transfer (CRET) is a non-invasive therapeutic strategy that applies radiofrequency electric currents within the 400-600 kHz range to tissue repair and regeneration. Previous studies by our group have shown that 48 h of intermittent exposure to a 570 kHz CRET signal at a subthermal density of 50 μA/mm2 causes significant changes in the expression and activation of cell cycle control proteins, leading to cycle arrest in human cancer cell cultures. The present study investigates the relevance of the signal frequency in the response of the human neuroblastoma cell line NB69 to subthermal electric treatment with four different signal frequency currents within the 350-650 kHz range. METHODS Trypan blue assay, flow cytometry, immunofluorescence and immunoblot were used to study the effects of subthermal CRET currents on cell viability, cell cycle progression and the expression of several marker proteins involved in NB69 cell death and proliferation. RESULTS The results reveal that among the frequencies tested, only a 448 kHz signal elicited both proapoptotic and antiproliferative, statistically significant responses. The apoptotic effect would be due, at least in part, to significant changes induced by the 448 kHz signal in the expression of p53, Bax and caspase-3. The cytostatic response was preceded by alterations in the kinetics of the cell cycle and in the expression of proteins p-ERK1/2, cyclin D1 and p27, which is consistent with a potential involvement of the EGF receptor in electrically induced changes in the ERK1/2 pathway. This receives additional support from results indicating that the proapototic and antiproliferative responses to CRET can be transiently blocked when the electric stimulus is applied in the presence of PD98059, a chemical inhibitor of the ERK1/2 pathway. CONCLUSION The understanding of the mechanisms underlying the ability of slowing down cancer cell growth through electrically-induced changes in the expression of proteins involved in the control of cell proliferation and apoptosis might afford new insights in the field of oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Luisa Hernández-Bule
- BEM-Research Service, Ramón y Cajal University Hospital - IRYCIS, Ctra. Colmenar Viejo km 9-100, 28034, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Enrique Medel
- BEM-Research Service, Ramón y Cajal University Hospital - IRYCIS, Ctra. Colmenar Viejo km 9-100, 28034, Madrid, Spain
| | - Clara Colastra
- BEM-Research Service, Ramón y Cajal University Hospital - IRYCIS, Ctra. Colmenar Viejo km 9-100, 28034, Madrid, Spain
| | - Raquel Roldán
- BEM-Research Service, Ramón y Cajal University Hospital - IRYCIS, Ctra. Colmenar Viejo km 9-100, 28034, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alejandro Úbeda
- BEM-Research Service, Ramón y Cajal University Hospital - IRYCIS, Ctra. Colmenar Viejo km 9-100, 28034, Madrid, Spain
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25
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Zhu L, Wang J, Yue C, Yuan W, Zhang W, Shi L, Mi Y, Wu X, Zhang LF, Zuo L. CDKN1B Val 109 Gly variant is not related to risk of prostate cancer. J Cell Biochem 2019; 120:18346-18356. [PMID: 31257659 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.29144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Revised: 04/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Association between CDKN1B gene Val 109 Gly polymorphism and prostate cancer (PCa) susceptibility has been investigated in several studies but with inconsistent conclusions. We adopted odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) to assess the correlation between CDKN1B Val 109 Gly variant and PCa susceptibility. Moreover, we used in-silico tools to evaluate the relationship of CDKN1B expression and overall survival (OS) or disease free survival (DFS) time in PCa patients. The overall results demonstrated no association of the CDKN1B variant on PCa risk [allelic contrast (OR = 0.78, 95% CI = 0.45 - 1.35, Pheterogeneity = 0.038); GV vs VV (OR = 0.83, 95% CI = 0.56 - 1.25, Pheterogeneity = 0.253); GG vs VV (OR = 0.48, 95% CI = 0.23 - 1.01, Pheterogeneity = 0.161); GG+GV vs VV (OR = 0.75, 95% CI = 0.52 -1.08, Pheterogeneity = 0.132) and GG vs GV+VV (OR = 0.63, 95% CI = 0.25 - 1.11, Pheterogeneity = 0.152)]. In subgroup analysis by ethnicity and source of control, we also identified similar results. In-silico results showed that expression of CDKN1B was decreased in PCa tissue, especially in less advanced PCa (Gleason score = 6 or 7). No significant difference of OS or DFS time was indicated between the low and high expression of CDKN1B. Our present study showed evidence that CDKN1B Val 109 Gly variant is not related to PCa risk. Future studies with large sample size are needed to confirm this correlation in more details.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijie Zhu
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Chuang Yue
- Department of Urology, The Affiliated Changzhou No. 2 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wei Yuan
- Department of Cardiology, Taizhou People's Hospital, Taizhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Oncology, Taizhou People's Hospital, Taizhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Li Shi
- Department of Urology, The Affiliated Changzhou No. 2 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yuanyuan Mi
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Xingyu Wu
- Department of Urology, The Affiliated Changzhou No. 2 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Li-Feng Zhang
- Department of Urology, The Affiliated Changzhou No. 2 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Li Zuo
- Department of Urology, The Affiliated Changzhou No. 2 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, China
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Identification and structural characterization of deleterious non-synonymous single nucleotide polymorphisms in the human SKP2 gene. Comput Biol Chem 2019; 79:127-136. [PMID: 30802828 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiolchem.2019.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Revised: 01/27/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In SCF (Skp, Cullin, F-box) ubiquitin-protein ligase complexes, S-phase kinase 2 (SKP2) is one of the major players of F-box family, that is responsible for the degradation of several important cell regulators and tumor suppressor proteins. Despite of having significant evidence for the role of SKP2 on tumorgenesis, there is a lack of available data regarding the effect of non-synonymous polymorphisms. In this communication, the structural and functional consequences of non-synonymous single nucleotide polymorphisms (nsSNPs) of SKP2 have been reported by employing various computational approaches and molecular dynamics simulation. Initially, several computational tools like SIFT, PolyPhen-2, PredictSNP, I-Mutant 2.0 and ConSurf have been implicated in this study to explore the damaging SNPs. In total of 172 nsSNPs, 5 nsSNPs were identified as deleterious and 3 of them were predicted to be decreased the stability of protein. Guided from ConSurf analysis, P101L (rs761253702) and Y346C (rs755010517) were categorized as the highly conserved and functional disrupting mutations. Therefore, these mutations were subjected to three dimensional model building and molecular dynamics simulation study for the detailed structural consequences upon the mutations. The study revealed that P101L and Y346C mutations increased the flexibility and changed the structural dynamics. As both these mutations are located in the most functional regions of SKP2 protein, these computational insights might be helpful to consider these nsSNPs for wet-lab confirmatory analysis as well as in rationalizing future population based studies and structure based drug design against SKP2.
