1
|
Abdallah MG, Teoh VSI, Dutta B, Yokomizo T, Osato M. Childhood hematopoietic stem cells constitute the permissive window for RUNX1-ETO leukemogenesis. Int J Hematol 2023; 117:830-838. [PMID: 37129801 DOI: 10.1007/s12185-023-03605-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 04/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Cancer is a very rare event at the cellular level, although it is a common disease at the body level as one third of humans die of cancer. A small subset of cells in the body harbor the cellular features that constitute a permissive window for a particular genetic change to induce cancer. The significance of a permissive window is ironically best shown by a large number of failures in generating the animal model for acute myeloid leukemia (AML) with t(8;21). Over the decades, the RUNX1-ETO fusion gene created by t(8;21) has been introduced into various types of hematopoietic cells, largely at adult stage, in mice; however, all the previous attempts failed to generate tractable AML models. In stark contrast, we recently succeeded in inducing AML with the clinical features seen in human patients by specifically introducing RUNX1-ETO in childhood hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). This result in mice is consistent with adolescent and young adult (AYA) onset in human t(8;21) patients, and suggests that childhood HSCs constitute the permissive window for RUNX1-ETO leukemogenesis. If loss of a permissive window is induced pharmacologically, cancer cells might be selectively targeted. Such a permissive window modifier may serve as a novel therapeutic drug.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Gaber Abdallah
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Vania Swee Imm Teoh
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Bibek Dutta
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Tomomasa Yokomizo
- Department of Microscopic and Developmental Anatomy, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Motomi Osato
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
- International Research Center for Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 2-2-1 Honjo, Chuo-Ku, Kumamoto, 860-0811, Japan.
- Department of General Internal Medicine, Kumamoto Kenhoku Hospital, Tamana, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Elsehly WM, Mourad GM, Mehanna RA, Kholief MA, El-Nikhely NA, Awaad AK, Attia MH. The potential implications of estrogenic and antioxidant-dependent activities of high doses of methyl paraben on MCF7 breast cancer cells. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2022; 36:e23012. [PMID: 35174924 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.23012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Methyl paraben (MP) is an endocrine-disrupting compound that possesses estrogenic properties and contributes to an aberrant burden of estrogen signaling in the human breast and subsequently increasing the risks for the development of breast cancer. The exact exposure, as well as the safe concentrations, are variable among daily products. The present study addresses the effects of exposure to escalated concentrations of MP on the proliferation of MCF-7 breast cancer cells in addition to exploring its other mechanisms of action. The study involved exposure of cultured MCF-7 breast cancer cells to seven MP concentrations, ranging from 40 to 800 µM for 5 days. Cell viability, apoptosis, and proliferation were respectively assessed using crystal violet test, flow cytometric analysis, and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction for Ki-67 expression. The estradiol (E2) secretion and oxidative stress were also assessed and analyzed in correlation to MP's proliferation and cytotoxicity potentials. The results showed that the maximum proliferative concentration of MP was 800 µM. At a concentration of 40 μM and higher, MP induced increased expression of Ki-67, denoting enhanced proliferation of the cells in monolayer culture. A positive correlation between the detrimental oxidative stress effect of MP's tested concentrations, cell proliferation, and viability was demonstrated (p < 0.05). Our results indicated that MP at high doses induced sustained cell proliferation due to E2 secretion as well as its antioxidant activity. Accordingly, it was concluded that high and unpredicted exposure to MP might carry a carcinogenic hazard on estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wafaa M Elsehly
- Forensic Medicine and Clinical Toxicology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Ghada M Mourad
- Center of Excellence for Research in Regenerative Medicine and Applications (CERRMA), Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt.,Department of Histology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Radwa A Mehanna
- Center of Excellence for Research in Regenerative Medicine and Applications (CERRMA), Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt.,Medical Physiology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Marwa A Kholief
- Forensic Medicine and Clinical Toxicology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt.,Center of Excellence for Research in Regenerative Medicine and Applications (CERRMA), Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Nefertiti A El-Nikhely
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Graduate Studies and Research, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Ashraf K Awaad
- Center of Excellence for Research in Regenerative Medicine and Applications (CERRMA), Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - MennattAllah H Attia
- Forensic Medicine and Clinical Toxicology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Melo Garcia L, Barabé F. Harnessing Macrophages through the Blockage of CD47: Implications for Acute Myeloid Leukemia. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13246258. [PMID: 34944878 PMCID: PMC8699809 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13246258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
CD47 is a surface membrane protein expressed by all normal tissues. It is the so-called "don't eat me signal" because it protects the cells against phagocytosis. The CD47 interacts with the signal regulatory protein alpha (SIRPα) on the surface of macrophages, leading to downstream inhibitory signaling that dampens phagocytic capacity. Since macrophages exert immune surveillance against cancers, cancer cells overexpress CD47 to defend themselves against phagocytosis. Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a cancer of hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells (HSPC), and similar to other types of cancers, leukemic blasts show enhanced levels of CD47. In patients with AML, CD47 has been associated with a higher disease burden and poor overall survival. Blockage of CD47-SIRPα signaling leads to improved phagocytosis of AML cells and better overall survival in xenograft models. However, the introduction of a pro-phagocytic signal is needed to induce greater phagocytic capacity. These pro-phagocytic signals can be either Fc receptor stimulants (such as monoclonal antibodies) or natural pro-phagocytic molecules (such as calreticulin). Based on these pre-clinical findings, various clinical trials investigating the blockade of CD47-SIRPα interaction have been designed as monotherapy and in combination with other anti-leukemic agents. In this review, we will discuss CD47 biology, highlight its implications for AML pathophysiology, and explore the potential clinical translation of disrupting CD47-SIRPα to treat patients with AML.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luciana Melo Garcia
- MD Anderson Cancer Center, Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, University of Texas, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
| | - Frédéric Barabé
- MD Anderson Cancer Center, Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, University of Texas, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec—Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Shenouda S, Kulkarni K, Abuetabh Y, Sergi C. Cancer Stem Cells and their Management in Cancer Therapy. Recent Pat Anticancer Drug Discov 2021; 15:212-227. [PMID: 32660407 DOI: 10.2174/1574892815666200713145931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the last decade, the proposed Cancer Stem Cell (CSC) hypothesis has steadily changed the way cancer treatment is approached. CSCs may be the source of the heterogeneous non-tumorigenic cell population included in a neoplasm. Intratumor and intertumoral heterogeneity is a well-known phenomenon that massively entangles the diagnosis and treatment of cancer. The literature seems to suggest that heterogeneity develops progressively within tumor-initiating stem cells. CSCs harbor genetic and/or epigenetic alterations that allow them to differentiate into multiple tumor cell types sequentially. OBJECTIVE The CSC hypothesis, cellular therapy, and the most recent patents on CSCs were reviewed. METHODS PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar were screened for this information. Also, an analysis of the most recent data targeting CSCs in pediatric cancer developed at two Canadian institutions is provided. The genes involved with the activation of CSCs and the drugs used to antagonize them are also highlighted. RESULTS It is underlined that (1) CSCs possess stem cell-like properties, including the ability for self-renewal; (2) CSCs can start carcinogenesis and are responsible for tumor recurrence after treatment; (3) Although some limitations have been raised, which may oppose the CSC hypothesis, cancer progression and metastasis have been recognized to be caused by CSCs. CONCLUSION The significant roles of cell therapy may include an auto-transplant with high-dose treatment, an improvement of the immune function, creation of chimeric antigen receptor T cells, and the recruitment of NK cell-based immunotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Suzan Shenouda
- Department of Lab. Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Ketan Kulkarni
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Yasser Abuetabh
- Department of Lab. Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Consolato Sergi
- Department of Lab. Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Supper E, Rudat S, Iyer V, Droop A, Wong K, Spinella JF, Thomas P, Sauvageau G, Adams DJ, Wong CC. Cut-like homeobox 1 (CUX1) tumor suppressor gene haploinsufficiency induces apoptosis evasion to sustain myeloid leukemia. Nat Commun 2021; 12:2482. [PMID: 33931647 PMCID: PMC8087769 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-22750-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
While oncogenes promote tumorigenesis, they also induce deleterious cellular stresses, such as apoptosis, that cancer cells must combat by coopting adaptive responses. Whether tumor suppressor gene haploinsufficiency leads to such phenomena and their mechanistic basis is unclear. Here, we demonstrate that elevated levels of the anti-apoptotic factor, CASP8 and FADD-like apoptosis regulator (CFLAR), promotes apoptosis evasion in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cells haploinsufficient for the cut-like homeobox 1 (CUX1) transcription factor, whose loss is associated with dismal clinical prognosis. Genome-wide CRISPR/Cas9 screening identifies CFLAR as a selective, acquired vulnerability in CUX1-deficient AML, which can be mimicked therapeutically using inhibitor of apoptosis (IAP) antagonists in murine and human AML cells. Mechanistically, CUX1 deficiency directly alleviates CUX1 repression of the CFLAR promoter to drive CFLAR expression and leukemia survival. These data establish how haploinsufficiency of a tumor suppressor is sufficient to induce advantageous anti-apoptosis cell survival pathways and concurrently nominate CFLAR as potential therapeutic target in these poor-prognosis leukemias.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- Apoptosis/genetics
- CASP8 and FADD-Like Apoptosis Regulating Protein/genetics
- CASP8 and FADD-Like Apoptosis Regulating Protein/metabolism
- Cell Cycle/drug effects
- Cell Cycle/genetics
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Cell Proliferation/genetics
- Cell Survival/genetics
- Chromatin Immunoprecipitation
- Dipeptides/pharmacology
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/drug effects
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/genetics
- Gene Ontology
- Genes, Tumor Suppressor
- Haploinsufficiency
- Hematopoietic Stem Cells/metabolism
- Homeodomain Proteins/genetics
- Homeodomain Proteins/metabolism
- Humans
- Indoles/pharmacology
- Kaplan-Meier Estimate
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/genetics
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/metabolism
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/mortality
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/pathology
- Leukemia, Myelomonocytic, Chronic/genetics
- Leukemia, Myelomonocytic, Chronic/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Mutation
- Nuclear Proteins/deficiency
- Nuclear Proteins/genetics
- Nuclear Proteins/metabolism
- Promoter Regions, Genetic
- Protein Array Analysis
- Repressor Proteins/deficiency
- Repressor Proteins/genetics
- Repressor Proteins/metabolism
- fms-Like Tyrosine Kinase 3/genetics
- fms-Like Tyrosine Kinase 3/metabolism
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuelle Supper
- Experimental Cancer Genetics, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
| | - Saskia Rudat
- Experimental Cancer Genetics, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
| | - Vivek Iyer
- Experimental Cancer Genetics, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
| | - Alastair Droop
- Experimental Cancer Genetics, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
| | - Kim Wong
- Experimental Cancer Genetics, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
| | - Jean-François Spinella
- The Leucegene Project at Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Université de Montréal, 2950 Chemin de Polytechnique Pavillon, Marcelle-Coutu, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Patrick Thomas
- Experimental Cancer Genetics, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
| | - Guy Sauvageau
- The Leucegene Project at Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Université de Montréal, 2950 Chemin de Polytechnique Pavillon, Marcelle-Coutu, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - David J Adams
- Experimental Cancer Genetics, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
| | - Chi C Wong
- Experimental Cancer Genetics, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK.
