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Lu C, Qing L, Yina L. Phyllanthus emblica fruit extract alleviates halitosis and reduces the inflammatory response to oral bacteria. J Appl Oral Sci 2024; 32:e20240047. [PMID: 38922243 PMCID: PMC11178350 DOI: 10.1590/1678-7757-2024-0047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 04/14/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the efficacy of Phyllanthus emblica extract in alleviating halitosis and reducing the inflammatory response to halitosis-related bacteria. METHODOLOGY This investigation, using Phyllanthus emblica fruit extract (PE), involved four aspects. First, we evaluated the effect on growth and aggregation of halitosis-related bacteria, including Fusobacterium nucleatum, Porphyromonas gingivalis, and Solobacterium moorei, using a microdilution assay and scanning electron microscopy. Second, volatile sulfur compound (VSC) levels were measured on individuals with halitosis in randomized short-term (26 participants) and double-blind randomized long-term trials (18 participants in each group) after rinsing with PE for 3, 6, and 12 h, and 28 days. Third, we analyzed pro-inflammatory cytokine expression in TR146 cells using quantitative real-time PCR and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Lastly, we assessed pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion and Toll-like receptor (TLR) 2 mRNA expression via the same experimental methods in a three-dimensional oral mucosal epithelial model (3D OMEM). RESULTS PE extract dose-dependently inhibited the growth of F. nucleatum (50% inhibition concentration [IC50]=0.079%), P. gingivalis (IC50=0.65%), and S. moorei (IC50=0.07%) and effectively prevented bacterial aggregation. Furthermore, VSC contents decreased significantly at 3, 6, and 12 h after rinsing with 5% PE compared with those in the control. Long-term use of mouthwash containing 5% PE for 28 days led to a significant decrease in VSC contents. PE attenuated the F. nucleatum- or P. gingivalis-stimulated mRNA expression and protein release of interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-8 in TR146 cells. It also suppressed IL-8 and prostaglandin E2 secretion and TLR2 mRNA expression in F. nucleatum-induced OMEMs. CONCLUSION Our findings support the use of PE in oral care products to alleviate halitosis and it may reduce inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Lu
- JAKA Biotechnology Co., LTD, Tiangong Road No. 818, Jinshan District, Shanghai 201507, China
| | - Liu Qing
- JAKA Biotechnology Co., LTD, Tiangong Road No. 818, Jinshan District, Shanghai 201507, China
| | - Lu Yina
- JAKA Biotechnology Co., LTD, Tiangong Road No. 818, Jinshan District, Shanghai 201507, China
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Araujo TT, Dionizio A, Carvalho TS, Boas Feitosa CMV, Vertuan M, Câmara JVF, Henrique-Silva F, Marchetto R, Chiaratti MR, Santos AC, Alves LO, Ferro M, Buzalaf MAR. Acquired enamel pellicle and biofilm engineering with a combination of acid-resistant proteins (CaneCPI-5, StN15, and Hemoglobin) for enhanced protection against dental caries - in vivo and in vitro investigations. Clin Oral Investig 2024; 28:261. [PMID: 38642171 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-024-05651-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/22/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study was designed in two-legs. In the in vivo, we explored the potential of a rinse solution containing a combination (Comb) of 0.1 mg/mL CaneCPI-5 (sugarcane-derive cystatin), 1.88 × 10- 5M StN15 (statherin-derived peptide) and 1.0 mg/mL hemoglobin (Hb) to change the protein profile of the acquired enamel pellicle(AEP) and the microbiome of the enamel biofilm. The in vitro, was designed to reveal the effects of Comb on the viability and bacterial composition of the microcosm biofilm, as well as on enamel demineralization. MATERIALS AND METHODS In vivo study, 10 participants rinsed (10mL,1 min) with either deionized water (H2O-control) or Comb. AEP and biofilm were collected after 2 and 3 h, respectively, after rinsing. AEP samples underwent proteomics analysis, while biofilm microbiome was assessed via 16 S-rRNA Next Generation Sequencing(NGS). In vitro study, a microcosm biofilm protocol was employed. Ninety-six enamel specimens were treated with: 1)Phosphate-Buffered Solution-PBS(negative-control), 2)0.12%Chlorhexidine, 3)500ppmNaF and 4)Comb. Resazurin, colony-forming-units(CFU) and Transversal Microradiography(TMR) were performed. RESULTS The proteomic results revealed higher quantity of proteins in the Comb compared to control associated with immune system response and oral microbial adhesion. Microbiome showed a significant increase in bacteria linked to a healthy microbiota, in the Comb group. In the in vitro study, Comb group was only efficient in reducing mineral-loss and lesion-depth compared to the PBS. CONCLUSIONS The AEP modification altered the subsequent layers, affecting the initial process of bacterial adhesion of pathogenic and commensal bacteria, as well as enamel demineralization. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Comb group shows promise in shaping oral health by potentially introducing innovative approaches to prevent enamel demineralization and deter tooth decay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Teodoro Araujo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Al. Octávio Pinheiro Brisolla, 9-75, São Paulo, Bauru, 17012- 901, Brazil
| | - Aline Dionizio
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Al. Octávio Pinheiro Brisolla, 9-75, São Paulo, Bauru, 17012- 901, Brazil
| | - Thamyris Souza Carvalho
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Al. Octávio Pinheiro Brisolla, 9-75, São Paulo, Bauru, 17012- 901, Brazil
| | - Chelsea Maria Vilas Boas Feitosa
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Al. Octávio Pinheiro Brisolla, 9-75, São Paulo, Bauru, 17012- 901, Brazil
| | - Mariele Vertuan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Al. Octávio Pinheiro Brisolla, 9-75, São Paulo, Bauru, 17012- 901, Brazil
| | - João Victor Frazão Câmara
- Clinic of Operative Dentistry, Periodontology and Preventive Dentistry, University Hospital, Saarland University, Building 73, 66421, Homburg, Saarland, Germany
| | - Flavio Henrique-Silva
- Departamento de Genética e Evolução, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, 13565-905, Brazil
| | - Reinaldo Marchetto
- Department of Biochemistry and Organic Chemistry, Paulista State University (UNESP), Araraquara, 14800-900, Brazil
| | - Marcos Roberto Chiaratti
- Departamento de Genética e Evolução, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, 13565-905, Brazil
| | - Angélica Camargo Santos
- Departamento de Genética e Evolução, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, 13565-905, Brazil
| | - Lindomar Oliveira Alves
- Departamento de Genética e Evolução, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, 13565-905, Brazil
| | - Milene Ferro
- Department of General and Applied Biology, Paulista State University (UNESP), Rio Claro, 13500230, Brazil
| | - Marília Afonso Rabelo Buzalaf
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Al. Octávio Pinheiro Brisolla, 9-75, São Paulo, Bauru, 17012- 901, Brazil.
