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Yu XL, Liu CY, Jiang L, Huang LT, Luo Y, Zhang P, Zhang YY, Liu S, Huang H. Local adaptation of trophic strategy determined the tolerance of coral Galaxea fascicularis to environmental fluctuations. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 943:173694. [PMID: 38852868 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.173694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
The escalation of global change has resulted in heightened frequencies and intensities of environmental fluctuations within coral reef ecosystems. Corals originating from marginal reefs have potentially enhanced their adaptive capabilities in response to these environmental variations through processes of local adaptation. However, the intricate mechanisms driving this phenomenon remain a subject of limited investigation. This study aimed to investigate how corals in Luhuitou reef, a representative relatively high-latitude reef in China, adapt to seasonal fluctuations in seawater temperature and light availability. We conducted a 190-day plantation experiment with the widespread species, Galaxea fascicularis, in Luhuitou local, and from Meiji reef, a typical offshore tropical reef, to Luhuitou as comparison. Drawing upon insights from physiological adaptations, we focused on fatty acid (FA) profiles to unravel the trophic strategies of G. fascicularis to cope with environmental fluctuations from two origins. Our main findings are threefold: 1) Native corals exhibited a stronger physiological resilience compared to those transplanted from Meiji. 2) Corals from both origins consumed large quantities of energy reserves in winter, during which FA profiles of local corals altered, while the change of FA profiles of corals from Meiji was probably due to the excessive consumption of saturated fatty acid (SFA). 3) The better resilience of native corals is related to high levels of functional polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA), while insufficient nutrient reserves, possibly due to weak heterotrophic ability, result in the obstruction of the synthesis pathway of PUFA for corals from Meiji, leading to their intolerance to environmental changes. Consequently, we suggest that the tolerance of G. fascicularis to environmental fluctuations is determined by their local adapted trophic strategies. Furthermore, our findings underscore the notion that the rapid adaptation of relatively high-latitude corals to seasonal environmental fluctuations might not be readily attainable for their tropical counterparts within a brief timeframe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Lei Yu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China; CAS-HKUST Sanya Joint Laboratory of Marine Science Research, Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Biotechnology of Hainan Province, Sanya Institute of Oceanology, SCSIO, Sanya 572000, China; Sanya National Marine Ecosystem Research Station, Tropical Marine Biological Research Station in Hainan, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Sanya 572000, China
| | - Cheng-Yue Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China; CAS-HKUST Sanya Joint Laboratory of Marine Science Research, Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Biotechnology of Hainan Province, Sanya Institute of Oceanology, SCSIO, Sanya 572000, China; Sanya National Marine Ecosystem Research Station, Tropical Marine Biological Research Station in Hainan, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Sanya 572000, China
| | - Lei Jiang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China; CAS-HKUST Sanya Joint Laboratory of Marine Science Research, Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Biotechnology of Hainan Province, Sanya Institute of Oceanology, SCSIO, Sanya 572000, China; Sanya National Marine Ecosystem Research Station, Tropical Marine Biological Research Station in Hainan, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Sanya 572000, China
| | - Lin-Tao Huang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China; CAS-HKUST Sanya Joint Laboratory of Marine Science Research, Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Biotechnology of Hainan Province, Sanya Institute of Oceanology, SCSIO, Sanya 572000, China; Sanya National Marine Ecosystem Research Station, Tropical Marine Biological Research Station in Hainan, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Sanya 572000, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yong Luo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China; CAS-HKUST Sanya Joint Laboratory of Marine Science Research, Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Biotechnology of Hainan Province, Sanya Institute of Oceanology, SCSIO, Sanya 572000, China; Sanya National Marine Ecosystem Research Station, Tropical Marine Biological Research Station in Hainan, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Sanya 572000, China
| | - Pan Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China; CAS-HKUST Sanya Joint Laboratory of Marine Science Research, Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Biotechnology of Hainan Province, Sanya Institute of Oceanology, SCSIO, Sanya 572000, China; Sanya National Marine Ecosystem Research Station, Tropical Marine Biological Research Station in Hainan, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Sanya 572000, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yu-Yang Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China; CAS-HKUST Sanya Joint Laboratory of Marine Science Research, Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Biotechnology of Hainan Province, Sanya Institute of Oceanology, SCSIO, Sanya 572000, China; Sanya National Marine Ecosystem Research Station, Tropical Marine Biological Research Station in Hainan, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Sanya 572000, China
| | - Sheng Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China; CAS-HKUST Sanya Joint Laboratory of Marine Science Research, Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Biotechnology of Hainan Province, Sanya Institute of Oceanology, SCSIO, Sanya 572000, China; Sanya National Marine Ecosystem Research Station, Tropical Marine Biological Research Station in Hainan, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Sanya 572000, China
| | - Hui Huang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China; CAS-HKUST Sanya Joint Laboratory of Marine Science Research, Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Biotechnology of Hainan Province, Sanya Institute of Oceanology, SCSIO, Sanya 572000, China; Sanya National Marine Ecosystem Research Station, Tropical Marine Biological Research Station in Hainan, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Sanya 572000, China.
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Kihika JK, Pearman JK, Wood SA, Rhodes LL, Smith KF, Miller MR, Butler J, Ryan KG. Fatty acid production and associated gene pathways are altered by increased salinity and dimethyl sulfoxide treatments during cryopreservation of Symbiodinium pilosum (Symbiodiniaceae). Cryobiology 2024; 114:104855. [PMID: 38301952 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryobiol.2024.104855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
The Symbiodinium genus is ancestral among other Symbiodiniaceae lineages with species that are both symbiotic and free living. Changes in marine ecosystems threaten their existence and crucial ecological roles. Cryopreservation offers an avenue for their long-term storage for future habitat restoration after coral bleaching. In our previous study we demonstrated that high salinity treatments of Symbiodiniaceae isolates led to changes in their fatty acid (FA) profiles and higher cell viabilities after cryopreservation. In this study, we investigated the role of increased salinity on FA production and the genes involved in FA biosynthesis and degradation pathways during the cryopreservation of Symbiodinium pilosum. Overall, there was a twofold increase in mass of FAs produced by S. pilosum after being cultured in medium with increased salinity (54 parts per thousand; ppt). Dimethyl sulfoxide (Me2SO) led to a ninefold increase of FAs in standard salinity (SS) treatment, compared to a fivefold increase in increased salinity (IS) treatments. The mass of the FA classes returned to baseline during recovery. Transcriptomic analyses showed an acyl carrier protein gene was significantly upregulated after Me2SO treatment in the SS cultures. Cytochrome P450 reductase genes were significantly down regulated after Me2SO addition in SS treatment preventing FA degradation. These changes in the expression of FA biosynthesis and degradation genes contributed to more FAs in SS treated isolates. Understanding how increased salinity changes FA production and the roles of specific genes in regulating FA pathways will help improve current freezing protocols for Symbiodiniaceae and other marine microalgae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph K Kihika
- Cawthron Institute, Private Bag 2, Nelson, 7042, New Zealand; School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, PO Box 600, Wellington, 6140, New Zealand.
| | - John K Pearman
- Cawthron Institute, Private Bag 2, Nelson, 7042, New Zealand
| | - Susanna A Wood
- Cawthron Institute, Private Bag 2, Nelson, 7042, New Zealand
| | - Lesley L Rhodes
- Cawthron Institute, Private Bag 2, Nelson, 7042, New Zealand
| | - Kirsty F Smith
- Cawthron Institute, Private Bag 2, Nelson, 7042, New Zealand; School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | | | - Juliette Butler
- Cawthron Institute, Private Bag 2, Nelson, 7042, New Zealand
| | - Ken G Ryan
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, PO Box 600, Wellington, 6140, New Zealand
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3
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Sun F, Yang H, Zhang X, Tan F, Wang G, Shi Q. Metagenomic and metabolomic analysis of the effect of bleaching on unsaturated fatty acid synthesis pathways in coral symbionts. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 912:169487. [PMID: 38142991 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.169487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 12/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023]
Abstract
Unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs) are known to play a vital role in regulating stress resistance and metabolism in corals. Nevertheless, a comprehensive understanding of the microbial and functional composition of the UFA synthesis pathway (UFASP) remains lacking. This study employed metagenome and metabolome to investigate the microbial community, function, and metabolic response of UFASP in reef-building corals inhabiting the Nansha Islands. Our findings revealed significantly higher diversity for the UFASP microbe in bleached corals compared to unbleached corals. Furthermore, principal coordinates analysis (PCoA) and taxonomy assessments exhibited notable distinctions in the microbe between the two coral states. Notably, the dominant microorganisms involved in UFASP were Dinophyceae, Sordariomycetes, Ulvophyceae, and Chlorophyceae. Bleaching resulted in a considerable increase in fungal abundance within coral symbionts. A total of 12 KEGG Orthology (KO) were identified in UFASP, with PCoA analysis indicating significant differences in their abundance between bleached and unbleached corals. UFASP's beta-Oxidation module exhibited reduced abundance in bleached corals. Contribution analysis highlighted the participation of Symbiodiniaceae, Ascomycota, Chlorophyta, Proteobacteria, and Actinobacteria in UFASP. Notably, Symbiodiniaceae and Ascomycota were the major contributors to two UFASP modules, with the latter displaying greater involvement in bleached corals. Furthermore, significant differences in n3 and n6-family metabolites were observed between bleached and unbleached corals. Notably, bleaching induced a reduction in metabolites of Symbiodiniaceae, while an increase in the multiple UFAs abundance was detected in bleached corals. These findings suggest that bleaching-induced alterations coral symbionts composition directly impact the functionality of UFASP, ultimately affecting the corals' capacity to adapt to stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fulin Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Tropical Oceanography, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China; Daya Bay Marine Biology Research Station, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China; Sanya Institute of Ocean Eco-Environmental Engineering, Sanya, China
| | - Hongqiang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Ocean and Marginal Sea Geology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China; Nansha Marine Ecological and Environmental Research Station, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Sansha, China; Sanya Institute of Ocean Eco-Environmental Engineering, Sanya, China.
| | - Xiyang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Ocean and Marginal Sea Geology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China; Nansha Marine Ecological and Environmental Research Station, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Sansha, China; Sanya Institute of Ocean Eco-Environmental Engineering, Sanya, China
| | - Fei Tan
- Key Laboratory of Ocean and Marginal Sea Geology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China; Nansha Marine Ecological and Environmental Research Station, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Sansha, China; Sanya Institute of Ocean Eco-Environmental Engineering, Sanya, China
| | - Guan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Ocean and Marginal Sea Geology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China; Nansha Marine Ecological and Environmental Research Station, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Sansha, China; Sanya Institute of Ocean Eco-Environmental Engineering, Sanya, China
| | - Qi Shi
- Key Laboratory of Ocean and Marginal Sea Geology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China; Nansha Marine Ecological and Environmental Research Station, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Sansha, China; Sanya Institute of Ocean Eco-Environmental Engineering, Sanya, China
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4
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Imbs AB, Dembitsky VM. Coral Lipids. Mar Drugs 2023; 21:539. [PMID: 37888474 PMCID: PMC10608786 DOI: 10.3390/md21100539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Reef-building corals, recognized as cornerstone species in marine ecosystems, captivate with their unique duality as both symbiotic partners and autotrophic entities. Beyond their ecological prominence, these corals produce a diverse array of secondary metabolites, many of which are poised to revolutionize the domains of pharmacology and medicine. This exhaustive review delves deeply into the multifaceted world of coral-derived lipids, highlighting both ubiquitous and rare forms. Within this spectrum, we navigate through a myriad of fatty acids and their acyl derivatives, encompassing waxes, sterol esters, triacylglycerols, mono-akyl-diacylglycerols, and an array of polar lipids such as betaine lipids, glycolipids, sphingolipids, phospholipids, and phosphonolipids. We offer a comprehensive exploration of the intricate biochemical variety of these lipids, related fatty acids, prostaglandins, and both cyclic and acyclic oxilipins. Additionally, the review provides insights into the chemotaxonomy of these compounds, illuminating the fatty acid synthesis routes inherent in corals. Of particular interest is the symbiotic bond many coral species nurture with dinoflagellates from the Symbiodinium group; their lipid and fatty acid profiles are also detailed in this discourse. This exploration accentuates the vast potential and intricacy of coral lipids and underscores their profound relevance in scientific endeavors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey B. Imbs
- A.V. Zhirmunsky National Scientific Center of Marine Biology, 17 Palchevsky Str., 690041 Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Valery M. Dembitsky
- Centre for Applied Research, Innovation and Entrepreneurship, Lethbridge College, 3000 College Drive South, Lethbridge, AB T1K 1L6, Canada
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5
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Voss PA, Gornik SG, Jacobovitz MR, Rupp S, Dörr M, Maegele I, Guse A. Host nutrient sensing is mediated by mTOR signaling in cnidarian-dinoflagellate symbiosis. Curr Biol 2023; 33:3634-3647.e5. [PMID: 37572664 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.07.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/14/2023]
Abstract
To survive in the nutrient-poor waters of the tropics, reef-building corals rely on intracellular, photosynthetic dinoflagellate symbionts. Photosynthates produced by the symbiont are translocated to the host, and this enables corals to form the structural foundation of the most biodiverse of all marine ecosystems. Although the regulation of nutrient exchange between partners is critical for ecosystem stability and health, the mechanisms governing how nutrients are sensed, transferred, and integrated into host cell processes are largely unknown. Ubiquitous among eukaryotes, the mechanistic target of the rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway integrates intracellular and extracellular stimuli to influence cell growth and cell-cycle progression and to balance metabolic processes. A functional role of mTOR in the integration of host and symbiont was demonstrated in various nutritional symbioses, and a similar role of mTOR was proposed for coral-algal symbioses. Using the endosymbiosis model Aiptasia, we examined the role of mTOR signaling in both larvae and adult polyps across various stages of symbiosis. We found that symbiosis enhances cell proliferation, and using an Aiptasia-specific antibody, we localized mTOR to symbiosome membranes. We found that mTOR signaling is activated by symbiosis, while inhibition of mTOR signaling disrupts intracellular niche establishment and symbiosis altogether. Additionally, we observed that dysbiosis was a conserved response to mTOR inhibition in the larvae of a reef-building coral species. Our data confim that mTOR signaling plays a pivotal role in integrating symbiont-derived nutrients into host metabolism and symbiosis stability, ultimately allowing symbiotic cnidarians to thrive in challenging environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp A Voss
- Centre for Organismal Studies, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 230, Heidelberg 69120 Germany
| | - Sebastian G Gornik
- Centre for Organismal Studies, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 230, Heidelberg 69120 Germany
| | - Marie R Jacobovitz
- Centre for Organismal Studies, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 230, Heidelberg 69120 Germany
| | - Sebastian Rupp
- Centre for Organismal Studies, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 230, Heidelberg 69120 Germany
| | - Melanie Dörr
- Centre for Organismal Studies, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 230, Heidelberg 69120 Germany
| | - Ira Maegele
- Centre for Organismal Studies, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 230, Heidelberg 69120 Germany
| | - Annika Guse
- Centre for Organismal Studies, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 230, Heidelberg 69120 Germany.
