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Saidi H, Bounihi A, Bouazza A, Hichami A, Koceir EHA, Khan NA. Spirulina reduces diet-induced obesity through downregulation of lipogenic genes expression in Psammomys obesus. Arch Physiol Biochem 2022; 128:1001-1009. [PMID: 32207345 DOI: 10.1080/13813455.2020.1743724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The present study evaluates the protective effect of spirulina against diet-induced obesity and metabolic disorders in Psammomys obesus, an animal model of metabolic syndrome. Psammomys obesus lives on a low-energy diet, in order to remain healthy. However, under a standard laboratory chow diet (SLCD), this animal exhibits insulin resistance, which occurs as a result of obesity. Psammomys obesus was maintained on SLCD, in order to evaluate the effect of spirulina on obesity development with a particular focus on glucose and lipid metabolism, as well as the mRNA expression of some pro-inflammatory cytokines. After 12 weeks of treatment with spirulina, there was a significant reduction in body weight gain, plasma glucose, insulin and triglyceride levels. There was also a significant reduction in the mRNA expression of genes involved in lipogenesis and inflammation. Spirulina improved insulin sensitivity, glucose and lipid metabolism. These findings highlight the positive effect of spirulina on weight maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamza Saidi
- Bioenergetics and Intermediary Metabolism team, Laboratory of Biology and Organism Physiology, University of Sciences and Technology Houari Boumediene, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Abdenour Bounihi
- Bioenergetics and Intermediary Metabolism team, Laboratory of Biology and Organism Physiology, University of Sciences and Technology Houari Boumediene, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Asma Bouazza
- Bioenergetics and Intermediary Metabolism team, Laboratory of Biology and Organism Physiology, University of Sciences and Technology Houari Boumediene, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Aziz Hichami
- INSERM U1231, University of Burgundy Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - El Hadj Ahmed Koceir
- Bioenergetics and Intermediary Metabolism team, Laboratory of Biology and Organism Physiology, University of Sciences and Technology Houari Boumediene, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Naim Akhtar Khan
- INSERM U1231, University of Burgundy Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
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Bouazza A, Favier R, Fontaine E, Leverve X, Koceir EA. Potential Applications of Thyroid Hormone Derivatives in Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes: Focus on 3,5-Diiodothyronine (3,5-T2) in Psammomys obesus (Fat Sand Rat) Model. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14153044. [PMID: 35893898 PMCID: PMC9329750 DOI: 10.3390/nu14153044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
3,5-Diiodothyronine (3,5-T2) has been shown to exert pleiotropic beneficial effects. In this study we investigated whether 3,5-T2 prevent several energy metabolism disorders related to type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in gerbils diabetes-prone P. obesus. 157 male gerbils were randomly to Natural Diet (ND-controlled) or a HED (High-Energy Diet) divided in: HED- controlled, HED-3,5-T2 and HED- Placebo groups. 3,5-T2 has been tested at 25 µg dose and was administered under subcutaneous pellet implant during 10 weeks. Isolated hepatocytes were shortly incubated with 3,5-T2 at 10−6 M and 10−9 M dose in the presence energetic substrates. 3,5-T2 treatment reduce visceral adipose tissue, prevent the insulin resistance, attenuated hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia, and reversed liver steatosis in diabetes P. obesus. 3,5-T2 decreased gluconeogenesis, increased ketogenesis and enhanced respiration capacity. 3,5-T2 potentiates redox and phosphate potential both in cytosol and mitochondrial compartment. The use of 3,5-T2 as a natural therapeutic means to regulate cellular energy metabolism. We suggest that 3,5-T2 may help improve the deleterious course of obesity and T2DM, but cannot replace medical treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asma Bouazza
- Biology and Organisms Physiology Laboratory, Bioenergetics and Intermediary Metabolism Team, Nutrition and Dietetics in Human Pathologies Post Graduate School, University of Sciences and Technology Houari Boumediene, El Alia, Bab Ezzouar, Algiers 16123, Algeria;
| | - Roland Favier
- Laboratory of Fundamental and Applied Bioenergetics (LBFA), INSERM U1055, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, 16042 Grenoble, France; (R.F.); (E.F.); (X.L.)
| | - Eric Fontaine
- Laboratory of Fundamental and Applied Bioenergetics (LBFA), INSERM U1055, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, 16042 Grenoble, France; (R.F.); (E.F.); (X.L.)