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Bloch S, Hager-Mair FF, Andrukhov O, Schäffer C. Oral streptococci: modulators of health and disease. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2024; 14:1357631. [PMID: 38456080 PMCID: PMC10917908 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2024.1357631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Streptococci are primary colonizers of the oral cavity where they are ubiquitously present and an integral part of the commensal oral biofilm microflora. The role oral streptococci play in the interaction with the host is ambivalent. On the one hand, they function as gatekeepers of homeostasis and are a prerequisite for the maintenance of oral health - they shape the oral microbiota, modulate the immune system to enable bacterial survival, and antagonize pathogenic species. On the other hand, also recognized pathogens, such as oral Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus, which trigger the onset of dental caries belong to the genus Streptococcus. In the context of periodontitis, oral streptococci as excellent initial biofilm formers have an accessory function, enabling late biofilm colonizers to inhabit gingival pockets and cause disease. The pathogenic potential of oral streptococci fully unfolds when their dissemination into the bloodstream occurs; streptococcal infection can cause extra-oral diseases, such as infective endocarditis and hemorrhagic stroke. In this review, the taxonomic diversity of oral streptococci, their role and prevalence in the oral cavity and their contribution to oral health and disease will be discussed, focusing on the virulence factors these species employ for interactions at the host interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Bloch
- Competence Center for Periodontal Research, University Clinic of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Biochemistry, NanoGlycobiology Research Group, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, Vienna, Austria
| | - Fiona F. Hager-Mair
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Biochemistry, NanoGlycobiology Research Group, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, Vienna, Austria
| | - Oleh Andrukhov
- Competence Center for Periodontal Research, University Clinic of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christina Schäffer
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Biochemistry, NanoGlycobiology Research Group, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, Vienna, Austria
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4
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Cardona-Mendoza A, Roa Molina NS, Castillo DM, Lafaurie GI, Gualtero Escobar DF. Human Coronary Artery Endothelial Cell Response to Porphyromonas gingivalis W83 in a Collagen Three-Dimensional Culture Model. Microorganisms 2024; 12:248. [PMID: 38399652 PMCID: PMC10892777 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12020248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
P. gingivalis has been reported to be an endothelial cell inflammatory response inducer that can lead to endothelial dysfunction processes related to atherosclerosis; however, these studies have been carried out in vitro in cell culture models on two-dimensional (2D) plastic surfaces that do not simulate the natural environment where pathology develops. This work aimed to evaluate the pro-inflammatory response of human coronary artery endothelial cells (HCAECs) to P. gingivalis in a 3D cell culture model compared with a 2D cell culture. HCAECs were cultured for 7 days on type I collagen matrices in both cultures and were stimulated at an MOI of 1 or 100 with live P. gingivalis W83 for 24 h. The expression of the genes COX-2, eNOS, and vWF and the levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokines thromboxane A2 (TXA-2) and prostaglandin I2 (PGI2) were evaluated. P. gingivalis W83 in the 2D cell culture increased IL-8 levels at MOI 100 and decreased MCP-1 levels at both MOI 100 and MOI 1. In contrast, the 3D cell culture induced an increased gene expression of COX-2 at both MOIs and reduced MCP-1 levels at MOI 100, whereas the gene expression of eNOS, vWF, and IL-8 and the levels of TXA2 and PGI2 showed no significant changes. These data suggest that in the collagen 3D culture model, P. gingivalis W83 induces a weak endothelial inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés Cardona-Mendoza
- Grupo de Inmunología Celular y Molecular Universidad El Bosque-INMUBO, Vicerrectoría de Investigaciones, Facultad de Odontología, Universidad El Bosque, Bogota 11001, Colombia;
- Unidad de Investigación Básica Oral-UIBO, Vicerrectoría de Investigaciones, Facultad de Odontología, Universidad El Bosque, Bogota 11001, Colombia; (D.M.C.); (G.I.L.)
| | - Nelly Stella Roa Molina
- Centro de Investigaciones Odontológicas (CIO), Facultad de Odontología, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogota 110231, Colombia;
| | - Diana Marcela Castillo
- Unidad de Investigación Básica Oral-UIBO, Vicerrectoría de Investigaciones, Facultad de Odontología, Universidad El Bosque, Bogota 11001, Colombia; (D.M.C.); (G.I.L.)
| | - Gloria Inés Lafaurie
- Unidad de Investigación Básica Oral-UIBO, Vicerrectoría de Investigaciones, Facultad de Odontología, Universidad El Bosque, Bogota 11001, Colombia; (D.M.C.); (G.I.L.)
| | - Diego Fernando Gualtero Escobar
- Unidad de Investigación Básica Oral-UIBO, Vicerrectoría de Investigaciones, Facultad de Odontología, Universidad El Bosque, Bogota 11001, Colombia; (D.M.C.); (G.I.L.)