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27
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Dong W, Zhu H, Gao H, Shi W, Zhang Y, Wang H, Li C, Song G, Zhang Y. Expression of Cyclin E/Cdk2/p27Kip1 in Growth Hormone Adenomas. World Neurosurg 2019; 121:e45-e53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2018.08.209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Revised: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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28
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Jang HH. Regulation of Protein Degradation by Proteasomes in Cancer. J Cancer Prev 2018; 23:153-161. [PMID: 30671397 PMCID: PMC6330989 DOI: 10.15430/jcp.2018.23.4.153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Revised: 12/15/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Imbalance of protein homeostasis (proteostasis) is known to cause cellular malfunction, cell death, and diseases. Elaborate regulation of protein synthesis and degradation is one of the important processes in maintaining normal cellular functions. Protein degradation pathways in eukaryotes are largely divided into proteasome-mediated degradation and lysosome-mediated degradation. Proteasome is a multisubunit complex that selectively degrades 80% to 90% of cellular proteins. Proteasome-mediated degradation can be divided into 26S proteasome (20S proteasome + 19S regulatory particle) and free 20S proteasome degradation. In 1980, it was discovered that during ubiquitination process, wherein ubiquitin binds to a substrate protein in an ATP-dependent manner, ubiquitin acts as a degrading signal to degrade the substrate protein via proteasome. Conversely, 20S proteasome degrades the substrate protein without using ATP or ubiquitin because it recognizes the oxidized and structurally modified hydrophobic patch of the substrate protein. To date, most studies have focused on protein degradation via 26S proteasome. This review describes the 26S/20S proteasomal pathway of protein degradation and discusses the potential of proteasome as therapeutic targets for cancer treatment as well as against diseases caused by abnormalities in the proteolytic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ho Hee Jang
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon, Korea
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29
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Shen H, Yang N, Truskinovsky A, Chen Y, Mussell AL, Nowak NJ, Kobzik L, Frangou C, Zhang J. Targeting TAZ-Driven Human Breast Cancer by Inhibiting a SKP2-p27 Signaling Axis. Mol Cancer Res 2018; 17:250-262. [PMID: 30237296 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-18-0332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Revised: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Deregulated expression of the transcriptional coactivator with PDZ-binding motif (WWTR1/TAZ) is a common feature of basal-like breast cancer (BLBC). Yet, how oncogenic TAZ regulates cell-cycle progression and proliferation in breast cancer remains poorly understood, and whether TAZ is required for tumor maintenance has not been established. Here, using an integrative oncogenomic approach, TAZ-dependent cellular programs essential for tumor growth and progression were identified. Significantly, TAZ-driven tumor cells required sustained TAZ expression, given that its withdrawal impaired both genesis and maintenance of solid tumors. Moreover, temporal inhibition of TAZ diminished the metastatic burden in established macroscopic pulmonary metastases. Mechanistic investigation revealed that TAZ controls distinct gene profiles that determine cancer cell fate through cell-cycle networks, including a specific, causal role for S-phase kinase-associated protein 2 (SKP2) in mediating the neoplastic state. Together, this study elucidates the molecular events that underpin the role of TAZ in BLBC and link to SKP2, a convergent communication node for multiple cancer signaling pathways, as a key downstream effector molecule. IMPLICATIONS: Understanding the molecular role of TAZ and its link to SKP2, a signaling convergent point and key regulator in BLBC, represents an important step toward the identification of novel therapeutic targets for TAZ-dependent breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Shen
- Department of Cancer Genetics and Genomics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York
| | - Nuo Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, New York, New York
| | | | - Yanmin Chen
- Department of Cancer Genetics and Genomics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York
| | - Ashley L Mussell
- Department of Cancer Genetics and Genomics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York
| | - Norma J Nowak
- Department of Biochemistry, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, New York, New York
| | - Lester Kobzik
- Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Molecular and Integrative Physiological Sciences, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Costa Frangou
- Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Molecular and Integrative Physiological Sciences, Boston, Massachusetts.
| | - Jianmin Zhang
- Department of Cancer Genetics and Genomics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York.
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30
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Chou CF, Hsieh YH, Grubbs CJ, Atigadda VR, Mobley JA, Dummer R, Muccio DD, Eto I, Elmets CA, Garvey WT, Chang PL. The retinoid X receptor agonist, 9-cis UAB30, inhibits cutaneous T-cell lymphoma proliferation through the SKP2-p27kip1 axis. J Dermatol Sci 2018; 90:343-356. [PMID: 29599065 PMCID: PMC6329374 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2018.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Revised: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bexarotene (Targretin®) is currently the only FDA approved retinoid X receptor (RXR) -selective agonist for the treatment of cutaneous T-cell lymphomas (CTCLs). The main side effects of bexarotene are hypothyroidism and elevation of serum triglycerides (TGs). The novel RXR ligand, 9-cis UAB30 (UAB30) does not elevate serum TGs or induce hypothyroidism in normal subjects. OBJECTIVES To assess preclinical efficacy and mechanism of action of UAB30 in the treatment of CTCLs and compare its action with bexarotene. METHODS With patient-derived CTCL cell lines, we evaluated UAB30 function in regulating growth, apoptosis, cell cycle check points, and cell cycle-related markers. RESULTS Compared to bexarotene, UAB30 had lower half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values and was more effective in inhibiting the G1 cell cycle checkpoint. Both rexinoids increased the stability of the cell cycle inhibitor, p27kip1 protein, in part, through targeting components involved in the ubiquitination-proteasome system: 1) decreasing SKP2, a F-box protein that binds and targets p27kip1 for degradation by 26S proteasome and 2) suppressing 20S proteasome activity (cell line-dependent) through downregulation of PSMA7, a component of the 20S proteolytic complex in 26S proteasome. CONCLUSIONS UAB30 and bexarotene induce both early cell apoptosis and suppress cell proliferation. Inhibition of the G1 to S cell cycle transition by rexinoids is mediated, in part, through downregulation of SKP2 and/or 20S proteasome activity, leading to increased p27kip1 protein stability. Because UAB30 has minimal effect in elevating serum TGs and inducing hypothyroidism, it is potentially a better alternative to bexarotene for the treatment of CTCLs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chu-Fang Chou
- Department of Nutrition Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, 35294, USA
| | - Yu-Hua Hsieh
- Department of Nutrition Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, 35294, USA
| | - Clinton J Grubbs
- Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, 35294, USA; Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, 35294, USA
| | - Venkatram R Atigadda
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, 35294, USA
| | - James A Mobley
- Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, 35294, USA
| | - Reinhard Dummer
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Donald D Muccio
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, 35294, USA; Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, 35294, USA
| | - Isao Eto
- Department of Nutrition Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, 35294, USA; Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, 35294, USA
| | - Craig A Elmets
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, 35294, USA; Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, 35294, USA
| | - W Timothy Garvey
- Department of Nutrition Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, 35294, USA
| | - Pi-Ling Chang
- Department of Nutrition Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, 35294, USA; Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, 35294, USA; Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, 35294, USA.
