1
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Wang B, Hu S, Fu X, Li L. CD4
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Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes in Cancer Immunity and Immunotherapy. Adv Biol (Weinh) 2022; 7:e2200169. [PMID: 36193961 DOI: 10.1002/adbi.202200169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
CD4+ T cells have the ability to differentiate into relatively specialized effector subsets after exposure to innate immune signals. The remarkable plasticity of CD4+ T cells is required to achieve immune responses in different tissues and against various pathogens. Numerous studies have shown that CD4+ T cells can play direct and indispensable roles in protective immunity by killing infected or transformed cells. Although the lineage decision of commitment to the CD4+ or CD8+ cell lineage is once thought to be inflexible, the identification of antigen-experienced CD4+ T cells with cytotoxic activity suggests the existence of unexpected plasticity for these cells. The recognition of CD4+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) and the mechanisms driving the differentiation of this particular cell subset create opportunities to explore the roles of these effector cells in protective immunity and immune-related pathology. CD4+ CTLs are proven to play a protective role in antiviral immunity. Here, the latest investigations on the phenotypic and functional features of CD4+ CTLs and their roles in antitumor immunity and immunotherapy are briefly reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boyu Wang
- Thoracic Surgery Laboratory Department of Thoracic Surgery Tongji Hospital Tongji Medical College Huazhong University of Science and Technology Hubei 430030 P. R. China
| | - Shaojie Hu
- Thoracic Surgery Laboratory Department of Thoracic Surgery Tongji Hospital Tongji Medical College Huazhong University of Science and Technology Hubei 430030 P. R. China
| | - Xiangning Fu
- Thoracic Surgery Laboratory Department of Thoracic Surgery Tongji Hospital Tongji Medical College Huazhong University of Science and Technology Hubei 430030 P. R. China
| | - Lequn Li
- Thoracic Surgery Laboratory Department of Thoracic Surgery Tongji Hospital Tongji Medical College Huazhong University of Science and Technology Hubei 430030 P. R. China
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2
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Gracia, Cao E, Kochappan R, Jh Porter C, Pr Johnston A, Trevaskis NL. Association of a vaccine adjuvant with endogenous HDL increases lymph uptake and dendritic cell activation. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2021; 172:240-252. [PMID: 34571191 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2021.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Vaccines are a powerful health intervention but there is still an unmet need for effective preventative and therapeutic vaccines for many diseases such as cancer and infections. Interstitial (e.g. subcutaneous (SC)) injection in nano-sized carriers such as high density lipoproteins (HDLs) can improve the access of vaccine subunit antigens or adjuvants to target immune cells in the lymphatics and potentiate vaccination responses such as cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) responses[1-3]. Here we examined how cholesterol conjugation to the vaccine adjuvant CpG, and incorporation into HDL, changes lymphatic absorption and association with, and processing by, dendritic cells (DCs), ultimately influencing adjuvant efficacy. We investigated the lymphatic disposition of cholesterol conjugated CpG incorporated into HDL (HDL(Chol-CpG-Cy5)) relative to cholesterol conjugated (Chol-CpG-Cy5) and unconjugated CpG (free CpG-Cy5) alone after SC administration into rats and mice. HDL (Chol-CpG-Cy5) and Chol-CpG-Cy5 differentially altered CpG absorption into lymph vs. blood, but surprisingly resulted in similarly higher LN accumulation relative to free CpG. The mechanism of access of Chol-CpG-Cy5 into lymph might be partly due to association with endogenous HDL at the injection site followed by transport into lymph in association with the HDL. To measure CpG association with and processing by DCs and the strength of the immune response, mice were vaccinated with free ovalbumin (OVA) co-administered with the different CpG constructs. There were significant changes in DC activation that were reflective of the trend in LN accumulation at 24h post-vaccination. However, T cell response at 24h and 7 days post-vaccination were not significantly different across the CpG groups although the response was less variable for Chol-CpG-Cy5 compared to free CpG Cy5 and also HDL(Chol-CpG-Cy5) - despite similar LN accumulation with the latter. Overall, our data indicate that cholesterol conjugation and incorporation into HDL increases adjuvant lymph disposition and DC activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gracia
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Enyuan Cao
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Ruby Kochappan
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Christopher Jh Porter
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Angus Pr Johnston
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Natalie L Trevaskis
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Australia.
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3
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Zhi-Iong Ma J, Yang J, Qin JS, Richter A, Perret R, El-Deiry WS, Finnberg N, Ronchese F. Inefficient boosting of antitumor CD8(+) T cells by dendritic-cell vaccines is rescued by restricting T-cell cytotoxic functions. Oncoimmunology 2021; 1:1507-1516. [PMID: 23264897 PMCID: PMC3525606 DOI: 10.4161/onci.22128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are powerful activators of primary and secondary immune responses and have promising activity as anticancer vaccines. However, various populations of immune cells, including natural killer cells, regulatory T cells and especially cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs), can inhibit DC function through cytotoxic clearance. Spontaneous tumor-specific CTL responses are frequently observed in patients before immunotherapy, and it is unclear how such pre-existing responses may affect DC vaccines. We used an adoptive transfer model to show that DC vaccination fail to induce the expansion of pre-existing CTLs or increase their production of interferon γ (IFNγ). The expansion and effector differentiation of naïve host CD8+ T cells was also suppressed in the presence of CTLs of the same specificity. Suppression was caused by the cytotoxic functions of the adoptively transferred CTLs, as perforin-deficient CTLs could respond to DC vaccination by expanding and increasing IFNγ production. Proliferation and effector differentiation of host CD8+ T cells as well as resistance to tumor challenge were also significantly increased. Expression of perforin by antitumor CTLs was critical in regulating the survival of vaccine DCs, while FAS/FASL and TRAIL/DR5 had a significant, but comparatively smaller, effect. We conclude that perforin-expressing CTLs can suppress the activity of DC-based vaccines and prevent the expansion of naïve and memory CD8+ T cells as well as antitumor immune responses. We suggest that, paradoxically, temporarily blocking the cytotoxic functions of CTLs at the time of DC vaccination should result in improved vaccine efficiency and enhanced antitumor immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel Zhi-Iong Ma
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research; Wellington, New Zealand ; Victoria University of Wellington; Wellington, New Zealand
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4
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Perro M, Iannacone M, von Andrian UH, Peixoto A. Role of LFA-1 integrin in the control of a lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) infection. Virulence 2020; 11:1640-1655. [PMID: 33251934 PMCID: PMC7714442 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2020.1845506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Leukocyte function-associated antigen 1 (LFA-1) is the most widely expressed member of the β2 integrin family of cell-cell adhesion molecules. Although LFA-1 is thought to regulate multiple aspects of T cell immunity, its role in the response of CD8+ T cells to viral infections remains unclear. Indeed, compelling clinical evidence shows that loss of LFA-1 function predisposes to infection in humans but animal models show limited to no susceptibility to infection. Here, we addressed this conundrum in a mouse model of infection with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV), where CD8+ T cells are necessary and sufficient to confer protection. To this end, we followed the fate and function of wild-type and LFA-1 deficient virus-specific CD8+ T cells and assessed the effect of blocking anti-LFA-1 monoclonal antibody in the outcome of infection. Our analysis of viral clearance and T cell responses using transcriptome profiling reveals a role for LFA-1 as a gatekeeper of effector T cell survival and dysfunction that when defective can predispose to LCMV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Perro
- Harvard Medical School , Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Matteo Iannacone
- Harvard Medical School , Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ulrich H von Andrian
- Harvard Medical School , Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Antonio Peixoto
- Harvard Medical School , Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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5
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van Duijn J, Kritikou E, Benne N, van der Heijden T, van Puijvelde GH, Kröner MJ, Schaftenaar FH, Foks AC, Wezel A, Smeets H, Yagita H, Bot I, Jiskoot W, Kuiper J, Slütter B. CD8+ T-cells contribute to lesion stabilization in advanced atherosclerosis by limiting macrophage content and CD4+ T-cell responses. Cardiovasc Res 2020; 115:729-738. [PMID: 30335148 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvy261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Revised: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS T lymphocytes play an important role in atherosclerosis development, but the role of the CD8+ T-cell remains debated, especially in the clinically relevant advanced stages of atherosclerosis development. Here, we set out to determine the role of CD8+ T-cells in advanced atherosclerosis. METHODS AND RESULTS Human endarterectomy samples analysed by flow cytometry showed a negative correlation between the percentage of CD8+ T-cells and macrophages, suggesting a possible protective role for these cells in lesion development. To further test this hypothesis, LDLr-/- mice were fed a western-type diet (WTD) for 10 weeks to induce atherosclerosis, after which they received CD8α-depleting or isotype control antibody for 6 weeks. Depletion of CD8+ T-cells in advanced atherosclerosis resulted in less stable lesions, with significantly reduced collagen content in the trivalve area, increased macrophage content and increased necrotic core area compared with controls. Mechanistically, we observed that CD8 depletion specifically increased the fraction of Th1 CD4+ T-cells in the lesions. Treatment of WTD-fed LDLr-/- mice with a FasL-neutralizing antibody resulted in similar changes in macrophages and CD4+ T-cell skewing as CD8+ T-cell depletion. CONCLUSION These findings demonstrate for the first time a local, protective role for CD8+ T-cells in advanced atherosclerosis, through limiting accumulation of Th1 cells and macrophages, identifying a novel regulatory mechanism for these cells in atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janine van Duijn
- Division of BioTherapeutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, Room EE1.17, 2333 CC Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Eva Kritikou
- Division of BioTherapeutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, Room EE1.17, 2333 CC Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Naomi Benne
- Division of BioTherapeutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, Room EE1.17, 2333 CC Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Thomas van der Heijden
- Division of BioTherapeutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, Room EE1.17, 2333 CC Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Gijs H van Puijvelde
- Division of BioTherapeutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, Room EE1.17, 2333 CC Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Mara J Kröner
- Division of BioTherapeutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, Room EE1.17, 2333 CC Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Frank H Schaftenaar
- Division of BioTherapeutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, Room EE1.17, 2333 CC Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Amanda C Foks
- Division of BioTherapeutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, Room EE1.17, 2333 CC Leiden, the Netherlands
| | | | | | - Hideo Yagita
- Department of Immunology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ilze Bot
- Division of BioTherapeutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, Room EE1.17, 2333 CC Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Wim Jiskoot