- Department of Haematology, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Abstract
Being the second leading cause of death globally, cancer has been a long-standing and rapidly evolving focus of biomedical research and practice in the world. A tremendous effort has been made to understand the origin of cancer cells, the formation of cancerous tissues, and the mechanism by which they spread and relapse, but the disease still remains mysterious. Here, we made an attempt to scrutinize evidences that indicate the role of stem cells in tumorigenesis and metastasis, and cancer relapse. We also looked into the influence of cancers on stem cells, which in turn represent a major constituent of tumor microenvironment. Based on current understandings of the properties of (cancer) stem cells and their relation to cancers, we can foresee that novel therapeutic approaches would become the next wave of cancer treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wen Yin
- Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Sichuan University West China Hospital, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Jialing Wang
- Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Sichuan University West China Hospital, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Linling Jiang
- Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Sichuan University West China Hospital, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Y James Kang
- Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Sichuan University West China Hospital, Sichuan 610041, China.,Memphis Institute of Regenerative Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Cable J, Fuchs E, Weissman I, Jasper H, Glass D, Rando TA, Blau H, Debnath S, Oliva A, Park S, Passegué E, Kim C, Krasnow MA. Adult stem cells and regenerative medicine-a symposium report. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2020; 1462:27-36. [PMID: 31655007 PMCID: PMC7135961 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Adult stem cells are rare, undifferentiated cells found in all tissues of the body. Although normally kept in a quiescent, nondividing state, these cells can proliferate and differentiate to replace naturally dying cells within their tissue and to repair its wounds in response to injury. Due to their proliferative nature and ability to regenerate tissue, adult stem cells have the potential to treat a variety of degenerative diseases as well as aging. In addition, since stem cells are often thought to be the source of malignant tumors, understanding the mechanisms that keep their proliferative abilities in check can pave the way for new cancer therapies. While adult stem cells have had limited practical and clinical applications to date, several clinical trials of stem cell-based therapies are underway. This report details recent research presented at the New York Academy of Sciences on March 14, 2019 on understanding the factors that regulate stem cell activity and differentiation, with the hope of translating these findings into the clinic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Elaine Fuchs
- Robin Chemers Neustein Laboratory of Mammalian Cell Biology and Development, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York
| | - Irving Weissman
- Pathology Stem Cell Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | | | | | - Thomas A Rando
- Neurology & Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Helen Blau
- Microbiology and Immunology - Baxter Labs, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Shawon Debnath
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
| | | | - Sangbum Park
- Department of Genetics, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Emmanuelle Passegué
- Columbia Stem Cell Initiative, Department of Genetics & Development, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Carla Kim
- Dana Farber/Harvard Cancer Center, Boston, Massachusetts
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Stem Cell Program, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Genetics Department, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Mark A Krasnow
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Gholamin S, Mitra SS, Feroze AH, Liu J, Kahn SA, Zhang M, Esparza R, Richard C, Ramaswamy V, Remke M, Volkmer AK, Willingham S, Ponnuswami A, McCarty A, Lovelace P, Storm TA, Schubert S, Hutter G, Narayanan C, Chu P, Raabe EH, Harsh G, Taylor MD, Monje M, Cho YJ, Majeti R, Volkmer JP, Fisher PG, Grant G, Steinberg GK, Vogel H, Edwards M, Weissman IL, Cheshier SH. Disrupting the CD47-SIRPα anti-phagocytic axis by a humanized anti-CD47 antibody is an efficacious treatment for malignant pediatric brain tumors. Sci Transl Med 2017; 9:9/381/eaaf2968. [PMID: 28298418 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aaf2968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 295] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Revised: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Morbidity and mortality associated with pediatric malignant primary brain tumors remain high in the absence of effective therapies. Macrophage-mediated phagocytosis of tumor cells via blockade of the anti-phagocytic CD47-SIRPα interaction using anti-CD47 antibodies has shown promise in preclinical xenografts of various human malignancies. We demonstrate the effect of a humanized anti-CD47 antibody, Hu5F9-G4, on five aggressive and etiologically distinct pediatric brain tumors: group 3 medulloblastoma (primary and metastatic), atypical teratoid rhabdoid tumor, primitive neuroectodermal tumor, pediatric glioblastoma, and diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma. Hu5F9-G4 demonstrated therapeutic efficacy in vitro and in vivo in patient-derived orthotopic xenograft models. Intraventricular administration of Hu5F9-G4 further enhanced its activity against disseminated medulloblastoma leptomeningeal disease. Notably, Hu5F9-G4 showed minimal activity against normal human neural cells in vitro and in vivo, a phenomenon reiterated in an immunocompetent allograft glioma model. Thus, Hu5F9-G4 is a potentially safe and effective therapeutic agent for managing multiple pediatric central nervous system malignancies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sharareh Gholamin
- Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery, Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.,Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine and the Stanford Ludwig Cancer Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Siddhartha S Mitra
- Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery, Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA. .,Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine and the Stanford Ludwig Cancer Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Abdullah H Feroze
- Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery, Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Jie Liu
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Suzana A Kahn
- Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery, Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.,Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine and the Stanford Ludwig Cancer Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Michael Zhang
- Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery, Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Rogelio Esparza
- Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery, Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Chase Richard
- Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery, Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Vijay Ramaswamy
- Division of Haematology/Oncology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X8, Canada.,Division of Neurosurgery, Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - Marc Remke
- Division of Haematology/Oncology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X8, Canada.,Division of Neurosurgery, Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X8, Canada.,Division of Pediatric Neurooncology, German Consortium for Translational Cancer Research, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Anne K Volkmer
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine and the Stanford Ludwig Cancer Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.,Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University of Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Stephen Willingham
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine and the Stanford Ludwig Cancer Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Anitha Ponnuswami
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Aaron McCarty
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine and the Stanford Ludwig Cancer Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Patricia Lovelace
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine and the Stanford Ludwig Cancer Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Theresa A Storm
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine and the Stanford Ludwig Cancer Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Simone Schubert
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Gregor Hutter
- Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery, Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Cyndhavi Narayanan
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Pauline Chu
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Eric H Raabe
- Division of Pediatric Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Griffith Harsh
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Michael D Taylor
- Division of Neurosurgery, Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - Michelle Monje
- Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery, Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.,Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine and the Stanford Ludwig Cancer Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.,Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Yoon-Jae Cho
- Department of Pediatrics and Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97231, USA
| | - Ravi Majeti
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine and the Stanford Ludwig Cancer Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.,Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Jens P Volkmer
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine and the Stanford Ludwig Cancer Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Paul G Fisher
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Gerald Grant
- Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery, Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Gary K Steinberg
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Hannes Vogel
- Departments of Pathology and Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Michael Edwards
- Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery, Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Irving L Weissman
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine and the Stanford Ludwig Cancer Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.,Departments of Pathology and Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Samuel H Cheshier
- Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery, Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA. .,Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine and the Stanford Ludwig Cancer Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Abstract
I started research in high school, experimenting on immunological tolerance to transplantation antigens. This led to studies of the thymus as the site of maturation of T cells, which led to the discovery, isolation, and clinical transplantation of purified hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). The induction of immune tolerance with HSCs has led to isolation of other tissue-specific stem cells for regenerative medicine. Our studies of circulating competing germline stem cells in colonial protochordates led us to document competing HSCs. In human acute myelogenous leukemia we showed that all preleukemic mutations occur in HSCs, and determined their order; the final mutations occur in a multipotent progenitor derived from the preleukemic HSC clone. With these, we discovered that CD47 is an upregulated gene in all human cancers and is a "don't eat me" signal; blocking it with antibodies leads to cancer cell phagocytosis. CD47 is the first known gene common to all cancers and is a target for cancer immunotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Irving Weissman
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, and Ludwig Center for Cancer Stem Cell Research and Medicine at Stanford, Stanford, CA 94305
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Yu X, Wang Y, Lin J, Hu Y, Kawai T, Taubman MA, Han X. Lipopolysaccharides-Induced Suppression of Innate-Like B Cell Apoptosis Is Enhanced by CpG Oligodeoxynucleotide and Requires Toll-Like Receptors 2 and 4. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0165862. [PMID: 27812176 PMCID: PMC5094738 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0165862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Innate-like B lymphocytes play an important role in innate immunity in periodontal disease through Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling. However, it is unknown how innate-like B cell apoptosis is affected by the periodontal infection-associated innate signals. This study is to determine the effects of two major TLR ligands, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and CpG-oligodeoxynucleotides (CpG-ODN), on innate-like B cell apoptosis. Spleen B cells were isolated from wild type (WT), TLR2 knockout (KO) and TLR4 KO mice and cultured with E. coli LPS alone, P. gingivalis LPS alone, or combined with CpG-ODN for 2 days. B cell apoptosis and expressions of specific apoptosis-related genes were analyzed by flow cytometry and real-time PCR respectively. P. gingivalis LPS, but not E. coli LPS, reduced the percentage of AnnexinV+/7-AAD- cells within IgMhighCD23lowCD43-CD93- marginal zone (MZ) B cell sub-population and IgMhighCD23lowCD43+CD93+ innate response activator (IRA) B cell sub-population in WT but not TLR2KO or TLR4KO mice. CpG-ODN combined with P. gingivalis LPS further reduced the percentage of AnnexinV+/7-AAD- cells within MZ B cells and IRA B cells in WT but not TLR2 KO or TLR4 KO mice. Pro-apoptotic CASP4, CASP9 and Dapk1 were significantly down-regulated in P. gingivalis LPS- and CpG-ODN-treated B cells from WT but not TLR2 KO or TLR4 KO mice. Anti-apoptotic IL-10 was significantly up-regulated in P. gingivalis LPS- and CpG-ODN-treated B cells from WT and TLR2 KO but not TLR4 KO mice. These results suggested that both TLR2 and TLR4 signaling are required for P. gingivalis LPS-induced, CpG-ODN-enhanced suppression of innate-like B cell apoptosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqian Yu