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Zhang J, Huang Z, Li Y, Fu D, Li Q, Pei L, Song Y, Chen L, Zhao H, Kao SJ. Synergistic/antagonistic effects of nitrate/ammonium enrichment on fatty acid biosynthesis and translocation in coral under heat stress. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 876:162834. [PMID: 36924962 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Superimposed on ocean warming, nitrogen enrichment caused by human activity puts corals under even greater pressure. Biosynthesis of fatty acids (FA) is crucial for coral holobiont survival. However, the responses of FA biosynthesis pathways to nitrogen enrichment under heat stress in coral hosts and Symbiodiniaceae remain unknown, as do FA translocation mechanisms in corals. Herein, we used the thermosensitive coral species Acropora hyacinthus to investigate changes in FA biosynthesis pathways and polyunsaturated FA translocation of coral hosts and Symbiodiniaceae with respect to nitrate and ammonium enrichment under heat stress. Heat stress promoted pro-inflammatory FA biosynthesis in coral hosts and inhibited FA biosynthesis in Symbiodiniaceae. Nitrate enrichment inhibited anti-inflammatory FA biosynthesis in Symbiodiniaceae, and promoted pro-inflammatory FA biosynthesis in coral hosts and translocation to Symbiodiniaceae, leading to bleaching after 14 days of culture. Intriguingly, ammonium enrichment promoted anti-inflammatory FA biosynthesis in Symbiodiniaceae and translocation to hosts, allowing corals to better endure heat stress. We constructed schematic diagrams of the shift in FA biosynthesis and translocation in and between A. hyacinthus and its Symbiodiniaceae under heat stress, heat and nitrate co-stress, and heat and ammonium co-stress. The findings provide insight into the mechanisms of coral bleaching under environmental stress from a fatty acid perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resources Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; Haikou Marine Geological Survey Center, China Geological Survey, Haikou 571127, China; Key Laboratory of Agro-Forestry Environmental Processes and Ecological Regulation of Hainan Province, Center for Eco-Environment Restoration of Hainan Province, College of Ecology and Environment, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Zanhui Huang
- Haikou Marine Geological Survey Center, China Geological Survey, Haikou 571127, China
| | - Yuanchao Li
- Hainan Academy of Marine and Fishery Sciences, Haikou 571126, China
| | - Dinghui Fu
- Haikou Marine Geological Survey Center, China Geological Survey, Haikou 571127, China
| | - Qipei Li
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Forestry Environmental Processes and Ecological Regulation of Hainan Province, Center for Eco-Environment Restoration of Hainan Province, College of Ecology and Environment, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Lixin Pei
- Haikou Marine Geological Survey Center, China Geological Survey, Haikou 571127, China
| | - Yanwei Song
- Haikou Marine Geological Survey Center, China Geological Survey, Haikou 571127, China
| | - Liang Chen
- Haikou Marine Geological Survey Center, China Geological Survey, Haikou 571127, China
| | - Hongwei Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resources Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; Key Laboratory of Agro-Forestry Environmental Processes and Ecological Regulation of Hainan Province, Center for Eco-Environment Restoration of Hainan Province, College of Ecology and Environment, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China.
| | - Shuh-Ji Kao
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resources Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361101, China
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Sun F, Yang H, Zhang X, Shi Q. Metabolic and metatranscriptional characteristics of corals bleaching induced by the most severe marine heatwaves in the South China Sea. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 858:160019. [PMID: 36356778 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 10/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Coral bleaching significantly affects the function and health of coral reef ecosystems; however, the mechanisms underlying metabolism and transcription in corals remain unclear. In this study, untargeted metabolomics and metatranscriptomic analyses were performed to analyze the differences between unbleached and bleached Pocillopora corals during the most severe marine heatwaves. Difference analysis showed that bleached corals had significant metabolomic characteristics compared with those in unbleached corals. These differences were significant (p < 0.05) according to partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA). Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis revealed that the metabolites were significantly enriched in numerous pathways in bleached or unbleached corals, such as steroid hormone biosynthesis, biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids, and pyrimidine metabolism. Bleaching greatly affects coral reproduction as well as the tolerance of coral symbionts to heat stress. In metatranscriptomic analysis, we observed large gene expression differences between unbleached and bleached corals. Three Gene Ontology directed acyclic graphs (DAGs) were constructed to show the significantly differentially expressed genes (DEGs). Many biological and molecular processes were significantly enriched between bleached corals to unbleached corals, such as metabolic processes, lipid metabolic processes, oxidation-reduction processes, single-organism metabolic processes, and protein metabolic processes. Metabolome and metatranscriptome analyses showed that bleaching caused substantial physiological damage to corals. This study provides insight into the metabolic and transcriptional changes that occur in corals during bleaching.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fulin Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Tropical Oceanography, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, China; Daya Bay Marine Biology Research Station, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China; Sanya Institute of Ocean Eco-Environmental Engineering, Sanya, China
| | - Hongqiang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Ocean and Marginal Sea Geology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, China; Nansha Marine Ecological and Environmental Research Station, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Sansha, China; Sanya Institute of Ocean Eco-Environmental Engineering, Sanya, China.
| | - Xiyang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Ocean and Marginal Sea Geology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, China; Sanya Institute of Ocean Eco-Environmental Engineering, Sanya, China
| | - Qi Shi
- Key Laboratory of Ocean and Marginal Sea Geology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, China; Sanya Institute of Ocean Eco-Environmental Engineering, Sanya, China
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8
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Safuan CDM, Tan HS, Samshuri MA, Afiq-Firdaus AM, Bachok Z. Chemotaxonomy of reef building corals (family: Acroporidae) via fatty acid biomarkers. BIOCHEM SYST ECOL 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bse.2022.104565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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9
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Al-Hammady MA, Silva TF, Hussein HN, Saxena G, Modolo LV, Belasy MB, Westphal H, Farag MA. How do algae endosymbionts mediate for their coral host fitness under heat stress? A comprehensive mechanistic overview. ALGAL RES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2022.102850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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10
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Lebouvier M, Miramón-Puértolas P, Steinmetz PRH. Evolutionarily conserved aspects of animal nutrient uptake and transport in sea anemone vitellogenesis. Curr Biol 2022; 32:4620-4630.e5. [PMID: 36084649 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2022.08.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
The emergence of systemic nutrient transport was a key challenge during animal evolution, yet it is poorly understood. Circulatory systems distribute nutrients in many bilaterians (e.g., vertebrates and arthropods) but are absent in non-bilaterians (e.g., cnidarians and sponges), where nutrient absorption and transport remain little explored at molecular and cellular levels. Vitellogenesis, the accumulation of egg yolk, necessitates high nutrient influx into oocytes and is present throughout animal phyla and therefore represents a well-suited paradigm to study nutrient transport evolution. With that aim, we investigated dietary nutrient transport to the oocytes in the cnidarian Nematostella vectensis (Anthozoa). Using a combination of fluorescent bead labeling and marker gene expression, we found that phagocytosis, micropinocytosis, and intracellular digestion of food components occur within the gonad epithelium. Pulse-chase experiments further show that labelled fatty acids rapidly translocate from the gonad epithelium through the extracellular matrix (ECM) into oocytes. Expression of conserved lipid transport proteins vitellogenin (vtg) and apolipoprotein-B (apoB) and colocalization of labeled fatty acids with a fluorescently tagged ApoB protein further support the lipid-shuttling role of the gonad epithelium. Complementary oocyte expression of very low-density lipoprotein receptor (vldlr) orthologs, which mediate endocytosis of bilaterian ApoB- and Vtg-lipoproteins, supports that this evolutionarily conserved ligand/receptor pair underlies lipid transport during sea anemone vitellogenesis. In addition, we identified lipid- and ApoB-rich cells with potential lipid transport roles in the ECM. Altogether, our work supports a long-standing hypothesis that an ECM-based lipid transport system predated the cnidarian-bilaterian split and provided a basis for the evolution of bilaterian circulatory systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Lebouvier
- Sars International Centre for Marine Molecular Biology, University of Bergen, Thormøhlensgate 55, 5008 Bergen, Norway
| | - Paula Miramón-Puértolas
- Sars International Centre for Marine Molecular Biology, University of Bergen, Thormøhlensgate 55, 5008 Bergen, Norway
| | - Patrick R H Steinmetz
- Sars International Centre for Marine Molecular Biology, University of Bergen, Thormøhlensgate 55, 5008 Bergen, Norway.
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Kihika JK, Wood SA, Rhodes L, Smith KF, Miller MR, Pochon X, Thompson L, Butler J, Schattschneider J, Oakley C, Ryan KG. Cryopreservation of six Symbiodiniaceae genera and assessment of fatty acid profiles in response to increased salinity treatments. Sci Rep 2022; 12:12408. [PMID: 35859115 PMCID: PMC9300622 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-16735-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Symbiodiniaceae are a diverse group of dinoflagellates, the majority of which are free-living and/or associated with a variety of protists and other invertebrate hosts. Maintenance of isolated cultures is labour-intensive and expensive, and cryopreservation provides an excellent avenue for their long-term storage. We aimed to cryopreserve 15 cultured isolates from six Symbiodiniaceae genera using dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) as the cryoprotectant agent (CPA). Under 15% DMSO, 10 isolates were successfully cryopreserved using either rapid freezing or controlled-rate freezing. Cultures that failed or had low survival, were subjected to (1) a reduction of CPA to 10%, or (2) increased salinity treatment before freezing. At 10% DMSO, three further isolates were successfully cryopreserved. At 15% DMSO there were high cell viabilities in Symbiodinium pilosum treated with 44 parts per thousand (ppt) and 54 ppt culture medium. An isolate of Fugacium sp. successfully cryopreserved after salinity treatments of 54 ppt and 64 ppt. Fatty acid (FA) analyses of S. pilosum after 54 ppt salinity treatment showed increased saturated FA levels, whereas Fugacium sp. had low poly-unsaturated FAs compared to normal salinity (34 ppt). Understanding the effects of salinity and roles of FAs in cryopreservation will help in developing protocols for these ecologically important taxa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Kanyi Kihika
- Cawthron Institute, Private Bag 2, Nelson, 7042, New Zealand. .,School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, PO Box 600, Wellington, 6140, New Zealand.
| | - Susanna A Wood
- Cawthron Institute, Private Bag 2, Nelson, 7042, New Zealand
| | - Lesley Rhodes
- Cawthron Institute, Private Bag 2, Nelson, 7042, New Zealand
| | - Kirsty F Smith
- Cawthron Institute, Private Bag 2, Nelson, 7042, New Zealand.,School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | | | - Xavier Pochon
- Cawthron Institute, Private Bag 2, Nelson, 7042, New Zealand.,Institute of Marine Science, University of Auckland, Private Bag 349, Warkworth, 0941, New Zealand
| | - Lucy Thompson
- Cawthron Institute, Private Bag 2, Nelson, 7042, New Zealand
| | - Juliette Butler
- Cawthron Institute, Private Bag 2, Nelson, 7042, New Zealand
| | | | - Clint Oakley
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, PO Box 600, Wellington, 6140, New Zealand
| | - Ken G Ryan
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, PO Box 600, Wellington, 6140, New Zealand
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12
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High light quantity suppresses locomotion in symbiotic Aiptasia. Symbiosis 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s13199-022-00841-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
AbstractMany cnidarians engage in endosymbioses with microalgae of the family Symbiodiniaceae. In this association, the fitness of the cnidarian host is closely linked to the photosynthetic performance of its microalgal symbionts. Phototaxis may enable semi-sessile cnidarians to optimize the light regime for their microalgal symbionts. Indeed, phototaxis and phototropism have been reported in the photosymbiotic sea anemone Aiptasia. However, the influence of light quantity on the locomotive behavior of Aiptasia remains unknown. Here we show that light quantity and the presence of microalgal symbionts modulate the phototactic behavior in Aiptasia. Although photosymbiotic Aiptasia were observed to move in seemingly random directions along an experimental light gradient, their probability of locomotion depended on light quantity. As photosymbiotic animals were highly mobile in low light but almost immobile at high light quantities, photosymbiotic Aiptasia at low light quantities exhibited an effective net movement towards light levels sufficient for positive net photosynthesis. In contrast, aposymbiotic Aiptasia exhibited greater mobility than their photosymbiotic counterparts, regardless of light quantity. Our results suggest that photosynthetic activity of the microalgal symbionts suppresses locomotion in Aiptasia, likely by supporting a positive energy balance in the host. We propose that motile photosymbiotic organisms can develop phototactic behavior as a consequence of starvation linked to symbiotic nutrient cycling.