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Roato I, Baima G, Orrico C, Mosca Balma A, Alotto D, Romano F, Ferracini R, Aimetti M, Mussano F. Senescent Markers Expressed by Periodontal Ligament-Derived Stem Cells (PDLSCs) Harvested from Patients with Periodontitis Can Be Rejuvenated by RG108. Biomedicines 2023; 11:2535. [PMID: 37760976 PMCID: PMC10526252 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11092535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Periodontal ligament (PDL) has become an elective source of mesenchymal stem cells (PDLSCs) in dentistry. This research aimed to compare healthy PDLSCs (hPDLSCs) and periodontitis PDLSCs (pPDLSCs) to ascertain any possible functional differences owing to their milieux of origin. Cells were tested in terms of colony-forming unit efficiency; multi differentiating capacity; immunophenotype, stemness, and senescent state were studied by flow cytometry, immunofluorescence, and β-galactosidase staining; gene expression using RT-PCR. Both hPDLSCs and pPDLSCs were comparable in terms of their immunophenotype and multilineage differentiation capabilities, but pPDLSCs showed a senescent phenotype more frequently. Thus, a selective small molecule inhibitor of DNA methyltransferase (DNMT), RG108, known for its effect on senescence, was used to possibly reverse this phenotype. RG108 did not affect the proliferation and apoptosis of PDLSCs, and it showed little effect on hPDLSCs, while a significant reduction of both p16 and p21 was detected along with an increase of SOX2 and OCT4 in pPDLSCs after treatment at 100 μM RG108. Moreover, the subset of PDLSCs co-expressing OCT4 and p21 decreased, and adipogenic potential increased in pPDLSCs after treatment. pPDLSCs displayed a senescent phenotype that could be reversed, opening new perspectives for the treatment of periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Roato
- Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy; (I.R.); (A.M.B.); (F.R.); (M.A.); (F.M.)
| | - Giacomo Baima
- Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy; (I.R.); (A.M.B.); (F.R.); (M.A.); (F.M.)
- Politecnico di Torino, 10129 Turin, Italy
| | - Clarissa Orrico
- Fondazione Ricerca Molinette-Onlus, A.O.U. Città della Salute e della Scienza, 10129 Turin, Italy;
| | - Alessandro Mosca Balma
- Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy; (I.R.); (A.M.B.); (F.R.); (M.A.); (F.M.)
| | - Daniela Alotto
- Skin Bank, Department of General and Specialized Surgery, A.O.U. Città della Salute e Della Scienza, 10126 Turin, Italy;
| | - Federica Romano
- Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy; (I.R.); (A.M.B.); (F.R.); (M.A.); (F.M.)
| | - Riccardo Ferracini
- Department of Surgical Sciences and Integrated Diagnostics, University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy;
| | - Mario Aimetti
- Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy; (I.R.); (A.M.B.); (F.R.); (M.A.); (F.M.)
| | - Federico Mussano
- Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy; (I.R.); (A.M.B.); (F.R.); (M.A.); (F.M.)
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Pezzotti G, Adachi T, Imamura H, Bristol DR, Adachi K, Yamamoto T, Kanamura N, Marin E, Zhu W, Kawai T, Mazda O, Kariu T, Waku T, Nichols FC, Riello P, Rizzolio F, Limongi T, Okuma K. In Situ Raman Study of Neurodegenerated Human Neuroblastoma Cells Exposed to Outer-Membrane Vesicles Isolated from Porphyromonas gingivalis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13351. [PMID: 37686157 PMCID: PMC10488263 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241713351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to elucidate the chemistry of cellular degeneration in human neuroblastoma cells upon exposure to outer-membrane vesicles (OMVs) produced by Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg) oral bacteria by monitoring their metabolomic evolution using in situ Raman spectroscopy. Pg-OMVs are a key factor in Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis, as they act as efficient vectors for the delivery of toxins promoting neuronal damage. However, the chemical mechanisms underlying the direct impact of Pg-OMVs on cell metabolites at the molecular scale still remain conspicuously unclear. A widely used in vitro model employing neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells (a sub-line of the SK-N-SH cell line) was spectroscopically analyzed in situ before and 6 h after Pg-OMV contamination. Concurrently, Raman characterizations were also performed on isolated Pg-OMVs, which included phosphorylated dihydroceramide (PDHC) lipids and lipopolysaccharide (LPS), the latter in turn being contaminated with a highly pathogenic class of cysteine proteases, a key factor in neuronal cell degradation. Raman characterizations located lipopolysaccharide fingerprints in the vesicle structure and unveiled so far unproved aspects of the chemistry behind protein degradation induced by Pg-OMV contamination of SH-SY5Y cells. The observed alterations of cells' Raman profiles were then discussed in view of key factors including the formation of amyloid β (Aβ) plaques and hyperphosphorylated Tau neurofibrillary tangles, and the formation of cholesterol agglomerates that exacerbate AD pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Pezzotti
- Ceramic Physics Laboratory, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Sakyo-ku, Matsugasaki, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan; (H.I.)