- Division of BioTherapeutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, Room EE1.17, 2333 CC Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Johan Kuiper
- Division of BioTherapeutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, Room EE1.17, 2333 CC Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Bram Slütter
- Division of BioTherapeutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, Room EE1.17, 2333 CC Leiden, the Netherlands
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6
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Schweier O, Aichele U, Marx A, Straub T, Verbeek JS, Pinschewer DD, Pircher H. Residual LCMV antigen in transiently CD4+T cell‐depleted mice induces high levels of virus‐specific antibodies but only limited B‐cell memory. Eur J Immunol 2019; 49:626-637. [DOI: 10.1002/eji.201847772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Revised: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Schweier
- Institute for ImmunologyMedical Center ‐ University of FreiburgFaculty of MedicineUniversity of Freiburg Germany
| | - Ulrike Aichele
- Institute for ImmunologyMedical Center ‐ University of FreiburgFaculty of MedicineUniversity of Freiburg Germany
| | - Anna‐Friederike Marx
- Institute for ImmunologyMedical Center ‐ University of FreiburgFaculty of MedicineUniversity of Freiburg Germany
- Division of Experimental VirologyDepartment of BiomedicineUniversity of Basel Switzerland
| | - Tobias Straub
- Institute for ImmunologyMedical Center ‐ University of FreiburgFaculty of MedicineUniversity of Freiburg Germany
| | - J. Sjef Verbeek
- Department of Human GeneticsLeiden University Medical Center Leiden the Netherlands
| | - Daniel D. Pinschewer
- Division of Experimental VirologyDepartment of BiomedicineUniversity of Basel Switzerland
| | - Hanspeter Pircher
- Institute for ImmunologyMedical Center ‐ University of FreiburgFaculty of MedicineUniversity of Freiburg Germany
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7
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Tsai JJ, Velardi E, Shono Y, Argyropoulos KV, Holland AM, Smith OM, Yim NL, Rao UK, Kreines FM, Lieberman SR, Young LF, Lazrak A, Youssef S, Fu YY, Liu C, Lezcano C, Murphy GF, Na IK, Jenq RR, Hanash AM, Dudakov JA, van den Brink MRM. Nrf2 regulates CD4 + T cell-induced acute graft-versus-host disease in mice. Blood 2018; 132:2763-2774. [PMID: 30381375 PMCID: PMC6307985 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2017-10-812941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Nuclear factor erythroid-derived 2-like 2 (Nrf2) is a ubiquitously expressed transcription factor that is well known for its role in regulating the cellular redox pathway. Although there is mounting evidence suggesting a critical role for Nrf2 in hematopoietic stem cells and innate leukocytes, little is known about its involvement in T-cell biology. In this study, we identified a novel role for Nrf2 in regulating alloreactive T-cell function during allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (allo-HCT). We observed increased expression and nuclear translocation of Nrf2 upon T-cell activation in vitro, especially in CD4+ donor T cells after allo-HCT. Allo-HCT recipients of Nrf2 -/- donor T cells had significantly less acute graft-versus-host disease (GVHD)-induced mortality, morbidity, and pathology. This reduction in GVHD was associated with the persistence of Helios+ donor regulatory T cells in the allograft, as well as defective upregulation of the gut-homing receptor LPAM-1 on alloreactive CD8+ T cells. Additionally, Nrf2 -/- donor CD8+ T cells demonstrated intact cytotoxicity against allogeneic target cells. Tumor-bearing allo-HCT recipients of Nrf2 -/- donor T cells had overall improved survival as a result of preserved graft-versus-tumor activity and reduced GVHD activity. Our findings characterized a previously unrecognized role for Nrf2 in T-cell function, as well as revealed a novel therapeutic target to improve the outcomes of allo-HCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer J Tsai
- Department of Immunology, and
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
- Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, NY
- Department of Medicine, State University of New York, Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY
| | - Enrico Velardi
- Department of Immunology, and
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, Rome, Italy
| | - Yusuke Shono
- Department of Immunology, and
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
- Department of Medicine, State University of New York, Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY
| | - Kimon V Argyropoulos
- Department of Immunology, and
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Amanda M Holland
- Department of Immunology, and
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Odette M Smith
- Department of Immunology, and
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Nury L Yim
- Department of Immunology, and
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Uttam K Rao
- Department of Immunology, and
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Fabiana M Kreines
- Department of Immunology, and
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Sophie R Lieberman
- Department of Immunology, and
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Lauren F Young
- Department of Immunology, and
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Amina Lazrak
- Department of Immunology, and
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Salma Youssef
- Department of Immunology, and
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Ya-Yuan Fu
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Chen Liu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School and Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Newark, NJ
| | - Cecilia Lezcano
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - George F Murphy
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Il-Kang Na
- Department of Immunology, and
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Robert R Jenq
- Department of Immunology, and
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Alan M Hanash
- Department of Immunology, and
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Jarrod A Dudakov
- Department of Immunology, and
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
- Program in Immunology and Immunotherapy Integrated Research Center, Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA; and
- Cell and Gene Therapy Program and Immunotherapy Integrated Research Center, Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Marcel R M van den Brink
- Department of Immunology, and
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
- Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, NY
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8
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Lees JR. Targeting antigen presentation in autoimmunity. Cell Immunol 2018; 339:4-9. [PMID: 30554782 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2018.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Revised: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Autoimmune diseases are heterogeneous group of disorders that together represent an enormous societal and medical problem. CD4+ T cells have critical roles in the initiation and pathogenesis of autoimmune disease. As such, modulation of T cell activity has proven to have significant therapeutic effects in multiple autoimmune settings. T cell activation is a complex process with multiple potential therapeutic targets, many of which have been successfully utilized to treat human disease. Current pharmacological treatment largely targets T cell intrinsic activities as a means of treating various autoimmune disorders. Here I review extant and potential therapeutic approaches that instead specifically target antigen presentation to CD4+ T cells as a critical checkpoint in autoimmune responses. In addition, the contribution of antigen modulation components in current therapeutic approaches is considered along with the impact of new antigen targeted treatment modalities. Finally, potential challenges are considered in the context of the potential for antigen specific targeting of the antigen presentation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason R Lees
- Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States.
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9
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Uche UU, Piccirillo AR, Kataoka S, Grebinoski SJ, D'Cruz LM, Kane LP. PIK3IP1/TrIP restricts activation of T cells through inhibition of PI3K/Akt. J Exp Med 2018; 215:3165-3179. [PMID: 30429249 PMCID: PMC6279406 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20172018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Revised: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This study demonstrates a role for the transmembrane regulator of PI3K (TrIP) in restricting early T cell activation, at least in part through effects on PI3K. It is also shown that levels of TrIP decrease preceding full T cell activation. Phosphatidylinositol-3 kinases (PI3Ks) modulate cellular growth, proliferation, and survival; dysregulation of the PI3K pathway can lead to autoimmune disease and cancer. PIK3IP1 (or transmembrane inhibitor of PI3K [TrIP]) is a putative transmembrane regulator of PI3K. TrIP contains an extracellular kringle domain and an intracellular domain with homology to the inter-SH2 domain of the PI3K regulatory subunit p85, but the mechanism of TrIP function is poorly understood. We show that both the kringle and p85-like domains are necessary for TrIP inhibition of PI3K and that TrIP is down-modulated from the surface of T cells during T cell activation. In addition, we present evidence that the kringle domain may modulate TrIP function by mediating oligomerization. Using an inducible knockout mouse model, we show that TrIP-deficient T cells exhibit more robust activation and can mediate clearance of Listeria monocytogenes infection faster than WT mice. Thus, TrIP is a negative regulator of T cell activation and may represent a novel target for immune modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uzodinma U Uche
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA.,Interdisciplinary Biomedical Graduate Program, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Ann R Piccirillo
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | | | - Stephanie J Grebinoski
- Graduate Program in Microbiology and Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Louise M D'Cruz
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Lawrence P Kane
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
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10
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Tran HB, Lee YH, Guo JJ, Cheng TC. De novo transcriptome analysis of immune response on cobia (Rachycentron canadum) infected with Photobacterium damselae subsp. piscicida revealed inhibition of complement components and involvement of MyD88-independent pathway. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 77:120-130. [PMID: 29578048 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.03.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Revised: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Cobia, Rachycentron canadum, one of the most important aquatic species in Taiwan, has suffered heavy losses from Photobacterium damselae subsp. piscicida, which is the causal agent of photobacteriosis. In this study, the transcriptomic profiles of livers and spleens from Pdp-infected and non-infected cobia were obtained for the first time by Illumina-based paired-end sequencing method with a focus on immune-related genes. In total, 164,882 high quality unigenes were obtained in four libraries. Following Pdp infection, 7302 differentially expressed unigenes from liver and 8600 differentially expressed unigenes from spleen were identified. Twenty-seven of the differently expressed genes were further validated by RT-qPCR (average correlation coefficient 0.839, p-value <0.01). Results indicated a negative regulation of complement components and increased expression of genes involved in MyD88-independent pathway. Moreover, a remarkable finding was the increased expression of IL-10, implying an inadequacy of immune responses. This study not only characterized several putative immune pathways, but also provided a better understanding of the molecular responses to photobacteriosis in cobia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung Bao Tran
- Laboratory of Molecular Fish Immunology and Genetics, Department of Tropical Agriculture and International Cooperation, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan; Research Center for Animal Biologics, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Hung Lee
- Tungkang Biotechnology Research Center, Fisheries Research Institute, Pingtung 92845, Taiwan
| | - Jiin-Ju Guo
- Tungkang Biotechnology Research Center, Fisheries Research Institute, Pingtung 92845, Taiwan
| | - Ta-Chih Cheng
- Laboratory of Molecular Fish Immunology and Genetics, Department of Tropical Agriculture and International Cooperation, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan; Research Center for Animal Biologics, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan.