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13
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Lau NS, Ting SY, Sam KK, M J, Wong SC, Wu X, Waiho K, Fazhan H, Shu-Chien AC. Comparative Analyses of Scylla olivacea Gut Microbiota Composition and Function Suggest the Capacity for Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Biosynthesis. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2022:10.1007/s00248-022-02046-0. [PMID: 35618944 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-022-02046-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Although numerous studies in aquatic organisms have linked lipid metabolism with intestinal bacterial structure, the possibility of the gut microbiota participating in the biosynthesis of beneficial long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (LC-PUFA) remains vague. We profiled the gut microbiota of the mud crab Scylla olivacea fed with either a LC-PUFA rich (FO) or a LC-PUFA-poor but C18-PUFA substrate-rich (LOCO) diet. Additionally, a diet with a similar profile as LOCO but with the inclusion of an antibiotic, oxolinic acid (LOCOAB), was also used to further demarcate the possibility of LC-PUFA biosynthesis in gut microbiota. Compared to diet FO treatment, crabs fed diet LOCO contained a higher proportion of Proteobacteria, notably two known taxonomy groups with PUFA biosynthesis capacity, Vibrio and Shewanella. Annotation of metagenomic datasets also revealed enrichment in the KEGG pathway of unsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis and polyketide synthase-like system sequences with this diet. Intriguingly, diet LOCOAB impeded the presence of Vibrio and Shewanella and with it, the function of unsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis. However, there was an increase in the function of short-chain fatty acid production, accompanied by a shift towards the abundance of phyla Bacteroidota and Spirochaetota. Collectively, these results exemplified bacterial communities and their corresponding PUFA biosynthesis pathways in the microbiota of an aquatic crustacean species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nyok-Sean Lau
- Centre for Chemical Biology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11900, Bayan Lepas, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Seng Yeat Ting
- Centre for Chemical Biology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11900, Bayan Lepas, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Ka-Kei Sam
- Centre for Chemical Biology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11900, Bayan Lepas, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Janaranjani M
- Centre for Chemical Biology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11900, Bayan Lepas, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Swe Cheng Wong
- Centre For Marine & Coastal Studies, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Xugan Wu
- Centre for Research On Environmental Ecology and Fish Nutrition of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Khor Waiho
- Centre for Chemical Biology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11900, Bayan Lepas, Penang, Malaysia
- Higher Institution Centre of Excellence (HICOE), Institute of Tropical Aquaculture and Fisheries, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Hanafiah Fazhan
- Higher Institution Centre of Excellence (HICOE), Institute of Tropical Aquaculture and Fisheries, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Alexander Chong Shu-Chien
- Centre for Chemical Biology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11900, Bayan Lepas, Penang, Malaysia.
- School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Minden, 11800, Penang, Malaysia.
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14
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Wang JT, Wang YT, Chen CA, Meng PJ, Tew KS, Chiang PW, Tang SL. Extra high superoxide dismutase in host tissue is associated with improving bleaching resistance in "thermal adapted" and Durusdinium trenchii-associating coral. PeerJ 2022; 10:e12746. [PMID: 35070504 PMCID: PMC8760857 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.12746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Global warming threatens reef-building corals with large-scale bleaching events; therefore, it is important to discover potential adaptive capabilities for increasing their temperature resistance before it is too late. This study presents two coral species (Platygyra verweyi and Isopora palifera) surviving on a reef having regular hot water influxes via a nearby nuclear power plant that exhibited completely different bleaching susceptibilities to thermal stress, even though both species shared several so-called "winner" characteristics (e.g., containing Durusdinium trenchii, thick tissue, etc.). During acute heating treatment, algal density did not decline in P. verweyi corals within three days of being directly transferred from 25 to 31 °C; however, the same treatment caused I. palifera to lose < 70% of its algal symbionts within 24 h. The most distinctive feature between the two coral species was an overwhelmingly higher constitutive superoxide dismutase (ca. 10-fold) and catalase (ca. 3-fold) in P. verweyi over I. palifera. Moreover, P. verweyi also contained significantly higher saturated and lower mono-unsaturated fatty acids, especially a long-chain saturated fatty acid (C22:0), than I. palifera, and was consistently associated with the symbiotic bacteria Endozoicomonas, which was not found in I. palifera. However, antibiotic treatment and inoculation tests did not support Endozoicomonas having a direct contribution to thermal resistance. This study highlights that, besides its association with a thermally tolerable algal symbiont, a high level of constitutive antioxidant enzymes in the coral host is crucial for coral survivorship in the more fluctuating and higher temperature environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jih-Terng Wang
- Department of Oceanography, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ting Wang
- Department of Oceanography, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | | | - Pei-Jei Meng
- General Education Center, National Dong Hwa University, Hualien, Taiwan,National Museum of Marine Biology and Aquarium, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - Kwee Siong Tew
- National Museum of Marine Biology and Aquarium, Pingtung, Taiwan,Institute of Marine Biodiversity and Evolution, National Dong Hwa University, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Wen Chiang
- Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Sen-Lin Tang
- Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
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15
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Cirino L, Tsai S, Wen ZH, Wang LH, Chen HK, Cheng JO, Lin C. Lipid profiling in chilled coral larvae. Cryobiology 2021; 102:56-67. [PMID: 34329639 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryobiol.2021.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Coral reefs are disappearing worldwide as a result of several harmful human activities. The establishment of cryobanks can secure a future for these ecosystems. To design effective cryopreservation protocols, basic proprieties such as chilling tolerance and lipid content must be assessed. In the present study, we investigated chilling sensitivity and the effect of chilling exposure on the lipid content and composition of larvae belonging to 2 common Indo-Pacific corals: Seriatopora caliendrum and Pocillopora verrucosa. The viability of coral larvae incubated with 0.5, 1, and 2 M ethylene glycol (EG), propylene glycol (PG), dimethyl sulfoxide (Me2SO), methanol, or glycerol and kept at 5 °C for different time periods was documented. In addition, we investigated the content of cholesterol, triacylglycerol (TAG), wax ester (WE), sterol ester (SE), lysophosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, and several fatty acid (FA) classes in coral propagules incubated with 1 M PG or EG and kept at 5 °C for 6 h. Moreover, we examined seasonal changes in the aforementioned lipid classes in coral larvae. S. caliendrum incubated with 0.5 M PG or Me2SO and chilled for 2 h exhibited a viability rate of 11 ± 11%, whereas P. verrucosa exhibited a viability rate of 22 ± 14% after being chilled for 4 h. Furthermore, the results indicated that chilling exposure did not affect the content of any investigated lipid class in either species. The higher concentration of SE in P. verrucosa compared to S. caliendrum larvae may have contributed to the different cryotolerance displayed by the 2 larval species. A year-round lipid analysis of both coral larvae species revealed trends of homeoviscous adaptation and seasonal enhancement of lipid fluxes from symbionts to the host. During winter, the cholesterol/phospholipid ratio significantly increased, and P. verrucosa larvae exhibited an averagely decrease in FA chain lengths. During spring and summer, intracellular lipid content in the form of TAGs and WEs significantly increased in both species, and the average content of Symbiodiniaceae-derived FAs increased in P. verrucosa larvae. We concluded that the low cryotolerance displayed by S. caliendrum and P. verrucosa larvae is attributable to their chilling-sensitive membrane lipid profile and the high intracellular lipid content provided by their endosymbionts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Cirino
- Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yai-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; National Museum of Marine Biology & Aquarium, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - Sujune Tsai
- Department of Post Modern Agriculture, Mingdao University, Chang Hua, Taiwan.
| | - Zhi-Hong Wen
- Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yai-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Li-Hsueh Wang
- National Museum of Marine Biology & Aquarium, Pingtung, Taiwan; Institute of Marine Biology, National Dong Hwa University, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Kai Chen
- National Museum of Marine Biology & Aquarium, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - Jing-O Cheng
- National Museum of Marine Biology & Aquarium, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - Chiahsin Lin
- National Museum of Marine Biology & Aquarium, Pingtung, Taiwan; Institute of Marine Biology, National Dong Hwa University, Pingtung, Taiwan.
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16
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Kim T, Lee JCY, Kang DH, Duprey NN, Leung KS, Archana A, Baker DM. Modification of fatty acid profile and biosynthetic pathway in symbiotic corals under eutrophication. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 771:145336. [PMID: 33736184 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Symbiotic corals receive energy not only by ingesting food (e.g. plankton, inorganic/organic matter, i.e. heterotrophy), but also by endosymbiosis, which supplies photosynthates (dissolved inorganic carbon, i.e. autotrophy). These two sources of energy have distinct fatty acid (FA) profiles, which can be used to differentiate corals by their primary feeding mode. FA profiles have been applied as biomarkers to evaluate the quality of nutrition in the midst of environmental change. However, species-specific responses of coral FA profiles and biosynthetic pathway under cultural eutrophication are still unknown. We collected two coral species (Acropora samoensis, Platygyra carnosa) from sites with different levels of eutrophication to test for variations in FA profiles. Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) was performed to identify FA profiles and quantify their concentration. Our main findings are threefold: 1) chronic eutrophication inhibits corals' ability to synthesize essential FA; 2) PUFA:SFA ratio and certain FA biomarkers or their pathway can be successfully utilized to determine the relative degree of autotrophy and heterotrophy in corals; 3) under eutrophication, different FA profiles of coral host tissue are attributed to different feeding strategies. Thus, our research provides significant new insights into the roles of FA as a risk assessment tool in coral reef ecosystems under the pressure of eutrophication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taihun Kim
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Kadoorie Biological Sciences Building, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region; Swire Institute of Marine Science, The University of Hong Kong, Cape d'Aguilar Road, Shek O, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Jetty C Y Lee
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Kadoorie Biological Sciences Building, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Do-Hyung Kang
- Jeju Marine Research Center, Korea Institute of Ocean Science & Technology, 2670 Iljudong-ro, Gujwa-eup, Jeju, Republic of Korea
| | - Nicolas N Duprey
- Max Planck Institute for Chemistry (Otto Hahn Institute), Hahn-Meitner-Weg 1, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Kin Sum Leung
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Kadoorie Biological Sciences Building, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Anand Archana
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Kadoorie Biological Sciences Building, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region; Swire Institute of Marine Science, The University of Hong Kong, Cape d'Aguilar Road, Shek O, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - David M Baker
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Kadoorie Biological Sciences Building, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region; Swire Institute of Marine Science, The University of Hong Kong, Cape d'Aguilar Road, Shek O, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region.
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17
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Wall CB, Wallsgrove NJ, Gates RD, Popp BN. Amino acid δ 13C and δ 15N analyses reveal distinct species-specific patterns of trophic plasticity in a marine symbiosis. LIMNOLOGY AND OCEANOGRAPHY 2021; 66:2033-2050. [PMID: 34248204 PMCID: PMC8252108 DOI: 10.1002/lno.11742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Compound-specific isotope analyses (CSIA) and multivariate "isotope fingerprinting" track biosynthetic sources and reveal trophic interactions in food webs. However, CSIA have not been widely applied in the study of marine symbioses. Here, we exposed a reef coral (Montipora capitata) in symbiosis with Symbiodiniaceae algae to experimental treatments (autotrophy, mixotrophy, heterotrophy) to test for trophic shifts and amino acid (AA) sources using paired bulk (δ13C, δ15N) and AA-CSIA (δ13CAA, δ15NAA). Treatments did not influence carbon or nitrogen trophic proxies, thereby not supporting nutritional plasticity. Instead, hosts and symbionts consistently overlapped in essential- and nonessential-δ13CAA (11 of 13 amino acids) and trophic- and source-δ15NAA values (9 of 13 amino acids). Host and symbiont trophic-δ15NAA values positively correlated with a plankton end-member, indicative of trophic connections and dietary sources for trophic-AA nitrogen. However, mass balance of AA-trophic positions (TPGlx-Phe) revealed heterotrophic influences to be highly variable (1-41% heterotrophy). Linear discriminant analysis using M. capitata mean-normalized essential-δ13CAA with previously published values (Pocillopora meandrina) showed similar nutrition isotope fingerprints (Symbiodiniaceae vs. plankton) but revealed species-specific trophic strategies. Montipora capitata and Symbiodiniaceae shared identical AA-fingerprints, whereas P. meandrina was assigned to either symbiont or plankton nutrition. Thus, M. capitata was 100% reliant on symbionts for essential-δ13CAA and demonstrated autotrophic fidelity and contrasts with trophic plasticity reported in P. meandrina. While M. capitata AA may originate from host and/or symbiont biosynthesis, AA carbon is Symbiodiniaceae-derived. Together, AA-CSIA/isotope fingerprinting advances the study of coral trophic plasticity and are powerful tools in the study of marine symbioses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher B. Wall
- Hawai'i Institute of Marine BiologyUniversity of Hawai'i at MānoaHonoluluHawaiiUSA
- Pacific Biosciences Research CenterUniversity of Hawai'i at MānoaHonoluluHawaiiUSA
| | | | - Ruth D. Gates
- Hawai'i Institute of Marine BiologyUniversity of Hawai'i at MānoaHonoluluHawaiiUSA
| | - Brian N. Popp
- Department of Earth SciencesUniversity of Hawai'i at MānoaHonoluluHawaiiUSA
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18
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da Silva Fonseca J, Zebral YD, Bianchini A. Metabolic status of the coral Mussismilia harttii in field conditions and the effects of copper exposure in vitro. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2021; 240:108924. [PMID: 33122134 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2020.108924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 10/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
It is widely known that metals can alter enzyme functioning, however, little is known about the mechanisms of metal toxicity in energy metabolism enzymes of corals. Thus, the present study had two objectives: firstly, we evaluated the activity of eight metabolic enzymes of the coral Mussismilia harttii to clarify metabolic functioning under field conditions. After that, we investigated the in vitro effect of copper (Cu) exposure in the activity of an enzyme representative of each metabolism stage. We evaluated enzymes involved in glycolysis (hexokinase, HK; phosphofructokinase, PFK; pyruvate kinase, PK and lactate dehydrogenase, LDH), Krebs cycle (citrate synthase, CS and isocitrate dehydrogenase, IDH), electron transport chain (electron transport system activity, ETS) and pentose phosphate pathway (glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, G6PDH). The in vitro tests were performed through contamination of the reaction medium using Cu concentrations of 0, 1.4, 3.7 and 14.2 μg L-1. The results showed that M. harttii has elevated activity of HK, PK and CS in field conditions compared to the activity of other energy metabolism enzymes evaluated. Moreover, lower activities of LDH and ETS in exposed samples were observed. In conclusion, in field conditions this species has elevated aerobic metabolism and glucose may be an important energetic fuel. Also, exposure to Cu in vitro caused inhibition of LDH and ETS by direct binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana da Silva Fonseca
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Fisiológicas, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Avenida Itália km 8, Rio Grande, RS 96203-900, Brazil
| | - Yuri Dornelles Zebral
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Fisiológicas, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Avenida Itália km 8, Rio Grande, RS 96203-900, Brazil
| | - Adalto Bianchini
- Instituto Coral Vivo, Rua dos Coqueiros, Parque Yaya, Santa Cruz Cabrália, BA 45807-000, Brazil; Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Avenida Itália km 8, Rio Grande, RS 96203-900, Brazil.