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan; (T.A.); (O.M.)
- Department of Dental Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan; (K.A.); (T.Y.); (N.K.)
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Tokyo Medical University, 6-7-1 Nishi-Shinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-0023, Japan
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca Degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Torino, Italy;
- Department of Molecular Science and Nanosystems, Ca’ Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino 155, 30172 Venice, Italy; (P.R.); (F.R.)
| | - Tetsuya Adachi
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan; (T.A.); (O.M.)
- Department of Dental Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan; (K.A.); (T.Y.); (N.K.)
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Kansai Medical University, 2-5-1 Shinmachi, Hirakata 573-1010, Japan
| | - Hayata Imamura
- Ceramic Physics Laboratory, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Sakyo-ku, Matsugasaki, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan; (H.I.)
- Department of Dental Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan; (K.A.); (T.Y.); (N.K.)
| | - Davide Redolfi Bristol
- Ceramic Physics Laboratory, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Sakyo-ku, Matsugasaki, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan; (H.I.)
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan; (T.A.); (O.M.)
- Department of Molecular Science and Nanosystems, Ca’ Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino 155, 30172 Venice, Italy; (P.R.); (F.R.)
| | - Keiji Adachi
- Department of Dental Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan; (K.A.); (T.Y.); (N.K.)
| | - Toshiro Yamamoto
- Department of Dental Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan; (K.A.); (T.Y.); (N.K.)
| | - Narisato Kanamura
- Department of Dental Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan; (K.A.); (T.Y.); (N.K.)
| | - Elia Marin
- Ceramic Physics Laboratory, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Sakyo-ku, Matsugasaki, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan; (H.I.)
- Department of Dental Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan; (K.A.); (T.Y.); (N.K.)
| | - Wenliang Zhu
- Ceramic Physics Laboratory, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Sakyo-ku, Matsugasaki, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan; (H.I.)
| | - Toshihisa Kawai
- Department of Oral Science and Translational Research, College of Dental Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, 3301 College Avenue, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33314, USA;
| | - Osam Mazda
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan; (T.A.); (O.M.)
| | - Toru Kariu
- Department of Life Science, Shokei University, Chuo-ku, Kuhonji, Kumamoto 862-8678, Japan;
| | - Tomonori Waku
- Faculty of Molecular Chemistry and Engineering, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Sakyo-ku, Matsugasaki, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan;
| | - Frank C. Nichols
- Department of Oral Health and Diagnostic Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Connecticut, 263 Farmington Avenue, Storrs, CT 06030, USA;
| | - Pietro Riello
- Department of Molecular Science and Nanosystems, Ca’ Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino 155, 30172 Venice, Italy; (P.R.); (F.R.)
| | - Flavio Rizzolio
- Department of Molecular Science and Nanosystems, Ca’ Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino 155, 30172 Venice, Italy; (P.R.); (F.R.)
| | - Tania Limongi
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca Degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Torino, Italy;
| | - Kazu Okuma
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Kansai Medical University, 2-5-1 Shinmachi, Hirakata 573-1010, Japan
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Alaqla A, Hu Y, Huang S, Ruiz S, Kawai T, Han X. TLR9 Signaling Is Required for the Porphyromonas gingivalis-Induced Activation of IL-10-Expressing B Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:6693. [PMID: 37047666 PMCID: PMC10094902 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2023] [Revised: 03/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Immune cell pattern-recognition receptors such as Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play important roles in the regulation of host responses to periodontal pathogens. Our previous studies have demonstrated that immune regulatory B cells were activated by TLRs and alleviated periodontitis inflammation and bone loss. The purpose of this study is to determine the role of TLR9 signaling in the activation and IL-10 production of the primed-immune B cells in vitro. Wild-type (WT) and TLR9 knockout (TLR9KO) mice (C57BL/6 background, n = 5) were pre-immunized intraperitoneally with 1 × 108 formalin-fixed P. gingivalis and boosted once with 1 × 107 formalin-fixed P. gingivalis. Isolated splenocytes and purified B cells from each mouse were cultured with 1 × 108 formalin-fixed P. gingivalis for 48 h. Immunocytochemistry was performed to detect CD45+ IL-10+ cells. Levels of IL-10 expression and secretion in splenocytes and B cells were detected using qRT-PCR and ELISA, respectively. After stimulation with fixed P. gingivalis, the percentage of CD45+ IL-10+ B cells and the level of IL-10 expression were significantly increased (p < 0.01) in splenocytes and purified B cells isolated from WT mice. However, these changes were not observed in splenocytes and purified B cells from TLR9KO mice when the cells were treated with fixed P. gingivalis. The percentage of CD45+ IL-10+ B cells was significantly reduced in splenocytes and purified B cells from TLR9KO mice compared to those from WT mice when challenged with P. gingivalis. IL-10 expression in B cells from TLR9KO mice was significantly decreased compared to those from WT mice at both the mRNA and protein levels. Additionally, P. gingivalis-induced up-regulation of TNF-α mRNA expressions were consistently observed in B cells from both WT and TLR9KO mice. P. gingivalis-induced B10 activation and IL-10 production during adaptive responses by primed B cells requires TLR9 signaling and can be achieved independent of T-cell help.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Alaqla
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, The Forsyth Institute, 245 First Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Department of Oral Medicine, Infection and Immunity, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Yang Hu
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, The Forsyth Institute, 245 First Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Department of Oral Medicine, Infection and Immunity, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Shengyuan Huang
- Department of Oral Science and Translation Research, College of Dental Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, 3301 College Ave., Fort Lauderdale, FL 33314, USA
| | - Sunniva Ruiz
- Department of Oral Science and Translation Research, College of Dental Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, 3301 College Ave., Fort Lauderdale, FL 33314, USA
| | - Toshihisa Kawai
- Department of Oral Science and Translation Research, College of Dental Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, 3301 College Ave., Fort Lauderdale, FL 33314, USA