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11
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Gasteiger G, Ataide M, Kastenmüller W. Lymph node - an organ for T-cell activation and pathogen defense. Immunol Rev 2016; 271:200-20. [PMID: 27088916 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The immune system is a multicentered organ that is characterized by intimate interactions between its cellular components to efficiently ward off invading pathogens. A key constituent of this organ system is the distinct migratory activity of its cellular elements. The lymph node represents a pivotal meeting point of immune cells where adaptive immunity is induced and regulated. Additionally, besides barrier tissues, the lymph node is a critical organ where invading pathogens need to be eliminated in order to prevent systemic distribution of virulent microbes. Here, we explain how the lymph node is structurally and functionally organized to fulfill these two critical functions - pathogen defense and orchestration of adaptive immunity. We will discuss spatio-temporal aspects of cellular immune responses focusing on CD8 T cells and review how and where these cells are activated in the context of viral infections, as well as how viral antigen expression kinetics and different antigen presentation pathways are involved. Finally, we will describe how such responses are regulated and 'helped', and discuss how this relates to intranodal positioning and cellular migration of the various cellular components that are involved in these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg Gasteiger
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene & FZI Research Center for Immunotherapy, University of Mainz Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
| | - Marco Ataide
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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12
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Capitalizing on Cancer Specific Replication: Oncolytic Viruses as a Versatile Platform for the Enhancement of Cancer Immunotherapy Strategies. Biomedicines 2016; 4:biomedicines4030021. [PMID: 28536388 PMCID: PMC5344262 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines4030021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Revised: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The past decade has seen considerable excitement in the use of biological therapies in treating neoplastic disease. In particular, cancer immunotherapy and oncolytic virotherapy have emerged as two frontrunners in this regard with the first FDA approvals for agents in both categories being obtained in the last 5 years. It is becoming increasingly apparent that these two approaches are not mutually exclusive and that much of the therapeutic benefit obtained from the use of oncolytic viruses (OVs) is in fact the result of their immunotherapeutic function. Indeed, OVs have been shown to recruit and activate an antitumor immune response and much of the current work in this field centers around increasing this activity through strategies such as engineering genes for immunomodulators into OV backbones. Because of their broad immunostimulatory functions, OVs can also be rationally combined with a variety of other immunotherapeutic approaches including cancer vaccination strategies, adoptive cell transfer and checkpoint blockade. Therefore, while they are important therapeutics in their own right, the true power of OVs may lie in their ability to enhance the effectiveness of a wide range of immunotherapies.
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13
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Bridle BW, Nguyen A, Salem O, Zhang L, Koshy S, Clouthier D, Chen L, Pol J, Swift SL, Bowdish DME, Lichty BD, Bramson JL, Wan Y. Privileged Antigen Presentation in Splenic B Cell Follicles Maximizes T Cell Responses in Prime-Boost Vaccination. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 196:4587-95. [PMID: 27183620 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1600106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Effector T cells (TEFF) are a barrier to booster vaccination because they can rapidly kill Ag-bearing APCs before memory T cells are engaged. We report in this study that i.v. delivery of rhabdoviral vectors leads to direct infection of follicular B cells in the spleen, where the earliest evidence of secondary T cell responses was observed. This allows booster immunizations to rapidly expand CD8(+) central memory T cells (TCM) during the acute phase of the primary response that is dominated by TEFF Interestingly, although the ablation of B cells before boosting with rhabdoviral vectors diminishes the expansion of memory T cells, B cells do not present Ags directly. Instead, depletion of CD11c(+) dendritic cells abrogates secondary T cell expansion, suggesting that virus-infected follicular B cells may function as an Ag source for local DCs to subsequently capture and present the Ag. Because TCM are located within B cell follicles in the spleen whereas TEFF cannot traffic through follicular regions, Ag production and presentation by follicular APCs represent a unique mechanism to secure engagement of TCM during an ongoing effector response. Our data offer insights into novel strategies for rapid expansion of CD8(+) T cells using prime-boost vaccines by targeting privileged sites for Ag presentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byram W Bridle
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada; and
| | - Andrew Nguyen
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8N 3Z5, Canada
| | - Omar Salem
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8N 3Z5, Canada
| | - Liang Zhang
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8N 3Z5, Canada
| | - Sandeep Koshy
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8N 3Z5, Canada
| | - Derek Clouthier
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8N 3Z5, Canada
| | - Lan Chen
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8N 3Z5, Canada
| | - Jonathan Pol
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8N 3Z5, Canada
| | - Stephanie L Swift
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8N 3Z5, Canada
| | - Dawn M E Bowdish
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8N 3Z5, Canada
| | - Brian D Lichty
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8N 3Z5, Canada
| | - Jonathan L Bramson
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8N 3Z5, Canada
| | - Yonghong Wan
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8N 3Z5, Canada
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14
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Pearce VQ, Bouabe H, MacQueen AR, Carbonaro V, Okkenhaug K. PI3Kδ Regulates the Magnitude of CD8+ T Cell Responses after Challenge with Listeria monocytogenes. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 195:3206-17. [PMID: 26311905 PMCID: PMC4574522 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1501227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Accepted: 07/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
PI3Ks regulate diverse immune cell functions by transmitting intracellular signals from Ag, costimulatory receptors, and cytokine receptors to control cell division, differentiation, survival, and migration. In this study, we report the effect of inhibiting the p110δ subunit of PI3Kδ on CD8(+) T cell responses to infection with the intracellular bacteria Listeria monocytogenes. A strong dependency on PI3Kδ for IFN-γ production by CD8(+) T cells in vitro was not recapitulated after Listeria infection in vivo. Inactivation of PI3Kδ resulted in enhanced bacterial elimination by the innate immune system. However, the magnitudes of the primary and secondary CD8 +: T cell responses were reduced. Moreover, PI3Kδ activity was required for CD8(+) T cells to provide help to other responding CD8(+) cells. These findings identify PI3Kδ as a key regulator of CD8(+) T cell responses that integrates extrinsic cues, including those from other responding cells, to determine the collective behavior of CD8(+) T cell populations responding to infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verity Q Pearce
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Signalling and Development, Babraham Institute, Cambridge CB22 3AT, United Kingdom
| | - Hicham Bouabe
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Signalling and Development, Babraham Institute, Cambridge CB22 3AT, United Kingdom
| | - Amy R MacQueen
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Signalling and Development, Babraham Institute, Cambridge CB22 3AT, United Kingdom
| | - Valentina Carbonaro
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Signalling and Development, Babraham Institute, Cambridge CB22 3AT, United Kingdom
| | - Klaus Okkenhaug
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Signalling and Development, Babraham Institute, Cambridge CB22 3AT, United Kingdom
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15
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Bedoui S, Greyer M. The role of dendritic cells in immunity against primary herpes simplex virus infections. Front Microbiol 2014; 5:533. [PMID: 25374562 PMCID: PMC4204531 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2014.00533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 09/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus (HSV) is a DNA virus with tropism for infecting skin and mucosal epithelia during the lytic stages of its complex life cycle. The immune system has evolved a multitude of strategies to respond to primary HSV infections. These include rapid innate immune responses largely driven by pattern recognition systems and protective anti-viral immunity. Dendritic cells (DC) represent a versatile and heterogenic group of antigen presenting cells that are important for pathogen recognition at sites of infection and for priming of protective HSV-specific T cells. Here we will review the current knowledge on the role of DCs in the host immune response to primary HSV infection. We will discuss how DCs integrate viral cues into effective innate immune responses, will dissect how HSV infection of DCs interferes with their capacity to migrate from sites of infection to the draining lymph nodes and will outline how migratory DCs can make antigens available to lymph node resident DCs. The role of distinct DC subsets and their relevant contribution to antigen presentation on MHC class I and MHC class II molecules will be detailed in the context of T cell priming in the lymph node and the elicitation of effector function in infected tissues. An improved understanding of the fundamental mechanisms of how DCs recognize HSV, process and present its antigens to naïve and effector T cells will not only assist in the improvement of vaccine-based preventions of this important viral disease, but also serves as a paradigm to resolve basic immunological principles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sammy Bedoui
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Marie Greyer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne Parkville, VIC, Australia
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16
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Heipertz EL, Davies ML, Lin E, Norbury CC. Prolonged antigen presentation following an acute virus infection requires direct and then cross-presentation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 193:4169-77. [PMID: 25225666 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1302565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Antiviral CD8(+) T cell recognition of MHC class I-peptide complexes on the surface of professional APCs is a requisite step in an effective immune response following many potentially lethal infections. Although MHC class I-peptide production is thought to be closely linked to the continued presence of virus, several studies have shown that the persistence of Ag presentation occurs for an extended period of time following the clearance of RNA viruses. However, the mechanism responsible for Ag presentation persistence following viral clearance was unknown until now. In this study, we used a recombinant DNA virus expressing different forms of a model Ag to study the mechanism of prolonged Ag presentation in mice. We determined that the persistence of Ag presentation consists of three distinct mechanistic phases, as follows: ongoing viral replication, persistence of virally infected cells, and cross-presentation of Ag. These data will allow manipulation of the form of Ag contained within viral vectors to produce the most effective and protective CD8(+) T cell response to be generated following vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica L Heipertz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Pennsylvania State University Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA 17033
| | - Michael L Davies
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Pennsylvania State University Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA 17033
| | - Eugene Lin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Pennsylvania State University Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA 17033
| | - Christopher C Norbury