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19
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da Silva Fonseca J, Mies M, Paranhos A, Taniguchi S, Güth AZ, Bícego MC, Marques JA, Fernandes de Barros Marangoni L, Bianchini A. Isolated and combined effects of thermal stress and copper exposure on the trophic behavior and oxidative status of the reef-building coral Mussismilia harttii. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 268:115892. [PMID: 33120157 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 09/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Global warming and local disturbances such as pollution cause several impacts on coral reefs. Among them is the breakdown of the symbiosis between host corals and photosynthetic symbionts, which is often a consequence of oxidative stress. Therefore, we investigated if the combined effects of thermal stress and copper (Cu) exposure change the trophic behavior and oxidative status of the reef-building coral Mussismilia harttii. Coral fragments were exposed in a mesocosm system to three temperatures (25.0, 26.6 and 27.3 °C) and three Cu concentrations (2.9, 5.4 and 8.6 μg L-1). Samples were collected after 4 and 12 days of exposure. We then (i) performed fatty acid analysis by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry to quantify changes in stearidonic acid and docosapentaenoic acid (autotrophy markers) and cis-gondoic acid (heterotrophy marker), and (ii) assessed the oxidative status of both host and symbiont through analyses of lipid peroxidation (LPO) and total antioxidant capacity (TAC). Our findings show that trophic behavior was predominantly autotrophic and remained unchanged under individual and combined stressors for both 4- and 12-day experiments; for the latter, however, there was an increase in the heterotrophy marker. Results also show that 4 days was not enough to trigger changes in LPO or TAC for both coral and symbiont. However, the 12-day experiment showed a reduction in symbiont LPO associated with thermal stress alone, and the combination of stressors increased their TAC. For the coral, the isolated effects of increase in Cu and temperature led to an increase in LPO. The effects of combined stressors on trophic behavior and oxidative status were not much different than those from the isolated effects of each stressor. These findings highlight that host and symbionts respond differently to stress and are relevant as they show the physiological response of individual holobiont compartments to both global and local stressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana da Silva Fonseca
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Ciências Fisiológicas, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande, Av. Itália, Km 8, Rio Grande, RS, 96203-900, Brazil
| | - Miguel Mies
- Departamento de Oceanografia Biológica, Instituto Oceanográfico, Universidade de São Paulo, Praça Do Oceanográfico, 191, 05508-120, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Instituto Coral Vivo, Rua Dos Coqueiros, Parque Yaya, Santa Cruz Cabrália, BA, 45807-000, Brazil
| | - Alana Paranhos
- Departamento de Oceanografia Física, Química e Geológica, Instituto Oceanográfico, Universidade de São Paulo, Praça Do Oceanográfico, 191, 05508-120, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Satie Taniguchi
- Departamento de Oceanografia Física, Química e Geológica, Instituto Oceanográfico, Universidade de São Paulo, Praça Do Oceanográfico, 191, 05508-120, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Arthur Z Güth
- Departamento de Oceanografia Biológica, Instituto Oceanográfico, Universidade de São Paulo, Praça Do Oceanográfico, 191, 05508-120, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Márcia C Bícego
- Departamento de Oceanografia Física, Química e Geológica, Instituto Oceanográfico, Universidade de São Paulo, Praça Do Oceanográfico, 191, 05508-120, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Joseane Aparecida Marques
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Oceanografia Biológica, Instituto de Oceanografia, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande, Av. Itália, Km 8, Rio Grande, RS, 96203-900, Brazil; Instituto Coral Vivo, Rua Dos Coqueiros, Parque Yaya, Santa Cruz Cabrália, BA, 45807-000, Brazil
| | - Laura Fernandes de Barros Marangoni
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Oceanografia Biológica, Instituto de Oceanografia, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande, Av. Itália, Km 8, Rio Grande, RS, 96203-900, Brazil; Instituto Coral Vivo, Rua Dos Coqueiros, Parque Yaya, Santa Cruz Cabrália, BA, 45807-000, Brazil
| | - Adalto Bianchini
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Oceanografia Biológica, Instituto de Oceanografia, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande, Av. Itália, Km 8, Rio Grande, RS, 96203-900, Brazil; Instituto Coral Vivo, Rua Dos Coqueiros, Parque Yaya, Santa Cruz Cabrália, BA, 45807-000, Brazil; Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande. Av. Itália, Km 8, Rio Grande, RS, 96203-900, Brazil.
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20
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Sikorskaya TV, Imbs AB. Coral Lipidomes and Their Changes during Coral Bleaching. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF BIOORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s1068162020050234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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21
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Mohamed AR, Andrade N, Moya A, Chan CX, Negri AP, Bourne DG, Ying H, Ball EE, Miller DJ. Dual RNA-sequencing analyses of a coral and its native symbiont during the establishment of symbiosis. Mol Ecol 2020; 29:3921-3937. [PMID: 32853430 DOI: 10.1111/mec.15612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 08/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Despite the ecological significance of the mutualistic relationship between Symbiodiniaceae and reef-building corals, the molecular interactions during establishment of this relationship are not well understood. This is particularly true of the transcriptional changes that occur in the symbiont. In the current study, a dual RNA-sequencing approach was used to better understand transcriptional changes on both sides of the coral-symbiont interaction during the colonization of Acropora tenuis by a compatible Symbiodiniaceae strain (Cladocopium goreaui; ITS2 type C1). Comparison of transcript levels of the in hospite symbiont 3, 12, 48 and 72 hr after exposure to those of the same strain in culture revealed that extensive and generalized down-regulation of symbiont gene expression occurred during the infection process. Included in this "symbiosis-derived transcriptional repression" were a range of stress response and immune-related genes. In contrast, a suite of symbiont genes implicated in metabolism was upregulated in the symbiotic state. The coral data support the hypothesis that immune-suppression and arrest of phagosome maturation play important roles during the establishment of compatible symbioses, and additionally imply the involvement of some SCRiP family members in the colonization process. Consistent with previous ecological studies, the transcriptomic data suggest that active translocation of metabolites to the host may begin early in the colonization process, and thus that the mutualistic relationship can be established at the larval stage. This dual RNA-sequencing study provides insights into the transcriptomic remodelling that occurs in C. goreaui during transition to a symbiotic lifestyle and the novel coral genes implicated in symbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amin R Mohamed
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Queensland Bioscience Precinct, St Lucia, Qld, Australia.,Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Benha University, Benha, Egypt.,ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Qld, Australia.,Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, James Cook University, Townsville, Qld, Australia.,Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, AIMS@JCU, Australian Institute of Marine Science, James Cook University, Townsville, Qld, Australia
| | - Natalia Andrade
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Qld, Australia.,Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, James Cook University, Townsville, Qld, Australia
| | - Aurelie Moya
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Qld, Australia.,Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, James Cook University, Townsville, Qld, Australia
| | - Cheong Xin Chan
- Australian Centre for Ecogenomics, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld, Australia
| | - Andrew P Negri
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville, Qld, Australia
| | - David G Bourne
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville, Qld, Australia.,Department of Marine Ecosystems and Impacts, James Cook University, Townsville, Qld, Australia
| | - Hua Ying
- Division of Ecology and Evolution, Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Acton, ACT, Australia
| | - Eldon E Ball
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Qld, Australia.,Division of Ecology and Evolution, Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Acton, ACT, Australia
| | - David J Miller
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Qld, Australia.,Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, James Cook University, Townsville, Qld, Australia
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22
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Wall CB, Kaluhiokalani M, Popp BN, Donahue MJ, Gates RD. Divergent symbiont communities determine the physiology and nutrition of a reef coral across a light-availability gradient. ISME JOURNAL 2020; 14:945-958. [PMID: 31900444 PMCID: PMC7082336 DOI: 10.1038/s41396-019-0570-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Reef corals are mixotrophic organisms relying on symbiont-derived photoautotrophy and water column heterotrophy. Coral endosymbionts (Family: Symbiodiniaceae), while typically considered mutualists, display a range of species-specific and environmentally mediated opportunism in their interactions with coral hosts, potentially requiring corals to rely more on heterotrophy to avoid declines in performance. To test the influence of symbiont communities on coral physiology (tissue biomass, symbiont density, photopigmentation) and nutrition (δ13C, δ15N), we sampled Montipora capitata colonies dominated by a specialist symbiont Cladocopium spp. or a putative opportunist Durusdinium glynnii (hereafter, C- or D-colonies) from Kāne‘ohe Bay, Hawai‘i, across gradients in photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) during summer and winter. We report for the first time that isotope values of reef corals are influenced by Symbiodiniaceae communities, indicative of different autotrophic capacities among symbiont species. D-colonies had on average 56% higher symbiont densities, but lower photopigments per symbiont cell and consistently lower δ13C values in host and symbiont tissues; this pattern in isotope values is consistent with lower symbiont carbon assimilation and translocation to the host. Neither C- nor D-colonies showed signs of greater heterotrophy or nutritional plasticity; instead changes in δ13C values were driven by PAR availability and photoacclimation attributes that differed between symbiont communities. Together, these results reveal Symbiodiniaceae functional diversity produces distinct holobionts with different capacities for autotrophic nutrition, and energy tradeoffs from associating with opportunist symbionts are not met with increased heterotrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher B Wall
- Hawai'i Institute of Marine Biology, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, PO Box 1346, Kāne'ohe, HI, 96744, USA. .,Pacific Biosciences Research Center, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, 1993 East-West Road, Honolulu, HI, 96822, USA.