| | - Xiaozhe Han
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, The Forsyth Institute, 245 First Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Department of Oral Medicine, Infection and Immunity, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Oral Science and Translation Research, College of Dental Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, 3301 College Ave., Fort Lauderdale, FL 33314, USA
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8
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Jia G, Ren Z. Changes of Oral Flora, Inflammatory Factors, and Immune Function Indicators in Patients with Chronic Periodontitis and Their Clinical Significance. Crit Rev Eukaryot Gene Expr 2023; 33:57-64. [PMID: 37602453 DOI: 10.1615/critreveukaryotgeneexpr.2023048819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
This research focuses on investigating the changes of oral flora, inflammatory factors, and immune function indicators in patients with chronic periodontitis (CP) and their clinical significances. Clinical indices such as gingival index (GI) and sulcus bleeding index (SBI) of the study subjects were recorded. The levels of oral flora, inflammatory factors and T lymphocyte subsets in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) of the study subjects were measured. To analyze the correlation between GI and gingival SBI and oral flora, inflammatory factors, and immune function indicators, Pearson correlation analysis was performed. Porphyromonas gingivalis, Streptococcus digestiveis, Prevotella intermedia, Veronococcus, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-8, CD3+, CD4+, and CD4+/CD8+ had a positive correlation with GI and SBI, while IL-10 and CD8+ were negatively correlated with GI and SBI. Oral flora, inflammatory factors and immune function indicators levels are largely elevated in patients with CP and they are correlated with CP clinical indicators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guodong Jia
- Department of General Dentistry, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine; College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University; National Center for Stomatology; National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai 200011, China
| | - Zhenhu Ren
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Head and Neck Oncology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine; College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University; National Center for Stomatology; National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai 200011, China
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9
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Lim Y, Kim HY, Sun-Jin An, Choi BK. Activation of bone marrow-derived dendritic cells and CD4 + T cell differentiation by outer membrane vesicles of periodontal pathogens. J Oral Microbiol 2022; 14:2123550. [PMID: 36312320 PMCID: PMC9616074 DOI: 10.1080/20002297.2022.2123550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) released from gram-negative bacteria harbor diverse molecules to communicate with host cells. In this study, we evaluated the OMVs of periodontal pathogens for their effects on the activation of dendritic cells and CD4+ T cell differentiation. OMVs of Porphyromonas gingivalis ATCC 33277, Treponema denticola ATCC 33521, and Tannerella forsythia ATCC 43037 (‘red complex’ pathogens) were isolated by density gradient ultracentrifugation. Mouse bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs) were treated with OMVs, and OMV-primed BMDCs were cocultured with naïve CD4+ T cells to analyze the polarization of effector helper T cells. The OMVs upregulated maturation markers, including MHC class II, CD80, CD86, and CD40, on BMDCs. OMVs of P. gingivalis and T. forsythia induced the expression of the proinflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-6, IL-23, and IL-12p70 in BMDCs. In T. denticola OMV-primed BMDCs, proinflammatory cytokines were poorly detected, which may be attributed to posttranslational degradation due to the highly proteolytic nature of OMVs. In cocultures of naïve CD4+ T cells with OMV-primed BMDCs, OMVs of P. gingivalis and T. denticola induced the differentiation of Th17 cells, whereas T. forsythia OMVs induced Th1 cell differentiation. These results demonstrate that OMVs derived from the ‘red complex’ periodontal pathogens induce maturation of BMDCs and differentiation of naïve CD4+ T cells to Th1 or Th17 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Younggap Lim
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Young Kim
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Bong-Kyu Choi
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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10
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Wang L, Liang D, Huang Y, Chen Y, Yang X, Huang Z, Jiang Y, Su H, Wang L, Pathak JL, Ge L. SAP deficiency aggravates periodontitis possibly via C5a-C5aR signaling-mediated defective macrophage phagocytosis of Porphyromonas gingivalis. J Adv Res 2022:S2090-1232(22)00218-1. [PMID: 36243399 PMCID: PMC10403661 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2022.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Serum amyloid P component (SAP) regulates the innate immune system and microbial diseases. Periodontitis is an inflammatory oral disease developed by the host immune system's interaction with the dysbiotic oral microbiome, thereby SAP could play a role in periodontitis pathogenicity. OBJECTIVES To investigate the role of SAP in oral microbiome modulation and peridontitis pathogenicity. METHODS In this study, wildtype and SAP-knockout (KO) mice were used. Ligature-based periodontitis was developed in mice. Oral microbiome diversity was analyzed by 16 s rRNA sequencing. Macrophages and Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis) co-culture system analyzed the effect of SAP in macrophage phagocytosis of P. gingivalis. RESULTS The level of SAP was upregulated in the periodontitis-affected periodontium of humans and mice but not in the liver and blood circulation. Periodontal macrophages were the key source of upregulated SAP in periodontitis. SAP-KO aggravated periodontal inflammation, periodontitis, and a higher number of M1-type inflammatory macrophage infiltration in the periodontium. The oral microbiome of SAP-KO periodontitis mice was altered with a higher abundance of Porphyromonas at the genus level. SAP-KO macrophages showed compromised phagocytosis of P. gingivalis in the co-culture system. Co-culture of SAP-KO macrophages and P. gingivalis induced the C5a expression and exogenous SAP treatment nullified this effect. Exogenous recombinant SAP treatment did not affect P. gingivalis growth and opsonization. PMX205, an antagonist of C5a, treatment robustly enhanced P. gingivalis phagocytosis by SAP-KO macrophages, indicating the involvement of the C5a-C5aR signaling in the compromised P. gingivalis phagocytosis by SAP-KO macrophages. CONCLUSION SAP deficiency aggravates periodontitis possibly via C5a-C5aR signaling-mediated defective macrophage phagocytosis of P. gingivalis. A higher abundance of P. gingivalis during SAP deficiency could promote M1 macrophage polarization and periodontitis. This finding suggests the possible protecting role of elevated levels of periodontal SAP against periodontitis progression.