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Pennsylvania State University Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA 17033
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17
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Macleod BL, Bedoui S, Hor JL, Mueller SN, Russell TA, Hollett NA, Heath WR, Tscharke DC, Brooks AG, Gebhardt T. Distinct APC subtypes drive spatially segregated CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell effector activity during skin infection with HSV-1. PLoS Pathog 2014; 10:e1004303. [PMID: 25121482 PMCID: PMC4133397 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2014] [Accepted: 06/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Efficient infection control requires potent T-cell responses at sites of pathogen replication. However, the regulation of T-cell effector function in situ remains poorly understood. Here, we show key differences in the regulation of effector activity between CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells during skin infection with HSV-1. IFN-γ-producing CD4+ T cells disseminated widely throughout the skin and draining lymph nodes (LN), clearly exceeding the epithelial distribution of infectious virus. By contrast, IFN-γ-producing CD8+ T cells were only found within the infected epidermal layer of the skin and associated hair follicles. Mechanistically, while various subsets of lymphoid- and skin-derived dendritic cells (DC) elicited IFN-γ production by CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells responded exclusively to infected epidermal cells directly presenting viral antigen. Notably, uninfected cross-presenting DCs from both skin and LNs failed to trigger IFN-γ production by CD8+ T-cells. Thus, we describe a previously unappreciated complexity in the regulation of CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell effector activity that is subset-specific, microanatomically distinct and involves largely non-overlapping types of antigen-presenting cells (APC). HSV-1 is a widely distributed pathogen causing a life-long latent infection associated with periodic bouts of reactivation and severe clinical complications. Adaptive immune responses encompassing CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell activities are key to both the clearance of infectious virus and the control of latent infection. However, precisely how such T-cell responses are regulated, particularly within acutely infected peripheral tissues, remains poorly understood. Using a mouse model of HSV-1 skin infection, we describe a complex regulation of T-cell responses at the site of acute infection. These responses were subset-specific and anatomically distinct, with CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell activities being directed to distinct anatomical compartments within the skin. While IFN-γ-producing CD4+ T cells were broadly distributed, including skin regions a considerable distance away from infected cells, CD8+ T-cell activity was strictly confined to directly infected epithelial compartments. This unexpected spatial segregation was a direct consequence of the involvement of largely non-overlapping types of antigen-presenting cells in driving CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell effector activity. Our results provide novel insights into the cellular regulation of T-cell immunity within peripheral tissues and have the potential to guide the development of T-cell subset-specific approaches for therapeutic and prophylactic intervention in antimicrobial immunity and autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bethany L. Macleod
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sammy Bedoui
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jyh Liang Hor
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Scott N. Mueller
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Tiffany A. Russell
- Division of Biomedical Science and Biochemistry, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Natasha A. Hollett
- Division of Biomedical Science and Biochemistry, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - William R. Heath
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - David C. Tscharke
- Division of Biomedical Science and Biochemistry, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Andrew G. Brooks
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Thomas Gebhardt
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- * E-mail:
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18
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Rastall DPW, Aldhamen YA, Seregin SS, Godbehere S, Amalfitano A. ERAP1 functions override the intrinsic selection of specific antigens as immunodominant peptides, thereby altering the potency of antigen-specific cytolytic and effector memory T-cell responses. Int Immunol 2014; 26:685-95. [PMID: 25087231 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxu078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum aminopeptidase 1 (ERAP1) is a critical component of the adaptive immune system that has been shown to increase or decrease the presentation of specific peptides on MHC class I molecules. Here, we have demonstrated that ERAP1 functions are not only important during the presentation of antigen-derived peptides, but these functions can also completely change which antigen-derived peptides ultimately become selected as immunodominant T-cell epitopes. Our results suggest that ERAP1 may do this by destroying epitopes that would otherwise become immunodominant in the absence of adequate ERAP1 functionality. We further establish that ERAP1-mediated influences on T-cell functions are both qualitative and quantitative, by demonstrating that loss of ERAP1 function redirects CTL killing toward a different set of antigen-derived epitopes and increases the percent of antigen-specific memory T cells elicited by antigen exposure. As a result, our studies suggest that normal ERAP1 activity can act to suppress the numbers of T effector memory cells that respond to a given antigen. This unique finding may shed light on why certain ERAP1 single nucleotide polymorphisms are associated with several autoimmune diseases, for example, by significantly altering the robustness and quality of CD8+ T-cell memory responses to antigen-derived peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- David P W Rastall
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Yasser A Aldhamen
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Sergey S Seregin
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Sarah Godbehere
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Andrea Amalfitano
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA Department of Pediatrics, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
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19
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Textor J, Henrickson SE, Mandl JN, von Andrian UH, Westermann J, de Boer RJ, Beltman JB. Random migration and signal integration promote rapid and robust T cell recruitment. PLoS Comput Biol 2014; 10:e1003752. [PMID: 25102014 PMCID: PMC4125054 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1003752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2014] [Accepted: 06/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
To fight infections, rare T cells must quickly home to appropriate lymph nodes (LNs), and reliably localize the antigen (Ag) within them. The first challenge calls for rapid trafficking between LNs, whereas the second may require extensive search within each LN. Here we combine simulations and experimental data to investigate which features of random T cell migration within and between LNs allow meeting these two conflicting demands. Our model indicates that integrating signals from multiple random encounters with Ag-presenting cells permits reliable detection of even low-dose Ag, and predicts a kinetic feature of cognate T cell arrest in LNs that we confirm using intravital two-photon data. Furthermore, we obtain the most reliable retention if T cells transit through LNs stochastically, which may explain the long and widely distributed LN dwell times observed in vivo. Finally, we demonstrate that random migration, both between and within LNs, allows recruiting the majority of cognate precursors within a few days for various realistic infection scenarios. Thus, the combination of two-scale stochastic migration and signal integration is an efficient and robust strategy for T cell immune surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Textor
- Theoretical Biology & Bioinformatics, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Sarah E. Henrickson
- Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Judith N. Mandl
- Lymphocyte Biology Section, National Insitutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Ulrich H. von Andrian
- Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | | | - Rob J. de Boer
- Theoretical Biology & Bioinformatics, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Joost B. Beltman
- Theoretical Biology & Bioinformatics, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Division of Immunology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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20
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Vasconcelos JR, Dominguez MR, Neves RL, Ersching J, Araújo A, Santos LI, Virgilio FS, Machado AV, Bruna-Romero O, Gazzinelli RT, Rodrigues MM. Adenovirus vector-induced CD8⁺ T effector memory cell differentiation and recirculation, but not proliferation, are important for protective immunity against experimental Trypanosoma cruzi Infection. Hum Gene Ther 2014; 25:350-63. [PMID: 24568548 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2013.218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Heterologous prime-boost vaccination using plasmid DNA followed by replication-defective adenovirus vector generates a large number of specific CD8⁺ T effector memory (TEM) cells that provide long-term immunity against a variety of pathogens. In the present study, we initially characterized the frequency, phenotype, and function of these T cells in vaccinated mice that were subjected to infectious challenge with the human protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi. We observed that the frequency of the specific CD8⁺ T cells in the spleens of the vaccinated mice increased after challenge. Specific TEM cells differentiated into cells with a KLRG1(High) CD27(Low) CD43(Low) CD183(Low)T-bet(High) Eomes(Low) phenotype and capable to produce simultaneously the antiparasitic mediators IFNγ and TNF. Using the gzmBCreERT2/ROSA26EYFP transgenic mouse line, in which the cells that express Granzyme B after immunization, are indelibly labeled with enhanced yellow fluorescent protein, we confirmed that CD8⁺ T cells present after challenge were indeed TEM cells that had been induced by vaccination. Subsequently, we observed that the in vivo increase in the frequency of the specific CD8⁺ T cells was not because of an anamnestic immune response. Most importantly, after challenge, the increase in the frequency of specific cells and the protective immunity they mediate were insensitive to treatment with the cytostatic toxic agent hydroxyurea. We have previously described that the administration of the drug FTY720, which reduces lymphocyte recirculation, severely impairs protective immunity, and our evidence supports the model that when large amounts of antigen-experienced CD8⁺ TEM cells are present after heterologous prime-boost vaccination, differentiation, and recirculation, rather than proliferation, are key for the resultant protective immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Ronnie Vasconcelos
- 1 Centro de Terapia Celular e Molecular (CTCMol), Universidade Federal de São Paulo-Escola Paulista de Medicina , São Paulo, SP 04044-010, Brazil
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21
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Zimmerer J, Pham T, Wright C, Tobin K, Sanghavi P, Elzein S, Sanders V, Bumgardner G. Alloprimed CD8(+) T cells regulate alloantibody and eliminate alloprimed B cells through perforin- and FasL-dependent mechanisms. Am J Transplant 2014; 14:295-304. [PMID: 24472191 PMCID: PMC4018729 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.12565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2013] [Revised: 10/07/2013] [Accepted: 10/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
While it is well known that CD4(+) T cells and B cells collaborate for antibody production, our group previously reported that CD8(+) T cells down-regulate alloantibody responses following transplantation. However, the exact mechanism involved in CD8(+) T cell-mediated down-regulation of alloantibody remains unclear. We also reported that alloantibody production is enhanced when either perforin or FasL is deficient in transplant recipients. Here, we report that CD8(+) T cell-deficient transplant recipient mice (high alloantibody producers) exhibit an increased number of primed B cells compared to WT transplant recipients. Furthermore, CD8(+) T cells require FasL, perforin and allospecificity to down-regulate posttransplant alloantibody production. In vivo CD8-mediated clearance of alloprimed B cells was also FasL- and perforin-dependent. In vitro data demonstrated that recipient CD8(+) T cells directly induce apoptosis of alloprimed IgG1(+) B cells in co-culture in an allospecific and MHC class I-dependent fashion. Altogether these data are consistent with the interpretation that CD8(+) T cells down-regulate posttransplant alloantibody production by FasL- and perforin-dependent direct elimination of alloprimed IgG1(+) B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- J.M. Zimmerer