| | - Mario Kaluhiokalani
- Hawai'i Institute of Marine Biology, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, PO Box 1346, Kāne'ohe, HI, 96744, USA
| | - Brian N Popp
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, 1680 East-West Rd, POST 701, Honolulu, HI, 96822, USA
| | - Megan J Donahue
- Hawai'i Institute of Marine Biology, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, PO Box 1346, Kāne'ohe, HI, 96744, USA
| | - Ruth D Gates
- Hawai'i Institute of Marine Biology, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, PO Box 1346, Kāne'ohe, HI, 96744, USA
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23
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Bellworthy J, Spangenberg JE, Fine M. Feeding increases the number of offspring but decreases parental investment of Red Sea coral Stylophora pistillata. Ecol Evol 2019; 9:12245-12258. [PMID: 31832157 PMCID: PMC6854114 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.5712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Revised: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Successful reproductive output and recruitment is crucial to coral persistence and recovery following anthropogenic stress. Feeding is known to alter coral physiology and increase resilience to bleaching.The goal of the study was to address the knowledge gap of the influence of feeding on reproductive output and offspring phenotype.Colonies of Stylophora pistillata from the Northern Gulf of Aqaba (Red Sea) were fed an Artemia diet or unfed for 5 months during gametogenesis, fertilization, and brooding. In addition, time to settlement and mortality of planulae were assessed at water temperatures ranging from winter temperature (22°C) to three degrees above average peak summer temperature (31°C). A range of physiological parameters was measured in parents and offspring.In brooding parents, feeding significantly increased protein concentration and more than tripled the number of released planulae. Planulae from unfed colonies had higher chlorophyll per symbiont concentration and concomitantly higher photosynthetic efficiency compared to planulae from fed parents. In settlement assays, planulae showed a similar thermal resistance as known for this Red Sea adult population. Mortality was greater in planulae from unfed parents at ambient and 3°C above ambient temperature despite higher per offspring investment in terms of total fatty acid content. Fatty acid profiles and relative abundances were generally conserved between different fed and unfed colonies but planulae were enriched in monounsaturated fatty acids relative to adults, that is, 16:1, 18:1, 20:1, 22:1, and 24:1 isomers.Ultimately the availability of zooplankton could influence population physiology and recruitment in corals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Bellworthy
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life SciencesBar Ilan UniversityRamat GanIsrael
- The Interuniversity Institute for Marine Sciences in EilatEilatIsrael
| | - Jorge E. Spangenberg
- Institute of Earth Surface Dynamics (IDYST)University of LausanneLausanneSwitzerland
| | - Maoz Fine
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life SciencesBar Ilan UniversityRamat GanIsrael
- The Interuniversity Institute for Marine Sciences in EilatEilatIsrael
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24
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Radice VZ, Brett MT, Fry B, Fox MD, Hoegh-Guldberg O, Dove SG. Evaluating coral trophic strategies using fatty acid composition and indices. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0222327. [PMID: 31509600 PMCID: PMC6739055 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0222327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The ecological success of shallow water reef-building corals has been linked to the symbiosis between the coral host and its dinoflagellate symbionts (herein ‘symbionts’). As mixotrophs, symbiotic corals depend on nutrients 1) transferred from their photosynthetic symbionts (autotrophy) and 2) acquired by host feeding on particulate organic resources (heterotrophy). However, coral species differ in the extent to which they depend on heterotrophy for nutrition and these differences are typically poorly defined. Here, a multi-tracer fatty acid approach was used to evaluate the trophic strategies of three species of common reef-building coral (Galaxea fascicularis, Pachyseris speciosa, and Pocillopora verrucosa) whose trophic strategies had previously been identified using carbon stable isotopes. The composition and various indices of fatty acids were compared to examine the relative contribution of symbiont autotrophy and host heterotrophy in coral energy acquisition. A linear discriminant analysis (LDA) was used to estimate the contribution of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) derived from various potential sources to the coral hosts. The total fatty acid composition and fatty acid indices revealed differences between the more heterotrophic (P. verrucosa) and more autotrophic (P. speciosa) coral hosts, with the coral host G. fascicularis showing overlap with the other two species and greater variability overall. For the more heterotrophic P. verrucosa, the fatty acid indices and LDA results both indicated a greater proportion of copepod-derived fatty acids compared to the other coral species. Overall, the LDA estimated that PUFA derived from particulate resources (e.g., copepods and diatoms) comprised a greater proportion of coral host PUFA in contrast to the lower proportion of symbiont-derived PUFA. These estimates provide insight into the importance of heterotrophy in coral nutrition, especially in productive reef systems. The study supports carbon stable isotope results and demonstrates the utility of fatty acid analyses for exploring the trophic strategies of reef-building corals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Z Radice
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia.,School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Michael T Brett
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Brian Fry
- Australian Rivers Institute, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, Australia
| | - Michael D Fox
- Department of Geology and Geophysics, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Ove Hoegh-Guldberg
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia.,School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Sophie G Dove
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia.,School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
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25
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Hill LJ, Paradas WC, Willemes MJ, Pereira MG, Salomon PS, Mariath R, Moura RL, Atella GC, Farina M, Amado-Filho GM, Salgado LT. Acidification-induced cellular changes in Symbiodinium isolated from Mussismilia braziliensis. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0220130. [PMID: 31381568 PMCID: PMC6681953 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0220130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Dinoflagellates from the Symbiodiniaceae family and corals have an ecologically important endosymbiotic relationship. Scleractinian corals cannot survive for long periods without their symbionts. These algae, also known as zooxanthellae, on the other hand, thrives outside the coral cells. The free-living populations of zooxanthellae are essential for the resilience of the coral to environmental stressors such as temperature anomalies and ocean acidification. Yet, little is known about how ocean acidification may affect the free-living zooxanthellae. In this study we aimed to test morphological, physiological and biochemical responses of zooxanthellae from the Symbiodinium genus isolated from the coral Mussismilia braziliensis, endemic to the Brazilian coast, to acidification led by increased atmospheric CO2. We tested whether photosynthetic yield, cell ultrastructure, cell density and lipid profile would change after up to 16 days of exposure to pH 7.5 in an atmospheric pCO2 of 1633 μatm. Photosynthetic yield and cell density were negatively affected and chloroplasts showed vesiculated thylakoids, indicating morphological damage. Moreover, Symbiodinium fatty acid profile drastically changed in acidified condition, showing lower polyunsaturated fatty acids and higher saturated fatty acids contents, when compared to the control, non-acidified condition. These results show that seawater acidification as an only stressor causes significant changes in the physiology, biochemistry and ultrastructure of free-living Symbiodinium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilian J Hill
- Diretoria de Pesquisas, Instituto de Pesquisas Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Wladimir C Paradas
- Diretoria de Pesquisas, Instituto de Pesquisas Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Maria Julia Willemes
- Diretoria de Pesquisas, Instituto de Pesquisas Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Miria G Pereira
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Paulo S Salomon
- Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Mariath
- Diretoria de Pesquisas, Instituto de Pesquisas Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo L Moura
- Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Georgia C Atella
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marcos Farina
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Gilberto M Amado-Filho
- Diretoria de Pesquisas, Instituto de Pesquisas Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Leonardo T Salgado
- Diretoria de Pesquisas, Instituto de Pesquisas Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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26
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Ben Ammar R, Piet MH, Brion A, Telahigue K, Werheni R, Rousseau M, El Cafsi M, Gillet P. Induction of Osteogenic MC3T3-E1 Cell Differentiation by Nacre and Flesh Lipids of Tunisian Pinctada radiata. Lipids 2019; 54:433-444. [PMID: 31206721 DOI: 10.1002/lipd.12141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2018] [Revised: 02/09/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The flesh of the Pinctada radiata pearl oyster from coastal Tunisia is considered as a high source of n-3 and n-6 and its shell nacre layer is a promising osteogenic biomaterial. Fatty acid (FA) analysis showed that the major components found in total FA (TFA) were 14:0, 16:0, and 18:0 saturated FA (SFA); 16:1, 18:1, and 20:1 monoenoic FA; 20:4n-6 (ARA), 22:5n-3 (DPA). Characteristically high levels of 20:5n-3 (EPA) and 22:6n-3 (DHA) (6.53-89.75 mg/100 g TFA) polyunsaturated FA (PUFA) were found, respectively, in the TFA of nacre and flesh. Evaluated the effects in vitro of lipids extracted from nacre (Ln) and from flesh (Lc) of P. radiata on growth and the differentiation of osteoblasts. Cytotoxicity tests (3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazolyl-2)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide [MTT] and lactic acid dehydrogenase c [LDH]) demonstrated that both extracts are nontoxic. Alizarin Red staining was used in an osteoblast differentiation model using the osteoblast MC3T3-E1 cell line. It showed that the FA of both extracts induced osteoblast differentiation leading to mineralization. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) showed a significantly higher expression of osteocalcin (Bglap) and runt-related transcription (Runx2) in MC3T3-E1 cells in the presence of Ln. No difference of osteopontin (Spp1) and Collagen type I (Col1a1) genes compared to the control was observed. In conclusion, these results supported, obtained from our in vitro experimental model used, the interest/potential of lipids extracted from nacre and P. radiata flesh to stimulate bone formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rym Ben Ammar
- IMoPA, UMR 7365, FMN, CNRS Université de Lorraine, 9 av. de la forêt de Haye, 54505 Vandoeuvre-lès-, Nancy, France.,UR 13 ES 35, FST. Université de Tunis El Manar, Campus Universitaire EL Manar I, 1060, Tunis, Tunisie
| | - Marie-Hélène Piet
- IMoPA, UMR 7365, FMN, CNRS Université de Lorraine, 9 av. de la forêt de Haye, 54505 Vandoeuvre-lès-, Nancy, France
| | - Alice Brion
- IMoPA, UMR 7365, FMN, CNRS Université de Lorraine, 9 av. de la forêt de Haye, 54505 Vandoeuvre-lès-, Nancy, France
| | - Khaoula Telahigue
- UR 13 ES 35, FST. Université de Tunis El Manar, Campus Universitaire EL Manar I, 1060, Tunis, Tunisie
| | - Rim Werheni
- UR 13 ES 35, FST. Université de Tunis El Manar, Campus Universitaire EL Manar I, 1060, Tunis, Tunisie
| | - Marthe Rousseau
- IMoPA, UMR 7365, FMN, CNRS Université de Lorraine, 9 av. de la forêt de Haye, 54505 Vandoeuvre-lès-, Nancy, France
| | - Mhamed El Cafsi
- UR 13 ES 35, FST. Université de Tunis El Manar, Campus Universitaire EL Manar I, 1060, Tunis, Tunisie
| | - Pierre Gillet
- IMoPA, UMR 7365, FMN, CNRS Université de Lorraine, 9 av. de la forêt de Haye, 54505 Vandoeuvre-lès-, Nancy, France
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27
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Monteiro EA, Güth AZ, Banha TNS, Sumida PYG, Mies M. Evidence against mutualism in an aeolid nudibranch associated with Symbiodiniaceae dinoflagellates. Symbiosis 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s13199-019-00632-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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28
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Sikorskaya TV, Imbs AB. Study of Total Lipidome of the Sinularia siaesensis Soft Coral. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF BIOORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2019. [DOI: 10.1134/s1068162019010151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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29
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Matthews JL, Oakley CA, Lutz A, Hillyer KE, Roessner U, Grossman AR, Weis VM, Davy SK. Partner switching and metabolic flux in a model cnidarian-dinoflagellate symbiosis. Proc Biol Sci 2018; 285:20182336. [PMID: 30487315 PMCID: PMC6283946 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2018.2336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolite exchange is fundamental to the viability of the cnidarian-Symbiodiniaceae symbiosis and survival of coral reefs. Coral holobiont tolerance to environmental change might be achieved through changes in Symbiodiniaceae species composition, but differences in the metabolites supplied by different Symbiodiniaceae species could influence holobiont fitness. Using 13C stable-isotope labelling coupled to gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, we characterized newly fixed carbon fate in the model cnidarian Exaiptasia pallida (Aiptasia) when experimentally colonized with either native Breviolum minutum or non-native Durusdinium trenchii Relative to anemones containing B. minutum, D. trenchii-colonized hosts exhibited a 4.5-fold reduction in 13C-labelled glucose and reduced abundance and diversity of 13C-labelled carbohydrates and lipogenesis precursors, indicating symbiont species-specific modifications to carbohydrate availability and lipid storage. Mapping carbon fate also revealed significant alterations to host molecular signalling pathways. In particular, D. trenchii-colonized hosts exhibited a 40-fold reduction in 13C-labelled scyllo-inositol, a potential interpartner signalling molecule in symbiosis specificity. 13C-labelling also highlighted differential antioxidant- and ammonium-producing pathway activities, suggesting physiological responses to different symbiont species. Such differences in symbiont metabolite contribution and host utilization may limit the proliferation of stress-driven symbioses; this contributes valuable information towards future scenarios that select in favour of less-competent symbionts in response to environmental change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Matthews
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington 6140, New Zealand
| | - Clinton A Oakley
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington 6140, New Zealand
| | - Adrian Lutz
- Metabolomics Australia, School of Botany, The University of Melbourne, Parkville 3052, Victoria, Australia
| | - Katie E Hillyer
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington 6140, New Zealand
| | - Ute Roessner
- Metabolomics Australia, School of Botany, The University of Melbourne, Parkville 3052, Victoria, Australia
| | - Arthur R Grossman
- Department of Plant Biology, The Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Virginia M Weis
- Department of Integrative Biology, Oregon State University, 3029 Cordley Hall, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Simon K Davy
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington 6140, New Zealand
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30
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Surm JM, Toledo TM, Prentis PJ, Pavasovic A. Insights into the phylogenetic and molecular evolutionary histories of Fad and Elovl gene families in Actiniaria. Ecol Evol 2018; 8:5323-5335. [PMID: 29938056 PMCID: PMC6010785 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.4044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Revised: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The biosynthesis of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFAs, ≥ C20) is reliant on the action of desaturase and elongase enzymes, which are encoded by the fatty acyl desaturase (Fad) and elongation of very long-chain fatty acid (Elovl) gene families, respectively. In Metazoa, research investigating the distribution and evolution of these gene families has been restricted largely to Bilateria. Here, we provide insights into the phylogenetic and molecular evolutionary histories of the Fad and Elovl gene families in Cnidaria, the sister phylum to Bilateria. Four model cnidarian genomes and six actiniarian transcriptomes were interrogated. Analysis of the fatty acid composition of a candidate cnidarian species, Actinia tenebrosa, was performed to determine the baseline profile of this species. Phylogenetic analysis revealed lineage-specific gene duplication in actiniarians for both the Fad and Elovl gene families. Two distinct cnidarian Fad clades clustered with functionally characterized Δ5 and Δ6 proteins from fungal and plant species, respectively. Alternatively, only a single cnidarian Elovl clade clustered with functionally characterized Elovl proteins (Elovl4), while two additional clades were identified, one actiniarian-specific (Novel ElovlA) and the another cnidarian-specific (Novel ElovlB). In actiniarians, selection analyses revealed pervasive purifying selection acting on both gene families. However, codons in the Elovl gene family show patterns of nucleotide variation consistent with the action of episodic diversifying selection following gene duplication events. Significantly, these codons may encode amino acid residues that are functionally important for Elovl proteins to target and elongate different precursor fatty acids. In A. tenebrosa, the fatty acid analysis revealed an absence of LC-PUFAs > C20 molecules and implies that the Elovl enzymes are not actively contributing to the elongation of these LC-PUFAs. Overall, this study has revealed that actiniarians possess Fad and Elovl genes required for the biosynthesis of some LC-PUFAs, and that these genes appear to be distinct from bilaterians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joachim M. Surm
- School of Biomedical SciencesFaculty of HealthQueensland University of TechnologyBrisbaneAustralia
- Institute of Health and Biomedical InnovationQueensland University of TechnologyKelvin GroveAustralia
| | - Tarik M. Toledo
- School of Biomedical SciencesFaculty of HealthQueensland University of TechnologyBrisbaneAustralia
- Institute of Health and Biomedical InnovationQueensland University of TechnologyKelvin GroveAustralia
| | - Peter J. Prentis
- School of Earth, Environmental and Biological SciencesScience and Engineering FacultyQueensland University of TechnologyBrisbaneAustralia
- Institute for Future EnvironmentsQueensland University of TechnologyBrisbaneAustralia
| | - Ana Pavasovic
- School of Biomedical SciencesFaculty of HealthQueensland University of TechnologyBrisbaneAustralia
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31
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Fonseca JDS, Marangoni LFDB, Marques JA, Bianchini A. Effects of increasing temperature alone and combined with copper exposure on biochemical and physiological parameters in the zooxanthellate scleractinian coral Mussismilia harttii. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2017; 190:121-132. [PMID: 28709126 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2017.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Revised: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Effects of increasing temperature alone and in combination with exposure to dissolved copper (Cu) were evaluated in the zooxanthellate scleractinian coral Mussismilia harttii using a marine mesocosm system. Endpoints analyzed included parameters involved in metabolism [maximum photosynthetic capacity of zooxanthellae (Fv/Fm), chlorophyll a and ATP concentrations], calcification [carbonic anhydrase (CA) and Ca2+-Mg2+-ATPase activity], and oxidative status [antioxidant capacity against peroxyl radicals (ACAP) and lipid peroxidation (LPO)]. Coral polyps were collected, acclimated and exposed to three increasing temperature conditions [25.0±0.1°C (control; average temperature of local seawater), 26.6±0.1°C and 27.3±0.1°C] using a marine mesocosm system. They were tested alone and in combination with four environmentally relevant concentrations of dissolved Cu in seawater [2.9±0.7 (control; average concentration in local seawater), 3.8±0.8, 5.4±0.9 and 8.6±0.3μg/L] for 4, 8 and 12days. Fv/Fm reduced over the experimental period with increasing temperature. Combination of increasing temperature with Cu exposure enhanced this effect. CA and Ca2+-Mg2+-ATPase activities increased up to 8days of exposure, but recovered back after 12days of experiment. Short-term exposure to increasing temperature or long-term exposure to the combination of stressors reduced LPO, suggesting the occurrence of a remodeling process in the lipid composition of biological membranes. ACAP, ATP and chlorophyll a were not significantly affected by the stressors. These findings indicate that increasing temperature combined with exposure to dissolved Cu increase susceptibility to bleaching and reduce growth in the zooxanthellate scleractinian coral M. harttii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana da Silva Fonseca
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Fisiológicas, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Avenida Itália km 8, Rio Grande, RS, 96203-900, Brazil
| | - Laura Fernandes de Barros Marangoni
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Oceanografia Biológica, Instituto de Oceanografia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Avenida Itália km 8, Rio Grande, RS, 96203-900, Brazil,; Instituto Coral Vivo, Rua dos Coqueiros, Parque Yaya, Santa Cruz Cabrália, BA, 45807-000, Brazil
| | - Joseane Aparecida Marques
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Oceanografia Biológica, Instituto de Oceanografia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Avenida Itália km 8, Rio Grande, RS, 96203-900, Brazil,; Instituto Coral Vivo, Rua dos Coqueiros, Parque Yaya, Santa Cruz Cabrália, BA, 45807-000, Brazil
| | - Adalto Bianchini
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Fisiológicas, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Avenida Itália km 8, Rio Grande, RS, 96203-900, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Oceanografia Biológica, Instituto de Oceanografia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Avenida Itália km 8, Rio Grande, RS, 96203-900, Brazil,; Instituto Coral Vivo, Rua dos Coqueiros, Parque Yaya, Santa Cruz Cabrália, BA, 45807-000, Brazil; Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Avenida Itália km 8, Rio Grande, RS, 96203-900, Brazil,.