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11
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Porphyromonas gingivalis outer membrane vesicles modulate cytokine and chemokine production by gingipain-dependent mechanisms in human macrophages. Arch Oral Biol 2022; 140:105453. [DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2022.105453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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12
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Harding A, Kanagasingam S, Welbury R, Singhrao SK. Periodontitis as a Risk Factor for Alzheimer's Disease: The Experimental Journey So Far, with Hope of Therapy. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2022; 1373:241-260. [PMID: 35612802 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-96881-6_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Periodontitis and Alzheimer's disease (AD) exist globally within the adult population. Given that the risk of AD incidence doubles within 10 years from the time of periodontal disease diagnosis, there is a window of opportunity for slowing down or preventing AD by risk-reduction-based intervention. Literature appraisal on the shared risk factors of these diseases suggests a shift to a healthy lifestyle would be beneficial. Generalised (chronic) periodontitis with an established dysbiotic polymicrobial aetiology affects the tooth supporting tissues with eventual tooth loss. The cause of AD remains unknown, however two neurohistopathological lesions - amyloid-beta plaques and neurofibrillary tangles, together with the clinical history, provide AD diagnosis at autopsy. Historically, prominence was given to the two hallmark lesions but now emphasis is placed on cerebral inflammation and what triggers it. Low socioeconomic status promotes poor lifestyles that compromise oral and personal hygiene along with reliance on poor dietary intake. Taken together with advancing age and a declining immune protection, these risk factors may negatively impact on periodontitis and AD. These factors also provide a tangible solution to controlling pathogenic bacteria indigenous to the oral and gastrointestinal tract microbioes in vulnerable subjects. The focus here is on Porphyromonas gingivalis, one of several important bacterial pathogens associated with both periodontitis and AD. Recent research has enabled advances in our knowledge of the armoury of P. gingivalis via reproduction of all clinical and neuropathological hallmark lesions of AD and chronic periodontal disease in vitro and in vivo experimental models, thus paving the way for better future management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Harding
- Brain and Behavior Centre, Faculty of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, UK
| | - Shalini Kanagasingam
- Brain and Behavior Centre, Faculty of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, UK
| | - Richard Welbury
- Brain and Behavior Centre, Faculty of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, UK
| | - Sim K Singhrao
- Brain and Behavior Centre, Faculty of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, UK.
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13
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Pritchard AB, Fabian Z, Lawrence CL, Morton G, Crean S, Alder JE. An Investigation into the Effects of Outer Membrane Vesicles and Lipopolysaccharide of Porphyromonas gingivalis on Blood-Brain Barrier Integrity, Permeability, and Disruption of Scaffolding Proteins in a Human in vitro Model. J Alzheimers Dis 2022; 86:343-364. [PMID: 35034897 DOI: 10.3233/jad-215054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The effects of the key pathogens and virulence factors associated with gum disease such as Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis) on the central nervous system is of great interest with respect to development of neuropathologies and hence therapeutics and preventative strategies. Chronic infections and associated inflammation are known to weaken the first line of defense for the brain, the blood-brain barrier (BBB). OBJECTIVE The focus of this study is to utilize an established human in vitro BBB model to evaluate the effects of P. gingivalis virulence factors lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) on a primary-derived human model representing the neurovascular unit of the BBB. METHODS Changes to the integrity of the BBB after application of P. gingivalis LPS and OMVs were investigated and correlated with transport of LPS. Additionally, the effect of P. gingivalis LPS and OMVs on human brain microvascular endothelial cells in monolayer was evaluated using immunofluorescence microscopy. RESULTS The integrity of the BBB model was weakened by application of P. gingivalis LPS and OMVs, as measured by a decrease in electrical resistance and a recovery deficit was seen in comparison to the controls. Application of P. gingivalis OMVs to a monoculture of human brain microvascular endothelial cells showed disruption of the tight junction zona occludens protein (ZO-1) compared to controls. CONCLUSION These findings show that the integrity of tight junctions of the human BBB could be weakened by association with P. gingivalis virulence factors LPS and OMVs containing proteolytic enzymes (gingipains).
