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Zhu L, Peng Q, Li J, Wu Y, Wang J, Zhou D, Ma L, Yao X. scRNA-seq revealed the special TCR β & α V(D)J allelic inclusion rearrangement and the high proportion dual (or more) TCR-expressing cells. Cell Death Dis 2023; 14:487. [PMID: 37524693 PMCID: PMC10390570 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-023-06004-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
Allelic exclusion, one lymphocyte expresses one antigen receptor, is a fundamental mechanism of immunological self-tolerance and highly specific immune responses to pathogens. However, the phenomenon of V(D)J allelic inclusion (incomplete allelic exclusion or allelic escape) rearrangement and dual TCR T cells have been discovered by multiple laboratories. Despite continuous new discoveries, the proportion and underlying mechanism of dual TCR has been puzzling immunologists. In this study, we observed the presence of single T cells expressing multiple TCR chains in all samples, with the proportion of 15%, 10%, and 20% in the human thymus, human peripheral blood, and mouse lymphoid organs, respectively. The proportion of T cells possessing multiple T-cell receptors (TCR) varied significantly in different physiological states and developmental stages. By analyzing RSS category, RSS direction, and V(D)J gene position at TR locus of T cells which contain multiple TCR chains, we creatively found that one of TCR β (or TCR α) should originate from the transcription of V(D)J combination in T-cell receptor excision circle (TREC) formed after the twice successful rearrangement in the same chromosome. Moreover, human V30 (or mouse V31) gene may participate in reverse recombination and transcription to prevent allelic exclusion. In general, high proportion of T cells with multiple TCR at the transcriptome level was first made public, and we proposed a novel mechanism of secondary (or more) TCR rearrangement on a single chromosome. Our findings also indicated that the single-cell sequencing data should be classified according to the single, multiple, and abnormal TCR when analyzing the T-cell repertoire.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lanwei Zhu
- Department of Immunology, Center of Immunomolecular Engineering, Innovation & Practice Base for Graduate Students Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Qi Peng
- Department of Immunology, Center of Immunomolecular Engineering, Innovation & Practice Base for Graduate Students Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Immunology, Center of Immunomolecular Engineering, Innovation & Practice Base for Graduate Students Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Yingjie Wu
- Department of Immunology, Center of Immunomolecular Engineering, Innovation & Practice Base for Graduate Students Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Jiayi Wang
- Department of Immunology, Center of Immunomolecular Engineering, Innovation & Practice Base for Graduate Students Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Dewei Zhou
- Department of Immunology, Center of Immunomolecular Engineering, Innovation & Practice Base for Graduate Students Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Long Ma
- Department of Immunology, Center of Immunomolecular Engineering, Innovation & Practice Base for Graduate Students Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Xinsheng Yao
- Department of Immunology, Center of Immunomolecular Engineering, Innovation & Practice Base for Graduate Students Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China.
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2
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Jang HJ, Caron C, Lee CK, Wang L, Jama B, Bui JD, Morris GP. Dual receptor T cells mediate effective antitumor immune responses via increased recognition of tumor antigens. J Immunother Cancer 2023; 11:e006472. [PMID: 37188395 PMCID: PMC10186424 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2022-006472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Discovery that ~16% of T cells naturally co-express two T-cell receptor (TCR) clonotypes prompts examining the role of dual TCR cells in immune functions. METHODS Using TCRα-reporter transgenic mice, enabling unambiguous identification of single-TCR and dual-TCR cells, we tested the role of dual TCR cells in antitumor immune responses against immune-responsive syngeneic 6727 sarcoma and immune-resistant B16F10 melanoma. RESULTS Dual TCR cells were specifically increased among tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) in both models, indicating selective advantage in antitumor responses. Phenotype and single-cell gene expression analyses identified dual TCR are predominant during the effective antitumor response, demonstrating selectively increased activation in the TIL compartment and skewing toward an effector memory phenotype. Absence of dual TCR cells impaired immune response to B16F10 but not 6727, suggesting that dual TCR cells may be more influential in responses against poorly immunogenic tumors. Dual TCR cells demonstrated an advantage in recognition of B16F10-derived neoantigens in vitro, providing a mechanistic basis for their antitumor reactivity. CONCLUSIONS These results discover an unrecognized role for dual TCR cells in protective immune function and identify these cells and their TCRs as a potential resource for antitumor immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun J Jang
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Christine Caron
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Calvin K Lee
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Lu Wang
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Burhan Jama
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Jack D Bui
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Gerald P Morris
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
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3
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Liu Z, Shi M, Ren Y, Xu H, Weng S, Ning W, Ge X, Liu L, Guo C, Duo M, Li L, Li J, Han X. Recent advances and applications of CRISPR-Cas9 in cancer immunotherapy. Mol Cancer 2023; 22:35. [PMID: 36797756 PMCID: PMC9933290 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-023-01738-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The incidence and mortality of cancer are the major health issue worldwide. Apart from the treatments developed to date, the unsatisfactory therapeutic effects of cancers have not been addressed by broadening the toolbox. The advent of immunotherapy has ushered in a new era in the treatments of solid tumors, but remains limited and requires breaking adverse effects. Meanwhile, the development of advanced technologies can be further boosted by gene analysis and manipulation at the molecular level. The advent of cutting-edge genome editing technology, especially clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR-Cas9), has demonstrated its potential to break the limits of immunotherapy in cancers. In this review, the mechanism of CRISPR-Cas9-mediated genome editing and a powerful CRISPR toolbox are introduced. Furthermore, we focus on reviewing the impact of CRISPR-induced double-strand breaks (DSBs) on cancer immunotherapy (knockout or knockin). Finally, we discuss the CRISPR-Cas9-based genome-wide screening for target identification, emphasis the potential of spatial CRISPR genomics, and present the comprehensive application and challenges in basic research, translational medicine and clinics of CRISPR-Cas9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaoqu Liu
- grid.412633.10000 0004 1799 0733Department of Interventional Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052 Henan China ,grid.207374.50000 0001 2189 3846Interventional Institute of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052 Henan China ,grid.412633.10000 0004 1799 0733Interventional Treatment and Clinical Research Center of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, 450052 Henan China
| | - Meixin Shi
- grid.412633.10000 0004 1799 0733Department of Interventional Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052 Henan China
| | - Yuqing Ren
- grid.412633.10000 0004 1799 0733Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052 Henan China
| | - Hui Xu
- grid.412633.10000 0004 1799 0733Department of Interventional Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052 Henan China
| | - Siyuan Weng
- grid.412633.10000 0004 1799 0733Department of Interventional Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052 Henan China
| | - Wenjing Ning
- grid.207374.50000 0001 2189 3846Department of Emergency Center, Zhengzhou University People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou, 450003 Henan China
| | - Xiaoyong Ge
- grid.412633.10000 0004 1799 0733Department of Interventional Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052 Henan China
| | - Long Liu
- grid.412633.10000 0004 1799 0733Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052 Henan China
| | - Chunguang Guo
- grid.412633.10000 0004 1799 0733Department of Endovascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052 Henan China
| | - Mengjie Duo
- grid.412633.10000 0004 1799 0733Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052 Henan China
| | - Lifeng Li
- grid.412633.10000 0004 1799 0733Cancer Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052 Henan China
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Interventional Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China.
| | - Xinwei Han
- Department of Interventional Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China. .,Interventional Institute of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China. .,Interventional Treatment and Clinical Research Center of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China.
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4
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Bosselut R. Genetic Strategies to Study T Cell Development. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2580:117-130. [PMID: 36374453 PMCID: PMC10803070 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2740-2_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Genetics approaches have been instrumental to deciphering T cell development in the thymus, including gene disruption by homologous recombination and more recently Crispr-based gene editing and transgenic gene expression, especially of specific T cell antigen receptors (TCR). This brief chapter describes commonly used tools and strategies to modify the genome of thymocytes, including mouse strains with lineage- and stage-specific expression of the Cre recombinase used for conditional allele inactivation or expressing unique antigen receptor specificities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rémy Bosselut
- Laboratory of Immune Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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5
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Xue B, von Heyking K, Gassmann H, Poorebrahim M, Thiede M, Schober K, Mautner J, Hauer J, Ruland J, Busch DH, Thiel U, Burdach SEG. T Cells Directed against the Metastatic Driver Chondromodulin-1 in Ewing Sarcoma: Comparative Engineering with CRISPR/Cas9 vs. Retroviral Gene Transfer for Adoptive Transfer. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14225485. [PMID: 36428578 PMCID: PMC9688113 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14225485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Ewing sarcoma (EwS) is a highly malignant sarcoma of bone and soft tissue with early metastatic spread and an age peak in early puberty. The prognosis in advanced stages is still dismal, and the long-term effects of established therapies are severe. Efficacious targeted therapies are urgently needed. Our previous work has provided preliminary safety and efficacy data utilizing T cell receptor (TCR) transgenic T cells, generated by retroviral gene transfer, targeting HLA-restricted peptides on the tumor cell derived from metastatic drivers. Here, we compared T cells engineered with either CRISPR/Cas9 or retroviral gene transfer. Firstly, we confirmed the feasibility of the orthotopic replacement of the endogenous TCR by CRISPR/Cas9 with a TCR targeting our canonical metastatic driver chondromodulin-1 (CHM1). CRISPR/Cas9-engineered T cell products specifically recognized and killed HLA-A*02:01+ EwS cell lines. The efficiency of retroviral transduction was higher compared to CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing. Both engineered T cell products specifically recognized tumor cells and elicited cytotoxicity, with CRISPR/Cas9 engineered T cells providing prolonged cytotoxic activity. In conclusion, T cells engineered with CRISPR/Cas9 could be feasible for immunotherapy of EwS and may have the advantage of more prolonged cytotoxic activity, as compared to T cells engineered with retroviral gene transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Busheng Xue
- Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Cancer Research Center, Kinderklinik München Schwabing, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, 80804 Munich, Germany
| | - Kristina von Heyking
- Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Cancer Research Center, Kinderklinik München Schwabing, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, 80804 Munich, Germany
| | - Hendrik Gassmann
- Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Cancer Research Center, Kinderklinik München Schwabing, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, 80804 Munich, Germany
| | - Mansour Poorebrahim
- Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Cancer Research Center, Kinderklinik München Schwabing, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, 80804 Munich, Germany
| | - Melanie Thiede
- Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Cancer Research Center, Kinderklinik München Schwabing, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, 80804 Munich, Germany
| | - Kilian Schober
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, 81674 Munich, Germany
| | - Josef Mautner
- Department of Gene Vectors, Helmholtz Centre Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
- DZIF, German Center for Infection Research, Partner Site Munich, Germany Institute of Clinical, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Julia Hauer
- Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Cancer Research Center, Kinderklinik München Schwabing, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, 80804 Munich, Germany
- Munich Childhood Health Alliance (CHANCE) e.V, 80337 Munich, Germany
| | - Jürgen Ruland
- DZIF, German Center for Infection Research, Partner Site Munich, Germany Institute of Clinical, 81675 Munich, Germany
- DKTK German Cancer Consortium, Partner Site Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany
- Institute of Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, TUM School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany
- Center for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Dirk H. Busch
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, 81674 Munich, Germany
- DZIF, German Center for Infection Research, Partner Site Munich, Germany Institute of Clinical, 81675 Munich, Germany
- Munich Childhood Health Alliance (CHANCE) e.V, 80337 Munich, Germany
| | - Uwe Thiel
- Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Cancer Research Center, Kinderklinik München Schwabing, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, 80804 Munich, Germany
- Munich Childhood Health Alliance (CHANCE) e.V, 80337 Munich, Germany
- Correspondence: (U.T.); (S.E.G.B.)