| | - Xavier Leverve
- Laboratory of Fundamental and Applied Bioenergetics (LBFA), INSERM U1055, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, 16042 Grenoble, France; (R.F.); (E.F.); (X.L.)
| | - Elhadj-Ahmed Koceir
- Biology and Organisms Physiology Laboratory, Bioenergetics and Intermediary Metabolism Team, Nutrition and Dietetics in Human Pathologies Post Graduate School, University of Sciences and Technology Houari Boumediene, El Alia, Bab Ezzouar, Algiers 16123, Algeria;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +213-(0)6-6674-2770 or +213-(0)2124-7217; Fax: +213-(0)2124-7217
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Apoptosis in epididymis of sand rat Psammomys obesus, Cretzschmar, 1828: Effects of seasonal variations, castration and efferent duct ligation. Morphologie 2021; 105:288-297. [PMID: 33483186 DOI: 10.1016/j.morpho.2020.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/06/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to visualize apoptosis throughout the reproductive cycle and after castration, castration then treatment with testosterone, and ligation of efferent ducts. The sand rat, Psammomysobesus, Cretzschmar 1828, is a diurnal rodent belonging to the family Gerbillidae. Its breeding cycle is seasonal with reproduction in autumn, winter and early spring and a short resting period from late spring to early summer. Five groups of males were studied: (1) animals captured during the breeding season; (2) animals captured during the resting season; (3) animals castrated and kept 30 days; (4) animals castrated, kept 30 days, and then treated with testosterone for 15 days; (5) animals subjected to the ligation of efferent ducts and kept 30 days. Epididymis were removed and the presence of apoptotic cells was explored using the "Apostain" immunohistochemical method. Histological results showed cell and tissue remodeling. During the breeding season, a positive apoptotic signal was observed mainly in smooth muscle cells of caput and cauda epididymis. This signal persisted throughout the resting season. The orchiectomy induced apoptosis in almost of epithelial and connective cells. However, this intense cell death was not reversed by treatment with testosterone. In animals that experienced efferent duct ligation, principal cells and smooth muscle cells showed a positive signal for apoptosis. Our results converge to qualify the sand rat epididymis as an excellent model for the study of apoptosis and argue for continued cell death, at least independent of circulating testosterone levels.
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Gouaref I, Detaille D, Wiernsperger N, Khan NA, Leverve X, Koceir EA. The desert gerbil Psammomys obesus as a model for metformin-sensitive nutritional type 2 diabetes to protect hepatocellular metabolic damage: Impact of mitochondrial redox state. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0172053. [PMID: 28222147 PMCID: PMC5319739 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0172053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2016] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction While metformin (MET) is the most widely prescribed antidiabetic drug worldwide, its beneficial effects in Psammomys obesus (P. obesus), a rodent model that mimics most of the metabolic features of human diabetes, have not been explored thoroughly. Here, we sought to investigate whether MET might improve insulin sensitivity, glucose homeostasis, lipid profile as well as cellular redox and energy balance in P. obesus maintained on a high energy diet (HED). Materials and methods P. obesus gerbils were randomly assigned to receive either a natural diet (ND) consisting of halophytic plants (control group) or a HED (diabetic group) for a period of 24 weeks. MET (50 mg/kg per os) was administered in both animal groups after 12 weeks of feeding, i.e., the time required for the manifestation of insulin resistance in P. obesus fed a HED. Parallel in vitro experiments were conducted on isolated hepatocytes that were shortly incubated (30 min) with MET and energetic substrates (lactate + pyruvate or alanine, in the presence of octanoate). Results In vivo, MET lowered glycemia, glycosylated haemoglobin, circulating insulin and fatty acid levels in diabetic P. obesus. It also largely reversed HED-induced hepatic lipid alterations. In vitro, MET increased glycolysis but decreased both gluconeogenesis and ketogenesis in the presence of glucogenic precursors and medium-chain fatty acid. Importantly, these changes were associated with an increase in cytosolic and mitochondrial redox states along with a decline in respiration capacity. Conclusions MET prevents the progression of insulin resistance in diabetes-prone P. obesus, possibly through a tight control of gluconeogenesis and fatty acid β-oxidation depending upon mitochondrial function. While the latter is increasingly becoming a therapeutic issue in diabetes, the gut microbiota is another promising target that would need to be considered as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inès Gouaref