- The Forsyth Institute, Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
- Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Department of Periodontology, Beijing, China
| | - Yuhua Wang
- The Forsyth Institute, Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
- Ninth People’s Hospital, College of Stomatology, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Department of Prosthodontics, Shanghai Key laboratory, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiang Lin
- The Forsyth Institute, Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
- The Fourth Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Department of stomatology, Harbin, China
| | - Yang Hu
- The Forsyth Institute, Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
| | - Toshihisa Kawai
- The Forsyth Institute, Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
| | - Martin A. Taubman
- The Forsyth Institute, Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
| | - Xiaozhe Han
- The Forsyth Institute, Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Cermeño EA, García AJ. Tumor-Initiating Cells: Emerging Biophysical Methods of Isolation. CURRENT STEM CELL REPORTS 2016; 2:21-32. [PMID: 27141429 PMCID: PMC4851112 DOI: 10.1007/s40778-016-0036-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The discovery and subsequent isolation of tumor-initiating cells (TICs), a small population of highly tumorigenic and drug-resistant cancer cells also called cancer stem cells (CSCs), have revolutionized our understanding of cancer. TICs are isolated using various methodologies, including selection of surface marker expression, ALDH activity, suspension culture, and chemotherapy/drug resistance. These methods have several drawbacks, including their variability, lack of robustness and scalability, and low specificity. Alternative methods of purification take advantage of biophysical properties of TICs including their adhesion and stiffness. This review will provide a brief overview of TIC biology as well as review the most important methods of TIC isolation with a focus on biophysical methods of TIC purification.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Efraín A. Cermeño
- Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA
- Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA
| | - Andrés J. García
- Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA
- Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Weissman I. Evolution of normal and neoplastic tissue stem cells: progress after Robert Hooke. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2015; 370:20140364. [PMID: 26416675 PMCID: PMC4633993 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2014.0364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The appearance of stem cells coincides with the transition from single-celled organisms to metazoans. Stem cells are capable of self-renewal as well as differentiation. Each tissue is maintained by self-renewing tissue-specific stem cells. The accumulation of mutations that lead to preleukaemia are in the blood-forming stem cell, while the transition to leukaemia stem cells occurs in the clone at a progenitor stage. All leukaemia and cancer cells escape being removed by scavenger macrophages by expressing the 'don't eat me' signal CD47. Blocking antibodies to CD47 are therapeutics for all cancers, and are currently being tested in clinical trials in the US and UK.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Irving Weissman
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA Ludwig Center for Cancer Stem Cell Research and Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Sánchez-Martínez D, Azaceta G, Muntasell A, Aguiló N, Núñez D, Gálvez EM, Naval J, Anel A, Palomera L, Vilches C, Marzo I, Villalba M, Pardo J. Human NK cells activated by EBV + lymphoblastoid cells overcome anti-apoptotic mechanisms of drug resistance in haematological cancer cells. Oncoimmunology 2015; 4:e991613. [PMID: 25949911 DOI: 10.4161/2162402x.2014.991613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2014] [Accepted: 11/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells recognize and eliminate transformed or infected cells that have downregulated MHC class-I and express specific activating ligands. Recent evidence indicates that allogeneic NK cells are useful to eliminate haematological cancer cells independently of MHC-I expression. However, it is unclear if transformed cells expressing mutations that confer anti-apoptotic properties and chemoresistance will be susceptible to NK cells. Allogeneic primary human NK cells were activated using different protocols and prospectively tested for their ability to eliminate diverse mutant haematological and apoptotic-resistant cancer cell lines as well as patient-derived B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells with chemotherapy multiresistance. Here, we show that human NK cells from healthy donors activated in vitro with Epstein Barr virus positive (EBV+)-lymphoblastoid cells display an enhanced cytotoxic and proliferative potential in comparison to other protocols of activation such a K562 cells plus interleukin (IL)2. This enhancement enables them to kill more efficiently a variety of haematological cancer cell lines, including a panel of transfectants that mimic natural mutations leading to oncogenic transformation and chemoresistance (e.g., overexpression of Bcl-2, Bcl-XL and Mcl-1 or downregulation of p53, Bak/Bax or caspase activity). The effect was also observed against blasts from B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia patients showing multi-resistance to chemotherapy. Our findings demonstrate that particular in vitro activated NK cells may overcome anti-apoptotic mechanisms and oncogenic alterations frequently occurring in transformed cells, pointing toward the use of EBV+-lymphoblastoid cells as a desirable strategy to activate NK cells in vitro for the purpose of treating haematological neoplasia with poor prognosis.
Collapse
Key Words
- B-CLL, B cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia
- B lymphoblastoid cell line
- EBV, Epstein-Barr virus
- IAP, inhibitor of apoptosis
- KIR, killer inhibitory receptor
- LCL, lymphoblastoid B cell line
- NK cells
- NK, natural killer
- NKR, NK cell receptor
- PBL, peripheral blood lymphocyte
- PBMC, peripheral blood mononuclear cell
- Tc, cytotoxic T
- apoptosis
- haematological neoplasia
- multidrug acquired resistance
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Diego Sánchez-Martínez
- Immune Effector Cells Group (ICE); Aragón Health Research Institute (IIS Aragón); Edificio CIBA; Biomedical Research Center of Aragón (CIBA) ; Zaragoza, Spain ; Cell Immunity in Inflammation; Infection and Cancer Group; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Cell Biology; University of Zaragoza ; Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Gemma Azaceta
- Servicio de Hematología; Hospital Clínico Universitario; Instituto Aragonés de Ciencias de la Salud (IACS); Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Aura Muntasell
- Immunity and infection Lab; IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute) ; Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nacho Aguiló
- Apoptosis; Cancer and Immunity Group; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Cellular Biology; University of Zaragoza ; Zaragoza, Spain
| | - David Núñez
- Immune Effector Cells Group (ICE); Aragón Health Research Institute (IIS Aragón); Edificio CIBA; Biomedical Research Center of Aragón (CIBA) ; Zaragoza, Spain ; Cell Immunity in Inflammation; Infection and Cancer Group; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Cell Biology; University of Zaragoza ; Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Eva M Gálvez
- Immune Effector Cells Group (ICE); Aragón Health Research Institute (IIS Aragón); Edificio CIBA; Biomedical Research Center of Aragón (CIBA) ; Zaragoza, Spain ; Instituto de Carboquímica ICB-CSIC ; Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Javier Naval
- Immune Effector Cells Group (ICE); Aragón Health Research Institute (IIS Aragón); Edificio CIBA; Biomedical Research Center of Aragón (CIBA) ; Zaragoza, Spain ; Apoptosis; Cancer and Immunity Group; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Cellular Biology; University of Zaragoza ; Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Alberto Anel
- Immune Effector Cells Group (ICE); Aragón Health Research Institute (IIS Aragón); Edificio CIBA; Biomedical Research Center of Aragón (CIBA) ; Zaragoza, Spain ; Apoptosis; Cancer and Immunity Group; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Cellular Biology; University of Zaragoza ; Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Luis Palomera
- Servicio de Hematología; Hospital Clínico Universitario; Instituto Aragonés de Ciencias de la Salud (IACS); Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Carlos Vilches
- Immunogenetics & HLA; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Puerta de Hierro ; Majadahonda, Spain
| | - Isabel Marzo
- Immune Effector Cells Group (ICE); Aragón Health Research Institute (IIS Aragón); Edificio CIBA; Biomedical Research Center of Aragón (CIBA) ; Zaragoza, Spain ; Apoptosis; Cancer and Immunity Group; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Cellular Biology; University of Zaragoza ; Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Martín Villalba
- INSERM, U1040; Université de Montpellier 1; UFR Medecine; Montpellier , France ; Institut de Regenerative Medicine et Biothérapie (IRMB); CHU Montpellier ; Montpellier, France
| | - Julián Pardo
- Immune Effector Cells Group (ICE); Aragón Health Research Institute (IIS Aragón); Edificio CIBA; Biomedical Research Center of Aragón (CIBA) ; Zaragoza, Spain ; Cell Immunity in Inflammation; Infection and Cancer Group; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Cell Biology; University of Zaragoza ; Zaragoza, Spain ; Aragón I+D Foundation (ARAID); Government of Aragon , Zaragoza, Spain ; Nanoscience Institute of Aragon (INA); University of Zaragoza , Zaragoza, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Physiological functions of TNF family receptor/ligand interactions in hematopoiesis and transplantation. Blood 2014; 124:176-83. [PMID: 24859365 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2014-03-559641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Secretion of ligands of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) superfamily is a conserved response of parenchymal tissues to injury and inflammation that commonly perpetuates elimination of dysfunctional cellular components by apoptosis. The same signals of tissue injury that induce apoptosis in somatic cells activate stem cells and initiate the process of tissue regeneration as a coupling mechanism of injury and recovery. Hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells upregulate the TNF family receptors under stress conditions and are transduced with trophic signals. The progeny gradually acquires sensitivity to receptor-mediated apoptosis along the differentiation process, which becomes the major mechanism of negative regulation of mature proliferating hematopoietic lineages and immune homeostasis. Receptor/ligand interactions of the TNF family are physiological mechanisms transducing the need for repair, which may be harnessed in pathological conditions and transplantation. Because these interactions are physiological mechanisms of injury, neutralization of these pathways has to be carefully considered in disorders that do not involve intrinsic aberrations of excessive susceptibility to apoptosis.
Collapse
|
15
|
Targeting mitochondria as therapeutic strategy for metabolic disorders. ScientificWorldJournal 2014; 2014:604685. [PMID: 24757426 PMCID: PMC3976884 DOI: 10.1155/2014/604685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2013] [Accepted: 02/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are critical regulator of cell metabolism; thus, mitochondrial dysfunction is associated with many metabolic disorders. Defects in oxidative phosphorylation, ROS production, or mtDNA mutations are the main causes of mitochondrial dysfunction in many pathological conditions such as IR/diabetes, metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer. Thus, targeting mitochondria has been proposed as therapeutic approach for these conditions, leading to the development of small molecules to be tested in the clinical scenario. Here we discuss therapeutic interventions to treat mitochondrial dysfunction associated with two major metabolic disorders, metabolic syndrome, and cancer. Finally, novel mechanisms of regulation of mitochondrial function are discussed, which open new scenarios for mitochondria targeting.