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Lehners N, Ellert E, Xu J, Hillengass J, Leichsenring J, Stenzinger A, Goldschmidt H, Andrulis M, Raab MS. Oncogene-induced senescence: a potential breakpoint mechanism against malignant transformation in plasma cell disorders. Leuk Lymphoma 2018; 59:2660-2669. [PMID: 29616856 DOI: 10.1080/10428194.2018.1443450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Oncogene-induced senescence (OIS) is a cellular tumor-suppressive mechanism present in several premalignant conditions. Here, we analyze the possible impact of OIS on malignant transformation in plasma cell disorders. Tumor samples from 125 patients with different disease stages were analyzed immunohistochemically for expression of senescence markers. Protein expression of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21Cip1/Waf1 was significantly higher in smoldering multiple myeloma (SMM) compared to monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) (p = .02) or symptomatic multiple myeloma (MM) (p = .005). SMM plasma cells expressing p21Cip1/Waf1 were negative for Ki67, consistent with senescence. While p27Kip1 was highly expressed in healthy controls, MGUS and SMM, expression decreased significantly in MM (p = .02). SMM plasma cells displayed a mutually exclusive expression of p21Cip1/Waf1/p27Kip1 suggesting compensatory mechanisms of senescence. In conclusion, we found markers of cellular senescence differentially expressed in SMM compared to MGUS and MM supporting the hypothesis of OIS as a breakpoint mechanism against malignant transformation in plasma cell disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Lehners
- a Department of Internal Medicine V , University Hospital Heidelberg , Heidelberg , Germany.,b Max-Eder-Group Experimental Therapies for Hematologic Malignancies , German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and University Hospital Heidelberg , Heidelberg , Germany
| | - Elena Ellert
- c Institute for Pathology, Ludwigshafen Hospital , Ludwigshafen , Germany
| | - Jing Xu
- b Max-Eder-Group Experimental Therapies for Hematologic Malignancies , German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and University Hospital Heidelberg , Heidelberg , Germany.,d Institute for Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg , Heidelberg , Germany
| | - Jens Hillengass
- a Department of Internal Medicine V , University Hospital Heidelberg , Heidelberg , Germany
| | - Jonas Leichsenring
- d Institute for Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg , Heidelberg , Germany
| | - Albrecht Stenzinger
- d Institute for Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg , Heidelberg , Germany
| | - Hartmut Goldschmidt
- a Department of Internal Medicine V , University Hospital Heidelberg , Heidelberg , Germany.,e National Center for Tumor Diseases , Heidelberg , Germany
| | - Mindaugas Andrulis
- c Institute for Pathology, Ludwigshafen Hospital , Ludwigshafen , Germany.,d Institute for Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg , Heidelberg , Germany
| | - Marc S Raab
- a Department of Internal Medicine V , University Hospital Heidelberg , Heidelberg , Germany.,b Max-Eder-Group Experimental Therapies for Hematologic Malignancies , German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and University Hospital Heidelberg , Heidelberg , Germany
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32
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Sandoval-Basilio J, González-González R, Bologna-Molina R, Isiordia-Espinoza M, Leija-Montoya G, Alcaraz-Estrada SL, Serafín-Higuera I, González-Ramírez J, Serafín-Higuera N. Epigenetic mechanisms in odontogenic tumors: A literature review. Arch Oral Biol 2018; 87:211-217. [PMID: 29310033 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2017.12.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Revised: 12/23/2017] [Accepted: 12/28/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Epigenetic mechanisms, such as DNA methylation, regulate important biological processes as gene expression and it was suggested that these phenomena play important roles in the carcinogenesis and tumor biology. The aim of this review is to provide the current state of knowledge about epigenetic alterations, focusing mainly on DNA methylation, reported in odontogenic tumors. DESIGN Literatures were searched based in the combination of the following keywords: odontogenic tumors, epigenetics, DNA methylation, histone modifications, non-coding RNA, microRNA, DNA methyltransferases. Electronic databases (Medline/PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science) were screened. RESULTS The analysis of epigenetic alterations in different tumors has rapidly increased; however, limited information is available about epigenetic mechanisms involved in the formation of odontogenic tumors. DNA methylation is the most studied epigenetic modification in these tumors and the participation of non-coding RNA's in odontogenic tumors has been recently addressed. Differential expression of DNA methyltransferases, altered DNA methylation patterns and aberrant expression of non-coding RNA's were reported in odontogenic tumors. CONCLUSIONS Current studies suggest epigenetics as an emerging mechanism, possibly implicated in etiopathogenesis of odontogenic tumors. Deeper understanding of the epigenetic abnormalities in these tumors could show potential applications as biomarkers or therapeutic possibilities in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ronell Bologna-Molina
- Departamento de Investigación, Facultad Odontología, Universidad de la República. (UDELAR), Montevideo, Uruguay
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Gupta I, Singh K, Varshney NK, Khan S. Delineating Crosstalk Mechanisms of the Ubiquitin Proteasome System That Regulate Apoptosis. Front Cell Dev Biol 2018; 6:11. [PMID: 29479529 PMCID: PMC5811474 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2018.00011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Regulatory functions of the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) are exercised mainly by the ubiquitin ligases and deubiquitinating enzymes. Degradation of apoptotic proteins by UPS is central to the maintenance of cell health, and deregulation of this process is associated with several diseases including tumors, neurodegenerative disorders, diabetes, and inflammation. Therefore, it is the view that interrogating protein turnover in cells can offer a strategy for delineating disease-causing mechanistic perturbations and facilitate identification of drug targets. In this review, we are summarizing an overview to elucidate the updated knowledge on the molecular interplay between the apoptosis and UPS pathways. We have condensed around 100 enzymes of UPS machinery from the literature that ubiquitinates or deubiquitinates the apoptotic proteins and regulates the cell fate. We have also provided a detailed insight into how the UPS proteins are able to fine-tune the intrinsic, extrinsic, and p53-mediated apoptotic pathways to regulate cell survival or cell death. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the potential of UPS players as a drug target for cancer and other human disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ishita Gupta
- Structural Immunology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India.,Drug Discovery Research Centre, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, India
| | - Kanika Singh
- Drug Discovery Research Centre, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, India
| | - Nishant K Varshney
- Drug Discovery Research Centre, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, India
| | - Sameena Khan
- Drug Discovery Research Centre, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, India
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Protein neddylation and its alterations in human cancers for targeted therapy. Cell Signal 2018; 44:92-102. [PMID: 29331584 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2018.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2017] [Revised: 12/27/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Neddylation, a post-translational modification that conjugates an ubiquitin-like protein NEDD8 to substrate proteins, is an important biochemical process that regulates protein function. The best-characterized substrates of neddylation are the cullin subunits of Cullin-RING ligases (CRLs), which, as the largest family of E3 ubiquitin ligases, control many important biological processes, including tumorigenesis, through promoting ubiquitylation and subsequent degradation of a variety of key regulatory proteins. Recently, increasing pieces of experimental evidence strongly indicate that the process of protein neddylation modification is elevated in multiple human cancers, providing sound rationale for its targeting as an attractive anticancer therapeutic strategy. Indeed, neddylation inactivation by MLN4924 (also known as pevonedistat), a small molecule inhibitor of E1 NEDD8-activating enzyme currently in phase I/II clinical trials, exerts significant anticancer effects by inducing cell cycle arrest, apoptosis, senescence and autophagy in a cell-type and context dependent manner. Here, we summarize the latest progresses in the field with a major focus on preclinical studies in validation of neddylation modification as a promising anticancer target.