- Department of Surgery, Comprehensive Transplant Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - T.A. Pham
- Department of Surgery, Comprehensive Transplant Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - C.L. Wright
- Department of Surgery, Comprehensive Transplant Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - K.J. Tobin
- Department of Surgery, Comprehensive Transplant Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - P.B. Sanghavi
- Medical Student Research Program, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - S.M. Elzein
- Department of Surgery, Comprehensive Transplant Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - V.M. Sanders
- Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology, and Medical Genetics, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH
| | - G.L. Bumgardner
- Department of Surgery, Comprehensive Transplant Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
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22
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Jessen B, Kögl T, Sepulveda FE, de Saint Basile G, Aichele P, Ehl S. Graded defects in cytotoxicity determine severity of hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis in humans and mice. Front Immunol 2013; 4:448. [PMID: 24379813 PMCID: PMC3864253 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2013] [Accepted: 11/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) is a life-threatening disease of hyperinflammation resulting from immune dysregulation due to inherited defects in the cytolytic machinery of natural killer and T cells. In humans, mutations in seven genes encoding proteins involved in cytolytic effector functions have so far been identified that predispose to HLH. However, although most affected patients develop HLH eventually, disease onset and severity are highly variable. Due to the genetic heterogeneity and variable time and nature of disease triggers, the immunological basis of these variations in HLH progression is incompletely understood. Several murine models of primary HLH have been established allowing to study HLH pathogenesis under more defined conditions. Here we directly compare the clinical HLH phenotype in six HLH-prone mouse strains with defects in the granule-dependent cytotoxic pathway. A severity gradient of HLH manifestations could be identified that is defined by the genetically determined residual lytic activity of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) and their ability to control lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus, which was used as a trigger for disease induction. Importantly, analysis of cohorts of HLH patients with severe bi-allelic mutations in the corresponding genes yielded a similar severity gradient in human HLH as reflected by the age at disease onset. Our findings define HLH as a threshold disease determined by subtle differences in the residual lytic activity of CTL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birthe Jessen
- Centre of Chronic Immunodeficiency, University Medical Center Freiburg, University of Freiburg , Freiburg , Germany
| | - Tamara Kögl
- Department for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center Freiburg, University of Freiburg , Freiburg , Germany
| | - Fernando E Sepulveda
- U768, INSERM , Paris , France ; Institut Imagine, Université Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité , Paris , France
| | - Genevieve de Saint Basile
- U768, INSERM , Paris , France ; Institut Imagine, Université Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité , Paris , France ; Centre d'Etudes des Déficits Immunitaires, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Necker , Paris , France
| | - Peter Aichele
- Department for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center Freiburg, University of Freiburg , Freiburg , Germany
| | - Stephan Ehl
- Centre of Chronic Immunodeficiency, University Medical Center Freiburg, University of Freiburg , Freiburg , Germany
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23
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Bridle BW, Clouthier D, Zhang L, Pol J, Chen L, Lichty BD, Bramson JL, Wan Y. Oncolytic vesicular stomatitis virus quantitatively and qualitatively improves primary CD8 + T-cell responses to anticancer vaccines. Oncoimmunology 2013; 2:e26013. [PMID: 24083086 PMCID: PMC3782525 DOI: 10.4161/onci.26013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2013] [Accepted: 08/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability of heterologous prime-boost vaccination to elicit robust CD8+ T cell responses has been well documented. In contrast, relatively little is known about how this immunotherapeutic strategy impacts the functional qualities of expanded T cells in the course of effector and memory responses. Using vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) as a boosting vector in mice, we demonstrate that a massive secondary expansion of CD8+ T cells can be achieved shortly after priming with recombinant adenoviral vectors. Importantly, VSV-boosted CD8+ T cells were more potent than those primed by adenoviruses only, as measured by cytokine production, granzyme B expression, and functional avidity. Upon adoptive transfer, equivalent numbers of VSV-expanded CD8+ T cells were more effective (on a per-cell basis) in mediating antitumor and antiviral immunity than T cells only primed with adenoviruses. Furthermore, VSV boosting accelerated the progression of expanded CD8+ T lymphocytes to a central memory phenotype, thereby altering the effector memory profile typically associated with adenoviral vaccination. Finally, the functional superiority of VSV-expanded T cells remained evident 100 d after boosting, suggesting that VSV-driven immunological responses are of sufficient duration for therapeutic applications. Our data strongly support the choice of VSV as a boosting vector in prime-boost vaccination strategies, enabling a rapid amplification of CD8+ T cells and improving the quality of expanded T cells during both early and late immunological responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byram W Bridle
- Department of Pathobiology University of Guelph Guelph, ON Canada
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Fu J, Zhang Z, Zhou L, Qi Z, Xing S, Lv J, Shi J, Fu B, Liu Z, Zhang JY, Jin L, Zhao Y, Lau GKK, Zhao J, Wang FS. Impairment of CD4+ cytotoxic T cells predicts poor survival and high recurrence rates in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatology 2013; 58:139-49. [PMID: 22961630 DOI: 10.1002/hep.26054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2011] [Accepted: 08/24/2012] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The role of CD4(+) cytotoxic T cells (CTLs) in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains obscure. This study characterized CD4(+) CTLs in HCC patients and further elucidated the associations between CD4(+) CTLs and HCC disease progression. In all, 547 HCC patients, 44 chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients, 86 liver cirrhosis (LC) patients, and 88 healthy individuals were enrolled in the study. CD4(+) CTLs were defined by flow cytometry, immunohistochemistry, and lytic granule exocytosis assays. A multivariate analysis of prognostic factors for overall survival was performed using the Cox proportional hazards model. Circulating and liver-infiltrating CD4(+) CTLs were found to be significantly increased in HCC patients during early stage disease, but decreased in progressive stages of HCC. This loss of CD4(+) CTLs was significantly correlated with high mortality rates and reduced survival time of HCC patients. In addition, the proliferation, degranulation, and production of granzyme A, granzyme B, and perforin of CD4(+) CTLs were inhibited by the increased forkhead/winged helix transcription factor (FoxP3(+) ) regulatory T cells in these HCC patients. Further analysis showed that both circulating and tumor-infiltrating CD4(+) CTLs were independent predictors of disease-free survival and overall survival after the resection of the HCC. CONCLUSION The progressive deficit in CD4(+) CTLs induced by increased FoxP3(+) regulatory T cells was correlated with poor survival and high recurrence rates in HCC patients. These data suggest that CD4(+) CTLs may represent both a potential prognostic marker and a therapeutic target for the treatment of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junliang Fu
- Research Center for Biological Therapy, Beijing 302 Hospital, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
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Lischke T, Schumacher V, Wesolowski J, Hurwitz R, Haag F, Koch-Nolte F, Mittrücker HW. CD8-β ADP-ribosylation affects CD8(+) T-cell function. Eur J Immunol 2013; 43:1828-38. [PMID: 23575529 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201243231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2012] [Revised: 02/26/2013] [Accepted: 04/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The CD8αβ coreceptor is crucial for effective peptide: MHC-I recognition by the TCR of CD8(+) T cells. Adenosine diphosphate ribosyl transferase 2.2 (ART2.2) utilizes extracellular NAD(+) to transfer ADP-ribose to arginine residues of extracellular domains of surface proteins. Here, we show that in the presence of extracellular NAD(+) , ART2.2 caused ADP-ribosylation of CD8-β on murine CD8(+) T cells in vitro and in vivo. Treatment with NAD(+) prevented binding of anti-CD8-β mAb YTS156.7.7 but not of mAb H35-17.2, indicating that NAD(+) caused modification of certain epitopes and not a general loss of CD8-β. Loss of antibody binding was strictly dependent on ART2.2, because it was not observed on ART2-deficient T cells or in the presence of inhibitory anti-ART2.2 single-domain antibodies. ADP-ribosylation of CD8-β occurred during cell isolation, particularly when cells were isolated from CD38-deficient mice. Incubation of ART2-expressing, but not of ART2-deficient, OVA-specific CD8(+) T cells with NAD(+) interfered with binding of OVA257-264 :MHC-I tetramers. In line with this result, treatment of WT mice with NAD(+) resulted in reduced CD8(+) T-cell mediated cytotoxicity in vivo. We propose that ADP-ribosylation of CD8-β can regulate the coreceptor function of CD8 in the presence of elevated levels of extracellular NAD(+) .
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Affiliation(s)
- Timo Lischke
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
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Ashton-Rickardt PG. An emerging role for Serine Protease Inhibitors in T lymphocyte immunity and beyond. Immunol Lett 2013; 152:65-76. [PMID: 23624075 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2013.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2012] [Revised: 04/09/2013] [Accepted: 04/12/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Serine proteases control a wide variety of physiological and pathological processes in multi-cellular organisms, including blood clotting, cancer, cell death, osmo-regulation, tissue re-modeling and immunity to infection. T lymphocytes are required for adaptive cell mediated immunity and serine proteases are not only important for effector function but also homeostatic regulation of cell numbers. Serine Protease Inhibitors (Serpins) are the physiological regulators of serine proteases activity. In this review, I will discuss the role of serpins in controlling the recognition of antigen, effector function and homeostatic control of T lymphocytes through the inhibition of physiological serine protease targets. An emerging view of serpins is that they are important promoters of cellular viability through their inhibition of executioner proteases. This will be discussed in the context of the T lymphocyte survival during effector responses and the development and persistence of long-lived memory T cells. The potent anti-apoptotic properties of serpins can also work against adaptive cell immunity by protecting viruses and tumors from eradication by cytotoxic T cells (CTL). Recent insights from knock-out mouse models demonstrate that these serpins also are required for hematological progenitor cells and so are critical for the development of lineages other than T lymphocytes. Given the emerging role of serpins in multiple aspects of lymphocyte immunity and blood development I will review the progress to date in developing new immunotherapeutic approaches based directly on serpins or knowledge gained from identifying their physiologically relevant protease targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip G Ashton-Rickardt
- Section of Immunobiology, Division of Immunology and Inflammation, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK.