| | - Stefan E. G. Burdach
- Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Cancer Research Center, Kinderklinik München Schwabing, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, 80804 Munich, Germany
- Munich Childhood Health Alliance (CHANCE) e.V, 80337 Munich, Germany
- DKTK German Cancer Consortium, Partner Site Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany
- Translational Pediatric Cancer Research-Institute of Pathology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany
- Department of Molecular Oncology, British Columbia Cancer Research Centre and Academy of Translational Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3, Canada
- Correspondence: (U.T.); (S.E.G.B.)
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6
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Assessment of T Cell Receptor Complex Expression Kinetics in Natural Killer Cells. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2022; 44:3859-3871. [PMID: 36135177 PMCID: PMC9497757 DOI: 10.3390/cimb44090265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Among the polypeptides that comprise the T cell receptor (TCR), only CD3ζ is found in Natural Killer (NK) cells, where it transmits signals from activating receptors such as CD16 and NKp46. NK cells are potent immune cells that recognize target cells through germline-encoded activating and inhibitory receptors. Genetic engineering of NK cells enables tumor-specific antigen recognition and, thus, has a significant promise in adoptive cell therapy. Ectopic expression of engineered TCR components in T cells leads to mispairing with the endogenous components, making a knockout of the endogenous TCR necessary. To circumvent the mispairing of TCRs or the need for knockout technologies, TCR complex expression has been studied in NK cells. In the current study, we explored the cellular processing of the TCR complex in NK cells. We observed that in the absence of CD3 subunits, the TCR was not expressed on the surface of NK cells and vice versa. Moreover, a progressive increase in surface expression of TCR between day three and day seven was observed after transduction. Interestingly, the TCR complex expression in NK92 cells was enhanced with a proteasome inhibitor (bortezomib) but not a lysosomal inhibitor (chloroquine). Additionally, we observed that the TCR complex was functional in NK92 cells as measured by estimating CD107a as a degranulation marker, IFNγ cytokine production, and killing assays. NK92 cells strongly degranulated when CD3ε was engaged in the presence of TCR, but not when only CD3 was overexpressed. Therefore, our findings encourage further investigation to unravel the mechanisms that prevent the surface expression of the TCR complex.
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7
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Renna V, Surova E, Khadour A, Datta M, Amendt T, Hobeika E, Jumaa H. Defective Allelic Exclusion by IgD in the Absence of Autoantigen. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2022; 208:293-302. [PMID: 34930782 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2100726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A considerable proportion of peripheral B cells is autoreactive, and it is unclear how the activation of such potentially harmful cells is regulated. In this study, we show that the different activation thresholds or IgM and IgD BCRs adjust B cell activation to the diverse requirements during development. We rely on the autoreactive 3-83 model BCR to generate and analyze mice expressing exclusively autoreactive IgD BCRs on two different backgrounds that determine two stages of autoreactivity, depending on the presence or absence of the cognate Ag. By comparing these models with IgM-expressing control mice, we found that, compared with IgM, IgD has a higher activation threshold in vivo, as it requires autoantigen to enable normal B cell development, including allelic exclusion. Our data indicate that IgM provides the high sensitivity required during early developmental stages to trigger editing of any autoreactive specificities, including those enabling weak interaction with autoantigen. In contrast, IgD has the unique ability to neglect weakly interacting autoantigens while retaining reactivity to higher-affinity Ag. This IgD function enables mature B cells to ignore autoantigens while remaining able to efficiently respond to foreign threats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerio Renna
- Institute of Immunology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Elena Surova
- Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine, Albert Ludwig University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; and.,Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ahmad Khadour
- Institute of Immunology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Moumita Datta
- Institute of Immunology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Timm Amendt
- Institute of Immunology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Elias Hobeika
- Institute of Immunology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Hassan Jumaa
- Institute of Immunology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany;
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8
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Samoilova EM, Yusubalieva GM, Belopasov VV, Ekusheva EV, Baklaushev VP. [Infections and inflammation in the development of stroke]. Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova 2021; 121:11-21. [PMID: 34553576 DOI: 10.17116/jnevro202112108211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The review systematizes data on the role of infectious diseases and systemic inflammation in the pathogenesis of stroke. Various risk factors for stroke associated with pro-inflammatory reactions and their contribution to the pathogenesis of cerebrovascular pathology are analyzed. The interaction of systemic inflammation with hemostasis disturbances and clots formation, activation of autoreactive clones of cytotoxic lymphocytes, the progression of endothelial damage, and other processes is shown. Along with infection, these factors increase the risk of stroke. The key mechanisms of the pathogenesis from the development of acute or chronic inflammation to the preconditions of stroke are presented. The mechanisms of the acting of the infectious process as a trigger factor and/or medium-term or long-term risk factors of stroke are described. A separate section is devoted to the mechanisms of developing cerebrovascular diseases after COVID-19. Identifying an increased risk of stroke due to infection can be of great preventive value. Understanding of this risk by specialists followed by correction of drug therapy and rehabilitation measures can reduce the incidence of cerebrovascular complications in infectious patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- E M Samoilova
- Federal Scientific and Clinical Center of Specialized Types of Medical Care and Medical Technologies of the Federal Medical and Biological Agency of Russia, Moscow, Russia
| | - G M Yusubalieva
- Federal Scientific and Clinical Center of Specialized Types of Medical Care and Medical Technologies of the Federal Medical and Biological Agency of Russia, Moscow, Russia
| | - V V Belopasov
- Astrakhan State Medical University, Astrakhan, Russia
| | - E V Ekusheva
- Academy of Postgraduate Education of the Federal Scientific and Clinical Center for Specialized Types of Medical Care and Medical Technologies FMBA of Russia, Moscow, Russia.,Belgorod State National Research University, Belgorod, Russia
| | - V P Baklaushev
- Federal Scientific and Clinical Center of Specialized Types of Medical Care and Medical Technologies of the Federal Medical and Biological Agency of Russia, Moscow, Russia
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9
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Abberger H, Barthel R, Bahr J, Thiel J, Luppus S, Buer J, Westendorf AM, Hansen W. Neuropilin-1 Is Expressed on Highly Activated CD4 + Effector T Cells and Dysfunctional CD4 + Conventional T Cells from Naive Mice. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2021; 207:1288-1297. [PMID: 34341169 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2100222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Neuropilin-1 (Nrp-1) is a well described marker molecule for CD4+Foxp3+ thymus-derived regulatory T cells (Tregs). In addition, a small population of CD4+Foxp3- conventional (conv) T cells expresses Nrp-1 in naive mice, and Nrp-1 expression has been described to be upregulated on activated CD4+ T cells. However, the function of Nrp-1 expression on CD4+ non-Tregs still remains elusive. In this study, we demonstrate that Nrp-1 expression was induced upon stimulation of CD4+Foxp3- T cells in vitro and during an ongoing immune response in vivo. This activation-induced Nrp-1+CD4+ T cell subset (iNrp-1+) showed a highly activated phenotype in terms of elevated CD25 and CD44 expression, enhanced production of proinflammatory cytokines, and increased proliferation compared with the Nrp-1-CD4+ counterpart. In contrast, Nrp-1+CD4+Foxp3- conv T cells from naive mice (nNrp-1+) were dysfunctional. nNrp-1+CD4+ conv T cells upregulated activation-associated molecules to a lesser extent, exhibited impaired proliferation and produced fewer proinflammatory cytokines than Nrp-1-CD4+ conv T cells upon stimulation in vitro. Moreover, the expression of PD-1 and CTLA-4 was significantly higher on nNrp-1+CD4+Foxp3- T cells compared with iNrp-1+CD4+Foxp3- T cells and Nrp-1-CD4+Foxp3- T cells after stimulation and under homeostatic conditions. Strikingly, transfer of Ag-specific iNrp-1+CD4+ conv T cells aggravated diabetes development, whereas Ag-specific nNrp-1+CD4+ conv T cells failed to induce disease in a T cell transfer model of diabetes. Overall, our results indicate that Nrp-1 expression has opposite functions in recently activated CD4+ non-Tregs compared with CD4+ non-Tregs from naive mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Abberger
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Romy Barthel
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Jasmin Bahr
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Jacqueline Thiel
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Sina Luppus
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Jan Buer
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Astrid M Westendorf
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Wiebke Hansen
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
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10
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TCRα reporter mice reveal contribution of dual TCRα expression to T cell repertoire and function. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:32574-32583. [PMID: 33288689 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2013188117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
It is known that a subpopulation of T cells expresses two T cell receptor (TCR) clonotypes, though the extent and functional significance of this is not established. To definitively evaluate dual TCRα cells, we generated mice with green fluorescent protein and red fluorescent protein reporters linked to TCRα, revealing that ∼16% of T cells express dual TCRs, notably higher than prior estimates. Importantly, dual TCR expression has functional consequences, as dual TCR cells predominated response to lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infection, comprising up to 60% of virus-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells during acute responses. Dual receptor expression selectively influenced immune memory, as postinfection memory CD4+ populations contained significantly increased frequencies of dual TCR cells. These data reveal a previously unappreciated contribution of dual TCR cells to the immune repertoire and highlight their potential effects on immune responses.