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Chen HK, Wang LH, Chen WNU, Mayfield AB, Levy O, Lin CS, Chen CS. Coral lipid bodies as the relay center interconnecting diel-dependent lipidomic changes in different cellular compartments. Sci Rep 2017; 7:3244. [PMID: 28607345 PMCID: PMC5468245 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-02722-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipid bodies (LBs) in the coral gastrodermal tissues are key organelles in the regulation of endosymbiosis and exhibit a diel rhythmicity. Using the scleractinian Euphyllia glabrescens collected across the diel cycle, we observed temporally dynamic lipid profiles in three cellular compartments: host coral gastrodermal cells, LBs, and in hospite Symbiodinium. Particularly, the lipidome varied over time, demonstrating the temporally variable nature of the coral-Symbiodinium endosymbiosis. The lipidome-scale data highlight the dynamic, light-driven metabolism of such associations and reveal that LBs are not only lipid storage organelles but also act as a relay center in metabolic trafficking. Furthermore, lipogenesis in LBs is significantly regulated by coral hosts and the lipid metabolites within holobionts featured predominantly triacylglycerols, sterol esters, and free fatty acids. Given these findings through a time-varied lipidome status, the present study provided valuable insights likely to be crucial to understand the cellular biology of the coral-Symbiodinium endosymbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung-Kai Chen
- Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, 804, Taiwan
| | - Li-Hsueh Wang
- Graduate Institute of Marine Biology, National Dong-Hwa University, Checheng, Pingtung, 944, Taiwan
- Taiwan Coral Research Center, National Museum of Marine Biology and Aquarium, Checheng, Pingtung, 944, Taiwan
| | - Wan-Nan U Chen
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, 824, Taiwan
| | - Anderson B Mayfield
- Taiwan Coral Research Center, National Museum of Marine Biology and Aquarium, Checheng, Pingtung, 944, Taiwan
- Khaled bin Sultan Living Oceans Foundation, Annapolis, MD, 21403, United States of America
| | - Oren Levy
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan, 52900, Israel
| | - Chan-Shing Lin
- Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, 804, Taiwan
| | - Chii-Shiarng Chen
- Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, 804, Taiwan.
- Graduate Institute of Marine Biology, National Dong-Hwa University, Checheng, Pingtung, 944, Taiwan.
- Taiwan Coral Research Center, National Museum of Marine Biology and Aquarium, Checheng, Pingtung, 944, Taiwan.
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Mies M, Sumida PYG, Rädecker N, Voolstra CR. Marine Invertebrate Larvae Associated with Symbiodinium: A Mutualism from the Start? Front Ecol Evol 2017. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2017.00056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Samorì C, Caroselli E, Prada F, Reggi M, Fermani S, Dubinsky Z, Goffredo S, Falini G. Ecological relevance of skeletal fatty acid concentration and composition in Mediterranean scleractinian corals. Sci Rep 2017; 7:1929. [PMID: 28512344 PMCID: PMC5434035 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-02034-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The intra-skeletal fatty acid concentration and composition of four Mediterranean coral species, namely Cladocora caespitosa, Balanophyllia europaea, Astroides calycularis and Leptopsammia pruvoti, were examined in young and old individuals living in three different locations of the Mediterranean Sea. These species are characterized by diverse levels of organization (solitary or colonial) and trophic strategies (symbiotic or non-symbiotic). Fatty acids have manifold fundamental roles comprehensive of membrane structure fluidity, cell signaling and energy storage. For all species, except for B. europaea, the intra-skeletal fatty acid concentration was significantly higher in young individuals than in old ones. Moreover, fatty acid concentration was higher in colonial corals than in solitary ones and in the symbiotic corals compared to non-symbiotic ones. Analysis by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) revealed that palmitic acid (16:0) was the most abundant fatty acid, followed by stearic (18:0) in order of concentration. Oleic acid (18:1) was detected as the third main component only in skeletons from symbiotic corals. These results suggest that, in the limits of the studied species, intra-skeletal fatty acid composition and concentration may be used for specific cases as a proxy of level of organization and trophic strategy, and eventually coral age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Samorì
- Department of Chemistry 'Giacomo Ciamician', University of Bologna, via Selmi 2, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Erik Caroselli
- Marine Science Group, Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Bologna, via Selmi 3, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Fiorella Prada
- Marine Science Group, Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Bologna, via Selmi 3, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Michela Reggi
- Department of Chemistry 'Giacomo Ciamician', University of Bologna, via Selmi 2, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Simona Fermani
- Department of Chemistry 'Giacomo Ciamician', University of Bologna, via Selmi 2, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Zvy Dubinsky
- The Mina & Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, 5290002, Israel
| | - Stefano Goffredo
- Marine Science Group, Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Bologna, via Selmi 3, 40126, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Giuseppe Falini
- Department of Chemistry 'Giacomo Ciamician', University of Bologna, via Selmi 2, 40126, Bologna, Italy.
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Dubousquet V, Gros E, Berteaux-Lecellier V, Viguier B, Raharivelomanana P, Bertrand C, Lecellier GJ. Changes in fatty acid composition in the giant clam Tridacna maxima in response to thermal stress. Biol Open 2016; 5:1400-1407. [PMID: 27543058 PMCID: PMC5087672 DOI: 10.1242/bio.017921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Temperature can modify membrane fluidity and thus affects cellular functions and physiological activities. This study examines lipid remodelling in the marine symbiotic organism, Tridacna maxima, during a time series of induced thermal stress, with an emphasis on the morphology of their symbiont Symbiodinium First, we show that the French Polynesian giant clams harbour an important proportion of saturated fatty acids (SFA), which reflects their tropical location. Second, in contrast to most marine organisms, the total lipid content in giant clams remained constant under stress, though some changes in their composition were shown. Third, the stress-induced changes in fatty acid (FA) diversity were accompanied by an upregulation of genes involved in lipids and ROS pathways. Finally, our microscopic analysis revealed that for the giant clam's symbiont, Symbiodinium, thermal stress led to two sequential cell death processes. Our data suggests that the degradation of Symbiodinium cells could provide an additional source of energy to T maxima in response to heat stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaimiti Dubousquet
- EPHE, PSL Research University, UPVD-CNRS, USR3278 CRIOBE, 98729 Moorea, French Polynesia University of French Polynesia-Ifremer-ILM-IRD, UMR241 EIO, BP 6570, 98702 Faa'a, Tahiti, French Polynesia Département de recherche agronomique appliquée, Service du développement rural, BP 100, Papeete, Tahiti 98713, French Polynesia
| | - Emmanuelle Gros
- EPHE, PSL Research University, UPVD-CNRS, USR3278 CRIOBE, 66860 Perpignan, France
| | - Véronique Berteaux-Lecellier
- EPHE, PSL Research University, UPVD-CNRS, USR3278 CRIOBE, 98729 Moorea, French Polynesia Laboratoire d'Excellence "CORAIL", 58 Avenue Paul Alduy, 66860 Perpignan Cedex, France
| | - Bruno Viguier
- EPHE, PSL Research University, UPVD-CNRS, USR3278 CRIOBE, 66860 Perpignan, France
| | - Phila Raharivelomanana
- University of French Polynesia-Ifremer-ILM-IRD, UMR241 EIO, BP 6570, 98702 Faa'a, Tahiti, French Polynesia
| | - Cédric Bertrand
- EPHE, PSL Research University, UPVD-CNRS, USR3278 CRIOBE, 66860 Perpignan, France
| | - Gaël J Lecellier
- EPHE, PSL Research University, UPVD-CNRS, USR3278 CRIOBE, 98729 Moorea, French Polynesia Université Paris-Saclay/Versailles-Saint Quentin en Yvelines, 55 Avenue de Paris, 78035 Versailles Cedex, France Laboratoire d'Excellence "CORAIL", 58 Avenue Paul Alduy, 66860 Perpignan Cedex, France
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Putnam HM, Davidson JM, Gates RD. Ocean acidification influences host DNA methylation and phenotypic plasticity in environmentally susceptible corals. Evol Appl 2016; 9:1165-1178. [PMID: 27695524 PMCID: PMC5039329 DOI: 10.1111/eva.12408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
As climate change challenges organismal fitness by creating a phenotype-environment mismatch, phenotypic plasticity generated by epigenetic mechanisms (e.g., DNA methylation) can provide a temporal buffer for genetic adaptation. Epigenetic mechanisms may be crucial for sessile benthic marine organisms, such as reef-building corals, where ocean acidification (OA) and warming reflect in strong negative responses. We tested the potential for scleractinian corals to exhibit phenotypic plasticity associated with a change in DNA methylation in response to OA. Clonal coral fragments of the environmentally sensitive Pocillopora damicornis and more environmentally robust Montipora capitata were exposed to fluctuating ambient pH (7.9-7.65) and low pH (7.6-7.35) conditions in common garden tanks for ~6 weeks. M. capitata responded weakly, or acclimated more quickly, to OA, with no difference in calcification, minimal separation of metabolomic profiles, and no change in DNA methylation between treatments. Conversely, P. damicornis exhibited diminished calcification at low pH, stronger separation in metabolomic profiles, and responsiveness of DNA methylation to treatment. Our data suggest corals differ in their temporal dynamics and sensitivity for environmentally triggered real-time epigenetic reprogramming. The generation of potentially heritable plasticity via environmental induction of DNA methylation provides an avenue for assisted evolution applications in corals under rapid climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hollie M. Putnam
- Hawaii Institute of Marine BiologyUniversity of HawaiiKaneoheHIUSA
| | | | - Ruth D. Gates
- Hawaii Institute of Marine BiologyUniversity of HawaiiKaneoheHIUSA
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Rix L, de Goeij JM, Mueller CE, Struck U, Middelburg JJ, van Duyl FC, Al-Horani FA, Wild C, Naumann MS, van Oevelen D. Coral mucus fuels the sponge loop in warm- and cold-water coral reef ecosystems. Sci Rep 2016; 6:18715. [PMID: 26740019 PMCID: PMC4703987 DOI: 10.1038/srep18715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Shallow warm-water and deep-sea cold-water corals engineer the coral reef framework and fertilize reef communities by releasing coral mucus, a source of reef dissolved organic matter (DOM). By transforming DOM into particulate detritus, sponges play a key role in transferring the energy and nutrients in DOM to higher trophic levels on Caribbean reefs via the so-called sponge loop. Coral mucus may be a major DOM source for the sponge loop, but mucus uptake by sponges has not been demonstrated. Here we used laboratory stable isotope tracer experiments to show the transfer of coral mucus into the bulk tissue and phospholipid fatty acids of the warm-water sponge Mycale fistulifera and cold-water sponge Hymedesmia coriacea, demonstrating a direct trophic link between corals and reef sponges. Furthermore, 21–40% of the mucus carbon and 32–39% of the nitrogen assimilated by the sponges was subsequently released as detritus, confirming a sponge loop on Red Sea warm-water and north Atlantic cold-water coral reefs. The presence of a sponge loop in two vastly different reef environments suggests it is a ubiquitous feature of reef ecosystems contributing to the high biogeochemical cycling that may enable coral reefs to thrive in nutrient-limited (warm-water) and energy-limited (cold-water) environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Rix
- Coral Reef Ecology Group (CORE), Leibniz Center for Tropical Marine Ecology (ZMT), Fahrenheitstr. 6, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Jasper M de Goeij
- Department of Aquatic Environmental Ecology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, PO Box 94248, 1090 GE Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Christina E Mueller
- Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research (NIOZ-Yerseke), PO Box 140, 4400 AC Yerseke, the Netherlands
| | - Ulrich Struck
- Museum für Naturkunde, Leibniz Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity Science, Invalidenstr. 43, 10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jack J Middelburg
- Department of Earth Sciences - Geochemistry, Utrecht University, PO Box 80.021, 3508 TA Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Fleur C van Duyl
- Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research (NIOZ-Texel), PO Box 59, 1790 AB Den Burg, Texel, the Netherlands
| | - Fuad A Al-Horani
- University of Jordan - Aqaba and Marine Science Station (MSS), PO Box 2595, Aqaba 77110, Jordan
| | - Christian Wild
- Coral Reef Ecology Group (CORE), Leibniz Center for Tropical Marine Ecology (ZMT), Fahrenheitstr. 6, 28359 Bremen, Germany.,Faculty of Biology and Chemistry (FB 2), University of Bremen, NW 2/Leobener Str., 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Malik S Naumann
- Coral Reef Ecology Group (CORE), Leibniz Center for Tropical Marine Ecology (ZMT), Fahrenheitstr. 6, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Dick van Oevelen
- Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research (NIOZ-Yerseke), PO Box 140, 4400 AC Yerseke, the Netherlands