Collapse
|
16
|
Piazza F, Semenzato G. Molecular therapeutic approaches to acute myeloid leukemia: targeting aberrant chromatin dynamics and signal transduction. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2014; 4:387-400. [PMID: 15161438 DOI: 10.1586/14737140.4.3.387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia research and clinical management have greatly benefited from the achievements in molecular biology regarding the identification of the underlying pathogenetic mechanisms of transformation and resistance to therapy. In particular, two categories of alterations, the aberrant activity of transcription/chromatin-remodeling factors and the deregulated activation of signal transduction pathways, have been demonstrated to play a pivotal role in leukemic cell differentiation, proliferation and resistance to apoptosis. These molecular lesions have proven to be suitable therapeutic targets in acute promyelocytic leukemia and chronic myeloid leukemia and are now also seen as therapeutic targets for a wider group of leukemic disorders. The development of novel drugs such as histone deacetylase inhibitors, demethylating agents and inhibitors of receptor tyrosine kinases may potentially benefit acute myeloid leukemia patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Piazza
- Padova University School of Medicine, Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine, Unit of Hematological Malignancies, via Orus 2 35129 Padova, Italy.
| | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Valibeigi B, Amirghofran Z, Golmoghaddam H, Hajihosseini R, Kamazani FM. Fas gene variants in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia and association with prognosis. Pathol Oncol Res 2013; 20:367-74. [PMID: 24218069 DOI: 10.1007/s12253-013-9705-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2013] [Accepted: 10/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Fas molecule is one of the main important molecules involved in apoptotic cell death. Single nucleotide polymorphisms in the promoter of Fas gene at positions -1377G/A and -670 A/G may affect its expression and play an important role in the pathology of leukemia. In the present study the association between these polymorphisms and risk of the development of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) in children with ALL compared to cancer-free control subjects was examined by polymerase chain reaction- based restriction fragment length polymorphism. The relationship between the polymorphisms and clinical and laboratory features of the patients and response to therapy were determined. No significant differences in genotype and allele frequencies between the patients and the control subjects at positions -670 and -1377 were detected. Evaluation of the prognostic factors revealed an association between the GG genotype at position -670 and liver involvement in ALL patients (p < 0.04). Although patients with -1377 AA genotype showed shorter mean complete remission duration, the result of survival analysis did not reach to be significant. In conclusion, results of this study showed no contribution of Fas genotypes at positions -670 and -1377 to risk of ALL in children. The association of Fas GG genotype at position -670 with liver involvement in the patients may show its important role in prognosis of ALL.
Collapse
|
18
|
Citronberg J, Bostick R, Ahearn T, Turgeon DK, Ruffin MT, Djuric Z, Sen A, Brenner DE, Zick SM. Effects of ginger supplementation on cell-cycle biomarkers in the normal-appearing colonic mucosa of patients at increased risk for colorectal cancer: results from a pilot, randomized, and controlled trial. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2013; 6:271-81. [PMID: 23303903 PMCID: PMC3618532 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-12-0327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
To estimate the effects of ginger on apoptosis, proliferation, and differentiation in the normal-appearing colonic mucosa, we randomized 20 people at increased risk for colorectal cancer to 2.0 g of ginger or placebo daily for 28 days in a pilot trial. Overall expression and distributions of Bax, Bcl-2, p21, hTERT, and MIB-1 (Ki-67) in colorectal crypts in rectal mucosa biopsies were measured using automated immunohistochemistry and quantitative image analysis. Relative to placebo, Bax expression in the ginger group decreased 15.6% (P = 0.78) in the whole crypts, 6.6% (P = 0.95) in the upper 40% (differentiation zone) of crypts, and 21.7% (P = 0.67) in the lower 60% (proliferative zone) of crypts; however, there was a 19% increase (P = 0.14) in Bax expression in the upper 40% relative to the whole crypt. While p21 and Bcl-2 expression remained relatively unchanged, hTERT expression in the whole crypts decreased by 41.2% (P = 0.05); the estimated treatment effect on hTERT expression was larger in the upper 40% of crypts (-47.9%; P = 0.04). In the ginger group, MIB-1 expression decreased in the whole crypts, upper 40% of crypts, and lower 60% of crypts by 16.9% (P = 0.39), 46.8% (P = 0.39), and 15.3% (P = 0.41), respectively. These pilot study results suggest that ginger may reduce proliferation in the normal-appearing colorectal epithelium and increase apoptosis and differentiation relative to proliferation--especially in the differentiation zone of the crypts and support a larger study to further investigate these results.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Roberd Bostick
- Department of Epidemiology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
- Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
| | - Thomas Ahearn
- Department of Epidemiology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
| | - D. Kim Turgeon
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School
| | - Mack T. Ruffin
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School
| | - Zora Djuric
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School
| | - Ananda Sen
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School
| | - Dean E. Brenner
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI
- VA Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Suzanna M. Zick
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Verga Falzacappa MV, Ronchini C, Reavie LB, Pelicci PG. Regulation of self-renewal in normal and cancer stem cells. FEBS J 2012; 279:3559-3572. [PMID: 22846222 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2012.08727.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Mutations can confer a selective advantage on specific cells, enabling them to go through the multistep process that leads to malignant transformation. The cancer stem cell hypothesis postulates that only a small pool of low-cycling stem-like cells is necessary and sufficient to originate and develop the disease. Normal and cancer stem cells share important functional similarities such as 'self-renewal' and differentiation potential. However, normal and cancer stem cells have different biological behaviours, mainly because of a profound deregulation of self-renewal capability in cancer stem cells. Differences in mode of division, cell-cycle properties, replicative potential and handling of DNA damage, in addition to the activation/inactivation of cancer-specific molecular pathways confer on cancer stem cells a malignant phenotype. In the last decade, much effort has been devoted to unravel the complex dynamics underlying cancer stem cell-specific characteristics. However, further studies are required to identify cancer stem cell-specific markers and targets that can help to confirm the cancer stem cell hypothesis and develop novel cancer stem cell-based therapeutic approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria V Verga Falzacappa
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy Center for Genomic Science of IIT@SEMM, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), Milan, Italy
| | - Chiara Ronchini
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy Center for Genomic Science of IIT@SEMM, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), Milan, Italy
| | - Linsey B Reavie
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy Center for Genomic Science of IIT@SEMM, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), Milan, Italy
| | - Pier G Pelicci
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy Center for Genomic Science of IIT@SEMM, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), Milan, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
AML1-ETO targets and suppresses cathepsin G, a serine protease, which is able to degrade AML1-ETO in t(8;21) acute myeloid leukemia. Oncogene 2012; 32:1978-87. [PMID: 22641217 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2012.204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Although the significance of cathepsin G (CTSG) in host defense has been intensively investigated, little is known about its potential roles in granulopoiesis or leukemogenesis. We report here that CTSG is directly targeted and suppressed by AML1-ETO in t(8;21) acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Luciferase assays demonstrate that the CTSG promoter is strongly transactivated by AML1 and the AML1-dependent transactivation is suppressed by AML1-ETO. We also define a novel regulatory mechanism by which AML1-ETO-mediated transrepression requires both AML1-ETO and AML1 binding at adjacent sites, instead of the replacement of AML1 by AML1-ETO, and wild-type AML1 binding is a prerequisite for the repressive effect caused by AML1-ETO. Further evidence shows that CTSG, as a hematopoietic serine protease, can degrade AML1-ETO both in vitro and in vivo. Restoration of CTSG induces partial differentiation, growth inhibition and apoptosis in AML1-ETO-positive cells. In addition to t(8;21) AML, CTSG downregulation is observed in AML patients with other cytogenetic/genetic abnormalities that potentially interrupt normal AML1 function, that is, inv(16) and EVI1 overexpression. Thus, the targeting and suppression of CTSG by AML1-ETO in t(8;21) AML may provide a mechanism for leukemia cells to escape from the intracellular surveillance system by preventing degradation of foreign proteins.