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Araki T, Liu NA. Cell Cycle Regulators and Lineage-Specific Therapeutic Targets for Cushing Disease. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2018; 9:444. [PMID: 30147673 PMCID: PMC6096271 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell cycle proteins are critical to pituitary development, but their contribution to lineage-specific tumorigenesis has not been well-elucidated. Emerging evidence from in vitro human tumor analysis and transgenic mouse models indicates that G1/S-related cell cycle proteins, particularly cyclin E, p27, Rb, and E2F1, drive molecular mechanisms that underlie corticotroph-specific differentiation and development of Cushing disease. The aim of this review is to summarize the literature and discuss the complex role of cell cycle regulation in Cushing disease, with a focus on identifying potential targets for therapeutic intervention in patients with these tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takako Araki
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
- *Correspondence: Takako Araki
| | - Ning-Ai Liu
- Department of Medicine, Pituitary Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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Chen MC, Tsai YC, Tseng JH, Liou JJ, Horng S, Wen HC, Fan YC, Zhong WB, Hsu SP. Simvastatin Inhibits Cell Proliferation and Migration in Human Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18122690. [PMID: 29236027 PMCID: PMC5751292 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18122690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Revised: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Malignant human anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC) is pertinacious to conventional therapies. The present study investigated the anti-cancer activity of simvastatin and its underlying regulatory mechanism in cultured ATC cells. Simvastatin (0–20 μM) concentration-dependently reduced cell viability and relative colony formation. Depletions of mevalonate (MEV) and geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate (GGpp) by simvastatin induced G1 arrest and increased apoptotic cell populations at the sub-G1 phase. Adding MEV and GGpp prevented the simvastatin-inhibited cell proliferation. Immunoblotting analysis illustrated that simvastatin diminished the activation of RhoA and Rac1 protein, and this effect was prevented by pre-treatment with MEV and GGpp. Simvastatin increased the levels of p21cip and p27kip proteins and reduced the levels of hyperphosphorylated-Rb, E2F1 and CCND1 proteins. Adding GGpp abolished the simvastatin-increased levels of p27kip protein, and the GGpp-caused effect was abolished by Skp2 inhibition. Introduction of Cyr61 siRNA into ATC cells prevented the epidermal growth factor (EGF)-enhanced cell migration. The EGF-induced increases of Cyr61 protein expression and cell migration were prevented by simvastatin. Taken together, these results suggest that simvastatin induced ATC proliferation inhibition through the deactivation of RhoA/Rac1 protein and overexpression of p21cip and p27kip, and migration inhibition through the abrogation of Cyr61 protein expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Chieh Chen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan.
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan.
| | - Yuan-Chin Tsai
- Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan.
| | - Jen-Ho Tseng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Taipei City Hospital, Renai Branch, Taipei 106, Taiwan.
| | - Jr-Jiun Liou
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan.
| | - Steve Horng
- Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan.
| | - Heng-Ching Wen
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan.
| | - Yu-Ching Fan
- Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan.
| | - Wen-Bin Zhong
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan.
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan.
| | - Sung-Po Hsu
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan.
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan.
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Dong W, Li J, Liu Q, Liu C, Li C, Song G, Zhu H, Gao H, Zhang Y. P21 Waf1/Cip1 and p27 Kip1 are correlated with the development and invasion of prolactinoma. J Neurooncol 2017; 136:485-494. [PMID: 29230669 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-017-2683-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Cell cycle control can prevent excessive proliferative response in the pituitary homeostasis. Cyclin dependent kinases (Cdks) are modulated by cyclins or Cdk inhibitors, such as p21 and p27, which can regulate cell cycle progression from the G1 to S phases. This study was conducted to evaluate the levels and the promoter region methylation status of p21 and p27 in prolactinomas (PRL) and analyze their association with clinicopathologic features. We found high-p21 level cases were featured by 5/23 and H-scores 142.3 ± 23.7 in invasive-PRL specimens, and 19/25 and 221.3 ± 45.4 in non-invasive specimens (x2 = 14.11, p = 0.000), while high-p27 level cases were featured by 6/23 and H-scores 129.8 ± 31.1 in invasive-PRL specimens, and 18/25 and 197.1 ± 46.6 in non-invasive specimens (x2 = 10.11, p = 0.001). A similar trend was also observed for p21 and p27 protein levels in PRL specimens through western-blot (P < 0.01, respectively). The Ki-67 index was much higher in invasive specimens than in non-invasive specimens (x2 = 10.10, p = 0.001). Average 33 CpG sites per sample were analyzed by using MALDI-TOF Mass array, and 7/33 CpG sites methylation levels of p27 were higher than 50%. There existed significant differences in 4 CpG sites between invasive specimens and non-invasive specimens (p < 0.01). We found that D2 receptor was closely correlated with p21 levels (P < 0.05, r = 0.567) and p27 levels (P < 0.05, r = 0.591). In PRL, the deficiency in p21 and p27 contributed to the tumor proliferation and migration and Cdk inhibitors may be used as a new therapeutic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Dong
- Key Laboratory of Central Nervous System Injury Research, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Tiantanxili 6#, Beijing, 100050, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, Tangshan People's Hospital, Tangshan, Hebei, China
| | - Jianhua Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Binzhou People's Hospital, Binzhou, Shandong, China
| | - Qian Liu
- Key Laboratory of Central Nervous System Injury Research, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Tiantanxili 6#, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Chunhui Liu
- Key Laboratory of Central Nervous System Injury Research, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Tiantanxili 6#, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Chuzhong Li
- Key Laboratory of Central Nervous System Injury Research, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Tiantanxili 6#, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Guidong Song
- Key Laboratory of Central Nervous System Injury Research, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Tiantanxili 6#, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Haibo Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Central Nervous System Injury Research, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Tiantanxili 6#, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Hua Gao
- Key Laboratory of Central Nervous System Injury Research, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Tiantanxili 6#, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Yazhuo Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Central Nervous System Injury Research, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Tiantanxili 6#, Beijing, 100050, China.