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Hillyer KE, Tumanov S, Villas-Bôas S, Davy SK. Metabolite profiling of symbiont and host during thermal stress and bleaching in a model cnidarian-dinoflagellate symbiosis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 219:516-27. [PMID: 26685173 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.128660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Bleaching (dinoflagellate symbiont loss) is one of the greatest threats facing coral reefs. The functional cnidarian-dinoflagellate symbiosis, which forms coral reefs, is based on the bi-directional exchange of nutrients. During thermal stress this exchange breaks down; however, major gaps remain in our understanding of the roles of free metabolite pools in symbiosis and homeostasis. In this study we applied gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) to explore thermally induced changes in intracellular pools of amino and non-amino organic acids in each partner of the model sea anemone Aiptasia sp. and its dinoflagellate symbiont. Elevated temperatures (32 °C for 6 days) resulted in symbiont photoinhibition and bleaching. Thermal stress induced distinct changes in the metabolite profiles of both partners, associated with alterations to central metabolism, oxidative state, cell structure, biosynthesis and signalling. Principally, we detected elevated pools of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in the symbiont, indicative of modifications to lipogenesis/lysis, membrane structure and nitrogen assimilation. In contrast, reductions of multiple PUFAs were detected in host pools, indicative of increased metabolism, peroxidation and/or reduced translocation of these groups. Accumulations of glycolysis intermediates were also observed in both partners, associated with photoinhibition and downstream reductions in carbohydrate metabolism. Correspondingly, we detected accumulations of amino acids and intermediate groups in both partners, with roles in gluconeogenesis and acclimation responses to oxidative stress. These data further our understanding of cellular responses to thermal stress in the symbiosis and generate hypotheses relating to the secondary roles of a number of compounds in homeostasis and heat-stress resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie E Hillyer
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, PO Box 600, Wellington 6140, New Zealand
| | - Sergey Tumanov
- Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Silas Villas-Bôas
- Metabolomics Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019 Auckland Mail Centre, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Simon K Davy
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, PO Box 600, Wellington 6140, New Zealand
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Revel J, Massi L, Mehiri M, Boutoute M, Mayzaud P, Capron L, Sabourault C. Differential distribution of lipids in epidermis, gastrodermis and hosted Symbiodinium in the sea anemone Anemonia viridis. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2015; 191:140-151. [PMID: 26478191 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2015.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2015] [Revised: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Cnidarian-dinoflagellate symbiosis mainly relies on nutrient recycling, thus providing both partners with a competitive advantage in nutrient-poor waters. Essential processes related to lipid metabolism can be influenced by various factors, including hyperthermal stress. This can affect the lipid content and distribution in both partners, while contributing to symbiosis disruption and bleaching. In order to gain further insight into the role and distribution of lipids in the cnidarian metabolism, we investigated the lipid composition of the sea anemone Anemonia viridis and its photosynthetic dinoflagellate endosymbionts (Symbiodinium). We compared the lipid content and fatty acid profiles of the host cellular layers, non-symbiotic epidermal and symbiont-containing gastrodermal cells, and those of Symbiodinium, in a mass spectrometry-based assessment. Lipids were more concentrated in Symbiodinium cells, and the lipid class distribution was dominated by polar lipids in all tissues. The fatty acid distribution between host cell layers and Symbiodinium cells suggested potential lipid transfers between the partners. The lipid composition and distribution was modified during short-term hyperthermal stress, mainly in Symbiodinium cells and gastrodermis. Exposure to elevated temperature rapidly caused a decrease in polar lipid C18 unsaturated fatty acids and a strong and rapid decrease in the abundance of polar lipid fatty acids relative to sterols. These lipid indicators could therefore be used as sensitive biomarkers to assess the physiology of symbiotic cnidarians, especially the effect of thermal stress at the onset of cnidarian bleaching. Overall, the findings of this study provide some insight on key lipids that may regulate maintenance of the symbiotic interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johana Revel
- Université Nice Sophia Antipolis, UMR7138, Equipe Symbiose Marine, F-06000 Nice, France; Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine, UMR7138, F-75005 Paris, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Lionel Massi
- Université Nice Sophia Antipolis, Institut de Chimie de Nice, UMR7272, F-06000 Nice, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Mohamed Mehiri
- Université Nice Sophia Antipolis, Institut de Chimie de Nice, UMR7272, F-06000 Nice, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Marc Boutoute
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, Laboratoire Océanologique de Villefranche sur Mer, UMR 7093, F-06320 Villefranche-sur-Mer, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Patrick Mayzaud
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, Laboratoire Océanologique de Villefranche sur Mer, UMR 7093, F-06320 Villefranche-sur-Mer, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Laure Capron
- Université Nice Sophia Antipolis, Institut de Chimie de Nice, UMR7272, F-06000 Nice, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Cécile Sabourault
- Université Nice Sophia Antipolis, UMR7138, Equipe Symbiose Marine, F-06000 Nice, France; Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine, UMR7138, F-75005 Paris, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, F-75005 Paris, France.
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Leone A, Lecci RM, Durante M, Meli F, Piraino S. The Bright Side of Gelatinous Blooms: Nutraceutical Value and Antioxidant Properties of Three Mediterranean Jellyfish (Scyphozoa). Mar Drugs 2015; 13:4654-81. [PMID: 26230703 PMCID: PMC4556998 DOI: 10.3390/md13084654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2015] [Revised: 07/01/2015] [Accepted: 07/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Jellyfish are recorded with increasing frequency and magnitude in many coastal areas and several species display biological features comparable to the most popular Asiatic edible jellyfish. The biochemical and antioxidant properties of wild gelatinous biomasses, in terms of nutritional and nutraceutical values, are still largely unexplored. In this paper, three of the most abundant and commonly recorded jellyfish species (Aurelia sp.1, Cotylorhiza tuberculata and Rhizostoma pulmo) in the Mediterranean Sea were subject to investigation. A sequential enzymatic hydrolysis of jellyfish proteins was set up by pepsin and collagenase treatments of jellyfish samples after aqueous or hydroalcoholic protein extraction. The content and composition of proteins, amino acids, phenolics, and fatty acids of the three species were recorded and compared. Protein content (mainly represented by collagen) up to 40% of jellyfish dry weight were found in two of the three jellyfish species (C. tuberculata and R. pulmo), whereas the presence of ω-3 and ω-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) was significantly higher in the zooxanthellate jellyfish C. tuberculata only. Remarkable antioxidant ability was also recorded from both proteinaceous and non proteinaceous extracts and the hydrolyzed protein fractions in all the three species. The abundance of collagen, peptides and other bioactive molecules make these Mediterranean gelatinous biomasses a largely untapped source of natural compounds of nutraceutical, cosmeceutical and pharmacological interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Leone
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council, Unit of Lecce (CNR, ISPA), Via Prov.le Lecce-Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy.
- Consorzio Nazionale Interuniversitario per le Scienze del Mare (CoNISMa), Local Unit of Lecce, Via Prov.le Lecce-Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy.
| | - Raffaella Marina Lecci
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council, Unit of Lecce (CNR, ISPA), Via Prov.le Lecce-Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy.
- Consorzio Nazionale Interuniversitario per le Scienze del Mare (CoNISMa), Local Unit of Lecce, Via Prov.le Lecce-Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy.
| | - Miriana Durante
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council, Unit of Lecce (CNR, ISPA), Via Prov.le Lecce-Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy.
| | - Federica Meli
- Dipartimento di Scienze degli Alimenti, Università di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze, 59/A, 43124 Parma, Italy.
| | - Stefano Piraino
- Consorzio Nazionale Interuniversitario per le Scienze del Mare (CoNISMa), Local Unit of Lecce, Via Prov.le Lecce-Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy.
- Università del Salento, DiSTeBA Via Prov.le Lecce-Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy.
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Chen HK, Song SN, Wang LH, Mayfield AB, Chen YJ, Chen WNU, Chen CS. A Compartmental Comparison of Major Lipid Species in a Coral-Symbiodinium Endosymbiosis: Evidence that the Coral Host Regulates Lipogenesis of Its Cytosolic Lipid Bodies. PLoS One 2015. [PMID: 26218797 PMCID: PMC4517871 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0132519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The lipid body (LB) formation in the host coral gastrodermal cell cytoplasm is a hallmark of the coral-Symbiodinium endosymbiosis, and such lipid-based entities are not found in endosymbiont-free cnidarian cells. Therefore, the elucidation of lipogenesis regulation in LBs and how it is related to the lipid metabolism of the host and endosymbiont could provide direct insight to understand the symbiosis mechanism. Herein, the lipid composition of host cells of the stony coral Euphyllia glabrescens, as well as that of their cytoplasmic LBs and in hospite Symbiodinium populations, was examined by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS), and six major lipid species were identified: wax esters, sterol esters, triacylglycerols, cholesterols, free fatty acids, and phospholipids. Their concentrations differed significantly between host coral cells, LBs, and Symbiodinium, suggesting compartmental regulation. WE were only present in the host coral and were particularly highly concentrated in LBs. Amongst the four species of WE, the monoene R = C18:1/R = C16 was found to be LB-specific and was not present in the host gastrodermal cell cytoplasm. Furthermore, the acyl pool profiles of the individual LB lipid species were more similar, but not equal to, those of the host gastrodermal cells in which they were located, indicating partially autonomous lipid metabolism in these LBs. Nevertheless, given the overall similarity in the host gastrodermal cell and LB lipid profiles, these data suggest that a significant portion of the LB lipids may be of host coral origin. Finally, lipid profiles of the in hospite Symbiodinium populations were significantly distinct from those of the cultured Symbiodinium, potentially suggesting a host regulation effect that may be fundamental to lipid metabolism in endosymbiotic associations involving clade C Symbiodinium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung-Kai Chen
- Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, 804, Taiwan
| | - Shin-Ni Song
- Graduate Institute of Marine Biology, National Dong-Hwa University, Pingtung, 944, Taiwan
| | - Li-Hsueh Wang
- Graduate Institute of Marine Biology, National Dong-Hwa University, Pingtung, 944, Taiwan
- Taiwan Coral Research Center, National Museum of Marine Biology and Aquarium, Pingtung, 944, Taiwan
| | - Anderson B. Mayfield
- Taiwan Coral Research Center, National Museum of Marine Biology and Aquarium, Pingtung, 944, Taiwan
- Living Oceans Foundation, Landover, MD, 20785, United States of America
| | - Yi-Jyun Chen
- Taiwan Coral Research Center, National Museum of Marine Biology and Aquarium, Pingtung, 944, Taiwan
| | - Wan-Nan U. Chen
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, 805, Taiwan
- * E-mail: (CSC); (WNC)
| | - Chii-Shiarng Chen
- Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, 804, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Marine Biology, National Dong-Hwa University, Pingtung, 944, Taiwan
- Taiwan Coral Research Center, National Museum of Marine Biology and Aquarium, Pingtung, 944, Taiwan
- * E-mail: (CSC); (WNC)
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Subcellular investigation of photosynthesis-driven carbon assimilation in the symbiotic reef coral Pocillopora damicornis. mBio 2015; 6:mBio.02299-14. [PMID: 25670779 PMCID: PMC4337570 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02299-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Reef-building corals form essential, mutualistic endosymbiotic associations with photosynthetic Symbiodinium dinoflagellates, providing their animal host partner with photosynthetically derived nutrients that allow the coral to thrive in oligotrophic waters. However, little is known about the dynamics of these nutritional interactions at the (sub)cellular level. Here, we visualize with submicrometer spatial resolution the carbon and nitrogen fluxes in the intact coral-dinoflagellate association from the reef coral Pocillopora damicornis by combining nanoscale secondary ion mass spectrometry (NanoSIMS) and transmission electron microscopy with pulse-chase isotopic labeling using [(13)C]bicarbonate and [(15)N]nitrate. This allows us to observe that (i) through light-driven photosynthesis, dinoflagellates rapidly assimilate inorganic bicarbonate and nitrate, temporarily storing carbon within lipid droplets and starch granules for remobilization in nighttime, along with carbon and nitrogen incorporation into other subcellular compartments for dinoflagellate growth and maintenance, (ii) carbon-containing photosynthates are translocated to all four coral tissue layers, where they accumulate after only 15 min in coral lipid droplets from the oral gastroderm and within 6 h in glycogen granules from the oral epiderm, and (iii) the translocation of nitrogen-containing photosynthates is delayed by 3 h. IMPORTANCE Our results provide detailed in situ subcellular visualization of the fate of photosynthesis-derived carbon and nitrogen in the coral-dinoflagellate endosymbiosis. We directly demonstrate that lipid droplets and glycogen granules in the coral tissue are sinks for translocated carbon photosynthates by dinoflagellates and confirm their key role in the trophic interactions within the coral-dinoflagellate association.