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Barlach Pritchard
- Brain and Behaviour Centre, Faculty of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, UK
| | - Zsolt Fabian
- School of Medicine, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, UK
| | - Clare L Lawrence
- Brain and Behaviour Centre, Faculty of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, UK
| | - Glyn Morton
- School of Forensic and Investigative Science, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, UK
| | - StJohn Crean
- Brain and Behaviour Centre, Faculty of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, UK
| | - Jane E Alder
- Brain and Behaviour Centre, Faculty of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, UK
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14
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Seymour T, Zhang J. Porphyromonas Gingivalis in the Pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s Disease and Its Therapeutic Target. JOURNAL OF EXPLORATORY RESEARCH IN PHARMACOLOGY 2022; 7:45-53. [DOI: 10.14218/jerp.2021.00030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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15
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Zhou P, Manoil D, Belibasakis GN, Kotsakis GA. Veillonellae: Beyond Bridging Species in Oral Biofilm Ecology. FRONTIERS IN ORAL HEALTH 2022; 2:774115. [PMID: 35048073 PMCID: PMC8757872 DOI: 10.3389/froh.2021.774115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The genus Veillonella comprises 16 characterized species, among which eight are commonly found in the human oral cavity. The high abundance of Veillonella species in the microbiome of both supra- and sub-gingival biofilms, and their interdependent relationship with a multitude of other bacterial species, suggest veillonellae to play an important role in oral biofilm ecology. Development of oral biofilms relies on an incremental coaggregation process between early, bridging and later bacterial colonizers, ultimately forming multispecies communities. As early colonizer and bridging species, veillonellae are critical in guiding the development of multispecies communities in the human oral microenvironment. Their ability to establish mutualistic relationships with other members of the oral microbiome has emerged as a crucial factor that may contribute to health equilibrium. Here, we review the general characteristics, taxonomy, physiology, genomic and genetics of veillonellae, as well as their bridging role in the development of oral biofilms. We further discuss the role of Veillonella spp. as potential “accessory pathogens” in the human oral cavity, capable of supporting colonization by other, more pathogenic species. The relationship between Veillonella spp. and dental caries, periodontitis, and peri-implantitis is also recapitulated in this review. We finally highlight areas of future research required to better understand the intergeneric signaling employed by veillonellae during their bridging activities and interspecies mutualism. With the recent discoveries of large species and strain-specific variation within the genus in biological and virulence characteristics, the study of Veillonella as an example of highly adaptive microorganisms that indirectly participates in dysbiosis holds great promise for broadening our understanding of polymicrobial disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Zhou
- Translational Periodontal Research Lab, Department of Periodontics, School of Dentistry, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Daniel Manoil
- Division of Oral Diseases, Department of Dental Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Georgios N Belibasakis
- Division of Oral Diseases, Department of Dental Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Georgios A Kotsakis
- Translational Periodontal Research Lab, Department of Periodontics, School of Dentistry, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
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16
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Nrf2 in the Field of Dentistry with Special Attention to NLRP3. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11010149. [PMID: 35052653 PMCID: PMC8772975 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11010149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this review article was to summarize the functional implications of the nuclear factor E2-related factor or nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2), with special attention to the NACHT (nucleotide-binding oligomerization), LRR (leucine-rich repeat), and PYD (pyrin domain) domains-containing protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome in the field of dentistry. NLRP3 plays a crucial role in the progression of inflammatory and adaptive immune responses throughout the body. It is already known that this inflammasome is a key regulator of several systemic diseases. The initiation and activation of NLRP3 starts with the oral microbiome and its association with the pathogenesis and progression of several oral diseases, including periodontitis, periapical periodontitis, and oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). The possible role of the inflammasome in oral disease conditions may involve the aberrant regulation of various response mechanisms, not only in the mouth but in the whole body. Understanding the cellular and molecular biology of the NLRP3 inflammasome and its relationship to Nrf2 is necessary for the rationale when suggesting it as a potential therapeutic target for treatment and prevention of oral inflammatory and immunological disorders. In this review, we highlighted the current knowledge about NLRP3, its likely role in the pathogenesis of various inflammatory oral processes, and its crosstalk with Nrf2, which might offer future possibilities for disease prevention and targeted therapy in the field of dentistry and oral health.
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Yadalam PK, Rengaraj S, Mugri MH, Sayed M, Porwal A, Alahmari NM, Alzahrani KM, Robaian A, Baeshen HA, Patil S. Designing an immunoinformatic vaccine for peri-implantitis using a structural biology approach. Saudi J Biol Sci 2022; 29:622-629. [PMID: 35002459 PMCID: PMC8716954 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2021.09.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Peri-implantitis is a destructive inflammatory process that affects the soft and hard tissues around dental implants. porphyromonas gingivalis, an anaerobic gram-negative bacterium, appears to be the main culprit. Since there is no efficient and specific vaccine to treat peri-implantitis, the goal of our research has been to develop a multi-epitope vaccination utilizing an immunoinformatics approach that targeted P. gingivalis type I fim A. MATERIALS AND METHODS P. gingivalis peptides 6JKZ and 6KMF are suitable for vaccine development. B- and T-cell epitopes from 6KMF and 6JKZ were detected and evaluated based on critical factors to produce a multi-epitope vaccine construct. It was assessed based on allergenicity, antigenicity, stability. The vaccine's dual major histocompatibility complex (MHC-I and MHC-II) binding epitopes allowed it to reach a larger population. P. gingivalis fimbriae induce immune subversion through TLR -CXCR4 receptor complex pathway. The ClusPro 2.0 server was used to do the molecular docking using TLR2 - CXCR4 and vaccine epitopes as receptor and ligand respectively. RESULTS The designed vaccine was non-allergenic and had a high antigenicity, solubility, and stability. The 3D structure of the vaccine revealed strong interaction with CXCR4(TLR2) using molecular docking. The vaccine-CXCR4 interface was more consistent, possibly because the vaccination has a higher affinity for the CXCR4-TLR2 complex. CONCLUSION This study details the vaccine's distinct and sustained interaction with the CXCR4(TLR2) immunological receptor and its consistent and effective utterance in the bacterial system. As a result, our vaccine formulation will evoke a significant memory response and induce an adaptive immune response against P. gingivalis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradeep Kumar Yadalam