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Gravina GL, Marampon F, Sanità P, Festuccia C, Forcella C, Scarsella L, Jitariuc A, Vetuschi A, Sferra R, Colapietro A, Carosa E, Dolci S, Lenzi A, Jannini EA. Episode-like pulse testosterone supplementation induces tumor senescence and growth arrest down-modulating androgen receptor through modulation of p-ERK1/2, pAR ser81 and CDK1 signaling: biological implications for men treated with testosterone replacement therapy. Oncotarget 2017; 8:113792-113806. [PMID: 29371946 PMCID: PMC5768363 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.22776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the growing body of knowledge showing that testosterone (T) may not significantly affect tumor progression in hypogonadal patients treated for prostate cancer (Pca), the use of this hormone in this population still remains controversial. The effects of continuous or pulsed T stimulation were tested in vitro and in vivo on androgen-sensitive Pca cell lines in order to assess the differential biological properties of these two treatment modalities. Pulsed T treatment resulted in a greater inhibition than continuous T supplementation of tumor growth in vitro and in vivo. The effects of pulsed T treatment on tumor growth inhibition, G0/G1 cell cycle arrest, and tumor senescence was more pronounced than those obtained upon continuous T treatments. Mechanistic studies revealed that G0/G1 arrest and tumor senescence upon pulsed T treatment were associated with a marked decrease in cyclin D1, c-Myc and SKp2, CDK4 and p-Rb levels and upregulation of p27 and p-ERK1/2. Pulsed, but not continuous, T supplementation decreased the expression levels of AR, p-ARser81 and CDK1 in both cellular models. The in vitro results were confirmed in an in vivo xenografts, providing evidence of a greater inhibitory activity of pulsed supraphysiological T supplementation than continuous treatment, both in terms of tumor volume and decreased AR, p-ARser81, PSA and CDK1 staining. The rapid cycling from hypogonadal to physiological or supra-physiological T intraprostatic concentrations results in cytostatic and senescence effects in preclinical models of androgen-sensitive Pca. Our preclinical evidence provides relevant new insights in the biology of Pca response to pulsed T supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Luca Gravina
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, Laboratory of Prostate Onco-pathology and Experimental Endocrinology, University of L'Aquila, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Francesco Marampon
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, Laboratory of Prostate Onco-pathology and Experimental Endocrinology, University of L'Aquila, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Patrizia Sanità
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, Laboratory of Prostate Onco-pathology and Experimental Endocrinology, University of L'Aquila, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Claudio Festuccia
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Chiara Forcella
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, Laboratory of Prostate Onco-pathology and Experimental Endocrinology, University of L'Aquila, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Luca Scarsella
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Anna Jitariuc
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Antonella Vetuschi
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Roberta Sferra
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Alessandro Colapietro
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Eleonora Carosa
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, Laboratory of Prostate Onco-pathology and Experimental Endocrinology, University of L'Aquila, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Susanna Dolci
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, Section of Anatomy, Tor Vergata University of Rome, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Lenzi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Chair of Endocrinology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Emmanuele A Jannini
- Department of Systems Medicine, Chair of Endocrinology and Medical Sexology (ENDOSEX), Tor Vergata University of Rome, 00133 Rome, Italy
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Kulinski M, Achkar IW, Haris M, Dermime S, Mohammad RM, Uddin S. Dysregulated expression of SKP2 and its role in hematological malignancies. Leuk Lymphoma 2017; 59:1051-1063. [PMID: 28797197 DOI: 10.1080/10428194.2017.1359740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
S-phase kinase-associated protein 2 (SKP2) is a well-studied F-box protein and a critical part of the Skp1-Cul1-Fbox (SCF) E3 ligase complex. It controls cell cycle by regulating the expression level of p27 and p21 through ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation. SKP2-mediated loss of p27Kip1 is associated with poor clinical outcome in various types of cancers including hematological malignancies. It is however well established that SKP2 is an oncogene, and its targeting may be an attractive therapeutic strategy for the management of hematological malignancies. In this article, we have highlighted the recent findings from our group and other investigators regarding the role of SKP2 in the pathogenesis of hematological malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Kulinski
- a Translational Research Institute, Academic Health System , Hamad Medical Corporation , Doha , Qatar
| | - Iman W Achkar
- a Translational Research Institute, Academic Health System , Hamad Medical Corporation , Doha , Qatar
| | - Mohammad Haris
- b Translational Medicine Research Branch , Sidra Medical and Research Center , Doha , Qatar
| | - Said Dermime
- c National Center for Cancer Care and Research , Hamad Medical Corporation , Doha , Qatar
| | - Ramzi M Mohammad
- a Translational Research Institute, Academic Health System , Hamad Medical Corporation , Doha , Qatar
| | - Shahab Uddin
- a Translational Research Institute, Academic Health System , Hamad Medical Corporation , Doha , Qatar
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40
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Samarasinghe S, Ling H. A system of recurrent neural networks for modularising, parameterising and dynamic analysis of cell signalling networks. Biosystems 2017; 153-154:6-25. [PMID: 28174135 DOI: 10.1016/j.biosystems.2017.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Revised: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, we show how to extend our previously proposed novel continuous time Recurrent Neural Networks (RNN) approach that retains the advantage of continuous dynamics offered by Ordinary Differential Equations (ODE) while enabling parameter estimation through adaptation, to larger signalling networks using a modular approach. Specifically, the signalling network is decomposed into several sub-models based on important temporal events in the network. Each sub-model is represented by the proposed RNN and trained using data generated from the corresponding ODE model. Trained sub-models are assembled into a whole system RNN which is then subjected to systems dynamics and sensitivity analyses. The concept is illustrated by application to G1/S transition in cell cycle using Iwamoto et al. (2008) ODE model. We decomposed the G1/S network into 3 sub-models: (i) E2F transcription factor release; (ii) E2F and CycE positive feedback loop for elevating cyclin levels; and (iii) E2F and CycA negative feedback to degrade E2F. The trained sub-models accurately represented system dynamics and parameters were in good agreement with the ODE model. The whole system RNN however revealed couple of parameters contributing to compounding errors due to feedback and required refinement to sub-model 2. These related to the reversible reaction between CycE/CDK2 and p27, its inhibitor. The revised whole system RNN model very accurately matched dynamics of the ODE system. Local sensitivity analysis of the whole system model further revealed the most dominant influence of the above two parameters in perturbing G1/S transition, giving support to a recent hypothesis that the release of inhibitor p27 from Cyc/CDK complex triggers cell cycle stage transition. To make the model useful in a practical setting, we modified each RNN sub-model with a time relay switch to facilitate larger interval input data (≈20min) (original model used data for 30s or less) and retrained them that produced parameters and protein concentrations similar to the original RNN system. Results thus demonstrated the reliability of the proposed RNN method for modelling relatively large networks by modularisation for practical settings. Advantages of the method are its ability to represent accurate continuous system dynamics and ease of: parameter estimation through training with data from a practical setting, model analysis (40% faster than ODE), fine tuning parameters when more data are available, sub-model extension when new elements and/or interactions come to light and model expansion with addition of sub-models.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Samarasinghe
- Integrated Systems Modelling Group, Lincoln University, New Zealand.