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11
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Weber EW, Maus MV, Mackall CL. The Emerging Landscape of Immune Cell Therapies. Cell 2020; 181:46-62. [PMID: 32243795 PMCID: PMC8900215 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Cell therapies present an entirely new paradigm in drug development. Within this class, immune cell therapies are among the most advanced, having already demonstrated definitive evidence of clinical benefits in cancer and infectious disease. Numerous features distinguish these "living therapies" from traditional medicines, including their ability to expand and contract in proportion to need and to mediate therapeutic benefits for months or years following a single application. Continued advances in fundamental immunology, genetic engineering, gene editing, and synthetic biology exponentially expand opportunities to enhance the sophistication of immune cell therapies, increasing potency and safety and broadening their potential for treatment of disease. This perspective will summarize the current status of immune cell therapies for cancer, infectious disease, and autoimmunity, and discuss advances in cellular engineering to overcome barriers to progress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan W Weber
- Center for Cancer Cell Therapy, Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Marcela V Maus
- Cellular Immunotherapy Program, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Crystal L Mackall
- Center for Cancer Cell Therapy, Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
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12
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Czaja AJ. Examining pathogenic concepts of autoimmune hepatitis for cues to future investigations and interventions. World J Gastroenterol 2019; 25:6579-6606. [PMID: 31832000 PMCID: PMC6906207 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v25.i45.6579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiple pathogenic mechanisms have been implicated in autoimmune hepatitis, but they have not fully explained susceptibility, triggering events, and maintenance or escalation of the disease. Furthermore, they have not identified a critical defect that can be targeted. The goals of this review are to examine the diverse pathogenic mechanisms that have been considered in autoimmune hepatitis, indicate investigational opportunities to validate their contribution, and suggest interventions that might evolve to modify their impact. English abstracts were identified in PubMed by multiple search terms. Full length articles were selected for review, and secondary and tertiary bibliographies were developed. Genetic and epigenetic factors can affect susceptibility by influencing the expression of immune regulatory genes. Thymic dysfunction, possibly related to deficient production of programmed cell death protein-1, can allow autoreactive T cells to escape deletion, and alterations in the intestinal microbiome may help overcome immune tolerance and affect gender bias. Environmental factors may trigger the disease or induce epigenetic changes in gene function. Molecular mimicry, epitope spread, bystander activation, neo-antigen production, lymphocytic polyspecificity, and disturbances in immune inhibitory mechanisms may maintain or escalate the disease. Interventions that modify epigenetic effects on gene expression, alter intestinal dysbiosis, eliminate deleterious environmental factors, and target critical pathogenic mechanisms are therapeutic possibilities that might reduce risk, individualize management, and improve outcome. In conclusion, diverse pathogenic mechanisms have been implicated in autoimmune hepatitis, and they may identify a critical factor or sequence that can be validated and used to direct future management and preventive strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert J Czaja
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN 55905, United States
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13
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Carter JA, Preall JB, Atwal GS. Bayesian Inference of Allelic Inclusion Rates in the Human T Cell Receptor Repertoire. Cell Syst 2019; 9:475-482.e4. [PMID: 31677971 DOI: 10.1016/j.cels.2019.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Revised: 08/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
A small population of αβ T cells is characterized by the expression of more than one unique T cell receptor (TCR); this outcome is the result of "allelic inclusion," that is, inclusion of both α- or β-chain alleles during V(D)J recombination. Limitations in single-cell sequencing technology, however, have precluded comprehensive enumeration of these dual receptor T cells. Here, we develop and experimentally validate a fully Bayesian inference model capable of reliably estimating the true rate of α and β TCR allelic inclusion across two different emulsion-barcoding single-cell sequencing platforms. We provide a database composed of over 51,000 previously unpublished allelic inclusion TCR sequence sets drawn from eight healthy individuals and show that allelic inclusion contributes a distinct and functionally important set of sequences to the human TCR repertoire. This database and a Python implementation of our statistical inference model are freely available at our Github repository (https://github.com/JasonACarter/Allelic_inclusion).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason A Carter
- Department of Applied Mathematics and Statistics, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA; Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, Stony Brook, NY 11724, USA.
| | - Jonathan B Preall
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, Stony Brook, NY 11724, USA
| | - Gurinder S Atwal
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, Stony Brook, NY 11724, USA.
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14
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Schuldt NJ, Binstadt BA. Dual TCR T Cells: Identity Crisis or Multitaskers? JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2019; 202:637-644. [PMID: 30670579 PMCID: PMC11112972 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1800904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Dual TCR T cells are a common and natural product of TCR gene rearrangement and thymocyte development. As much as one third of the T cell population may have the capability to express two different TCR specificities on the cell surface. This discovery provoked a reconsideration of the classic model of thymic selection. Many potential roles for dual TCR T cells have since been hypothesized, including posing an autoimmune hazard, dominating alloreactive T cell responses, inducing allergy, and expanding the TCR repertoire to improve protective immunity. Yet, since the initial wave of publications following the discovery of dual TCR T cells, research in the area has slowed. In this study, we aim to provide a brief but comprehensive history of dual TCR T cell research, re-evaluate past observations in the context of current knowledge of the immune system, and identify key issues for future study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathaniel J Schuldt
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55454; and Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Bryce A Binstadt
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55454; and Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
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15
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Rojas M, Restrepo-Jiménez P, Monsalve DM, Pacheco Y, Acosta-Ampudia Y, Ramírez-Santana C, Leung PS, Ansari AA, Gershwin ME, Anaya JM. Molecular mimicry and autoimmunity. J Autoimmun 2018; 95:100-123. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2018.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 214] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Revised: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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16
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Bujak JK, Pingwara R, Nelson MH, Majchrzak K. Adoptive cell transfer: new perspective treatment in veterinary oncology. Acta Vet Scand 2018; 60:60. [PMID: 30305130 PMCID: PMC6180494 DOI: 10.1186/s13028-018-0414-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy is recently considered the most promising treatment for human patients with advanced tumors and could be effectively combined with conventional therapies such as chemotherapy or radiotherapy. Patients with hematological malignancies and melanoma have benefited greatly from immunotherapies such as, adoptive cell transfer therapy, experiencing durable remissions and prolonged survival. In the face of increasing enthusiasm for immunotherapy, particularly for the administration of tumor-specific T lymphocytes, the question arises whether this method could be employed to improve treatment outcomes for canine patients. It is warranted to determine whether veterinary clinical trials could support comparative oncology research and thus facilitate the development of new cell-based therapies for humans. Herein, we discuss adoptive transfer of T lymphocytes and lymphokine-activated cells for application in veterinary oncology, in the context of human medicine achievements. Furthermore, we discuss potential benefits of using domestic dog as a model for immunotherapy and its advantages for translational medicine. We also focus on an emerging genome-editing technology as a useful tool to improve a T cells’ phenotype.
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17
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Balakrishnan A, Jama B, Morris GP. Endogenous co‐expression of two T cell receptors promotes lymphopenia‐induced proliferation via increased affinity for self‐antigen. J Leukoc Biol 2018; 104:1097-1104. [DOI: 10.1002/jlb.1ab0618-214rrr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Revised: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Amritha Balakrishnan
- Department of PathologyUniversity of California San Diego La Jolla California USA
| | - Burhan Jama
- Department of PathologyUniversity of California San Diego La Jolla California USA
| | - Gerald P. Morris
- Department of PathologyUniversity of California San Diego La Jolla California USA
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18
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Proinflammatory Dual Receptor T Cells in Chronic Graft-versus-Host Disease. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 2017; 23:1852-1860. [PMID: 28750779 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbmt.2017.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Defective post-transplantation thymopoiesis is associated with chronic graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), a multiorgan pathology affecting up to 80% of patients after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). Previous work demonstrated that the subset of T cells expressing 2 T cell receptors (TCRs) is predisposed to alloreactivity, driving selective and disproportionate activity in acute GVHD in both mouse models and HSCT patients. Here we investigate a potential role for this pathogenic T cell subset in chronic GVHD (cGVHD). HSCT patients with cGVHD demonstrated increased numbers of dual TCR cells in circulation. These dual receptor cells had an activated phenotype, indicating an active role in cGVHD. Notably, single-cell RNA sequencing identified the increased dual TCR cells in cGVHD as predominantly expressing Tbet, indicative of a proinflammatory phenotype. These results identify dual TCR cells as specific mediators of pathogenic inflammation underlying cGVHD and highlight Tbet-driven T cell function as a potential pathway for potential therapeutic targeting.