- Bioenergetics and Intermediary Metabolism team, Laboratory of Biology and Organism Physiology, Biological Sciences Institute, University of Sciences and Technology Houari Boumediene, BP 32, ElAlia, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Dominique Detaille
- Université de Bordeaux, Rhythmology and Heart Modeling Institute, Bordeaux, France
| | | | - Naim Akhtar Khan
- Physiologie de la Nutrition & Toxicologie, INSERM U1236, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté (UBFC), Dijon, France
| | - Xavier Leverve
- University Grenoble Alpes, Laboratoire de Bioénergétique Fondamentale et Appliquée (LBFA), INSERM, U1055, Grenoble, France
| | - Elhadj-Ahmed Koceir
- Bioenergetics and Intermediary Metabolism team, Laboratory of Biology and Organism Physiology, Biological Sciences Institute, University of Sciences and Technology Houari Boumediene, BP 32, ElAlia, Algiers, Algeria
- * E-mail:
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Atek-Mebarki F, Hichami A, Abdoul-Azize S, Bitam A, Koceïr EA, Khan NA. Eicosapentaenoic acid modulates fatty acid metabolism and inflammation in Psammomys obesus. Biochimie 2014; 109:60-6. [PMID: 25528298 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2014.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2014] [Accepted: 12/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The desert gerbil, Psammomys obesus, is a unique polygenic animal model of metabolic syndrome (insulin resistance, obesity and type 2 diabetes), and these pathological conditions resemble to those in human beings. In this study, the animals were fed ad libitum either a natural diet (ND) which contained desertic halophile plants or a standard laboratory diet (STD) or a diet which contained eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), hence, termed as EPA diet (EPAD). In EPAD, 50% of total lipid content was replaced by EPA oil. By employing real-time PCR, we assessed liver expression of key genes involved in fatty acid metabolism such as PPAR-α, SREBP-1c, LXR-α and CHREBP. We also studied the expression of two inflammatory genes, i.e., TNF-α and IL-1β, in liver and adipose tissue of these animals. The STD, considered to be a high caloric diet for this animal, triggered insulin resistance and high lipid levels, along with high hepatic SREBP-1c, LXR-α and CHREBP mRNA expression. TNF-α and IL-1β mRNA were also high in liver of STD fed animals. Feeding EPAD improved plasma glucose, insulin and triacylglycerol levels along with hepatic lipid composition. These observations suggest that EPA exerts beneficial effects in P. obesus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feriel Atek-Mebarki
- Physiologie de la Nutrition & Toxicologie, UMR U866 INSERM/Université de Bourgogne/Agro-Sup, Dijon 21000, France; Bioenergetics and Intermediary Metabolism Laboratory, Biological Sciences and Physiology Department, FSB, University of Sciences and Technology Houari Boumédiene (USTHB), Algiers, Algeria
| | - Aziz Hichami
- Physiologie de la Nutrition & Toxicologie, UMR U866 INSERM/Université de Bourgogne/Agro-Sup, Dijon 21000, France
| | - Souleymane Abdoul-Azize
- Physiologie de la Nutrition & Toxicologie, UMR U866 INSERM/Université de Bourgogne/Agro-Sup, Dijon 21000, France
| | - Arezki Bitam
- Bioenergetics and Intermediary Metabolism Laboratory, Biological Sciences and Physiology Department, FSB, University of Sciences and Technology Houari Boumédiene (USTHB), Algiers, Algeria
| | - Elhadj Ahmed Koceïr
- Bioenergetics and Intermediary Metabolism Laboratory, Biological Sciences and Physiology Department, FSB, University of Sciences and Technology Houari Boumédiene (USTHB), Algiers, Algeria
| | - Naim Akhtar Khan
- Physiologie de la Nutrition & Toxicologie, UMR U866 INSERM/Université de Bourgogne/Agro-Sup, Dijon 21000, France.