| | - H Ling
- Integrated Systems Modelling Group, Lincoln University, New Zealand
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41
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Ravegnini G, Sammarini G, Nannini M, Pantaleo MA, Biasco G, Hrelia P, Angelini S. Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST): Facing cell death between autophagy and apoptosis. Autophagy 2017; 13:452-463. [PMID: 28055310 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2016.1256522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy and apoptosis are 2 fundamental biological mechanisms that may cooperate or be antagonistic, although both are involved in deciding the fate of cells in physiological or pathological conditions. These 2 mechanisms coexist simultaneously in cells and share common upstream signals and stimuli. Autophagy and apoptosis play pivotal roles in cancer development. Autophagy plays a key function in maintaining tumor cell survival by providing energy during unfavorable metabolic conditions through its recycling mechanism, and supporting the high energy requirement for metabolism and growth. This review focuses on gastrointestinal stromal tumors and cell death through autophagy and apoptosis, taking into account the involvement of both of these processes in tumor development and growth and as mechanisms of drug resistance. We also focus on the crosstalk between autophagy and apoptosis as an emerging field with major implications for the development of novel therapeutic options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gloria Ravegnini
- a Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology , University of Bologna , Bologna Italy
| | - Giulia Sammarini
- a Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology , University of Bologna , Bologna Italy
| | - Margherita Nannini
- b Department of Specialized , Experimental and Diagnostic Medicine, Sant'Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, University of Bologna , Bologna , Italy
| | - Maria A Pantaleo
- b Department of Specialized , Experimental and Diagnostic Medicine, Sant'Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, University of Bologna , Bologna , Italy.,c "Giorgio Prodi" Cancer Research Center, University of Bologna , Bologna , Italy
| | - Guido Biasco
- b Department of Specialized , Experimental and Diagnostic Medicine, Sant'Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, University of Bologna , Bologna , Italy.,c "Giorgio Prodi" Cancer Research Center, University of Bologna , Bologna , Italy
| | - Patrizia Hrelia
- a Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology , University of Bologna , Bologna Italy
| | - Sabrina Angelini
- a Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology , University of Bologna , Bologna Italy
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De Marco C, Malanga D, Rinaldo N, De Vita F, Scrima M, Lovisa S, Fabris L, Carriero MV, Franco R, Rizzuto A, Baldassarre G, Viglietto G. Mutant AKT1-E17K is oncogenic in lung epithelial cells. Oncotarget 2016; 6:39634-50. [PMID: 26053093 PMCID: PMC4741851 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.4022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2015] [Accepted: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The hotspot E17K mutation in the pleckstrin homology domain of AKT1 occurs in approximately 0.6–2% of human lung cancers. In this manuscript, we sought to determine whether this AKT1 variant is a bona-fide activating mutation and plays a role in the development of lung cancer. Here we report that in immortalized human bronchial epithelial cells (BEAS-2B cells) mutant AKT1-E17K promotes anchorage-dependent and -independent proliferation, increases the ability to migrate, invade as well as to survive and duplicate in stressful conditions, leading to the emergency of cells endowed with the capability to form aggressive tumours at high efficiency. We provide also evidence that the molecular mechanism whereby AKT1-E17K is oncogenic in lung epithelial cells involves phosphorylation and consequent cytoplasmic delocalization of the cyclin-dependent kinase (cdk) inhibitor p27. In agreement with these results, cytoplasmic p27 is preferentially observed in primary NSCLCs with activated AKT and predicts poor survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmela De Marco
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University "Magna Graecia", Catanzaro, Italy.,BIOGEM-Institute of Genetic Research, Ariano Irpino, Italy
| | - Donatella Malanga
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University "Magna Graecia", Catanzaro, Italy.,BIOGEM-Institute of Genetic Research, Ariano Irpino, Italy
| | - Nicola Rinaldo
- BIOGEM-Institute of Genetic Research, Ariano Irpino, Italy
| | | | | | - Sara Lovisa
- Experimental Oncology 2, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico, Aviano, Italy
| | - Linda Fabris
- Experimental Oncology 2, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico, Aviano, Italy
| | | | - Renato Franco
- Experimental Oncology, IRCCS Fondazione Pascale, Napoli, Italy
| | - Antonia Rizzuto
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University "Magna Graecia" Medical School, Catanzaro, Italy
| | | | - Giuseppe Viglietto
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University "Magna Graecia", Catanzaro, Italy.,BIOGEM-Institute of Genetic Research, Ariano Irpino, Italy
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Kopsiaftis S, Sullivan KL, Garg I, Taylor JA, Claffey KP. AMPKα2 Regulates Bladder Cancer Growth through SKP2-Mediated Degradation of p27. Mol Cancer Res 2016; 14:1182-1194. [PMID: 27638620 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-16-0111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Revised: 08/12/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is the central metabolic regulator of the cell and controls energy consumption based upon nutrient availability. Due to its role in energy regulation, AMPK has been implicated as a barrier for cancer progression and is suppressed in multiple cancers. To examine whether AMPK regulates bladder cancer cell growth, HTB2 and HT1376 bladder cells were treated with an AMPK activator, 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleotide (AICAR). AICAR treatment reduced proliferation and induced the expression of p27Kip1 (CDKN1B), which was mediated through an mTOR-dependent mechanism. Interestingly, AMPKα2 knockdown resulted in reduced p27 levels, whereas AMPKα1 suppression did not. To further determine the exact mechanism by which AMPKa2 regulates p27, HTB2 and HT1376 cells were transduced with an shRNA targeting AMPKα2. Stable knockdown of AMPKα2 resulted in increased proliferation and decreased p27 protein. The reduced p27 protein was determined to be dependent upon SKP2. Additionally, loss of AMPKα2 in a xenograft and a chemical carcinogen model of bladder cancer resulted in larger tumors with less p27 protein and high SKP2 levels. Consistent with the regulation observed in the bladder cancer model systems, a comprehensive survey of human primary bladder cancer clinical specimens revealed low levels of AMPKα2 and p27 and high levels of SKP2. IMPLICATIONS These results highlight the contribution of AMPKα2 as a mechanism for controlling bladder cancer growth by regulating proliferation through mTOR suppression and induction of p27 protein levels, thus indicating how AMPKα2 loss may contribute to tumorigenesis. Mol Cancer Res; 14(12); 1182-94. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stavros Kopsiaftis
- Center for Vascular Biology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington Connecticut.,Department of Cell Biology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington Connecticut
| | - Katie L Sullivan
- Center for Vascular Biology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington Connecticut.,Department of Cell Biology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington Connecticut
| | - Isha Garg
- Center for Vascular Biology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington Connecticut.,Department of Cell Biology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington Connecticut
| | - John A Taylor
- Department of Surgery, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut
| | - Kevin P Claffey
- Center for Vascular Biology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington Connecticut. .,Department of Cell Biology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington Connecticut.,Neag Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington Connecticut
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Kim M, Kim TH, Lee HH. The Relevance of Women's Diseases, Jun Activation-domain Binding Protein 1 (JAB1) and p27(kip1). J Menopausal Med 2016; 22:6-8. [PMID: 27152307 PMCID: PMC4854662 DOI: 10.6118/jmm.2016.22.1.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2015] [Revised: 07/07/2015] [Accepted: 07/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The Jun activation-domain binding protein 1 (Jab1) recognize a potential coactivator of activator protein 1 (AP-1) such as c-fos, c-jun transcription factor and the fifth subunit of the COP9 signalosome complex. Also, Jab1 activate the c-jun gene resulted cell proliferation. Not only a powerful tumor suppressor but also regulator of apoptosis negative cdk inhibitor p27kip1 are involved in the cell cycle. This is Jab1 and p27kip1 interact with each other, Jab1 accelerate p27kip1 from nuclear to cytoplasm through ubiquitin/proteasome pathway. However, information about the relationship between Jab1 and p27kip1 is not known much. Taken together, the results of this study identify function and structure of Jab1 and p27kip1 were described in a recent article on the basis of relevant. Besides Jab1 and p27kip1 will organize the relationship between the disease and women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mijin Kim