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19
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Schuldt NJ, Auger JL, Spanier JA, Martinov T, Breed ER, Fife BT, Hogquist KA, Binstadt BA. Cutting Edge: Dual TCRα Expression Poses an Autoimmune Hazard by Limiting Regulatory T Cell Generation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 199:33-38. [PMID: 28539428 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1700406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Despite accounting for 10-30% of the T cell population in mice and humans, the role of dual TCR-expressing T cells in immunity remains poorly understood. It has been hypothesized that dual TCR T cells pose an autoimmune hazard by allowing self-reactive TCRs to escape thymic selection. We revisited this hypothesis using the NOD murine model of type 1 diabetes. We bred NOD mice hemizygous at both TCRα and β (TCRα+/- β+/-) loci, rendering them incapable of producing dual TCR T cells. We found that the lack of dual TCRα expression skewed the insulin-specific thymocyte population toward greater regulatory T (Treg) cell commitment, resulting in a more tolerogenic Treg to conventional T cell ratio and protection from diabetes. These data support a novel hypothesis by which dual TCR expression can promote autoimmunity by limiting agonist selection of self-reactive thymocytes into the Treg cell lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathaniel J Schuldt
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455.,Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Jennifer L Auger
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455.,Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Justin A Spanier
- Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455.,Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455; and
| | - Tijana Martinov
- Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455.,Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455; and
| | - Elise R Breed
- Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Brian T Fife
- Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455.,Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455; and
| | - Kristin A Hogquist
- Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Bryce A Binstadt
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455; .,Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
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20
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW T cells can mediate allograft rejection and graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), but are necessary for tolerance and protective immunity. Identifying T-cell populations differentially responsible for these effects has been a goal in transplant research. This review describes investigation of a small subset of T cells naturally predisposed toward alloreactivity, cells expressing two T-cell receptors (TCRs). RECENT FINDINGS Rare peripheral T cells express two αβTCRs. Their impact on T-cell development and function has been uncertain. Recent work demonstrates an important role for these cells in mouse models and human hematopoietic stem cell transplant patients with acute GVHD. Dual receptor T cells are preferentially activated and expanded in vitro and in vivo by allogeneic stimulation. Genetic elimination of dual TCR expression results in loss of approximately half of the alloreactive repertoire and impedes the earliest steps of GVHD. SUMMARY Identification of dual TCR T cells as predisposed to alloreactivity provides an opportunity to examine responses limiting transplantation. Continued investigation will reveal significant fundamental features of T-cell alloreactivity and important information about the earliest events determining allograft rejection and self-tolerance.
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21
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Joachims ML, Leehan KM, Lawrence C, Pelikan RC, Moore JS, Pan Z, Rasmussen A, Radfar L, Lewis DM, Grundahl KM, Kelly JA, Wiley GB, Shugay M, Chudakov DM, Lessard CJ, Stone DU, Scofield RH, Montgomery CG, Sivils KL, Thompson LF, Farris AD. Single-cell analysis of glandular T cell receptors in Sjögren's syndrome. JCI Insight 2016; 1. [PMID: 27358913 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.85609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
CD4+ T cells predominate in salivary gland (SG) inflammatory lesions in Sjögren's syndrome (SS). However, their antigen specificity, degree of clonal expansion, and relationship to clinical disease features remain unknown. We used multiplex reverse-transcriptase PCR to amplify paired T cell receptor α (TCRα) and β transcripts of single CD4+CD45RA- T cells from SG and peripheral blood (PB) of 10 individuals with primary SS, 9 of whom shared the HLA DR3/DQ2 risk haplotype. TCRα and β sequences were obtained from a median of 91 SG and 107 PB cells per subject. The degree of clonal expansion and frequency of cells expressing two productively rearranged α genes were increased in SG versus PB. Expanded clones from SG exhibited complementary-determining region 3 (CDR3) sequence similarity both within and among subjects, suggesting antigenic selection and shared antigen recognition. CDR3 similarities were shared among expanded clones from individuals discordant for canonical Ro and La autoantibodies, suggesting recognition of alternative SG antigen(s). The extent of SG clonal expansion correlated with reduced saliva production and increased SG fibrosis, linking expanded SG T cells with glandular dysfunction. Knowledge of paired TCRα and β sequences enables further work toward identification of target antigens and development of novel therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle L Joachims
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation (OMRF), Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Kerry M Leehan
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation (OMRF), Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center (OUHSC), Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Christina Lawrence
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation (OMRF), Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Richard C Pelikan
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation (OMRF), Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Jacen S Moore
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation (OMRF), Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Zijian Pan
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation (OMRF), Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Astrid Rasmussen
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation (OMRF), Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Lida Radfar
- Department of Oral Diagnosis and Radiology, College of Dentistry, OUHSC, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - David M Lewis
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, College of Dentistry, OUHSC, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Kiely M Grundahl
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation (OMRF), Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Jennifer A Kelly
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation (OMRF), Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Graham B Wiley
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation (OMRF), Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Mikhail Shugay
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia; Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia; Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Dmitriy M Chudakov
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia; Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia; Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Christopher J Lessard
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation (OMRF), Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center (OUHSC), Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Donald U Stone
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, OUHSC, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - R Hal Scofield
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation (OMRF), Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center (OUHSC), Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA; Section of Endocrinology and Diabetes, College of Medicine, OUHSC, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Courtney G Montgomery
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation (OMRF), Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Kathy L Sivils
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation (OMRF), Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center (OUHSC), Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Linda F Thompson
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation (OMRF), Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - A Darise Farris
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation (OMRF), Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center (OUHSC), Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
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22
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Abstract
Genetics tools, and especially the ability to enforce, by transgenesis, or disrupt, by homologous recombination, gene expression in a cell-specific manner, have revolutionized the study of immunology and propelled the laboratory mouse as the main model to study immune responses. Perhaps more than any other aspect of immunology, the study of T cell development has benefited from these technologies. This brief chapter summarizes genetic tools specific to T cell development studies, focusing on mouse strains with lineage- and stage-specific expression of the Cre recombinase, or expressing unique antigen receptor specificities. It ends with a broader discussion of strategies to enforce ectopic lineage and stage-specific gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Ciucci
- Laboratory of Immune Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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23
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Schuldt NJ, Auger JL, Hogquist KA, Binstadt BA. Bi-Allelic TCRα or β Recombination Enhances T Cell Development but Is Dispensable for Antigen Responses and Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0145762. [PMID: 26693713 PMCID: PMC4687847 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0145762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Dual TCRα-expressing T cells outnumber dual TCRβ-expressing cells by ~10:1. As a result, efforts to understand how dual TCR T cells impact immunity have focused on dual TCRα expression; dual TCRβ expression remains understudied. We recently demonstrated, however, that dual TCRβ expression accelerated disease in a TCR transgenic model of autoimmune arthritis through enhanced positive selection efficiency, indicating that dual TCRβ expression, though rare, can impact thymic selection. Here we generated mice hemizygous for TCRα, TCRβ, or both on the C57BL/6 background to investigate the impact bi-allelic TCR chain recombination has on T cell development, repertoire diversity, and autoimmunity. Lack of bi-allelic TCRα or TCRβ recombination reduced αβ thymocyte development efficiency, and the absence of bi-allelic TCRβ recombination promoted γδ T cell development. However, we observed no differences in the numbers of naïve and expanded antigen-specific T cells between TCRα+/-β+/- and wildtype mice, and TCR repertoire analysis revealed only subtle differences in Vβ gene usage. Finally, the absence of dual TCR T cells did not impact induced experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis pathogenesis. Thus, despite more stringent allelic exclusion of TCRβ relative to TCRα, bi-allelic TCRβ expression can measurably impact thymocyte development and is necessary for maintaining normal αβ/γδ T cell proportions.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/genetics
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/immunology
- Gene Expression Regulation/immunology
- Gene Rearrangement, alpha-Chain T-Cell Antigen Receptor/immunology
- Gene Rearrangement, beta-Chain T-Cell Antigen Receptor/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/microbiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathaniel J. Schuldt
- Departments of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, United States of America
- Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, United States of America
| | - Jennifer L. Auger
- Departments of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, United States of America
- Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, United States of America
| | - Kristin A. Hogquist
- Departments of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, United States of America
- Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, United States of America
- Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, United States of America
| | - Bryce A. Binstadt
- Departments of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, United States of America
- Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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24
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Chmelova H, Cohrs CM, Chouinard JA, Petzold C, Kuhn M, Chen C, Roeder I, Kretschmer K, Speier S. Distinct roles of β-cell mass and function during type 1 diabetes onset and remission. Diabetes 2015; 64:2148-60. [PMID: 25605805 DOI: 10.2337/db14-1055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2014] [Accepted: 01/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Cure of type 1 diabetes (T1D) by immune intervention at disease onset depends on the restoration of insulin secretion by endogenous β-cells. However, little is known about the potential of β-cell mass and function to recover after autoimmune attack ablation. Using a longitudinal in vivo imaging approach, we show how functional status and mass of β-cells adapt in response to the onset and remission of T1D. We demonstrate that infiltration reduces β-cell mass prior to onset and, together with emerging hyperglycemia, affects β-cell function. After immune intervention, persisting hyperglycemia prevents functional recovery but promotes β-cell mass increase in mouse islets. When blood glucose levels return to normoglycemia β-cell mass expansion stops, and subsequently glucose tolerance recovers in combination with β-cell function. Similar to mouse islets, human islets exhibit cell exhaustion and recovery in response to transient hyperglycemia. However, the effect of hyperglycemia on human islet mass increase is minor and transient. Our data demonstrate a major role of functional exhaustion and recovery of β-cells during T1D onset and remission. Therefore, these findings support early intervention therapy for individuals with T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Chmelova
- Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG)-Research Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden (CRTD), Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany Paul Langerhans Institute Dresden of Helmholtz Centre Munich, University Clinic Carl Gustav Carus of Technische Universität Dresden, German Centre for Diabetes Research (DZD), Dresden, Germany
| | - Christian M Cohrs
- Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG)-Research Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden (CRTD), Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany Paul Langerhans Institute Dresden of Helmholtz Centre Munich, University Clinic Carl Gustav Carus of Technische Universität Dresden, German Centre for Diabetes Research (DZD), Dresden, Germany
| | - Julie A Chouinard
- Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG)-Research Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden (CRTD), Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany Paul Langerhans Institute Dresden of Helmholtz Centre Munich, University Clinic Carl Gustav Carus of Technische Universität Dresden, German Centre for Diabetes Research (DZD), Dresden, Germany
| | - Cathleen Petzold
- Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG)-Research Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden (CRTD), Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Matthias Kuhn
- Institute for Medical Informatics and Biometry, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Chunguang Chen
- Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG)-Research Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden (CRTD), Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany Paul Langerhans Institute Dresden of Helmholtz Centre Munich, University Clinic Carl Gustav Carus of Technische Universität Dresden, German Centre for Diabetes Research (DZD), Dresden, Germany
| | - Ingo Roeder
- Institute for Medical Informatics and Biometry, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Karsten Kretschmer
- Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG)-Research Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden (CRTD), Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany Paul Langerhans Institute Dresden of Helmholtz Centre Munich, University Clinic Carl Gustav Carus of Technische Universität Dresden, German Centre for Diabetes Research (DZD), Dresden, Germany
| | - Stephan Speier
- Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG)-Research Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden (CRTD), Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany Paul Langerhans Institute Dresden of Helmholtz Centre Munich, University Clinic Carl Gustav Carus of Technische Universität Dresden, German Centre for Diabetes Research (DZD), Dresden, Germany
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25
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Rissiek B, Haag F, Boyer O, Koch-Nolte F, Adriouch S. P2X7 on Mouse T Cells: One Channel, Many Functions. Front Immunol 2015; 6:204. [PMID: 26042119 PMCID: PMC4436801 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2015] [Accepted: 04/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The P2X7 receptor is an adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-gated cation channel that is expressed by several cells of the immune system. P2X7 is best known for its proinflammatory role in promoting inflammasome formation and release of mature interleukin (IL)-1β by innate immune cells. Mounting evidence indicates that P2X7 is also an important regulatory receptor of murine and human T cell functions. Murine T cells express a sensitive splice variant of P2X7 that can be activated either by non-covalent binding of ATP or, in the presence of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, by its covalent ADP-ribosylation catalyzed by the ecto-ADP-ribosyltransferase ARTC2.2. Prolonged activation of P2X7 by either one of these pathways triggers the induction of T cell death. Conversely, lower concentrations of ATP can activate P2X7 to enhance T cell proliferation and production of IL-2. In this review, we will highlight the molecular and cellular consequences of P2X7 activation on mouse T cells and its versatile role in T cell homeostasis and activation. Further, we will discuss important differences in the function of P2X7 on human and murine T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Björn Rissiek
- Insitute of Immunology, University Medical Center , Hamburg , Germany ; Department of Neurology, University Medical Center , Hamburg , Germany
| | - Friedrich Haag
- Insitute of Immunology, University Medical Center , Hamburg , Germany
| | - Olivier Boyer
- U905, INSERM , Rouen , France ; Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), Normandy University , Rouen , France ; Department of Immunology, Rouen University Hospital , Rouen , France
| | | | - Sahil Adriouch
- U905, INSERM , Rouen , France ; Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), Normandy University , Rouen , France
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26
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Rybakin V, Westernberg L, Fu G, Kim HO, Ampudia J, Sauer K, Gascoigne NRJ. Allelic exclusion of TCR α-chains upon severe restriction of Vα repertoire. PLoS One 2014; 9:e114320. [PMID: 25500569 PMCID: PMC4264757 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0114320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2013] [Accepted: 11/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Development of thymocytes through the positive selection checkpoint requires the rearrangement and expression of a suitable T cell receptor (TCR) α-chain that can pair with the already-expressed β-chain to make a TCR that is selectable. That is, it must have sufficient affinity for self MHC-peptide to induce the signals required for differentiation, but not too strong so as to induce cell death. Because both alleles of the α-chain continue to rearrange until a positively-selectable heterodimer is formed, thymocytes and T cells can in principle express dual α-chains. However, cell-surface expression of two TCRs is comparatively rare in mature T cells because of post-transcriptional regulatory mechanisms termed “phenotypic allelic exclusion”. We produced mice transgenic for a rearranged β-chain and for two unrearranged α-chains on a genetic background where endogenous α-chains could not be rearranged. Both Vα3.2 and Vα2 containing α-chains were efficiently positively selected, to the extent that a population of dual α-chain-bearing cells was not distinguishable from single α-chain-expressors. Surprisingly, Vα3.2-expressing cells were much more frequent than the Vα2 transgene-expressing cells, even though this Vα3.2-Vβ5 combination can reconstitute a known selectable TCR. In accord with previous work on the Vα3 repertoire, T cells bearing Vα3.2 expressed from the rearranged minilocus were predominantly selected into the CD8+ T cell subpopulation. Because of the dominance of Vα3.2 expression over Vα2 expressed from the miniloci, the peripheral T cell population was predominantly CD8+ cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasily Rybakin
- Department of Microbiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 5 Science Drive 2, Singapore 117545, Singapore
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States of America
| | - Luise Westernberg
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States of America
| | - Guo Fu
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States of America
| | - Hee-Ok Kim
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States of America
| | - Jeanette Ampudia
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States of America
| | - Karsten Sauer
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States of America
- Department of Cell Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States of America
| | - Nicholas R. J. Gascoigne
- Department of Microbiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 5 Science Drive 2, Singapore 117545, Singapore
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Lucca LE, Desbois S, Ramadan A, Ben-Nun A, Eisenstein M, Carrié N, Guéry JC, Sette A, Nguyen P, Geiger TL, Mars LT, Liblau RS. Bispecificity for myelin and neuronal self-antigens is a common feature of CD4 T cells in C57BL/6 mice. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 193:3267-77. [PMID: 25135834 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1400523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The recognition of multiple ligands by a single TCR is an intrinsic feature of T cell biology, with important consequences for physiological and pathological processes. Polyspecific T cells targeting distinct self-antigens have been identified in healthy individuals as well as in the context of autoimmunity. We have previously shown that the 2D2 TCR recognizes the myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein epitope (MOG)35-55 as well as an epitope within the axonal protein neurofilament medium (NF-M15-35) in H-2(b) mice. In this study, we assess whether this cross-reactivity is a common feature of the MOG35-55-specific T cell response. To this end, we analyzed the CD4 T cell response of MOG35-55-immunized C57BL/6 mice for cross-reactivity with NF-M15-35. Using Ag recall responses, we established that an important proportion of MOG35-55-specific CD4 T cells also responded to NF-M15-35 in all mice tested. To study the clonality of this response, we analyzed 22 MOG35-55-specific T cell hybridomas expressing distinct TCR. Seven hybridomas were found to cross-react with NF-M15-35. Using an alanine scan of NF-M18-30 and an in silico predictive model, we dissected the molecular basis of cross-reactivity between MOG35-55 and NF-M15-35. We established that NF-M F24, R26, and V27 proved important TCR contacts. Strikingly, the identified TCR contacts are conserved within MOG38-50. Our data indicate that due to linear sequence homology, part of the MOG35-55-specific T cell repertoire of all C57BL/6 mice also recognizes NF-M15-35, with potential implications for CNS autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliana E Lucca
- INSERM, U1043, Toulouse F-31300, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, U5282, Toulouse F-31300, France; Centre de Physiopathologie Toulouse-Purpan, Université Toulouse 3, Toulouse F-31300, France
| | - Sabine Desbois