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Oro-gustatory perception of dietary lipids and calcium signaling in taste bud cells are altered in nutritionally obesity-prone Psammomys obesus. PLoS One 2013; 8:e68532. [PMID: 23936306 PMCID: PMC3731325 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0068532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2013] [Accepted: 05/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the increasing prevalence of obesity is one of the major health problems of the modern era, understanding the mechanisms of oro-gustatory detection of dietary fat is critical for the prevention and treatment of obesity. We have conducted the present study on Psammomys obesus, the rodent desert gerbil which is a unique polygenic natural animal model of obesity. Our results show that obese animals exhibit a strong preference for lipid solutions in a two-bottle test. Interestingly, the expression of CD36, a lipido-receptor, in taste buds cells (TBC), isolated from circumvallate papillae, was decreased at mRNA level, but remained unaltered at protein level, in obese animals. We further studied the effects of linoleic acid (LA), a long-chain fatty acid, on the increases in free intracellular calcium (Ca2+) concentrations, [Ca2+]i, in the TBC of P. obesus. LA induced increases in [Ca2+]i, largely via CD36, from intracellular pool, followed by the opening of store-operated Ca2+ (SOC) channels in the TBC of these animals. The action of this fatty acid on the increases in [Ca2+]i was higher in obese animals than that in controls. However, the release of Ca2+ from intracellular stores, studied also by employing thapsigargin, was lower in TBC of obese animals than control rodents. In this study, we show, for the first time, that increased lipid intake and altered Ca2+ signaling in TBC are associated with obesity in Psammomys obesus.
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Hepatic mitochondrial alterations and increased oxidative stress in nutritional diabetes-prone Psammomys obesus model. EXPERIMENTAL DIABETES RESEARCH 2012; 2012:430176. [PMID: 22675340 PMCID: PMC3362834 DOI: 10.1155/2012/430176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2012] [Accepted: 03/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction is considered to be a pivotal component of insulin resistance and associated metabolic diseases. Psammomys obesus is a relevant model of nutritional diabetes since these adult animals exhibit a state of insulin resistance when fed a standard laboratory chow, hypercaloric for them as compared to their natural food. In this context, alterations in bioenergetics were studied. Using liver mitochondria isolated from these rats fed such a diet for 18 weeks, oxygen consumption rates, activities of respiratory complexes, and content in cytochromes were examined. Levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and gluthatione (GSH) were measured in tissue homogenates. Diabetic Psammomys showed a serious liver deterioration (hepatic mass accretion, lipids accumulation), accompanied by an enhanced oxidative stress (MDA increased, GSH depleted). On the other hand, both ADP-dependent and uncoupled respirations greatly diminished below control values, and the respiratory flux to cytochrome oxydase was mildly lowered. Furthermore, an inhibition of complexes I and III together with an activation of complex II were found. With emergence of oxidative stress, possibly related to a defect in oxidative phosphorylation, some molecular adjustments could contribute to alleviate, at least in part, the deleterious outcomes of insulin resistance in this gerbil species.
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Homéostasie énergétique et métabolisme glucido-lipidique : pourquoi deux substrats différents ? CAHIERS DE NUTRITION ET DE DIETETIQUE 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/s0007-9960(05)80482-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Leverve XM, Guigas B, Detaille D, Batandier C, Koceir EA, Chauvin C, Fontaine E, Wiernsperger NF. Mitochondrial metabolism and type-2 diabetes: a specific target of metformin. DIABETES & METABOLISM 2003; 29:6S88-94. [PMID: 14502105 DOI: 10.1016/s1262-3636(03)72792-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Several links relate mitochondrial metabolism and type 2 diabetes or chronic hyperglycaemia. Among them, ATP synthesis by oxidative phosphorylation and cellular energy metabolism (ATP/ADP ratio), redox status and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, membrane potential and substrate transport across the mitochondrial membrane are involved at various steps of the very complex network of glucose metabolism. Recently, the following findings (1) mitochondrial ROS production is central in the signalling pathway of harmful effects of hyperglycaemia, (2) AMPK activation is a major regulator of both glucose and lipid metabolism connected with cellular energy status, (3) hyperglycaemia by inhibiting glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) by a cAMP mechanism plays a crucial role in NADPH/NADP ratio and thus in the pro-oxidant/anti-oxidant cellular status, have deeply changed our view of diabetes and related complications. It has been reported that metformin has many different cellular effects according to the experimental models and/or conditions. However, recent important findings may explain its unique efficacy in the treatment of hyperglycaemia- or insulin-resistance related complications. Metformin is a mild inhibitor of respiratory chain complex 1; it activates AMPK in several models, apparently independently of changes in the AMP-to-ATP ratio; it activates G6PDH in a model of high-fat related insulin resistance; and it has antioxidant properties by a mechanism (s), which is (are) not completely elucidated as yet. Although it is clear that metformin has non-mitochondrial effects, since it affects erythrocyte metabolism, the mitochondrial effects of metformin are probably crucial in explaining the various properties of this drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- X M Leverve
- INSERM E-0221 Bioénergétique Fondamentale et Appliquée, Université Joseph-Fourier, Grenoble, France.
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