- Department of Interdisciplinary Program in Biomedical Science, Soonchunhyang University, Asan, Korea
| | - Tae-Hee Kim
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Bucheon, Korea
| | - Hae-Hyeog Lee
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Bucheon, Korea
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Podmirseg SR, Jäkel H, Ranches GD, Kullmann MK, Sohm B, Villunger A, Lindner H, Hengst L. Caspases uncouple p27(Kip1) from cell cycle regulated degradation and abolish its ability to stimulate cell migration and invasion. Oncogene 2016; 35:4580-90. [PMID: 26829051 PMCID: PMC4854979 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2015.524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Revised: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 11/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
In addition to their role in programmed cell death, caspases exert non-lethal functions in diverse developmental processes including cell differentiation or tissue remodeling. Terminal cell cycle exit and differentiation can be promoted by increased level of the CDK inhibitor p27Kip1. Activated caspases cause proteolytic processing of p27, and we identified a novel caspase cleavage site in human p27 that removes a C-terminal fragment of 22 amino acids from the CDK inhibitor, including a phosphodegron. Thereby, caspases protect the inhibitor from SCF-Skp2-mediated degradation in S, G2 and M phases of the cell cycle. As a consequence, p27 becomes stabilized and remains an efficient nuclear inhibitor of cell cycle progression. Besides controlling cyclin/CDK kinase activity, p27 also regulates cytoskeletal dynamics, cell motility and cell invasion. Following processing by caspases, p27 fails to bind to RhoA and to inhibit its activation, and thereby abolishes the ability of p27 to stimulate cell migration and invasion. We propose that the stabilization of the CDK inhibitor and elimination of RhoA-induced cytoskeletal remodeling upon caspase processing could contribute to cell cycle exit and cytoskeletal remodeling during non-lethal caspase controlled differentiation processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- S R Podmirseg
- Division of Medical Biochemistry; Biocenter; Innsbruck Medical University; Innsbruck, Austria
| | - H Jäkel
- Division of Medical Biochemistry; Biocenter; Innsbruck Medical University; Innsbruck, Austria
| | - G D Ranches
- Division of Medical Biochemistry; Biocenter; Innsbruck Medical University; Innsbruck, Austria
| | - M K Kullmann
- Division of Medical Biochemistry; Biocenter; Innsbruck Medical University; Innsbruck, Austria
| | - B Sohm
- Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire des Environnements Continentaux (LIEC), UMR 7360, Université de Lorraine, Metz, France.,CNRS, LIEC, UMR 7360, Metz, France
| | - A Villunger
- Division of Developmental Immunology; Biocenter; Innsbruck Medical University; Innsbruck, Austria.,Tyrolean Cancer Research Institute, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - H Lindner
- Division of Clinical Biochemistry; Biocenter; Innsbruck Medical University; Innsbruck, Austria
| | - L Hengst
- Division of Medical Biochemistry; Biocenter; Innsbruck Medical University; Innsbruck, Austria
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Iwakura T, Fujigaki Y, Fujikura T, Ohashi N, Kato A, Yasuda H. Acquired resistance to rechallenge injury after acute kidney injury in rats is associated with cell cycle arrest in proximal tubule cells. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2016; 310:F872-84. [PMID: 26823281 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00380.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Rats that have recovered from severe proximal tubule (PT) injury induced by uranyl acetate (UA), a toxic stimulus, developed resistance to subsequent UA treatment. We investigated cell cycle status and progression in PT cells in relation to this acquired resistance. Fourteen days after pretreatment with saline (vehicle group) or UA [acute kidney injury (AKI) group], rats were injected with UA or lead acetate (a proliferative stimulus). Cell cycle status (G0/G1/S/G2/M) was analyzed by flow cytometry. The expression of cell cycle markers, cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors, and phenotypic markers were examined by immunohistochemistry. Cell cycle status in PT cells in the AKI group was comparable to those of the vehicle group. However, more early G1-phase cells (cyclin D1- or Ki67-) and p21+ or p27+ cells were found in the PT of the AKI group than in that of the vehicle group. UA induced G1 arrest and inhibited S phase progression with earlier dedifferentiation and less apoptosis in PT cells of the AKI group. Lead acetate induced proliferation without dedifferentiation but with delayed G0-G1 transition and inhibited S phase progression in PT cells in the AKI group. Sustained p21 and increased p27 expression in PT cells were found in the AKI group in response to UA and lead acetate. PT cells in the AKI group inhibited cell cycle progression by enhanced G1 arrest, probably via p21/p27 modulation as an injury or proliferation response, resulting in cytoresistance to rechallenge injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takamasa Iwakura
- Internal Medicine I, Division of Nephrology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Yoshihide Fujigaki
- Internal Medicine I, Division of Nephrology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan; Department of Medicine, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; and
| | - Tomoyuki Fujikura
- Internal Medicine I, Division of Nephrology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Naro Ohashi
- Internal Medicine I, Division of Nephrology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Akihiko Kato
- Blood Purification Unit, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Hideo Yasuda
- Internal Medicine I, Division of Nephrology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
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de Haydu C, Black JD, Schwab CL, English DP, Santin AD. An update on the current pharmacotherapy for endometrial cancer. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2015; 17:489-99. [DOI: 10.1517/14656566.2016.1127351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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48
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Yu VZ, Wong VCL, Dai W, Ko JMY, Lam AKY, Chan KW, Samant RS, Lung HL, Shuen WH, Law S, Chan YP, Lee NPY, Tong DKH, Law TT, Lee VHF, Lung ML. Nuclear Localization of DNAJB6 Is Associated With Survival of Patients With Esophageal Cancer and Reduces AKT Signaling and Proliferation of Cancer Cells. Gastroenterology 2015; 149:1825-1836.e5. [PMID: 26302489 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2015.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Revised: 07/14/2015] [Accepted: 08/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS The DnaJ (Hsp40) homolog, subfamily B, member 6 (DNAJB6) is part of a family of proteins that regulates chaperone activities. One of its isoforms, DNAJB6a, contains a nuclear localization signal and regulates β-catenin signaling during breast cancer development. We investigated the role of DNAJB6 in the pathogenesis of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). METHODS We performed immunohistochemical analyses of primary ESCC samples and lymph node metastases from a cohort of 160 patients who underwent esophagectomy with no preoperative chemoradiotherapy at Hong Kong Queen Mary Hospital. Data were collected on patient outcomes over a median time of 12.1 ± 2.9 months. Retrospective survival association analyses were performed. Wild-type and mutant forms of DNAJB6a were overexpressed in cancer cell lines (KYSE510, KYSE 30TSI, KYSE140, and KYSE70TS), which were analyzed in proliferation and immunoblot assays, or injected subcutaneously into nude mice. Levels of DNAJB6 were knocked down in ESCC cell lines (KYSE450 and T.Tn), immortalized normal esophageal epithelial cell lines (NE3 and NE083), and other cells with short hairpin RNAs, or by genome engineering. Bimolecular fluorescence complementation was used to study interactions between proteins in living cells. RESULTS In primary ESCC samples, patients whose tumors had high nuclear levels of DNAJB6 had longer overall survival times (19.2 ± 1.8 months; 95% confidence interval [CI], 15.6-22.8 mo) than patients whose tumors had low nuclear levels of DNAJB6 (12.6 ± 1.4 mo; 95% CI, 9.8-15.4 mo; P = .004, log-rank test). Based on Cox regression analysis, patients whose tumors had high nuclear levels of DNAJB6 had a lower risk of death than patients with low levels (hazard ratio, 0.562; 95% CI, 0.379-0.834; P = .004). Based on log-rank analysis and Cox regression analysis, the combination of the nuclear level of DNAJB6 and the presence of lymph node metastases at diagnosis could be used to stratify patients into groups with good or bad outcomes (P < .0005 for both analyses). There was a negative association between the nuclear level of DNAJB6 and the presence of lymph node metastases (P = .022; Pearson χ(2) test). Cancer cell lines that overexpressed DNAJB6a formed tumors more slowly in nude mice than control cells or cells that expressed a mutant form of DNAJB6a that did not localize to the nucleus. DNAJB6 knockdown in cancer cell lines promoted their growth as xenograft tumors in mice. A motif of histidine, proline, and aspartic acid in the J domain of DNAJB6a was required for its tumor-suppressive effects and signaling via AKT1. Loss of DNAJB6a resulted in up-regulation of AKT signaling in cancer cell lines and immortalized esophageal epithelial cells. Expression of a constitutively active form of AKT1 restored proliferation to tumor cells that overexpressed DNAJB6a, and DNAJB6a formed a complex with AKT1 in living cells. The expression of DNAJB6a reduced the sensitivity of ESCC to AKT inhibitors; the expression level of DNAJB6a affected AKT signaling in multiple cancer cell lines. CONCLUSIONS Nuclear localization of DNAJB6 is associated with longer survival times of patients with ESCC. DNAJB6a reduces AKT signaling, and DNAJB6 expression in cancer cells reduces their proliferation and growth of xenograft tumors in mice. DNAJB6a might be developed as a biomarker for progression of ESCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valen Zhuoyou Yu