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27
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Huang LR, Wohlleber D, Reisinger F, Jenne CN, Cheng RL, Abdullah Z, Schildberg FA, Odenthal M, Dienes HP, van Rooijen N, Schmitt E, Garbi N, Croft M, Kurts C, Kubes P, Protzer U, Heikenwalder M, Knolle PA. Intrahepatic myeloid-cell aggregates enable local proliferation of CD8+ T cells and successful immunotherapy against chronic viral liver infection. Nat Immunol 2013; 14:574-83. [DOI: 10.1038/ni.2573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2012] [Accepted: 02/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Delivery of viral-vectored vaccines by B cells represents a novel strategy to accelerate CD8+ T-cell recall responses. Blood 2013; 121:2432-9. [DOI: 10.1182/blood-2012-06-438481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Key PointsUsing B cells to target antigens into the follicular regions represents a novel approach to accelerate CD8+ T-cell recall responses.
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29
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Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis in syntaxin-11–deficient mice: T-cell exhaustion limits fatal disease. Blood 2013. [DOI: 10.1182/blood-2012-07-441139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Syntaxin-11 (Stx11), an atypical member of the SNARE protein family, is part of the cytolytic machinery of T and NK cells and involved in the fusion of lytic granules with the plasmamembrane. Functional loss of syntaxin-11 in humans causes defective degranulation and impaired cytolytic activity of T and NK cells. Furthermore, patients with STX11 deficiency develop familial hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis type 4 (FHL4), a life-threatening disease of severe hyperinflammation. We established Stx11-deficient mice as an animal model for FHL4. Stx11-deficient mice exhibited severely reduced degranulation and cytolytic activity of CTL and NK cells and developed all clinical symptoms of hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) after infection with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV). The HLH phenotype was further characterized by hyperactive CD8 T cells and continuous IFN-γ production. However, in contrast to perforin-deficient mice, which represent a model for FHL2, progression of HLH was not fatal. Survival of Stx11-deficient mice was determined by exhaustion of antigen-specific T cells, characterized by expression of inhibitory receptors, sequential loss of effector functions, and finally T-cell deletion. Blockade of inhibitory receptors on T cells in Stx11-deficient mice converted nonfatal disease course into fatal HLH, identifying T-cell exhaustion as an important factor for determination of disease severity in HLH.
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30
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Russ BE, Denton AE, Hatton L, Croom H, Olson MR, Turner SJ. Defining the molecular blueprint that drives CD8(+) T cell differentiation in response to infection. Front Immunol 2012; 3:371. [PMID: 23267358 PMCID: PMC3525900 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2012.00371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2012] [Accepted: 11/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A cardinal feature of adaptive, cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL)-mediated immunity is the ability of naïve CTLs to undergo a program of differentiation and proliferation upon activation resulting in the acquisition of lineage-specific T cell functions and eventual establishment of immunological memory. In this review, we examine the molecular factors that shape both the acquisition and maintenance of lineage-specific effector function in virus-specific CTL during both the effector and memory phases of immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendan E Russ
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne Parkville, VIC, Australia
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31
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Takai S, Sabzevari H, Farsaci B, Schlom J, Greiner JW. Distinct effects of saracatinib on memory CD8+ T cell differentiation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 188:4323-33. [PMID: 22450814 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1101439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Immunologic memory involving CD8(+) T cells is a hallmark of an adaptive Ag-specific immune response and constitutes a critical component of protective immunity. Designing approaches that enhance long-term T cell memory would, for the most part, fortify vaccines and enhance host protection against infectious diseases and, perhaps, cancer immunotherapy. A better understanding of the cellular programs involved in the Ag-specific T cell response has led to new approaches that target the magnitude and quality of the memory T cell response. In this article, we show that T cells from TCR transgenic mice for the nucleoprotein of influenza virus NP68 exhibit the distinct phases--priming, expansion, contraction, and memory--of an Ag-specific T cell response when exposed in vitro to the cognate peptide. Saracatinib, a specific inhibitor of Src family kinases, administered at low doses during the expansion or contraction phases, increased CD62L(high)/CD44(high) central memory CD8(+) T cells and IFN-γ production but suppressed immunity when added during the priming phase. These effects by saracatinib were not accompanied by the expected decline of Src family kinases but were accompanied by Akt-mammalian target of rapamycin suppression and/or mediated via another pathway. Increased central memory cells by saracatinib were recapitulated in mice using a poxvirus-based influenza vaccine, thus underscoring the importance of dose and timing of the inhibitor in the context of memory T cell differentiation. Finally, vaccine plus saracatinib treatment showed better protection against tumor challenge. The immune-potentiating effects on CD8(+) T cells by a low dose of saracatinib might afford better protection from pathogens or cancer when combined with vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinji Takai
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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32
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Lovo E, Zhang M, Wang L, Ashton-Rickardt PG. Serine protease inhibitor 6 is required to protect dendritic cells from the kiss of death. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 188:1057-63. [PMID: 22227570 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1102667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
How dendritic cells (DC) present Ag to cytotoxic T cells (CTL) without themselves being killed through contact-mediated cytotoxicity (so-called kiss of death) has proved to be controversial. Using mice deficient in serine protease inhibitor 6 (Spi6), we show that Spi6 protects DC from the kiss of death by inhibiting granzyme B (GrB) delivered by CTL. Infection of Spi6 knockout mice with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus revealed impaired survival of CD8α DC. The impaired survival of Spi6 knockout CD8α DC resulted in impaired priming and expansion of both primary and memory lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus-specific CTL, which could be corrected by GrB deficiency. The rescue in the clonal burst obtained by GrB elimination demonstrated that GrB was the physiological target through which Spi6 protected DC from CTL. We conclude that the negative regulation of DC priming of CD8 T lymphocyte immunity by CTL killing is mitigated by the physiological inhibition of GrB by Spi6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Lovo
- Section of Immunobiology, Division of Immunology and Inflammation, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom
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33
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Bennett CL, Chakraverty R. Dendritic cells in tissues: in situ stimulation of immunity and immunopathology. Trends Immunol 2011; 33:8-13. [PMID: 22030236 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2011.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2011] [Revised: 09/22/2011] [Accepted: 09/27/2011] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) prime and orchestrate naïve T cell immunity in lymphoid organs, but recent data also highlight the importance of DC-effector T cell interactions in tissues. These studies suggest that effector T cells require a second activating step in situ from tissue DCs to become fully competent for effector functions and/or proliferation and survival. DC stimulation of effector T cells within tissues has evolved as a mechanism to ensure that T cells are activated to their full potential only at the site of ongoing infection. Here, we propose that under conditions of uncontrolled inflammation and release of tissue antigens, the same DC-dependent checkpoint perpetuates a destructive response and immunopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clare L Bennett
- Department of Haematology, Division of Cancer Studies, UCL Royal Free Campus, Rowland Hill Street, London NW3 2PF, UK.
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34
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Watson B, Viner K. How the immune response to vaccines is created, maintained and measured: addressing patient questions about vaccination. Prim Care 2011; 38:581-93, vii. [PMID: 22094134 DOI: 10.1016/j.pop.2011.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
This article gives an overview of the immune response to vaccines, including ways in which it is measured and/or augmented to enhance its effectiveness. A brief description is given of the immune response, adaptive immunity, immunologic memory, antibodies, and adjuvants. Given that many young parents and physicians have never witnessed the ravages of vaccine-preventable diseases, it is hoped this article will aid the many people involved in the prevention of infectious disease to understand better the concepts and practicalities of immunization and vaccine development.