Collapse
|
21
|
Pordzik S, Petrovici K, Schmid C, Kroell T, Schweiger C, Köhne CH, Schmetzer H. Expression and prognostic value of FAS receptor/FAS ligand and TrailR1/TrailR2 in acute myeloid leukemia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 16:341-50. [PMID: 22183068 DOI: 10.1179/102453311x13127324303353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
We studied the expressions of FR, FL, TR1, and TR2 on blasts and T cells from 71 patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and correlated expression rates with the clinical course. Compared to AML-blasts we found higher co-expressions on healthy myeloid and T cells. Expression of all markers on blasts and on T cells was similar in different subtypes and acute stages of AML. Compared to the non-responders (n = 7) responders to the AML Cooperative Group-therapy (n = 22) presented with higher proportions of blasts co-expressing the four markers (FR: 32 vs 15%; FL: 15 vs 13%; TR1: 72 vs 37%; TR2: 24 vs 23%) or T cells (FR: 88 vs 71%; FL: 76 vs 56%; TR1: 96 vs 44%; TR2: 54 vs 42%). Patients with higher expression rates of TR1 on blasts (≥ 48%) and on T cells (≥ 67%) were characterized by a prolonged survival. In summary, our data show a variable expression of FR, FL, TR1 and TR2 on blasts or T cells in different subgroups of AML. Higher co-expression rates of FR, FL, TR1 and TR2 were characterized by a better prognosis for the patients with respect to achieve a remission and to survive. Functional analyses should be performed to find out those patients in who induced upregulation of these markers could contribute to overcome drug resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Pordzik
- Medical Department III, Klinikum Grosshadern, University of Munich, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Li Z, Huang H, Chen P, He M, Li Y, Arnovitz S, Jiang X, He C, Hyjek E, Zhang J, Zhang Z, Elkahloun A, Cao D, Shen C, Wunderlich M, Wang Y, Neilly MB, Jin J, Wei M, Lu J, Valk PJM, Delwel R, Lowenberg B, Le Beau MM, Vardiman J, Mulloy JC, Zeleznik-Le NJ, Liu PP, Zhang J, Chen J. miR-196b directly targets both HOXA9/MEIS1 oncogenes and FAS tumour suppressor in MLL-rearranged leukaemia. Nat Commun 2012; 3:688. [PMID: 22353710 PMCID: PMC3514459 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms1681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2011] [Accepted: 01/11/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
HOXA9 and MEIS1 have essential oncogenic roles in mixed lineage leukaemia (MLL)-rearranged leukaemia. Here we show that they are direct targets of miRNA-196b, a microRNA (miRNA) located adjacent to and co-expressed with HOXA9, in MLL-rearranged leukaemic cells. Forced expression of miR-196b significantly delays MLL-fusion-mediated leukemogenesis in primary bone marrow transplantation through suppressing Hoxa9/Meis1 expression. However, ectopic expression of miR-196b results in more aggressive leukaemic phenotypes and causes much faster leukemogenesis in secondary transplantation than MLL fusion alone, likely through the further repression of Fas expression, a proapoptotic gene downregulated in MLL-rearranged leukaemia. Overexpression of FAS significantly inhibits leukemogenesis and reverses miR-196b-mediated phenotypes. Targeting Hoxa9/Meis1 and Fas by miR-196b is probably also important for normal haematopoiesis. Thus, our results uncover a previously unappreciated miRNA-regulation mechanism by which a single miRNA may target both oncogenes and tumour suppressors, simultaneously, or, sequentially, in tumourigenesis and normal development per cell differentiation, indicating that miRNA regulation is much more complex than previously thought.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zejuan Li
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, 60637, Illinois, USA
| | - Hao Huang
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, 60637, Illinois, USA
| | - Ping Chen
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, 60637, Illinois, USA
| | - Miao He
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, 60637, Illinois, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, Liaoning, China
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, 60637, Illinois, USA
| | - Stephen Arnovitz
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, 60637, Illinois, USA
| | - Xi Jiang
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, 60637, Illinois, USA
| | - Chunjiang He
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, 60637, Illinois, USA
| | - Elizabeth Hyjek
- Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, 60637, Illinois, USA
| | - Jun Zhang
- Oncology Institute, Cardinal Bernardin Cancer Center, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, 60153, Illinois, USA
| | - Zhiyu Zhang
- Tang Center for Herbal Medicine Research, University of Chicago, Chicago, 60637, Illinois, USA
| | - Abdel Elkahloun
- Genetics and Molecular Biology Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, 20892, Maryland, USA
| | - Donglin Cao
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, 60637, Illinois, USA.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Guangdong No.2 Provincial People's Hospital, Guangzhou, 510317, Guangdong, China
| | - Chen Shen
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, 60637, Illinois, USA
| | - Mark Wunderlich
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, 45229, Ohio, USA
| | - Yungui Wang
- Institute of Hematology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University College of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Mary Beth Neilly
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, 60637, Illinois, USA
| | - Jie Jin
- Institute of Hematology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University College of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Minjie Wei
- Department of Pharmacology, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, Liaoning, China
| | - Jun Lu
- Department of Genetics, Yale Stem Cell Center, Yale University, New Haven, 06520, Connecticut, USA
| | - Peter J M Valk
- Department of Hematology, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ruud Delwel
- Department of Hematology, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bob Lowenberg
- Department of Hematology, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Michelle M Le Beau
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, 60637, Illinois, USA
| | - James Vardiman
- Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, 60637, Illinois, USA
| | - James C Mulloy
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, 45229, Ohio, USA
| | - Nancy J Zeleznik-Le
- Department of Medicine, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, 60153, Illinois, USA
| | - Paul P Liu
- Genetics and Molecular Biology Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, 20892, Maryland, USA
| | - Jiwang Zhang
- Oncology Institute, Cardinal Bernardin Cancer Center, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, 60153, Illinois, USA
| | - Jianjun Chen
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, 60637, Illinois, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Droin N, Guéry L, Benikhlef N, Solary E. Targeting apoptosis proteins in hematological malignancies. Cancer Lett 2011; 332:325-34. [PMID: 21767908 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2011.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2010] [Revised: 04/30/2011] [Accepted: 06/12/2011] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The apoptotic machinery plays a key role in hematopoietic cell homeostasis. Terminally differentiated cells are eliminated, at least in part, by apoptosis, whereas part of the apoptotic machinery, including one or several caspases, is required to go through very specific steps of the differentiation pathways. A number of hematological diseases involve a deregulation of this machinery, which in most cases is a decrease in cell sensitivity to pro-apoptotic signals through over-expression of anti-apoptotic molecules. In some situations however, e.g. in the erythroid lineage of low grade myelodysplastic syndromes, cell sensitivity to apoptosis is increased in a death receptor-dependent manner and cell death pathways are inhibited only when these diseases progress into high grade and acute leukemia. Therapeutic strategies targeting the apoptotic machinery specifically block cell death inhibitors that are over-expressed in transformed cells, mainly Bcl-2-related proteins and Inhibitor of Apoptosis Proteins (IAPs). Another strategy is the activation of the extrinsic pathway to apoptosis, mainly through the death receptor agonist Tumor necrosis factor-Related Apoptosis Inducing Ligand (TRAIL) or agonistic antibodies targeting TRAIL receptors. The use of inhibitors of death receptors could make sense when these receptors are involved in excessive cell death or activation of survival pathways. Most of the drugs targeting apoptotic pathways introduced in clinics have demonstrated their tolerability. Their efficacy, either alone or in combination with other drugs such as demethylating agents and histone deacetylase inhibitors, is currently tested in both myeloid and lymphoid hematological diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Droin
- Inserm UMR 1009, Institut Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Sud 11, 114 rue Edouard Vaillant, 94805 Villejuif, France
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Zhi L, Wang M, Rao Q, Yu F, Mi Y, Wang J. Enrichment of N-Cadherin and Tie2-bearing CD34+/CD38-/CD123+ leukemic stem cells by chemotherapy-resistance. Cancer Lett 2010; 296:65-73. [PMID: 20444543 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2010.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2009] [Revised: 03/12/2010] [Accepted: 03/22/2010] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) arises from genetic changes at the level of stem cell, various mutations have been elucidated, including AML1-ETO fusion gene has been shown as the representative target of cellular transformation for LSCs originating from hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) compartment. LSCs resemble HSCs with respect to self-renewal capacity and chemotherapy-resistance. However, LSCs possess specific cell-surface markers, they are proposed to reside within the CD34(+)/CD38(-)/CD123(+) compartment. And the interaction mediated by adhesion molecules between LSCs and niche played a role in chemoresistance of LSCs. Therefore, study on the LSCs surface makers related to niche is helpful for the potential target therapy in the future. In this study, the proportions of CD34(+)/CD38(-)/CD123(+) LSCs compartment co-expressing the three adhesion molecules, N-Cadherin, Tie2 and CD44, respectively, from AML patients before and after chemotherapy were analyzed. We demonstrated N-Cadherin and Tie2 positive CD34(+)/CD38(-)/CD123(+) LSCs populations could be enriched by chemotherapy. Furthermore, AML1/ETO fusion signals and MDR1 expression were detected on the CD34(+)/CD38(-)/CD123(+) LSCs populations expressing N-Cadherin and Tie2. Therefore, N-Cadherin and Tie2 are probably the potential markers for identification of LSCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhi
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology & Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College (CAMS & PUMC), PR China
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
FLT3-ITD up-regulates MCL-1 to promote survival of stem cells in acute myeloid leukemia via FLT3-ITD-specific STAT5 activation. Blood 2009; 114:5034-43. [PMID: 19808698 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2008-12-196055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Myeloid cell leukemia-1 (MCL-1) is an essential survival factor for hematopoiesis. In humans, hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) express MCL-1 at the highest level in response to FMS-like tyrosine kinase-3 (FLT3) signaling. We here show that this FLT3-dependent stem cell maintenance system also plays a critical role in survival of leukemic stem cells (LSCs) in acute myeloid leukemia (AML). The CD34(+)CD38(-) LSC fraction expresses high levels of FLT3 as well as MCL-1, even compared with normal HSCs. Treatment with FLT3 ligand induced further MCL-1 up-regulation in LSCs in all AML cases tested. Interestingly, the group of samples expressing the highest levels of MCL-1 constituted AML with FLT3-internal tandem duplications (ITD). In FLT3-ITD AML cell lines, cells expressed a high level of MCL-1, and an inhibition of MCL-1 induced their apoptotic cell death. A tyrosine kinase inhibitor suppressed MCL-1 expression, and induced apoptosis that was reversed by the enforced MCL-1 expression. Finally, transduction of FLT3-ITD into HSCs strongly activated MCL-1 expression through its signal transducer and activator of transcription 5 (STAT5)-docking domains. This effect was completely abrogated when STAT5 activation was blocked. Thus, the acquisition of FLT3-ITD ensures LSC survival by up-regulating MCL-1 via constitutive STAT5 activation that is independent of wild-type FLT3 signaling.
Collapse
|
26
|
Abstract
Expression of the cell-surface protein CD47 allows some normal cells to avoid phagocytosis by macrophages. In this issue, Jaiswal et al. (2009) and Majeti et al. (2009) show that elevated CD47 expression by leukemic stem cells inhibits macrophage activity and is an indicator of poor prognosis for patients with acute myeloid leukemia.
Collapse
|
27
|
CD47 is upregulated on circulating hematopoietic stem cells and leukemia cells to avoid phagocytosis. Cell 2009; 138:271-85. [PMID: 19632178 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2009.05.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1139] [Impact Index Per Article: 75.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2008] [Revised: 03/04/2009] [Accepted: 05/21/2009] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages clear pathogens and damaged or aged cells from the blood stream via phagocytosis. Cell-surface CD47 interacts with its receptor on macrophages, SIRPalpha, to inhibit phagocytosis of normal, healthy cells. We find that mobilizing cytokines and inflammatory stimuli cause CD47 to be transiently upregulated on mouse hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) and progenitors just prior to and during their migratory phase, and that the level of CD47 on these cells determines the probability that they are engulfed in vivo. CD47 is also constitutively upregulated on mouse and human myeloid leukemias, and overexpression of CD47 on a myeloid leukemia line increases its pathogenicity by allowing it to evade phagocytosis. We conclude that CD47 upregulation is an important mechanism that provides protection to normal HSCs during inflammation-mediated mobilization, and that leukemic progenitors co-opt this ability in order to evade macrophage killing.