- INSERM, U1043, Toulouse F-31300, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, U5282, Toulouse F-31300, France; Centre de Physiopathologie Toulouse-Purpan, Université Toulouse 3, Toulouse F-31300, France
| | - Abdulraouf Ramadan
- INSERM, U1043, Toulouse F-31300, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, U5282, Toulouse F-31300, France; Centre de Physiopathologie Toulouse-Purpan, Université Toulouse 3, Toulouse F-31300, France
| | - Avraham Ben-Nun
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel; Department of Chemical Support, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Miriam Eisenstein
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel; Department of Chemical Support, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Nadège Carrié
- INSERM, U1043, Toulouse F-31300, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, U5282, Toulouse F-31300, France; Centre de Physiopathologie Toulouse-Purpan, Université Toulouse 3, Toulouse F-31300, France
| | - Jean-Charles Guéry
- INSERM, U1043, Toulouse F-31300, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, U5282, Toulouse F-31300, France; Centre de Physiopathologie Toulouse-Purpan, Université Toulouse 3, Toulouse F-31300, France
| | - Alessandro Sette
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, San Diego, CA 92109
| | - Phuong Nguyen
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105; and
| | - Terrence L Geiger
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105; and
| | - Lennart T Mars
- INSERM, U1043, Toulouse F-31300, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, U5282, Toulouse F-31300, France; Centre de Physiopathologie Toulouse-Purpan, Université Toulouse 3, Toulouse F-31300, France
| | - Roland S Liblau
- INSERM, U1043, Toulouse F-31300, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, U5282, Toulouse F-31300, France; Centre de Physiopathologie Toulouse-Purpan, Université Toulouse 3, Toulouse F-31300, France; Département d'Immunologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Toulouse, Hôpital Purpan, Toulouse F-31300, France
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28
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Steinel NC, Fisher MR, Yang-Iott KS, Bassing CH. The ataxia telangiectasia mutated and cyclin D3 proteins cooperate to help enforce TCRβ and IgH allelic exclusion. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 193:2881-90. [PMID: 25127855 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1302201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Coordination of V rearrangements between loci on homologous chromosomes is critical for Ig and TCR allelic exclusion. The Ataxia Telangietasia mutated (ATM) protein kinase promotes DNA repair and activates checkpoints to suppress aberrant Ig and TCR rearrangements. In response to RAG cleavage of Igκ loci, ATM inhibits RAG expression and suppresses further Vκ-to-Jκ rearrangements to enforce Igκ allelic exclusion. Because V recombination between alleles is more strictly regulated for TCRβ and IgH loci, we evaluated the ability of ATM to restrict biallelic expression and V-to-DJ recombination of TCRβ and IgH genes. We detected greater frequencies of lymphocytes with biallelic expression or aberrant V-to-DJ rearrangement of TCRβ or IgH loci in mice lacking ATM. A preassembled DJβ complex that decreases the number of TCRβ rearrangements needed for a productive TCRβ gene further increased frequencies of ATM-deficient cells with biallelic TCRβ expression. IgH and TCRβ proteins drive proliferation of prolymphocytes through cyclin D3 (Ccnd3), which also inhibits VH transcription. We show that inactivation of Ccnd3 leads to increased frequencies of lymphocytes with biallelic expression of IgH or TCRβ genes. We also show that Ccnd3 inactivation cooperates with ATM deficiency to increase the frequencies of cells with biallelic TCRβ or IgH expression while decreasing the frequency of ATM-deficient lymphocytes with aberrant V-to-DJ recombination. Our data demonstrate that core components of the DNA damage response and cell cycle machinery cooperate to help enforce IgH and TCRβ allelic exclusion and indicate that control of V-to-DJ rearrangements between alleles is important to maintain genomic stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie C Steinel
- Division of Cancer Pathobiology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104; Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104; and Immunology Graduate Group, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Megan R Fisher
- Division of Cancer Pathobiology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104; Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104; and Immunology Graduate Group, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Katherine S Yang-Iott
- Division of Cancer Pathobiology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104; Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104; and
| | - Craig H Bassing
- Division of Cancer Pathobiology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104; Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104; and Immunology Graduate Group, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
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29
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Ni PP, Solomon B, Hsieh CS, Allen PM, Morris GP. The ability to rearrange dual TCRs enhances positive selection, leading to increased Allo- and Autoreactive T cell repertoires. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 193:1778-86. [PMID: 25015825 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1400532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Thymic selection is designed to ensure TCR reactivity to foreign Ags presented by self-MHC while minimizing reactivity to self-Ags. We hypothesized that the repertoire of T cells with unwanted specificities such as alloreactivity or autoreactivity are a consequence of simultaneous rearrangement of both TCRα loci. We hypothesized that this process helps maximize production of thymocytes capable of successfully completing thymic selection, but results in secondary TCRs that escape stringent selection. In T cells expressing two TCRs, one TCR can mediate positive selection and mask secondary TCR from negative selection. Examination of mice heterozygous for TRAC (TCRα(+/-)), capable of only one functional TCRα rearrangement, demonstrated a defect in generating mature T cells attributable to decreased positive selection. Elimination of secondary TCRs did not broadly alter the peripheral T cell compartment, though deep sequencing of TCRα repertoires of dual TCR T cells and TCRα(+/-) T cells demonstrated unique TCRs in the presence of secondary rearrangements. The functional impact of secondary TCRs on the naive peripheral repertoire was evidenced by reduced frequencies of T cells responding to autoantigen and alloantigen peptide-MHC tetramers in TCRα(+/-) mice. T cell populations with secondary TCRs had significantly increased ability to respond to altered peptide ligands related to their allogeneic ligand as compared with TCRα(+/-) cells, suggesting increased breadth in peptide recognition may be a mechanism for their reactivity. Our results imply that the role of secondary TCRs in forming the T cell repertoire is perhaps more significant than what has been assumed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peggy P Ni
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Benjamin Solomon
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110; and
| | - Chyi-Song Hsieh
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110; and
| | - Paul M Allen
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Gerald P Morris
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
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30
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Swee LK, Nusser A, Curti M, Kreuzaler M, Rolink H, Terracciano L, Melchers F, Andersson J, Rolink A. The amount of self-antigen determines the effector function of murine T cells escaping negative selection. Eur J Immunol 2014; 44:1299-312. [DOI: 10.1002/eji.201343840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2013] [Revised: 12/18/2013] [Accepted: 01/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lee K. Swee
- Developmental and Molecular Immunology; Department of Biomedicine; University of Basel; Basel Switzerland
| | - Anja Nusser
- Developmental and Molecular Immunology; Department of Biomedicine; University of Basel; Basel Switzerland
| | - Maurus Curti
- Developmental and Molecular Immunology; Department of Biomedicine; University of Basel; Basel Switzerland
| | - Matthias Kreuzaler
- Developmental and Molecular Immunology; Department of Biomedicine; University of Basel; Basel Switzerland
| | - Hannie Rolink
- Developmental and Molecular Immunology; Department of Biomedicine; University of Basel; Basel Switzerland
| | - Luigi Terracciano
- Department of Pathology; University Hospital of Basel; Basel Switzerland
| | - Fritz Melchers
- Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology; Berlin Germany
| | - Jan Andersson
- Developmental and Molecular Immunology; Department of Biomedicine; University of Basel; Basel Switzerland
| | - Antonius Rolink
- Developmental and Molecular Immunology; Department of Biomedicine; University of Basel; Basel Switzerland
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31
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Gravano DM, Hoyer KK. Promotion and prevention of autoimmune disease by CD8+ T cells. J Autoimmun 2013; 45:68-79. [PMID: 23871638 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2013.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2013] [Accepted: 06/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Until recently, little was known about the importance of CD8+ T effectors in promoting and preventing autoimmune disease development. CD8+ T cells can oppose or promote autoimmune disease through activities as suppressor cells and as cytotoxic effectors. Studies in several distinct autoimmune models and data from patient samples are beginning to establish the importance of CD8+ T cells in these diseases and to define the mechanisms by which these cells influence autoimmunity. CD8+ effectors can promote disease via dysregulated secretion of inflammatory cytokines, skewed differentiation profiles and inappropriate apoptosis induction of target cells, and work to block disease by eliminating self-reactive cells and self-antigen sources, or as regulatory T cells. Defining the often major contribution of CD8+ T cells to autoimmune disease and identifying the mechanisms by which they alter the pathogenesis of disease is a rapidly expanding area of study and will add valuable information to our understanding of the kinetics, pathology and biology of autoimmune disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Gravano
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Health Sciences Research Institute, University of California, Merced, CA, USA
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32
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Introduction of exogenous T-cell receptors into human hematopoietic progenitors results in exclusion of endogenous T-cell receptor expression. Mol Ther 2013; 21:1055-63. [PMID: 23481324 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2013.28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Current tumor immunotherapy approaches include the genetic modification of peripheral T cells to express tumor antigen-specific T-cell receptors (TCRs). The approach, tested in melanoma, has led to some limited success of tumor regression in patients. Yet, the introduction of exogenous TCRs into mature T cells entails an underlying risk; the generation of autoreactive clones due to potential TCR mispairing, and the lack of effective negative selection, as these peripheral cells do not undergo thymic selection following introduction of the exogenous TCR. We have successfully generated MART-1-specific CD8 T cells from genetically modified human hematopoietic stem cells (hHSC) in a humanized mouse model. The advantages of this approach include a long-term source of antigen specific T cells and proper T-cell selection due to thymopoiesis following expression of the TCR. In this report, we examine the molecular processes occurring on endogenous TCR expression and demonstrate that this approach results in exclusive cell surface expression of the newly introduced TCR, and the exclusion of endogenous TCR cell surface expression. This suggests that this stem cell based approach can provide a potentially safer approach for anticancer immunotherapy due to the involvement of thymic selection.