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Kopp C, Wisztorski M, Revel J, Mehiri M, Dani V, Capron L, Carette D, Fournier I, Massi L, Mouajjah D, Pagnotta S, Priouzeau F, Salzet M, Meibom A, Sabourault C. MALDI-MS and NanoSIMS imaging techniques to study cnidarian-dinoflagellate symbioses. ZOOLOGY 2014; 118:125-31. [PMID: 25447219 DOI: 10.1016/j.zool.2014.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2014] [Revised: 06/29/2014] [Accepted: 06/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Cnidarian-dinoflagellate photosynthetic symbioses are fundamental to biologically diverse and productive coral reef ecosystems. The hallmark of this symbiotic relationship is the ability of dinoflagellate symbionts to supply their cnidarian host with a wide range of nutrients. Many aspects of this association nevertheless remain poorly characterized, including the exact identity of the transferred metabolic compounds, the mechanisms that control their exchange across the host-symbiont interface, and the precise subcellular fate of the translocated materials in cnidarian tissues. This lack of knowledge is mainly attributed to difficulties in investigating such metabolic interactions both in situ, i.e. on intact symbiotic associations, and at high spatial resolution. To address these issues, we illustrate the application of two in situ and high spatial resolution molecular and ion imaging techniques-matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry imaging (MALDI-MSI) and the nano-scale secondary-ion mass spectrometry (NanoSIMS) ion microprobe. These imaging techniques provide important new opportunities for the detailed investigation of many aspects of cnidarian-dinoflagellate associations, including the dynamics of cellular interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Kopp
- Laboratory for Biological Geochemistry, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering (ENAC), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - M Wisztorski
- PRISM, University of Lille 1, EA 4550 - FRE3637 CNRS, Bat SN3, F-59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq Cedex, France
| | - J Revel
- UMR7138 University of Nice-Sophia Antipolis, CNRS, Faculty of Science, 28 Avenue Valrose, BP 71, F-06108 Nice Cedex 2, France; UMR7138 Sorbonne University Paris 6, CNRS, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine, 7 quai Saint Bernard, 75005 Paris, France
| | - M Mehiri
- UMR7272 University of Nice-Sophia Antipolis, CNRS, Institut de Chimie de Nice, Faculty of Science, 28 Avenue Valrose, BP 71, F-06108 Nice Cedex 2, France
| | - V Dani
- UMR7138 University of Nice-Sophia Antipolis, CNRS, Faculty of Science, 28 Avenue Valrose, BP 71, F-06108 Nice Cedex 2, France; UMR7138 Sorbonne University Paris 6, CNRS, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine, 7 quai Saint Bernard, 75005 Paris, France
| | - L Capron
- UMR7272 University of Nice-Sophia Antipolis, CNRS, Institut de Chimie de Nice, Faculty of Science, 28 Avenue Valrose, BP 71, F-06108 Nice Cedex 2, France
| | - D Carette
- CCMA, University of Nice-Sophia Antipolis, Faculty of Science, 28 Avenue Valrose, BP 71, F-06108 Nice Cedex 2, France
| | - I Fournier
- PRISM, University of Lille 1, EA 4550 - FRE3637 CNRS, Bat SN3, F-59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq Cedex, France
| | - L Massi
- UMR7272 University of Nice-Sophia Antipolis, CNRS, Institut de Chimie de Nice, Faculty of Science, 28 Avenue Valrose, BP 71, F-06108 Nice Cedex 2, France
| | - D Mouajjah
- PRISM, University of Lille 1, EA 4550 - FRE3637 CNRS, Bat SN3, F-59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq Cedex, France
| | - S Pagnotta
- CCMA, University of Nice-Sophia Antipolis, Faculty of Science, 28 Avenue Valrose, BP 71, F-06108 Nice Cedex 2, France
| | - F Priouzeau
- UMR7138 University of Nice-Sophia Antipolis, CNRS, Faculty of Science, 28 Avenue Valrose, BP 71, F-06108 Nice Cedex 2, France; UMR7138 Sorbonne University Paris 6, CNRS, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine, 7 quai Saint Bernard, 75005 Paris, France
| | - M Salzet
- PRISM, University of Lille 1, EA 4550 - FRE3637 CNRS, Bat SN3, F-59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq Cedex, France
| | - A Meibom
- Laboratory for Biological Geochemistry, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering (ENAC), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; Center for Advanced Surface Analysis, Institute of Earth Sciences, University of Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - C Sabourault
- UMR7138 University of Nice-Sophia Antipolis, CNRS, Faculty of Science, 28 Avenue Valrose, BP 71, F-06108 Nice Cedex 2, France; UMR7138 Sorbonne University Paris 6, CNRS, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine, 7 quai Saint Bernard, 75005 Paris, France.
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Lipid class and fatty acid compositions of the zoanthid Palythoa caesia (Anthozoa: Hexacorallia: Zoanthidea) and its chemotaxonomic relations with corals. BIOCHEM SYST ECOL 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bse.2014.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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45
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Lipid accumulation during the establishment of kleptoplasty in Elysia chlorotica. PLoS One 2014; 9:e97477. [PMID: 24828251 PMCID: PMC4020867 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0097477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2014] [Accepted: 04/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The establishment of kleptoplasty (retention of "stolen plastids") in the digestive tissue of the sacoglossan Elysia chlorotica Gould was investigated using transmission electron microscopy. Cellular processes occurring during the initial exposure to plastids were observed in laboratory raised animals ranging from 1-14 days post metamorphosis (dpm). These observations revealed an abundance of lipid droplets (LDs) correlating to plastid abundance. Starvation of animals resulted in LD and plastid decay in animals <5 dpm that had not yet achieved permanent kleptoplasty. Animals allowed to feed on algal prey (Vaucheria litorea C. Agardh) for 7 d or greater retained stable plastids resistant to cellular breakdown. Lipid analysis of algal and animal samples supports that these accumulating LDs may be of plastid origin, as the often algal-derived 20∶5 eicosapentaenoic acid was found in high abundance in the animal tissue. Subsequent culturing of animals in dark conditions revealed a reduced ability to establish permanent kleptoplasty in the absence of photosynthetic processes, coupled with increased mortality. Together, these data support an important role of photosynthetic lipid production in establishing and stabilizing this unique animal kleptoplasty.
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Imbs AB, Yakovleva IM, Dautova TN, Bui LH, Jones P. Diversity of fatty acid composition of symbiotic dinoflagellates in corals: evidence for the transfer of host PUFAs to the symbionts. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2014; 101:76-82. [PMID: 24612930 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2014.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2013] [Revised: 02/04/2014] [Accepted: 02/10/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
High diversity of fatty acid (FA) composition of endosymbiotic dinoflagellates of the Symbiodinium group (zooxanthellae) isolated from different cnidarian groups has been found. To explain this diversity, FA composition of the total lipids of pure symbiont fractions (SF) and host cell tissue fractions (HF) isolated from one hydrocoral, two soft coral, and seven hard coral species inhabiting the shallow waters of the South China Sea (Vietnam) were compared. Symbiodinium phylogenetic clade designation for each SF was also determined, however, the relationship between the clade designation and FA composition of Symbiodinium was not found. The profiles of marker polyunsaturated FAs (PUFAs) of symbionts (18:4n-3, 18:5n-3, 20:5n-3) did not depend on taxonomic designation of the host and reflected only a specimen-specific diversity of the SF lipids. Several FAs such as 20:0, C24 PUFAs, 22:5n-6, and 18:2n-7 concentrated in HF lipids but were also found in SF lipids. For ten cnidarian species studied, the principal components analysis of total FAs (27 variables) of the symbiotic fractions was performed. The clear division of the symbiotic dinoflagellates according to the host systematic identity was found on a subclass level. This division was mainly caused by the FAs specific for the host lipids of each cnidarian subclasses such as hard corals, soft corals, and hydrocorals. Thus, the coral hosts affect the FA profile of their symbionts and cause the diversity of FA composition of Symbiodinium. The transfer of FAs from the coral host to their symbiotic dinoflagellates and modulation of PUFA biosynthesis in symbionts by the host are considered as possible reasons of the diversity studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey B Imbs
- A.V. Zhirmunsky Institute of Marine Biology, Far-Eastern Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 690041 Vladivostok, Russian Federation.
| | - Irina M Yakovleva
- A.V. Zhirmunsky Institute of Marine Biology, Far-Eastern Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 690041 Vladivostok, Russian Federation
| | - Tatiana N Dautova
- A.V. Zhirmunsky Institute of Marine Biology, Far-Eastern Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 690041 Vladivostok, Russian Federation
| | - Long H Bui
- Institute of Oceanography, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Nha Trang, Viet Nam
| | - Paul Jones
- Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmosphere Science, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
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Svetashev VI, Imbs AB. Isomerization of octadecapentaenoic acid (18:5n-3) in algal lipid samples under derivatization for GC and GC-MS analysis. JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY 2014; 50:322-327. [PMID: 26988189 DOI: 10.1111/jpy.12162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2013] [Accepted: 11/19/2013] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
During gas chromatography (GC) analysis of fatty acid (FA) composition of the dinoflagellate Gymnodinium kowalevskii, we found unex-pectedly low and irreproducible content of all-cis-3,6,9,12,15-octadecapentaenoic acid (18:5n-3), which is an important chemotaxonomic marker of several classes of microalgae. We compared chromatographic behavior of 18:5n-3 methyl ester and other GC derivatives obtained using different conventional methods of derivatization. The use of methods based on saponification or base-catalyzed transesterification resulted in a mixture of double-bond positional isomers of 18:5. On a SUPELCOWAX 10 column, the equivalent chain length (ECL) value for authentic 18:5n-3 methyl ester was 20.22, whereas the main component after base-catalyzed methylation had ECL 20.88. Attempts to prepare N-acyl pyrrolidides or 4,4-dimethyloxazoline (DMOX) derivatives of 18:5n-3 also gave inadequate results. These derivatives also showed a main peak corresponding to isomerized 18:5. Mass spectra for both DMOX and pyrrolidide derivatives of this compound showed the base peak at m/z 139, probably corresponding to 2,6,9,12,15-18:5 acid. Of all methods tested for methylation, only derivatization with 5% HCl or 1% sulphuric acid in methanol gave satisfactory results. Therefore, GC or GC-mass spectrometry analyses of algal lipids containing 18:5n-3 may be inaccurate when base-catalyzed methods of FA derivatization are applied. The best and simplest way to avoid incorrect GC results is to use standard acid-catalyzed methylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasily I Svetashev
- A.V. Zhirmunsky Institute of Marine Biology, Far Eastern Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok, 690059, Russia
| | - Andrey B Imbs
- A.V. Zhirmunsky Institute of Marine Biology, Far Eastern Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok, 690059, Russia
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48
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Wang LH, Lee HH, Fang LS, Mayfield AB, Chen CS. Fatty acid and phospholipid syntheses are prerequisites for the cell cycle of Symbiodinium and their endosymbiosis within sea anemones. PLoS One 2013; 8:e72486. [PMID: 24009685 PMCID: PMC3756969 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0072486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2013] [Accepted: 07/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipids are a source of metabolic energy, as well as essential components of cellular membranes. Although they have been shown to be key players in the regulation of cell proliferation in various eukaryotes, including microalgae, their role in the cell cycle of cnidarian-dinoflagellate (genus Symbiodinium) endosymbioses remains to be elucidated. The present study examined the effects of a lipid synthesis inhibitor, cerulenin, on the cell cycle of both cultured Symbiodinium (clade B) and those engaged in an endosymbiotic association with the sea anemone Aiptasia pulchella. In the former, cerulenin exposure was found to inhibit free fatty acid (FFA) synthesis, as it does in other organisms. Additionally, while it also significantly inhibited the synthesis of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), it did not affect the production of sterol ester (SE) or phosphatidylcholine (PC). Interestingly, cerulenin also significantly retarded cell division by arresting the cell cycles at the G0/G1 phase. Cerulenin-treated Symbiodinium were found to be taken up by anemone hosts at a significantly depressed quantity in comparison with control Symbiodinium. Furthermore, the uptake of cerulenin-treated Symbiodinium in host tentacles occurred much more slowly than in untreated controls. These results indicate that FFA and PE may play critical roles in the recognition, proliferation, and ultimately the success of endosymbiosis with anemones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Hsueh Wang
- National Museum of Marine Biology and Aquarium, Checheng, Pingtung, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Marine Biotechnology, National Dong Hwa University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Hsieh-He Lee
- Graduate Institute of Marine Biotechnology, National Dong Hwa University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Lee-Shing Fang
- Department of Sport, Health and Leisure Studies, Cheng Shiu University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Anderson B. Mayfield
- National Museum of Marine Biology and Aquarium, Checheng, Pingtung, Taiwan
- Living Oceans Foundation, Landover, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Chii-Shiarng Chen
- National Museum of Marine Biology and Aquarium, Checheng, Pingtung, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Marine Biotechnology, National Dong Hwa University, Hualien, Taiwan
- Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
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49
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Klueter A, Andreakis N. Assessing genetic diversity in the scleractinian coralStylophora pistillata(Esper 1797) from the Central Great Barrier Reef and the Coral Sea. SYST BIODIVERS 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/14772000.2013.770419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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50
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The Use of Lipids and Fatty Acids to Measure the Trophic Plasticity of the Coral Stylophora subseriata. Lipids 2012; 48:275-86. [DOI: 10.1007/s11745-012-3747-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2012] [Accepted: 11/29/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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