Collapse
|
28
|
Cheshier SH, Kalani MYS, Lim M, Ailles L, Huhn SL, Weissman IL. A NEUROSURGEON'S GUIDE TO STEM CELLS, CANCER STEM CELLS, AND BRAIN TUMOR STEM CELLS. Neurosurgery 2009; 65:237-49; discussion 249-50; quiz N6. [DOI: 10.1227/01.neu.0000349921.14519.2a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Samuel H. Cheshier
- Stanford Institute of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Departments of Neurosurgery and Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - M. Yashar S. Kalani
- Stanford Institute of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Departments of Neurosurgery and Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Michael Lim
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Laurie Ailles
- Stanford Institute of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Steven L. Huhn
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, Stem Cells, Inc., Palo Alto, California
| | - Irving L. Weissman
- Stanford Institute of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Alenzi FQ, Alenazi BQ, Ahmad SY, Salem ML, Al-Jabri AA, Wyse RKH. The haemopoietic stem cell: between apoptosis and self renewal. THE YALE JOURNAL OF BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2009; 82:7-18. [PMID: 19325941 PMCID: PMC2660591 DOI: pmid/19325941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Self renewal and apoptosis of haemopoietic stem cells (HSC) represent major factors that determine the size of the haemopoietic cell mass. Changes in self renewal above or below the steady state value of 0.5 will result in either bone marrow expansion or aplasia, respectively. Despite the growing body of research that describes the potential role of HSC, there is still very little information on the mechanisms that govern HSC self renewal and apoptosis. Considerable insight into the role of HSC in many diseases has been gained in recent years. In light of their crucial importance, this article reviews recent developments in the understanding of the molecular, biological, and physiological characteristics of haemopoietic stem cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Faris Q Alenzi
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Saudi Arabia.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Mehta PA, Gerbing RB, Alonzo TA, Elliott JS, Zamzow TA, Combs M, Stover E, Ross JA, Perentesis JP, Meschinchi S, Lange BJ, Davies SM. FAS promoter polymorphism: outcome of childhood acute myeloid leukemia. A children's oncology group report. Clin Cancer Res 2009; 14:7896-9. [PMID: 19047119 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-08-0418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE FAS is a cell surface receptor involved in apoptotic signal transmission. Deregulation of this pathway results in down-regulation of apoptosis and subsequent persistence of a malignant clone. A single nucleotide polymorphism resulting in guanine-to-adenine transition in the FAS promoter region (position -1377) is thought to reduce stimulatory protein 1 transcription factor binding and decrease FAS expression. Previous work has shown increased risk of developing acute myeloid leukemia (AML) in adult patients with a variant allele at this site. The same authors have shown that the presence of an adenine residue rather than a guanine residue at -1,377 bp significantly attenuates transcription factor stimulatory protein 1 binding and may contribute to a reduction in FAS expression and ultimately to the enrichment of apoptosis-resistant clones in AML. We hypothesized that FAS genotype by altering susceptibility to apoptosis might affect outcome of childhood AML therapy. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Four hundred forty-four children treated for de novo AML on a uniform protocol were genotyped for FAS 1377. RESULTS There were no significant differences in overall survival, event-free survival, treatment-related mortality, or relapse rate between patients with FAS 1377GG genotype versus 1377GA/1377AA genotypes. CONCLUSIONS FAS 1377 genotype does not alter outcome of de novo AML in children.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Parinda A Mehta
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital and Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
|
32
|
Abstract
One of the hallmarks of human cancers is the intrinsic or acquired resistance to apoptosis. Evasion of apoptosis may contribute to carcinogenesis, tumor progression and also to treatment resistance, since most current anticancer therapies including chemotherapy, radio- and immunotherapy primarily act by activating cell death pathways including apoptosis in cancer cells. Hence, a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying tumor resistance to apoptotic cell death is expected to provide the basis for a rational approach to develop molecular targeted therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simone Fulda
- Children's Hospital, Ulm University, Ulm 89075, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
|
34
|
Kikushige Y, Yoshimoto G, Miyamoto T, Iino T, Mori Y, Iwasaki H, Niiro H, Takenaka K, Nagafuji K, Harada M, Ishikawa F, Akashi K. Human Flt3 is expressed at the hematopoietic stem cell and the granulocyte/macrophage progenitor stages to maintain cell survival. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 180:7358-67. [PMID: 18490735 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.180.11.7358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
FLT3/FLK2, a member of the receptor tyrosine kinase family, plays a critical role in maintenance of hematopoietic homeostasis, and the constitutively active form of the FLT3 mutation is one of the most common genetic abnormalities in acute myelogenous leukemia. In murine hematopoiesis, Flt3 is not expressed in self-renewing hematopoietic stem cells, but its expression is restricted to the multipotent and the lymphoid progenitor stages at which cells are incapable of self-renewal. We extensively analyzed the expression of Flt3 in human (h) hematopoiesis. Strikingly, in both the bone marrow and the cord blood, the human hematopoietic stem cell population capable of long-term reconstitution in xenogeneic hosts uniformly expressed Flt3. Furthermore, human Flt3 is expressed not only in early lymphoid progenitors, but also in progenitors continuously along the granulocyte/macrophage pathway, including the common myeloid progenitor and the granulocyte/macrophage progenitor. We further found that human Flt3 signaling prevents stem and progenitors from spontaneous apoptotic cell death at least through up-regulating Mcl-1, an indispensable survival factor for hematopoiesis. Thus, the distribution of Flt3 expression is considerably different in human and mouse hematopoiesis, and human FLT3 signaling might play an important role in cell survival, especially at stem and progenitor cells that are critical cellular targets for acute myelogenous leukemia transformation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshikane Kikushige
- Medicine and Biosystemic Science, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
McCormack E, Bruserud O, Gjertsen BT. Review: genetic models of acute myeloid leukaemia. Oncogene 2008; 27:3765-79. [PMID: 18264136 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2008.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The use of genetically engineered mice (GEM) have been critical in understanding disease states such as cancer, and none more so than acute myelogenous leukaemia (AML), a disease characterized by over 100 distinct chromosomal translocations. A substantial proportion of cases exhibiting recurrent reciprocal translocations at diagnosis, such as t(8;21) or t(15;17) have been exhaustively studied and are currently employed in clinical diagnosis. However, a definitive conclusion regarding the leukaemogenic potential of defined transgenes for this disease remains elusive. While it is increasingly apparent that a number of cooperating mutations are necessary to develop a leukaemic phenotype, the number of models reflecting these synergisms remains few. Furthermore, little emphasis has been paid to the effect of chromosomal translocations other than recurrent genetic abnormalities, with no models reflecting the multiple abnormalities observed in high-risk cases of AML accounting for 8-10% of adult AML. Here we review the differing technologies employed in generation of GEM of AML. We discuss the relevance of GEM AML from embryonic stem cell-mediated (for example retinoic acid receptor-alpha fusions and AML1/ETO) models; through to the valuable retroviral-mediated gene transfer models. The latter have been used to great effect in defining the transforming properties of chromosomal translocation products such as MLL (found in 5-6% of all AML cases) and NUP98 (denoting poor prognosis in therapy-related disease) and particularly when co-transduced with bad prognostic factors such as Flt3 mutations. Finally, we comment on the emergence of newer transduction technologies, which can regulate the level of expression to defined cell lineages in both primary murine and human xenografts, and discuss how combining multiple genetic modalities, more relevant models of this complex disease are being generated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E McCormack
- Institute of Medicine, Haematology Section, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Omidvar N, Kogan S, Beurlet S, le Pogam C, Janin A, West R, Noguera ME, Reboul M, Soulie A, Leboeuf C, Setterblad N, Felsher D, Lagasse E, Mohamedali A, Thomas NSB, Fenaux P, Fontenay M, Pla M, Mufti GJ, Weissman I, Chomienne C, Padua RA. BCL-2 and mutant NRAS interact physically and functionally in a mouse model of progressive myelodysplasia. Cancer Res 2008; 67:11657-67. [PMID: 18089795 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-07-0196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) are clonal stem cell hematologic disorders that evolve to acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and thus model multistep leukemogenesis. Activating RAS mutations and overexpression of BCL-2 are prognostic features of MDS/AML transformation. Using NRASD12 and BCL-2, we created two distinct models of MDS and AML, where human (h)BCL-2 is conditionally or constitutively expressed. Our novel transplantable in vivo models show that expression of hBCL-2 in a primitive compartment by mouse mammary tumor virus-long terminal repeat results in a disease resembling human MDS, whereas the myeloid MRP8 promoter induces a disease with characteristics of human AML. Expanded leukemic stem cell (Lin(-)/Sca-1(+)/c-Kit(+)) populations and hBCL-2 in the increased RAS-GTP complex within the expanded Sca-1(+) compartment are described in both MDS/AML-like diseases. Furthermore, the oncogenic compartmentalizations provide the proapoptotic versus antiapoptotic mechanisms, by activating extracellular signal-regulated kinase and AKT signaling, in determination of the neoplastic phenotype. When hBCL-2 is switched off with doxycycline in the MDS mice, partial reversal of the phenotype was observed with persistence of bone marrow blasts and tissue infiltration as RAS recruits endogenous mouse (m)BCL-2 to remain active, thus demonstrating the role of the complex in the disease. This represents the first in vivo progression model of MDS/AML dependent on the formation of a BCL-2:RAS-GTP complex. The colocalization of BCL-2 and RAS in the bone marrow of MDS/AML patients offers targeting either oncogene as a therapeutic strategy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nader Omidvar
- Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale U718 and 728, Université Paris 7 Denis Diderot, Faculté de Médicine, Institut Universitaire d'Hématologie-IFR105, Paris, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Pearl-Yafe M, Stein J, Yolcu ES, Farkas DL, Shirwan H, Yaniv I, Askenasy N. Fas transduces dual apoptotic and trophic signals in hematopoietic progenitors. Stem Cells 2007; 25:3194-203. [PMID: 17872500 DOI: 10.1634/stemcells.2007-0402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Stem cells and progenitors are often required to realize their differentiation potential in hostile microenvironments. The Fas/Fas ligand (FasL) interaction is a major effector pathway of apoptosis, which negatively regulates the expansion of differentiated hematopoietic cells. The involvement of this molecular interaction in the function of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells is not well understood. In the murine syngeneic transplant setting, both Fas and FasL are acutely upregulated in bone marrow-homed donor cells; however, the Fas(+) cells are largely insensitive to FasL-induced apoptosis. In heterogeneous populations of lineage-negative (lin(-)) bone marrow cells and progenitors isolated by counterflow centrifugal elutriation, trimerization of the Fas receptor enhanced the clonogenic activity. Inhibition of caspases 3 and 8 did not affect the trophic signals mediated by Fas, yet it efficiently blocked the apoptotic pathways. Fas-mediated tropism appears to be of physiological significance, as pre-exposure of donor cells to FasL improved the radioprotective qualities of hematopoietic progenitors, resulting in superior survival of myeloablated hosts. Under these conditions, the activity of long-term reconstituting cells was not affected, as determined in sequential secondary and tertiary transplants. Dual caspase-independent tropic and caspase-dependent apoptotic signaling place the Fas receptor at an important junction of activation and death. This regulatory mechanism of hematopoietic homeostasis activates progenitors to promote the recovery from aplasia and converts into a negative regulator in distal stages of cell differentiation. Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest is found at the end of this article.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michal Pearl-Yafe