- Department of Clinical Oncology, University of Hong Kong Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, Special Administrative Region
| | - Victor Chun-Lam Wong
- Department of Clinical Oncology, University of Hong Kong Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, Special Administrative Region
| | - Wei Dai
- Department of Clinical Oncology, University of Hong Kong Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, Special Administrative Region
| | - Josephine Mun-Yee Ko
- Department of Clinical Oncology, University of Hong Kong Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, Special Administrative Region
| | - Alfred King-Yin Lam
- Department of Cancer Molecular Pathology, Griffith Medical School and Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia
| | - Kwok Wah Chan
- Department of Pathology, University of Hong Kong Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, Special Administrative Region; Center for Cancer Research, University of Hong Kong Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, Special Administrative Region
| | - Rajeev S Samant
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Hong Lok Lung
- Department of Clinical Oncology, University of Hong Kong Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, Special Administrative Region; Center for Cancer Research, University of Hong Kong Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, Special Administrative Region
| | - Wai Ho Shuen
- Department of Clinical Oncology, University of Hong Kong Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, Special Administrative Region
| | - Simon Law
- Center for Cancer Research, University of Hong Kong Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, Special Administrative Region; Department of Surgery, University of Hong Kong Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, Special Administrative Region
| | - Yuen Piu Chan
- Department of Pathology, University of Hong Kong Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, Special Administrative Region
| | - Nikki Pui-Yue Lee
- Center for Cancer Research, University of Hong Kong Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, Special Administrative Region; Department of Surgery, University of Hong Kong Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, Special Administrative Region
| | - Daniel King Hung Tong
- Department of Surgery, University of Hong Kong Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, Special Administrative Region
| | - Tsz Ting Law
- Department of Surgery, University of Hong Kong Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, Special Administrative Region
| | - Victor Ho-Fun Lee
- Department of Clinical Oncology, University of Hong Kong Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, Special Administrative Region; Center for Cancer Research, University of Hong Kong Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, Special Administrative Region
| | - Maria Li Lung
- Department of Clinical Oncology, University of Hong Kong Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, Special Administrative Region; Center for Cancer Research, University of Hong Kong Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, Special Administrative Region.
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Yang C, Nan H, Ma J, Jiang L, Guo Q, Han L, Zhang Y, Nan K, Guo H. High Skp2/Low p57(Kip2) Expression is Associated with Poor Prognosis in Human Breast Carcinoma. BREAST CANCER-BASIC AND CLINICAL RESEARCH 2015; 9:13-21. [PMID: 26309408 PMCID: PMC4525793 DOI: 10.4137/bcbcr.s30101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2015] [Revised: 07/12/2015] [Accepted: 07/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Downregulation of p57Kip2 is involved in tumor progression, and S-phase kinase-associated protein 2 (Skp2) is an E3 ligase that regulates a variety of cell cycle proteins. However, the prognostic value of p57Kip2 and its correlation with Skp2 in breast cancer have not been fully elucidated. Here we report our study on the expression of p57Kip2 and Skp2 in 102 breast cancer patients by immunohistochemistry, and analysis of clinicopathologic parameters in relation to patient prognosis. The expression of p57Kip2 was negatively associated with Skp2 expression in breast cancer (r = −0.26, P = 0.009). Kaplan–Meier analysis indicated that both high Skp2 and low p57Kip2 correlated with poor disease-free survival (DFS) (P = 0.05), and a group with the combination of high Skp2/low p57Kip2 demonstrated even worse DFS (log-rank = 21.118, P < 0.001). In addition, univariate analysis showed that Skp2, p57Kip2, histological grade, lymph node metastasis, and estrogen and progesterone receptors (ER and PR) were all associated with DFS, and multivariate analysis revealed that lymph node metastasis and Skp2 were independent prognostic biomarkers. The correlation between p57 and Skp2 was further demonstrated in multiple breast cancer cell lines and cell cycle phases. Half-life and immunoprecipitation (IP) experiments indicated that Skp2 directly interacts with p57Kip2 and promotes its degradation, rather than its mutant p57Kip2 (T310A). Overall, our findings demonstrate that Skp2 directly degrades p57Kip2, and an inverse correlation between these proteins (high skp2/low p57Kip2) is associated with poor prognosis in breast cancer. Thus, our results indicate a combined prognostic value of these markers in breast cancer diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengcheng Yang
- Department of Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shannxi, P. R. China
| | - Haocheng Nan
- Department of Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shannxi, P. R. China
| | - Jiequn Ma
- Department of Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shannxi, P. R. China
| | - Lili Jiang
- Department of Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shannxi, P. R. China
| | - Qianqian Guo
- Department of Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shannxi, P. R. China
| | - Lili Han
- Department of Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shannxi, P. R. China
| | - Yamin Zhang
- Department of Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shannxi, P. R. China
| | - Kejun Nan
- Department of Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shannxi, P. R. China
| | - Hui Guo
- Department of Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shannxi, P. R. China
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Targeting Cullin-RING E3 ubiquitin ligases for drug discovery: structure, assembly and small-molecule modulation. Biochem J 2015; 467:365-86. [PMID: 25886174 PMCID: PMC4403949 DOI: 10.1042/bj20141450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
In the last decade, the ubiquitin–proteasome system has emerged as a valid target for the development of novel therapeutics. E3 ubiquitin ligases are particularly attractive targets because they confer substrate specificity on the ubiquitin system. CRLs [Cullin–RING (really interesting new gene) E3 ubiquitin ligases] draw particular attention, being the largest family of E3s. The CRLs assemble into functional multisubunit complexes using a repertoire of substrate receptors, adaptors, Cullin scaffolds and RING-box proteins. Drug discovery targeting CRLs is growing in importance due to mounting evidence pointing to significant roles of these enzymes in diverse biological processes and human diseases, including cancer, where CRLs and their substrates often function as tumour suppressors or oncogenes. In the present review, we provide an account of the assembly and structure of CRL complexes, and outline the current state of the field in terms of available knowledge of small-molecule inhibitors and modulators of CRL activity. A comprehensive overview of the reported crystal structures of CRL subunits, components and full-size complexes, alone or with bound small molecules and substrate peptides, is included. This information is providing increasing opportunities to aid the rational structure-based design of chemical probes and potential small-molecule therapeutics targeting CRLs.
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