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35
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Karmaus PWF, Chen W, Crawford RB, Harkema JR, Kaplan BLF, Kaminski NE. Deletion of cannabinoid receptors 1 and 2 exacerbates APC function to increase inflammation and cellular immunity during influenza infection. J Leukoc Biol 2011; 90:983-95. [PMID: 21873455 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0511219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
We and others have reported that simultaneous targeted deletion of CB(1) and CB(2) resulted in exacerbation of immune reactivity, suggesting a role of endocannabinoids in down-regulating immune function. In this study, we demonstrate that APC function is enhanced specifically in the absence of CB(1) and CB(2) signaling, resulting in an exacerbated immune response phenotype. After influenza infection, CB(1)(-/-)CB(2)(-/-) mice showed more pronounced pulmonary damage, increased inflammatory cell infiltrate, inflammation, and a greater cellular immune responses compared with WT mice, as evidenced by transcriptome analysis, more robust T cell activation, and effector cell cytokine production. After direct activation in vitro, there were no differences in the percentages of cytokine-producing CD4(+) T cells between CB(1)(-/-)CB(2)(-/-) and WT mice. However, untreated CB(1)(-/-)CB(2)(-/-) mice routinely had fewer naïve T cells compared with WT, suggesting dysregulation of APC immune homeostasis. Moreover, bmDCs and AM isolated from CB(1)(-/-)CB(2)(-/-) mice exhibited a more mature phenotype, with and without TLR stimulation, and bmDCs elicited T cells more robustly than WT mice. Collectively, these findings implicate a role for CB(1) and CB(2) on APCs in regulating immune responses and immune homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peer W F Karmaus
- Cell and Molecular Biology Program, Center for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
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36
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Munir S, Hillyer P, Le Nouën C, Buchholz UJ, Rabin RL, Collins PL, Bukreyev A. Respiratory syncytial virus interferon antagonist NS1 protein suppresses and skews the human T lymphocyte response. PLoS Pathog 2011; 7:e1001336. [PMID: 21533073 PMCID: PMC3080852 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1001336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2010] [Accepted: 03/23/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We recently demonstrated that the respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) NS1 protein, an antagonist of host type I interferon (IFN-I) production and signaling, has a suppressive effect on the maturation of human dendritic cells (DC) that was only partly dependent on released IFN-I. Here we investigated whether NS1 affects the ability of DC to activate CD8+ and CD4+ T cells. Human DC were infected with RSV deletion mutants lacking the NS1 and/or NS2 genes and assayed for the ability to activate autologous T cells in vitro, which were analyzed by multi-color flow cytometry. Deletion of the NS1, but not NS2, protein resulted in three major effects: (i) an increased activation and proliferation of CD8+ T cells that express CD103, a tissue homing integrin that directs CD8+ T cells to mucosal epithelial cells of the respiratory tract and triggers cytolytic activity; (ii) an increased activation and proliferation of Th17 cells, which have recently been shown to have anti-viral effects and also indirectly attract neutrophils; and (iii) decreased activation of IL-4-producing CD4+ T cells--which are associated with enhanced RSV disease--and reduced proliferation of total CD4+ T cells. Except for total CD4+ T cell proliferation, none of the T cell effects appeared to be due to increased IFN-I signaling. In the infected DC, deletion of the NS1 and NS2 genes strongly up-regulated the expression of cytokines and other molecules involved in DC maturation. This was partly IFN-I-independent, and thus might account for the T cell effects. Taken together, these data demonstrate that the NS1 protein suppresses proliferation and activation of two of the protective cell populations (CD103+ CD8+ T cells and Th17 cells), and promotes proliferation and activation of Th2 cells that can enhance RSV disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirin Munir
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Philippa Hillyer
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Cyril Le Nouën
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Ursula J. Buchholz
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Ronald L. Rabin
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Peter L. Collins
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Alexander Bukreyev
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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37
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Zaiss DMW, Boog CJP, van Eden W, Sijts AJAM. Considerations in the design of vaccines that induce CD8 T cell mediated immunity. Vaccine 2010; 28:7716-22. [PMID: 20851090 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.08.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2010] [Revised: 08/27/2010] [Accepted: 08/31/2010] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The protective capacity of many currently used vaccines is based on induction of neutralizing antibodies. Many pathogens, however, have adapted themselves in different ways to escape antibody-based immune protection. In particular, for those infections against which conventional neutralizing antibody-based vaccinations appear challenging, CD8 T-cells are considered to be promising candidates for vaccine targeting. The design of vaccines that induce robust and long-lasting protective CD8 T-cell responses however imposes new challenges, as many factors such as kinetics and efficiency of antigen-processing and presentation by antigen presenting cells, T-cell repertoire and cytokine environment during T cell priming contribute to the specificity and functionality of CD8 T-cell responses. In the following, we review the most prominent aspects that underlie CD8 T-cell induction and discuss how this knowledge may help to improve the design of efficient CD8 T-cell inducing vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M W Zaiss
- Division of Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Utrecht, The Netherlands
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38
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Abstract
CD8(+) T cells (also called cytotoxic T lymphocytes) play a major role in protective immunity against many infectious pathogens and can eradicate malignant cells. The path from naive precursor to effector and memory CD8(+) T-cell development begins with interactions between matured antigen-bearing dendritic cells (DCs) and antigen-specific naive T-cell clonal precursors. By integrating differences in antigenic, costimulatory, and inflammatory signals, a developmental program is established that governs many key parameters associated with the ensuing response, including the extent and magnitude of clonal expansion, the functional capacities of the effector cells, and the size of the memory pool that survives after the contraction phase. In this review, we discuss the multitude of signals that drive effector and memory CD8(+) T-cell differentiation and how the differences in the nature of these signals contribute to the diversity of CD8(+) T-cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramon Arens
- Laboratory of Cellular Immunology, The La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Stephen P. Schoenberger
- Laboratory of Cellular Immunology, The La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
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39
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Fu YH, He JS, Wang XB, Zheng XX, Wu Q, Xie C, Zhang M, Wei W, Tang Q, Song JD, Qu JG, Hong T. A prime–boost vaccination strategy using attenuated Salmonella typhimurium and a replication-deficient recombinant adenovirus vector elicits protective immunity against human respiratory syncytial virus. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2010; 395:87-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2010.03.144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2010] [Accepted: 03/24/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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40
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Brown DM. Cytolytic CD4 cells: Direct mediators in infectious disease and malignancy. Cell Immunol 2010; 262:89-95. [PMID: 20236628 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2010.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2010] [Revised: 02/16/2010] [Accepted: 02/19/2010] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
CD4 T cells have traditionally been regarded as helpers and regulators of adaptive immune responses; however, a novel role for CD4 T cells as direct mediators of protection against viral infections has emerged. CD4 T cells with cytolytic potential have been described for almost 40 years, but their role in host protection against infectious disease is only beginning to be realized. In this review, we describe the current literature identifying these cells in patients with various infections, mouse models of viral infection and our own work investigating the development of cytolytic CD4 cells in vivo and in vitro. CD4 CTL are no longer considered an artefact of cell culture and may play a physiological role in viral infections such as EBV, CMV, HIV and influenza. Therefore, vaccine strategies aimed at targeting CD4 CTL should be developed in conjunction with vaccines incorporating B cell and CD8 CTL epitopes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah M Brown
- University of Nebraska-Lincoln, School of Biological Sciences and Nebraska Center for Virology, Lincoln, NE 68583-0900, USA.
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41
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Russell MS, Dudani R, Krishnan L, Sad S. IFN-gamma expressed by T cells regulates the persistence of antigen presentation by limiting the survival of dendritic cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 183:7710-8. [PMID: 19923462 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0901274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Ag presentation to T cells orchestrates the development of acquired immune response. Although it is considered that Ag presentation may persist at high levels during chronic infections, we have previously reported that in mice infected with bacillus Calmette-Guérin, Ag presentation gets drastically curtailed during the chronic stage of infection despite antigenic persistence. In this report we evaluated the mechanism of this curtailment. Ag presentation declined precipitously as the T cell response developed, and Ag presentation was not curtailed in mice that were deficient in CD8(+) T cells or MHC class II, suggesting that T cells regulate Ag presentation. Curtailment of Ag presentation was reduced in IFN-gamma-deficient mice, but not in mice with a deficiency/mutation in inducible NOS2, perforin, or Fas ligand. In hosts with no T cells (Rag1(-/-)), Ag presentation was not curtailed during the chronic stage of infection. However, adoptive transfer of wild-type, but not IFN-gamma(-/-), CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells into Rag1-deficient hosts strongly curtailed Ag presentation. Increased persistence of Ag presentation in IFN-gamma-deficient hosts correlated to increased survival of dendritic cells, but not of macrophages, and was not due to increased stimulatory capacity of IFN-gamma-deficient dendritic cells. These results reveal a novel mechanism indicating how IFN-gamma prevents the persistence of Ag presentation, thereby preventing memory T cells from going into exhaustion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marsha S Russell
- National Research Council Institute for Biological Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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Dendritic cell migration limits the duration of CD8+ T-cell priming to peripheral viral antigen. J Virol 2010; 84:3586-94. [PMID: 20089641 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01975-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
CD8(+) T cells (T(CD8(+))) play a crucial role in immunity to viruses. Antiviral T(CD8(+)) are initially activated by recognition of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I-peptide complexes on the surface of professional antigen-presenting cells (pAPC). Migration of pAPC from the site of infection to secondary lymphoid organs is likely required during a natural infection. Migrating pAPC can be directly infected with virus or may internalize antigen derived from virus-infected cells. The use of experimental virus infections to assess the requirement for pAPC migration in initiation of T(CD8(+)) responses has proven difficult to interpret because injected virus can readily drain to secondary lymphoid organs without the need for cell-mediated transport. To overcome this ambiguity, we examined the generation of antigen-specific T(CD8(+)) after immunization with recombinant adenoviruses that express antigen driven by skin-specific or ubiquitous promoters. We show that the induction of T(CD8(+)) in response to tissue-targeted antigen is less efficient than the response to ubiquitously expressed antigen and that the resulting T(CD8(+)) fail to clear all target cells pulsed with the antigenic peptide. This failure to prime a fully functional T(CD8(+)) response results from a reduced period of priming to peripherally expressed antigen versus ubiquitously expressed antigen and correlated with a brief burst of pAPC migration from the skin, a requirement for induction of the response to peripheral antigen. These results indicate that a reduced duration of pAPC migration after virus infection likely reduces the amplitude of the T(CD8(+)) response, allowing persistence of the peripheral virus.
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Zhang X, Dou J, Germann MW. Characterization of the cellular immune response in hepatitis C virus infection. Med Res Rev 2010; 29:843-66. [PMID: 19378287 DOI: 10.1002/med.20157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV), a hepatotropic RNA virus, is a major causative agent of chronic hepatitis, liver cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinomas. The host immune responses, especially cellular immune responses, play an important role in viral clearance, liver injury, and persistent HCV infection. A thorough characterization of the HCV cellular immune responses is important for understanding the interplays between host immune system and viral components, as well as for developing effective therapeutic and prophylactic HCV vaccines. Recent advances that provide better understanding the cell immune responses in HCV infection are summarized in this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinjian Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30302, USA
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Persistence of transgene expression influences CD8+ T-cell expansion and maintenance following immunization with recombinant adenovirus. J Virol 2009; 83:12027-36. [PMID: 19759135 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00593-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies determined that the CD8(+) T-cell response elicited by recombinant adenovirus exhibited a protracted contraction phase that was associated with long-term presentation of antigen. To gain further insight into this process, a doxycycline-regulated adenovirus was constructed to enable controlled extinction of transgene expression in vivo. We investigated the impact of premature termination of transgene expression at various time points (day 3 to day 60) following immunization. When transgene expression was terminated before the maximum response had been attained, overall expansion was attenuated, yielding a small memory population. When transgene expression was terminated between day 13 and day 30, the memory population was not sustained, demonstrating that the early memory population was antigen dependent. Extinction of transgene expression at day 60 had no obvious impact on memory maintenance, indicating that maintenance of the memory population may ultimately become independent of transgene expression. Premature termination of antigen expression had significant but modest effects on the phenotype and cytokine profile of the memory population. These results offer new insights into the mechanisms of memory CD8(+) T-cell maintenance following immunization with a recombinant adenovirus.