- Frankel Laboratory, Center for Stem Cell Research, Department of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel, 14 Kaplan Street, Petach Tikva, Israel
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Hosen N, Yamane T, Muijtjens M, Pham K, Clarke MF, Weissman IL. Bmi-1-green fluorescent protein-knock-in mice reveal the dynamic regulation of bmi-1 expression in normal and leukemic hematopoietic cells. Stem Cells 2007; 25:1635-44. [PMID: 17395774 DOI: 10.1634/stemcells.2006-0229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The ability to self-renew is essential for all kinds of stem cells regardless of tissue type. One of the best candidate genes involved in conferring self-renewal capacity is Bmi-1, which has been proven to be essential for the maintenance of both normal adult hematopoietic and leukemia stem cells, as well as adult neural stem cells. To investigate the possible role of Bmi-1 in other cell types that also self-renew, we generated Bmi-1-green fluorescent protein (GFP)-knock-in mice, in which GFP was expressed under the endogenous transcriptional regulatory elements of the Bmi-1 gene. Using these targeted reporter mice, we demonstrated that Bmi-1 is expressed in hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) at its highest levels and downregulated upon commitment to differentiation. An in vivo reconstitution assay revealed that the frequency of HSCs was 1/16 in Bmi-1high c-kit+ lin -Sca-1+ bone marrow (BM) cells and 1/49 in Bmi-1 high lin- BM cells, suggesting that Bmi-1 may serve as a marker for normal HSCs. In murine leukemia models induced by P210BCR/ABL or TEL/PDGFbetaR + AML1/ETO, Bmi-1 was not overexpressed in leukemic HSCs, despite the increase in the HSC numbers. Bmi-1 was expressed at its highest levels in undifferentiated leukemia cells. Furthermore, in several other nonhematopoietic tissues, cells could be separated into distinct subpopulations with differential Bmi-1 expression. Thus, these mice allow for the isolation of viable Bmi-1-expressing cells and have the potential to become a useful tool for understanding the role of Bmi-1 in normal and cancer stem cells in multiple tissue types. Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest is found at the end of this article.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Bone Marrow Cells/cytology
- Cell Differentiation
- Core Binding Factor Alpha 2 Subunit/metabolism
- Down-Regulation
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Green Fluorescent Proteins/genetics
- Green Fluorescent Proteins/metabolism
- Hematopoietic Stem Cells/cytology
- Hematopoietic Stem Cells/metabolism
- Humans
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/genetics
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/metabolism
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Nuclear Proteins/genetics
- Nuclear Proteins/metabolism
- Polycomb Repressive Complex 1
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins/genetics
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins/metabolism
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-abl/metabolism
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcr/metabolism
- Receptor, Platelet-Derived Growth Factor beta/metabolism
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism
- Repressor Proteins/genetics
- Repressor Proteins/metabolism
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Hosen
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Mullican SE, Zhang S, Konopleva M, Ruvolo V, Andreeff M, Milbrandt J, Conneely OM. Abrogation of nuclear receptors Nr4a3 and Nr4a1 leads to development of acute myeloid leukemia. Nat Med 2007; 13:730-5. [PMID: 17515897 DOI: 10.1038/nm1579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 242] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2006] [Accepted: 03/20/2007] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Nur77 (NR4A1) and Nor-1 (NR4A3) are highly homologous orphan nuclear receptors that regulate the transcription of overlapping target genes. The transcriptional activity of both proteins is regulated in a ligand-independent manner by cell- and stimulus-specific gene induction and protein phosphorylation. Nor-1 and Nur77 have been implicated in a variety of cellular processes, including the transduction of hormonal, inflammatory, mitogenic, apoptotic and differentiative signals. Cellular responses to these proteins suggest that they may function as homeostatic regulators of proliferation, apoptosis and differentiation, and thus may regulate cellular susceptibility to tumorigenesis. Their physiological functions, however, remain poorly understood. Here we describe a previously unsuspected function of Nor-1 and Nur77-as critical tumor suppressors of myeloid leukemogenesis. The abrogation of these proteins in mice led to rapidly lethal acute myeloid leukemia (AML), involving abnormal expansion of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) and myeloid progenitors, decreased expression of the AP-1 transcription factors JunB and c-Jun and defective extrinsic apoptotic (Fas-L and TRAIL) signaling. We found that downregulation of NR4A3 ( NOR-1 ) and NR4A1 ( NUR77 ) was a common feature in leukemic blasts from human AML patients, irrespective of karyotype. Thus Nor-1 and Nur77 may provide potential targets for therapeutic intervention in AML.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Acute Disease
- Animals
- Blast Crisis/genetics
- Blast Crisis/pathology
- DNA-Binding Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors
- DNA-Binding Proteins/biosynthesis
- DNA-Binding Proteins/deficiency
- DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics
- DNA-Binding Proteins/physiology
- Down-Regulation/genetics
- Humans
- Leukemia, Myeloid/genetics
- Leukemia, Myeloid/metabolism
- Leukemia, Myeloid/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Nerve Tissue Proteins/deficiency
- Nerve Tissue Proteins/genetics
- Nerve Tissue Proteins/physiology
- Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 4, Group A, Member 1
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/deficiency
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/genetics
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/physiology
- Receptors, Steroid/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Steroid/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Steroid/deficiency
- Receptors, Steroid/genetics
- Receptors, Steroid/physiology
- Receptors, Thyroid Hormone/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Thyroid Hormone/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Thyroid Hormone/deficiency
- Receptors, Thyroid Hormone/genetics
- Receptors, Thyroid Hormone/physiology
- Transcription Factors/antagonists & inhibitors
- Transcription Factors/biosynthesis
- Transcription Factors/deficiency
- Transcription Factors/genetics
- Transcription Factors/physiology
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shannon E Mullican
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Yu ZY, Liang YG, Xiao H, Shan YJ, Dong B, Huang R, Fu YL, Zhao ZH, Liu ZY, Zhao QS, Wang SQ, Chen JP, Mao BZ, Cong YW. Melissoidesin G, a diterpenoid purified fromIsodon melissoides, induces leukemic-cell apoptosis through induction of redox imbalance and exhibits synergy with other anticancer agents. Int J Cancer 2007; 121:2084-2094. [PMID: 17640057 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.22945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Melissoidesin G (MOG) is a new diterpenoid purified from Isodon melissoides, a plant used in Chinese traditional medicine as antitumor and anti-inflammatory agents. In our study, MOG was shown to specifically inhibit the growth of human leukemia cell lines and primary acute myeloid leukemia (AML) blasts via induction of apoptosis, with the evidence of mitochondrial DeltaPsim loss, reactive oxygen species production, caspases activation and nuclear fragmentation. Furthermore, it was shown that thiol-containing antioxidants completely blocked MOG-induced mitochondrial DeltaPsim loss and subsequent cell apoptosis, while the inhibition of apoptosis by benzyloxy-carbonyl-Val-Ala-Asp-fluoromethylketone only partially attenuated mitochondrial DeltaPsim loss, indicating that MOG-induced redox imbalance is an early event upstream to mitochondrial DeltaPsim loss and caspase-3 activation. Consistently, it was found that MOG rapidly decreased the intracellular glutathione (GSH) content in a dose-dependent manner and the significance of GSH depletion in MOG-induced apoptosis was further supported by the protective effects of tert-butylhydroquinone (tBHQ) and the facilitative effects of DL-buthionine (S,R)-sulfoximine (BSO). Furthermore, it was showed that GSH depletion induced by MOG rendered some leukemia cell lines more sensitive to arsenic trioxide (As2O3), doxorubicin or cisplatin. Additionally, the synergistic apoptotic effects of MOG with As2O3 were detected in HL-60 and primary AML cells, but not in normal cells, suggesting the selective toxicity of their combination to the malignant cells. Together, we proposed that MOG alone or administered with other anticancer agents may provide a novel therapeutic strategy for leukemia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zu-Yin Yu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yu-Guang Liang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Beijing 307 Hospital, Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - He Xiao
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ya-Jun Shan
- Department of Pathophysiology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Bo Dong
- Department of Pathophysiology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Rui Huang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Ya-Li Fu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Zhen-Hu Zhao
- Department of Pathophysiology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Ze-Yuan Liu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Beijing 307 Hospital, Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qin-Shi Zhao
- Department of Phytochemisty, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Sheng-Qi Wang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Jia-Pei Chen
- Department of Pathophysiology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Bing-Zhi Mao
- Department of Pathophysiology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yu-Wen Cong
- Department of Pathophysiology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Abstract
Apoptosis or programmed cell death is a key regulator of physiological growth control and regulation of tissue homeostasis. One of the most important advances in cancer research in recent years is the recognition that cell death mostly by apoptosis is crucially involved in the regulation of tumor formation and also critically determines treatment response. Killing of tumor cells by most anticancer strategies currently used in clinical oncology, for example, chemotherapy, gamma-irradiation, suicide gene therapy or immunotherapy, has been linked to activation of apoptosis signal transduction pathways in cancer cells such as the intrinsic and/or extrinsic pathway. Thus, failure to undergo apoptosis may result in treatment resistance. Understanding the molecular events that regulate apoptosis in response to anticancer chemotherapy, and how cancer cells evade apoptotic death, provides novel opportunities for a more rational approach to develop molecular-targeted therapies for combating cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Fulda
- University Children's Hospital, Ulm, Germany.
| | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Ikeda A, Shankar DB, Watanabe M, Tamanoi F, Moore TB, Sakamoto KM. Molecular targets and the treatment of myeloid leukemia. Mol Genet Metab 2006; 88:216-24. [PMID: 16678459 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2006.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2005] [Revised: 03/16/2006] [Accepted: 03/16/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Leukemia is a multistep process involving accumulation of genetic alterations over time. These genetic mutations destroy the delicate balance between cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. Traditional approaches to treatment of leukemia involve chemotherapy, radiation, and bone marrow transplantation. In recent years, specific targeted therapies have been developed for the treatment of leukemia. The success of treatment of acute promyelocytic leukemia with All Trans Retinoic Acid (ATRA) and CML with imatinib have lead to increased efforts to identify targets that can be inhibited by small molecules for treatment of hematological malignancies. In this review, we describe the current advances in the development of targeted therapy in acute myeloid leukemia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Ikeda
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Gwynne Hazen Cherry Memorial Laboratories, and Mattel Children's Hospital, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Abstract
Individual BCL2 family members couple apoptosis regulation and cell cycle control in unique ways. Antiapoptotic BCL2 and BCL-x(L) are antiproliferative by facilitating G0. BAX is proapoptotic and accelerates S-phase progression. The dual functions in apoptosis and cell cycle are coordinately regulated by the multi-domain BCL2 family members (MCL-1) and suggest that survival is maintained at the expense of proliferation. The role of BH3-only molecules in cell cycle is more variable. BAD antagonizes both the cell cycle and antiapoptotic functions of BCL2 and BCL-x(L) through BH3 binding. BID has biochemically separable functions in apoptosis and S-phase checkpoint, determined by post-translational modification. p53-induced PUMA is known only to have apoptotic function. Inhibition of apoptosis is oncogenic, whereas promotion of cell cycle arrest is tumor suppressive. Paradoxically, selected BCL2 family members can be both oncogenic and tumor suppressive. Which of the dual functions predominates is lineage specific and context dependent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Zinkel
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Zeuner A, Pedini F, Signore M, Ruscio G, Messina C, Tafuri A, Girelli G, Peschle C, De Maria R. Increased death receptor resistance and FLIPshort expression in polycythemia vera erythroid precursor cells. Blood 2006; 107:3495-502. [PMID: 16384930 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2005-07-3037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Polycythemia vera (PV) is a clonal myeloproliferative disorder characterized by excessive erythrocyte production. Most patients with PV harbor an activating JAK2 mutation, but the molecular links between this mutation and erythrocyte overproduction are unknown. The interaction between death receptors and their ligands contributes to the physiological regulation of erythropoiesis through the inhibition of erythroblast proliferation and differentiation. With the use of an in vitro culture system to generate differentiating erythroid cells, we found that erythroblasts derived from patients with PV harboring the JAK2 V617F mutation were able to proliferate and generate higher numbers of mature erythroid cells in the presence of inhibitory signals delivered by CD95 (Fas/Apo-1) and TRAIL receptor stimulation. JAK2-mutated PV erythroblasts showed lower levels of CD95-induced caspase activation and incomplete caspase-mediated cleavage of the erythroid transcription factor GATA-1, which was entirely degraded in normal erythroblasts on CD95 stimulation. JAK2 mutation was associated in PV erythroblasts with cytokine-independent activation of the JAK2 effectors Akt/PKB and ERK/MAP and with a deregulated expression of c-FLIPshort, a potent cellular inhibitor of death receptor–induced apoptosis. These results show the presence in PV erythroblasts of proliferative and antiapoptotic signals that may link the JAK2 V617F mutation with the inhibition of death receptor signaling, possibly contributing to a deregulation of erythropoiesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ann Zeuner
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Labi V, Erlacher M, Kiessling S, Villunger A. BH3-only proteins in cell death initiation, malignant disease and anticancer therapy. Cell Death Differ 2006; 13:1325-38. [PMID: 16645634 DOI: 10.1038/sj.cdd.4401940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Induction of apoptosis in tumour cells, either by direct activation of the death receptor pathway using agonistic antibodies or recombinant ligands, or direct triggering of the Bcl-2-regulated intrinsic apoptosis pathway by small molecule drugs, carries high hopes to overcome the shortcomings of current anticancer therapies. The latter therapy concept builds on a more detailed understanding of how Bcl-2-like molecules maintain mitochondrial integrity and how BH3-only proteins and Bax/Bak-like molecules can undermine it. Means to unleash the apoptotic potential of BH3-only proteins in tumour cells, or bypass the need for BH3-only proteins by blocking possible interactions of Bcl-2-like prosurvival molecules with Bax and/or Bak allowing their direct activation, constitute interesting options for the design of novel anticancer therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- V Labi
- Division of Experimental Pathophysiology and Immunology, Biocenter, Innsbruck Medical University, Austria
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Abstract
The membrane-bound death ligands CD95L/FasL and TRAIL, which activate the corresponding death receptors CD95/Fas, TRAILR1 and TRAILR2, induce apoptosis in many tumour cells, but can also elicit an inflammatory response. This chapter focuses on the relevance of CD95L/FasL and TRAIL for the tumour surveillance function of natural killer cells and cytotoxic T-cells and discuss current concepts of utilizing these ligands in tumour therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Harald Wajant
- Department of Molecular Internal Medicine, Medical Polyclinic, University of Wuerzburg, Roentgenring 11, 97070 Wuerzburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Shankar DB, Cheng JC, Sakamoto KM. Role of cyclic AMP response element binding protein in human leukemias. Cancer 2005; 104:1819-24. [PMID: 16196046 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.21401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) in adults has a 20% 5-year disease-free survival despite treatment with aggressive cytotoxic chemotherapy. Previous work from our laboratory demonstrated that the majority of patients with acute lymphoid and myeloid leukemia overexpress CREB in the bone marrow. CREB overexpression is associated with poor initial outcome of clinical disease in AML patients. CREB is a transcription factor that functions in glucose homeostasis, growth-factor-dependent cell survival, and memory. Signaling by hematopoietic growth factors, such as GM-CSF, results in activation of CREB and up-regulation of CREB target genes. To study its role in hematopoiesis, we overexpressed CREB in leukemia cell lines and in mice. CREB overexpression resulted in increased survival and proliferation of myeloid cells and blast-transformation of bone marrow progenitor cells from transgenic mice expressing CREB in the myeloid lineage. CREB transgenic mice also develop myeloproliferative disease after 1 year. Thus, CREB acts as a protooncogene to regulate hematopoiesis and contributes to the leukemia phenotype. Our results suggest that CREB-dependent pathways may serve as targets for directed therapies in leukemia in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Deepa B Shankar
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Gwynne Hazen Cherry Memorial Laboratories, and Mattel Children's Hospital, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Miller SJ, Lavker RM, Sun TT. Interpreting epithelial cancer biology in the context of stem cells: tumor properties and therapeutic implications. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2005; 1756:25-52. [PMID: 16139432 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2005.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2005] [Revised: 07/12/2005] [Accepted: 07/15/2005] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Over 90% of all human neoplasia is derived from epithelia. Significant progress has been made in the identification of stem cells of many epithelia. In general, epithelial stem cells lack differentiation markers, have superior in vivo and in vitro proliferative potential, form clusters in association with a specialized mesenchymal environment (the 'niche'), are located in well-protected and nourished sites, and are slow-cycling and thus can be experimentally identified as 'label-retaining cells'. Stem cells may divide symmetrically giving rise to two identical stem cell progeny. Any stem cells in the niche, which defines the size of the stem cell pool, may be randomly expelled from the niche due to population pressure (the stochastic model). Alternatively, a stem cell may divide asymmetrically yielding one stem cell and one non-stem cell that is destined to exit from the stem cell niche (asymmetric division model). Stem cells separated from their niche lose their stemness, although such a loss may be reversible, becoming 'transit-amplifying cells' that are rapidly proliferating but have a more limited proliferative potential, and can give rise to terminally differentiated cells. The identification of the stem cell subpopulation in a normal epithelium leads to a better understanding of many previously enigmatic properties of an epithelium including the preferential sites of carcinoma formation, as exemplified by the almost exclusive association of corneal epithelial carcinoma with the limbus, the corneal epithelial stem cell zone. Being long-term residents in an epithelium, stem cells are uniquely susceptible to the accumulation of multiple, oncogenic changes giving rise to tumors. The application of the stem cell concept can explain many important carcinoma features including the clonal origin and heterogeneity of tumors, the occasional formation of tumors from the transit amplifying cells or progenitor cells, the formation of precancerous 'patches' and 'fields', the mesenchymal influence on carcinoma formation and behavior, and the plasticity of tumor cells. While the concept of cancer stem cells is extremely useful and it is generally assumed that such cells are derived from normal stem cells, more work is needed to identify and characterize epithelial cancer stem cells, to address their precise relationship with normal stem cells, to study their markers and their proliferative and differentiation properties and to design new therapies that can overcome their unusual resistance to chemotherapy and other conventional tumor modalities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stanley J Miller
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Haneline LS, White H, Yang FC, Chen S, Orschell C, Kapur R, Ingram DA. Genetic reduction of class IA PI-3 kinase activity alters fetal hematopoiesis and competitive repopulating ability of hematopoietic stem cells in vivo. Blood 2005; 107:1375-82. [PMID: 16239435 PMCID: PMC1895408 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2005-05-1985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Class I(A) phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase (PI-3K) is a lipid kinase, which is activated in blood cells by hematopoietic growth factors. In vitro experiments using chemical inhibitors of PI-3K suggest that this kinase is potentially important for hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell (HSC/P) function, and recent studies identify PI-3K as a therapeutic target in treating different leukemias and lymphomas. However, the role of PI-3K in regulating fetal liver or adult hematopoiesis in vivo is unknown. Therefore, we examined PI-3K-deficient embryos generated by a targeted deletion of the p85alpha and p85beta regulatory subunits of PI-3K (p85alpha-/-p85beta+/-). The absolute frequency and number of hematopoietic progenitor cells were reduced in p85alpha-/- p85beta+/- fetal livers compared with wild-type (WT) controls. Further, p85alpha-/-p85beta+/- fetal liver hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) had decreased multilineage repopulating ability in vivo compared with WT controls in competitive repopulation assays. Finally, purified p85alpha-/-p85beta+/- c-kit+ cells had a decrease in proliferation in response to kit ligand (kitL), a growth factor important for controlling HSC function in vivo. Collectively, these data identify PI-3K as an important regulator of HSC function and potential therapeutic target in treating leukemic stem cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura S Haneline
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Jacquelin B, Kortulewski T, Vaigot P, Pawlik A, Gruel G, Alibert O, Soularue P, Joubert C, Gidrol X, Tronik-Le Roux D. Novel pathway for megakaryocyte production after in vivo conditional eradication of integrin αIIb-expressing cells. Blood 2005; 106:1965-74. [PMID: 15947096 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2004-10-3975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Our knowledge of the molecular mechanisms that regulate hematopoiesis in physiologic and pathologic conditions is limited. Using a molecular approach based on cDNA microarrays, we demonstrated the emergence of an alternative pathway for mature bone marrow cell recovery after the programmed and reversible eradication of CD41+ cells in transgenic mice expressing a conditional toxigene targeted by the platelet αIIb promoter. The expression profile of the newly produced CD41+ cells showed high levels of transcripts encoding Ezh2, TdT, Rag2, and various immunoglobulin (Ig) heavy chains. In this context, we identified and characterized a novel population of Lin-Sca-1hic-Kit- cells, with a lymphoid-like expression pattern, potentially involved in the reconstitution process. Our study revealed novel transcriptional cross talk between myeloid and lymphoid lineages and identified gene expression modifications that occur in vivo under these particular stress conditions, opening important prospects for therapeutic applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Beatrice Jacquelin
- Laboratoire de Génomique et Radiobiologie de l'Hématopoïèse, Service de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Evry, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|