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33
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Petzold C, Riewaldt J, Watts D, Sparwasser T, Schallenberg S, Kretschmer K. Foxp3(+) regulatory T cells in mouse models of type 1 diabetes. J Diabetes Res 2013; 2013:940710. [PMID: 23691523 PMCID: PMC3647588 DOI: 10.1155/2013/940710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2012] [Accepted: 02/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies on human type 1 diabetes (T1D) are facilitated by the availability of animal models such as nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice that spontaneously develop autoimmune diabetes, as well as a variety of genetically engineered mouse models with reduced genetic and pathogenic complexity, as compared to the spontaneous NOD model. In recent years, increasing evidence has implicated CD4(+)CD25(+) regulatory T (Treg) cells expressing the transcription factor Foxp3 in both the breakdown of self-tolerance and the restoration of immune homeostasis in T1D. In this paper, we provide an overview of currently available mouse models to study the role of Foxp3(+) Treg cells in the control of destructive β cell autoimmunity, including a novel NOD model that allows specific and temporally controlled deletion of Foxp3(+) Treg cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cathleen Petzold
- Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Julia Riewaldt
- Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Deepika Watts
- Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Tim Sparwasser
- Institute of Infection Immunology, TWINCORE/Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, 30625 Hanover, Germany
| | | | - Karsten Kretschmer
- Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
- Paul Langerhans Institute Dresden, German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 01307 Dresden, Germany
- *Karsten Kretschmer:
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34
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Auger JL, Haasken S, Steinert EM, Binstadt BA. Incomplete TCR-β allelic exclusion accelerates spontaneous autoimmune arthritis in K/BxN TCR transgenic mice. Eur J Immunol 2012; 42:2354-62. [PMID: 22706882 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201242520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2012] [Revised: 04/25/2012] [Accepted: 06/04/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Allelic exclusion of antigen receptor loci is a fundamental mechanism of immunological self-tolerance. Incomplete allelic exclusion leads to dual T-cell receptor (TCR) expression and can allow developing autoreactive αβ T lymphocytes to escape clonal deletion. Because allelic exclusion at the TCR-β locus is more stringent than at the TCR-α locus, dual TCR-β expression has not been considered a likely contributor to autoimmunity. We show here that incomplete TCR-β allelic exclusion permits developing thymocytes bearing the autoreactive, transgene-encoded KRN TCR to be positively selected more efficiently, thereby accelerating the onset of spontaneous autoimmune arthritis. Our findings highlight dual TCR-β expression as a mechanism that can enhance the maturation of autoreactive pathogenic T cells and lead to more rapid development of autoimmune disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Auger
- Center for Immunology and Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55414, USA
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35
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Cusick MF, Libbey JE, Fujinami RS. Molecular mimicry as a mechanism of autoimmune disease. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2012; 42:102-11. [PMID: 22095454 PMCID: PMC3266166 DOI: 10.1007/s12016-011-8294-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 332] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
A variety of mechanisms have been suggested as the means by which infections can initiate and/or exacerbate autoimmune diseases. One mechanism is molecular mimicry, where a foreign antigen shares sequence or structural similarities with self-antigens. Molecular mimicry has typically been characterized on an antibody or T cell level. However, structural relatedness between pathogen and self does not account for T cell activation in a number of autoimmune diseases. A proposed mechanism that could have been misinterpreted for molecular mimicry is the expression of dual T cell receptors (TCR) on a single T cell. These T cells have dual reactivity to both foreign and self-antigens leaving the host vulnerable to foreign insults capable of triggering an autoimmune response. In this review, we briefly discuss what is known about molecular mimicry followed by a discussion of the current understanding of dual TCRs. Finally, we discuss three mechanisms, including molecular mimicry, dual TCRs, and chimeric TCRs, by which dual reactivity of the T cell may play a role in autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew F Cusick
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
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36
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37
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Simmons KB, Wubeshet M, Ames KT, McMahan CJ, Hale JS, Fink PJ. Modulation of TCRβ surface expression during TCR revision. Cell Immunol 2011; 272:124-9. [PMID: 22138498 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2011.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2011] [Accepted: 10/31/2011] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
TCR revision is a tolerance mechanism by which self-reactive TCRs expressed by mature CD4(+) peripheral T cells are replaced by receptors encoded by genes generated by post-thymic DNA rearrangement. The downmodulation of surface TCR expression initiates TCR revision, and serves as a likely trigger for the induction of the recombinase machinery. We show here in a Vβ5 transgenic mouse model system that downregulation of the self-reactive transgene-encoded TCR is not maintained by transgene loss or diminished transcription or translation. The downregulation of surface TCR expression likely occurs in two stages, only one of which requires tolerogen expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalynn B Simmons
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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38
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Lemaire MM, Dumoutier L, Warnier G, Uyttenhove C, Van Snick J, de Heusch M, Stevens M, Renauld JC. Dual TCR expression biases lung inflammation in DO11.10 transgenic mice and promotes neutrophilia via microbiota-induced Th17 differentiation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 187:3530-7. [PMID: 21859957 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1101720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A commonly used mouse model of asthma is based on i.p. sensitization to OVA together with aluminum hydroxide (alum). In wild-type BALB/c mice, subsequent aerosol challenge using this protein generates an eosinophilic inflammation associated with Th2 cytokine expression. By constrast, in DO11.10 mice, which are transgenic for an OVA-specific TCR, the same treatment fails to induce eosinophilia, but instead promotes lung neutrophilia. In this study, we show that this neutrophilic infiltration results from increased IL-17A and IL-17F production, whereas the eosinophilic response could be restored upon blockade of IFN-γ, independently of the Th17 response. In addition, we identified a CD4(+) cell population specifically present in DO11.10 mice that mediates the same inflammatory response upon transfer into RAG2(-/-) mice. This population contained a significant proportion of cells expressing an additional endogenous TCR α-chain and was not present in RAG2(-/-) DO11.10 mice, suggesting dual antigenic specificities. This particular cell population expressed markers of memory cells, secreted high levels of IL-17A, and other cytokines after short-term restimulation in vitro, and triggered a neutrophilic response in vivo upon OVA aerosol challenge. The relative numbers of these dual TCR lymphocytes increased with the age of the animals, and IL-17 production was abolished if mice were treated with large-spectrum antibiotics, suggesting that their differentiation depends on foreign Ags provided by gut microflora. Taken together, our data indicate that dual TCR expression biases the OVA-specific response in DO11.10 mice by inhibiting eosinophilic responses via IFN-γ and promoting a neutrophilic inflammation via microbiota-induced Th17 differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muriel M Lemaire
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Brussels Branch, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium
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39
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Single-chain VαVβ T-cell receptors function without mispairing with endogenous TCR chains. Gene Ther 2011; 19:365-74. [PMID: 21753797 DOI: 10.1038/gt.2011.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Transduction of exogenous T-cell receptor (TCR) genes into patients' activated peripheral blood T cells is a potent strategy to generate large numbers of specific T cells for adoptive therapy of cancer and viral diseases. However, the remarkable clinical promise of this powerful approach is still being overshadowed by a serious potential consequence: mispairing of the exogenous TCR chains with endogenous TCR chains. These 'mixed' heterodimers can generate new specificities that result in graft-versus-host reactions. Engineering TCR constant regions of the exogenous chains with a cysteine promotes proper pairing and reduces the mispairing, but, as we show here, does not eliminate the formation of mixed heterodimers. By contrast, deletion of the constant regions, through use of a stabilized Vα/Vβ single-chain TCR (scTv), avoided mispairing completely. By linking a high-affinity scTv to intracellular signaling domains, such as Lck and CD28, the scTv was capable of activating functional T-cell responses in the absence of either the CD3 subunits or the co-receptors, and circumvented mispairing with endogenous TCRs. Such transduced T cells can respond to the targeted antigen independent of CD3 subunits via the introduced scTv, without the transduced T cells acquiring any new undefined and potentially dangerous specificities.
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Prinz I. Dynamics of the interaction of γδ T cells with their neighbors in vivo. Cell Mol Life Sci 2011; 68:2391-8. [PMID: 21584813 PMCID: PMC11114905 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-011-0701-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2011] [Revised: 04/19/2011] [Accepted: 04/20/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
γδ T cells are a diverse component of the immune system in humans and mice with presumably important but still largely unknown functions. Understanding the dynamic interaction of γδ T cells with their neighbors should help to understand their physiological role. This review addresses recent advances and strategies to visualize the dynamic interactions of γδ T cells with their neighbors in vivo. Current knowledge regarding the dynamic contacts of tissue resident γδ T cells and epithelial cells, but also of the communication between circulating γδ T cells and DCs, monocytes and FoxP3(+) regulatory T cells is revisited with emphasis on the role of γδ T cell motility.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cell Communication/immunology
- Dendritic Cells/immunology
- Dendritic Cells/metabolism
- Green Fluorescent Proteins/genetics
- Green Fluorescent Proteins/metabolism
- Humans
- Mice
- Microscopy, Confocal/methods
- Microscopy, Fluorescence, Multiphoton/methods
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Immo Prinz
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, 30625, Hannover, Germany, Prinz.