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Medina F, Ramos M, Iborra S, de León P, Rodríguez-Castro M, Del Val M. Furin-processed antigens targeted to the secretory route elicit functional TAP1-/-CD8+ T lymphocytes in vivo. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 183:4639-47. [PMID: 19752221 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0901356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Most pathogen-derived peptides recognized by CD8+ CTL are produced by proteasomes and delivered to the endoplasmic reticulum by the TAP transporters associated with Ag processing. Alternative proteases also produce antigenic peptides, but their actual relevance is unclear. There is a need to quantify the contribution of these supplementary pathways in vitro and in vivo. A well-defined TAP-independent secretory route of Ag processing involves the trans-Golgi network protease furin. Quantitation of this route by using OVA constructs encoded by vaccinia viruses indicates that it provides approximately one-third of all surface complexes of peptide and MHC class I molecules. Generation of the epitope carboxyl terminus is a dramatic rate-limiting step, since bypassing it increased efficiency by at least 1000-fold. Notably, the secretory construct activated a similar percentage of Ag-specific CD8+ T cells in wild type as in TAP1-deficient mice, which allow only secretory routes but which have a 10- to 20-fold smaller CD8 compartment. Moreover, these TAP1(-/-) OVA-specific CD8+ T lymphocytes accomplished elimination of epitope-bearing cells in vivo. The results obtained with this experimental system underscore the potential of secretory pathways of MHC class I Ag presentation to elicit functional CD8+ T lymphocytes in vivo and support the hypothesis that noncytosolic processing mechanisms may compensate in vivo for the lack of proteasome participation in Ag processing in persons genetically deficient in TAP and thus contribute to pathogen control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Medina
- Unidad de Inmunología Viral, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda (Madrid) E-28220, Spain
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Pavelic V, Matter MS, Mumprecht S, Breyer I, Ochsenbein AF. CTL induction by cross-priming is restricted to immunodominant epitopes. Eur J Immunol 2009; 39:704-16. [PMID: 19189311 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200838901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
CTL are induced by two pathways, i.e. direct priming, where tumor cells present tumor antigens to naïve specific CTL, and cross-priming, where professional APC cross-present captured tumor antigens to CTL. Here, we examined direct priming versus cross-priming after immunizing (H-2(b) x H-2(d)) F1 mice with either H-2(b) or H-2(d) positive tumor cells transfected with the GP or nucleoprotein (NP) of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV). Cross-priming was observed for the immunodominant epitopes LCMV-gp33 and -np118, although direct induction resulted in higher CTL frequencies. In contrast, CTL specific for the subdominant epitopes LCMV-gp283 or -np396 were induced only if epitopes were presented directly on MHC class I molecules of the immunizing cell. The broader repertoire and the higher CTL frequencies induced after vaccination with haplotype-matched tumor cells resulted in more efficient anti-tumor and antiviral protection. Firstly, our results indicate that certain virus and tumor antigens may not be detected by CD8(+) T cells because of impaired cross-priming. Secondly, efficient cross-priming contributes to the immunodominant nature of a tumor-specific CTL epitope. Thirdly, vaccine strategies using autologous or syngenic antigen-expressing cells induce a broader repertoire of tumor-specific CTL and higher CTL frequencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktor Pavelic
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Berne, Berne, Switzerland
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Lay MDH, Zhang L, Ribeiro RM, Mueller SN, Belz GT, Davenport MP. Kinetics of major histocompatibility class I antigen presentation in acute infection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 182:902-11. [PMID: 19124733 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.182.2.902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Ag presentation within the regional lymph node is crucial for the initiation of CD8+ T cell responses following viral infection. The magnitude and quality of the CD8+ T cell response are regulated by the interplay between the size of the APC population and duration of Ag presentation. To understand how these parameters are finely regulated during an immune response, we have investigated the dynamics of Ag presentation in influenza A virus and HSV-1 infection. In both infections, APC production was calculated to occur over the first few days of infection, after which there was slow exponential decay over a period of up to 2 wk. This production rate is most likely determined by the Ag availability and recruitment and/or maturation rate of dendritic cells. APC production was found to closely parallel lymph node cell recruitment in both infections. This was greatest in the first 6 h of infection for HSV and over the second and third day for influenza. In HSV infection, the peak production also coincides with peak viral levels. By contrast, in influenza infection, APC production ceased between the third and fourth day despite the presence of high levels of virus until 5 days after infection. These analyses demonstrate that two quite different self-limiting infections generate the APC necessary to drive T cell responses early in infection at different rates. Understanding how such contrasting kinetics of Ag presentation impacts on the growth and size of developing protective T cell populations has important implications for the design of vaccines and immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D H Lay
- Complex Systems in Biology Group, Centre for Vascular Research, University of New South Wales, Kensington, Australia
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van Loenen MM, Hagedoorn RS, Kester MGD, Hoogeboom M, Willemze R, Falkenburg JHF, Heemskerk MHM. Kinetic preservation of dual specificity of coprogrammed minor histocompatibility antigen-reactive virus-specific T cells. Cancer Res 2009; 69:2034-41. [PMID: 19223543 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-08-2523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Adoptive transfer of antigen-specific T cells is an attractive strategy for the treatment of hematologic malignancies. It has been shown that T cells recognizing minor histocompatibility antigens (mHag) selectively expressed on hematopoietic cells mediate antileukemic reactivity after allogeneic stem cell transplantation. However, large numbers of T cells with defined specificity are difficult to attain. An attractive strategy to obtain large numbers of leukemia-reactive T cells is retroviral transfer of mHag-specific T-cell receptors (TCR). TCR transfer into T cells specific for persistent viruses may enable these T cells to proliferate both after encountering with viral antigens as well as mHags, increasing the possibility of in vivo survival. We analyzed whether the dual specificity of the TCR-transferred T cells after repetitive stimulation via either the introduced antileukemic HA-2-TCR or the endogenous cytomegalovirus (CMV) specific CMV-TCR was preserved. We show that after repetitive stimulation, T cells skew to a population predominantly expressing the triggered TCR. However, HA-2-TCR-transferred CMV-specific T cells with high antileukemic HA-2-TCR expression but low CMV-TCR expression were able to persist and proliferate after repetitive stimulation with pp65. Moreover, HA-2-TCR-transferred CMV-specific T cells remained dual specific after repetitive stimulation and TCR expression could be reverted after additional stimulation via the previously nonstimulated TCR, restoring high-avidity interactions. These data imply persistence of TCR-transferred virus-specific T cells with both antileukemic and antivirus reactivity in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marleen M van Loenen
- Department of Hematology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
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Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes infection in mice is a highly prolific model of bacterial infection. Several in vivo imaging approaches have been used to study host cell dynamics in response to infection, including bioluminescence imaging, confocal microscopy and two-photon microscopy, The application of in vivo imaging to study transgenic mouse models is providing unprecedented opportunities to test specific molecular mechanistic theories about how the host immune response unfolds. In complementary studies, in vivo imaging can be performed using genetically engineered bacterial mutants to assess the impact of specific virulence factors in host cell invasion and pathogenesis. The purpose of this chapter is to provide a general rationale for why in vivo imaging is important, provide an overview of various techniques highlighting the strengths and weaknesses of each, and provide examples of how various imaging techniques have been used to study Listeria infection. Lastly, our goal is to make the reader aware of the tremendous potential these approaches hold for studying host-pathogen interactions.
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Gailus-Durner V, Fuchs H, Adler T, Aguilar Pimentel A, Becker L, Bolle I, Calzada-Wack J, Dalke C, Ehrhardt N, Ferwagner B, Hans W, Hölter SM, Hölzlwimmer G, Horsch M, Javaheri A, Kallnik M, Kling E, Lengger C, Mörth C, Mossbrugger I, Naton B, Prehn C, Puk O, Rathkolb B, Rozman J, Schrewe A, Thiele F, Adamski J, Aigner B, Behrendt H, Busch DH, Favor J, Graw J, Heldmaier G, Ivandic B, Katus H, Klingenspor M, Klopstock T, Kremmer E, Ollert M, Quintanilla-Martinez L, Schulz H, Wolf E, Wurst W, de Angelis MH. Systemic first-line phenotyping. Methods Mol Biol 2009; 530:463-509. [PMID: 19266331 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-59745-471-1_25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
With the completion of the mouse genome sequence an essential task for biomedical sciences in the twenty-first century will be the generation and functional analysis of mouse models for every gene in the mammalian genome. More than 30,000 mutations in ES cells will be engineered and thousands of mouse disease models will become available over the coming years by the collaborative effort of the International Mouse Knockout Consortium. In order to realize the full value of the mouse models proper characterization, archiving and dissemination of mouse disease models to the research community have to be performed. Phenotyping centers (mouse clinics) provide the necessary capacity, broad expertise, equipment, and infrastructure to carry out large-scale systemic first-line phenotyping. Using the example of the German Mouse Clinic (GMC) we will introduce the reader to the different aspects of the organization of a mouse clinic and present selected methods used in first-line phenotyping.
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