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Brady BL, Steinel NC, Bassing CH. Antigen receptor allelic exclusion: an update and reappraisal. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 185:3801-8. [PMID: 20858891 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1001158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Most lymphocytes express cell surface Ag receptor chains from single alleles of distinct Ig or TCR loci. Since the identification of Ag receptor allelic exclusion, the importance of this process and the precise molecular mechanisms by which it is achieved have remained enigmatic. This brief review summarizes current knowledge of the extent to which Ig and TCR loci are subject to allelic exclusion. Recent progress in studying and defining mechanistic steps and molecules that may control the monoallelic initiation and subsequent inhibition of V-to-(D)-J recombination is outlined using the mouse TCRβ locus as a model with frequent comparisons to the mouse IgH and Igκ loci. Potential consequences of defects in mechanisms that control Ag receptor allelic exclusion and a reappraisal of the physiologic relevance of this immunologic process also are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenna L Brady
- Immunology Graduate Group, Division of Cancer Pathobiology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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42
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Yin B, Ma G, Yen CY, Zhou Z, Wang GX, Divino CM, Casares S, Chen SH, Yang WC, Pan PY. Myeloid-derived suppressor cells prevent type 1 diabetes in murine models. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 185:5828-34. [PMID: 20956337 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0903636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Effective immunotherapy for type 1 diabetes (T1D) relies on active induction of peripheral tolerance. Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) play a critical role in suppressing immune responses in various pathologic settings via multiple mechanisms, including expansion of regulatory T cells (Tregs). In this study, we investigated whether MDSCs could act as APCs to induce expansion of Ag-specific Tregs, suppress T cell proliferation, and prevent autoimmune T1D development. We found that MDSC-mediated expansion of Tregs and T cell suppression required MHC-dependent Ag presentation. A murine T1D model was established in INS-HA/RAG(-/-) mice in which animals received CD4-HA-TCR transgenic T cells via adoptive transfer. We found a significant reduction in the incidence of diabetes in recipients receiving MDSC plus HA, but not OVA peptide, leading to 75% diabetes-free mice among the treated animals. To test further whether MDSCs could prevent diabetes onset in NOD mice, nondiabetic NOD/SCID mice were injected with inflammatory T cells from diabetic NOD mice. MDSCs significantly prevented diabetes onset, and 60% of MDSC-treated mice remained diabetes free. The pancreata of treated mice showed significantly lower levels of lymphocyte infiltration in islet and less insulitis compared with that of the control groups. The protective effects of MDSCs might be mediated by inducing anergy in autoreactive T cells and the development of CD4(+)CD25(+)Foxp3(+) Tregs. Thist study demonstrates a remarkable capacity of transferred MDSCs to downregulate Ag-specific autoimmune responses and prevent diabetes onset, suggesting that MDSCs possess great potential as a novel cell-based tolerogenic therapy in the control of T1D and other autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingjiao Yin
- Department of Gene and Cell Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA
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43
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Abstract
The allelic exclusion of immunoglobulin (Ig) genes is one of the most evolutionarily conserved features of the adaptive immune system and underlies the monospecificity of B cells. While much has been learned about how Ig allelic exclusion is established during B-cell development, the relevance of monospecificity to B-cell function remains enigmatic. Here, we review the theoretical models that have been proposed to explain the establishment of Ig allelic exclusion and focus on the molecular mechanisms utilized by developing B cells to ensure the monoallelic expression of Ig kappa and Ig lambda light chain genes. We also discuss the physiological consequences of Ig allelic exclusion and speculate on the importance of monospecificity of B cells for immune recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Vettermann
- Division of Immunology & Pathogenesis, Department of Molecular & Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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44
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Abstract
CD4(+)CD25(+) regulatory T (Treg) cells can play a critical role in the prevention of autoimmunity, as evidenced by the cataclysmic autoimmune disease that develops in mice and humans lacking the key transcription factor forkhead box protein 3 (Foxp3). At present, however, how and whether Treg cells participate in the development of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), which has both systemic manifestations and a joint-targeted pathology that characterizes the disease, remains unclear. In this review, we describe work that has been carried out aimed at determining the role of Treg cells in disease development in RA patients and in mouse models of inflammatory arthritis. We also describe studies in a new model of spontaneous autoimmune arthritis (TS1 x HACII mice), in which disease is caused by CD4(+) T cells recognizing a neo-self-antigen expressed by systemically distributed antigen-presenting cells. We show that TS1 x HACII mice develop arthritis despite the presence of CD4(+)CD25(+)Foxp3(+) Treg cells that recognize this target autoantigen, and we outline steps in the development of arthritis at which Treg cells might potentially act, or fail to act, in the development of inflammatory arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soyoung Oh
- The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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45
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Bialer G, Horovitz-Fried M, Ya’acobi S, Morgan RA, Cohen CJ. Selected Murine Residues Endow Human TCR with Enhanced Tumor Recognition. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 184:6232-41. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0902047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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46
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Abstract
Antigen receptor-controlled checkpoints in B lymphocyte development are crucial for the prevention of autoimmune diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus. Checkpoints at the stage of pre-B cell receptor (pre-BCR) and BCR expression can eliminate certain autoreactive BCRs either by deletion of or anergy induction in cells expressing autoreactive BCRs or by receptor editing. For T cells, the picture is more complex because there are regulatory T (T(reg)) cells that mediate dominant tolerance, which differs from the recessive tolerance mediated by deletion and anergy. Negative selection of thymocytes may be as essential as T(reg) cell generation in preventing autoimmune diseases such as type 1 diabetes, but supporting evidence is scarce. Here we discuss several scenarios in which failures at developmental checkpoints result in autoimmunity.
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Kawamura K, Yao K, Shukaliak-Quandt JA, Huh J, Baig M, Quigley L, Ito N, Necker A, McFarland HF, Muraro PA, Martin R, Ito K. Different development of myelin basic protein agonist- and antagonist-specific human TCR transgenic T cells in the thymus and periphery. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 181:5462-72. [PMID: 18832703 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.181.8.5462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Myelin basic protein (MBP)-specific T cells are thought to play a role in the development of multiple sclerosis. MBP residues 111-129 compose an immunodominant epitope cluster restricted by HLA-DRB1*0401. The sequence of residues 111-129 of MBP (MBP(111-129)) differs in humans (MBP122:Arg) and mice (MBP122:Lys) at aa 122. We previously found that approximately 50% of human MBP(111-129) (MBP122:Arg)-specific T cell clones, including MS2-3C8 can proliferate in response to mouse MBP(111-129) (MBP122:Lys). However, the other half of T cell clones, including HD4-1C2, cannot proliferate in response to MBP(111-129) (MBP122:Lys). We found that MBP(111-129) (MBP122:Lys) is an antagonist for HD4-1C2 TCR, therefore, MS2-3C8 and HD4-1C2 TCRs are agonist- and antagonist-specific TCRs in mice, respectively. Therefore, we examined the development of HD4-1C2 TCR and MS2-3C8 TCR transgenic (Tg) T cells in the thymus and periphery. We found that dual TCR expression exclusively facilitates the development of MBP(111-129) TCR Tg T cells in the periphery of HD4-1C2 TCR/HLA-DRB1*0401 Tg mice although it is not required for their development in the thymus. We also found that MS2-3C8 TCR Tg CD8(+) T cells develop along with MS2-3C8 TCR Tg CD4(+) T cells, and that dual TCR expression was crucial for the development of MS2-3C8 TCR Tg CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells in the thymus and periphery, respectively. These results suggest that thymic and peripheral development of MBP-specific T cells are different; however, dual TCR expression can facilitate their development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuyuki Kawamura
- Neuroimmunology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Schenk U, Westendorf AM, Radaelli E, Casati A, Ferro M, Fumagalli M, Verderio C, Buer J, Scanziani E, Grassi F. Purinergic control of T cell activation by ATP released through pannexin-1 hemichannels. Sci Signal 2008; 1:ra6. [PMID: 18827222 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.1160583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 333] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
T cell receptor (TCR) stimulation results in the influx of Ca(2+), which is buffered by mitochondria and promotes adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthesis. We found that ATP released from activated T cells through pannexin-1 hemichannels activated purinergic P2X receptors (P2XRs) to sustain mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling. P2XR antagonists, such as oxidized ATP (oATP), blunted MAPK activation in stimulated T cells, but did not affect the nuclear translocation of the transcription factor nuclear factor of activated T cells, thus promoting T cell anergy. In vivo administration of oATP blocked the onset of diabetes mediated by anti-islet TCR transgenic T cells and impaired the development of colitogenic T cells in inflammatory bowel disease. Thus, pharmacological inhibition of ATP release and signaling could be beneficial in treating T cell-mediated inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ursula Schenk
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland
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Rankin AL, Reed AJ, Oh S, Cozzo Picca C, Guay HM, Larkin J, Panarey L, Aitken MK, Koeberlein B, Lipsky PE, Tomaszewski JE, Naji A, Caton AJ. CD4+ T cells recognizing a single self-peptide expressed by APCs induce spontaneous autoimmune arthritis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 180:833-41. [PMID: 18178822 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.180.2.833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
We have examined processes leading to the spontaneous development of autoimmune inflammatory arthritis in transgenic mice containing CD4+ T cells targeted to a nominal Ag (hemagglutinin (HA)) and coexpressing HA driven by a MHC class II promoter. Despite being subjected to multiple tolerance mechanisms, autoreactive CD4+ T cells accumulate in the periphery of these mice and promote systemic proinflammatory cytokine production. The majority of mice spontaneously develop inflammatory arthritis, which is accompanied by an enhanced regional immune response in lymph nodes draining major joints. Arthritis development is accompanied by systemic B cell activation; however, neither B cells nor Ab is required for arthritis development, since disease develops in a B cell-deficient background. Moreover, arthritis also develops in a recombinase activating gene-deficient background, indicating that the disease process is driven by CD4+ T cells recognizing the neo-self HA Ag. These findings show that autoreactive CD4+ T cells recognizing a single self-Ag, expressed by systemically distributed APCs, can induce arthritis via a mechanism that is independent of their ability to provide help for autoantibody production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew L Rankin
- The Wistar Institute, Department of Surgery, University of Pennsylvania Medical Center, Philadelphia 19104, USA
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50
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Xue SA, Bendle GM, Holler A, Stauss HJ. Generation and characterization of transgenic mice expressing a T-cell receptor specific for the tumour-associated antigen MDM2. Immunology 2008; 124:315-21. [PMID: 18217949 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2007.02793.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
T-cell-based antigen-specific immunotherapy targeting tumour-associated antigens offers the potential for cancer immunotherapy. However, the majority of identified tumour-associated antigens are also expressed at low levels in normal tissues and mechanisms of tolerance induction are likely to affect the quality of T-cell responses to such antigens. In this study a T-cell receptor transgenic model was developed to determine the magnitude of T-cell tolerance to the tumour-associated antigen murine double minute-2 (MDM2), a widely expressed protein that is found at elevated levels in many tumours. The analysis of transgenic mice showed that thymic deletion was responsible for purging large numbers of MDM2-specific T cells from the repertoire. However, some T cells with specificity for MDM2 were able to escape thymic deletion and persisted in the peripheral T-cell pool. Functional analysis revealed that these T cells displayed defects in antigen-driven expansion. This functional impairment of the MDM2-specific T cells was maintained following adoptive transfer of the T cells into hosts that were unable to present the T-cell-receptor-recognized antigen. This study demonstrates that thymic deletion and the functional impairment of T cells present in the periphery both operate to establish T-cell tolerance to the tumour-associated antigen MDM2. Furthermore, the tolerant phenotype was stable and did not require continuous MDM2 peptide presentation in normal tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shao-An Xue
- Department of Immunology & Molecular Pathology, University College London, Royal Free Hospital, London, UK
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