- Department of Periodontics, Adhi Parashakthi Dental College and Hospital, Melvaruvathur, India
| | - Santhiya Rengaraj
- Department of Periodontics, Adhi Parashakthi Dental College and Hospital, Melvaruvathur, India
| | - Maryam H. Mugri
- Department of Maxillofacial Surgery and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Dentistry, Jazan University, Jazan 45412, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Sayed
- Department of Prosthetic Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Jazan University, Jazan 45412, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amit Porwal
- Department of Prosthetic Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Jazan University, Jazan 45412, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nasser Mesfer Alahmari
- Department of Prosthodontics, Dental College, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khaled M. Alzahrani
- Department of Prosthetic Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Prince Sattam Bin AbdulAziz University, Al-Kharj, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali Robaian
- Department of Conservative Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hosam Ali Baeshen
- Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, King Abduaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shankargouda Patil
- Department of Maxillofacial Surgery and Diagnostic Sciences, Division of Oral Pathology, College of Dentistry, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
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18
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Lee JS, Yoon S, Han SJ, Kim ED, Kim J, Shin HS, Seo KY. Eyedrop vaccination: an immunization route with promises for effective responses to pandemics. Expert Rev Vaccines 2021; 21:91-101. [PMID: 34788181 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2022.2008246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Mucosal vaccines have several advantages over parenteral vaccines. They induce both systemic and mucosal antigen-specific immune responses, allow easy administration, and bypass the need for trained medical personnel. AREAS COVERED Eye mucosa is a novel route of mucosal vaccine administration. Eyedrop vaccination induces systemic and mucosal immune responses similar to other forms of mucosal vaccines such as oral and intranasal vaccines. EXPERT OPINION Eyedrop vaccines are free of serious adverse side effects like the infiltration of CNS by pathogens. Studies over the years have shown promising results for eye drop vaccines against infectious agents like the influenza virus, Salmonella typhi, and Escherichia coli in animal models. Such efficacy and safety of eyedrop vaccination enable the application of eyedrop vaccines against other infectious diseases as well as chronic diseases. In this review of published literature, we examine the mechanism, efficacy, and safety of eyedrop vaccines and contemplate their role in times of a pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihei Sara Lee
- Department of Ophthalmology, Severance Hospital, Institute of Vision Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sangchul Yoon
- Department of Ophthalmology, Severance Hospital, Institute of Vision Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Medical Humanities and Social Sciences, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Soo Jung Han
- Department of Ophthalmology, Severance Hospital, Institute of Vision Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Eun-Do Kim
- Department of Ophthalmology, Severance Hospital, Institute of Vision Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Brain Korea 21 Plus Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiyeon Kim
- Department of Ophthalmology, Severance Hospital, Institute of Vision Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Brain Korea 21 Plus Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hae-Sol Shin
- Department of Ophthalmology, Severance Hospital, Institute of Vision Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Korea Mouse Sensory Phenotyping Center (Kmspc), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung Yul Seo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Severance Hospital, Institute of Vision Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Korea Mouse Sensory Phenotyping Center (Kmspc), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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19
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Myers S, Do T, Meade JL, Tugnait A, Vernon JJ, Pistolic J, Hancock REW, Marsh PD, Trivedi HM, Chen D, Devine DA. Immunomodulatory streptococci that inhibit CXCL8 secretion and NFκB activation are common members of the oral microbiota. J Med Microbiol 2021; 70. [PMID: 33734952 PMCID: PMC8346732 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.001329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Oral tissues are generally homeostatic despite exposure to many potential inflammatory agents including the resident microbiota. This requires the balancing of inflammation by regulatory mechanisms and/or anti-inflammatory commensal bacteria. Thus, the levels of anti-inflammatory commensal bacteria in resident populations may be critical in maintaining this homeostatic balance. Hypothesis/Gap Statement The incidence of immunosuppressive streptococci in the oral cavity is not well established. Determining the proportion of these organisms and the mechanisms involved may help to understand host-microbe homeostasis and inform development of probiotics or prebiotics in the maintenance of oral health. Aim To determine the incidence and potential modes of action of immunosuppressive capacity in resident oral streptococci. Methodology Supragingival plaque was collected from five healthy participants and supragingival and subgingival plaque from five with gingivitis. Twenty streptococci from each sample were co-cultured with epithelial cells±flagellin or LL-37. CXCL8 secretion was detected by ELISA, induction of cytotoxicity in human epithelial cells by lactate dehydrogenase release and NFκB-activation using a reporter cell line. Bacterial identification was achieved through partial 16S rRNA gene sequencing and next-generation sequencing. Results CXCL8 secretion was inhibited by 94/300 isolates. Immunosuppressive isolates were detected in supragingival plaque from healthy (4/5) and gingivitis (4/5) samples, and in 2/5 subgingival (gingivitis) plaque samples. Most were Streptococcus mitis/oralis. Seventeen representative immunosuppressive isolates all inhibited NFκB activation. The immunosuppressive mechanism was strain specific, often mediated by ultra-violet light-labile factors, whilst bacterial viability was essential in certain species. Conclusion Many streptococci isolated from plaque suppressed epithelial cell CXCL8 secretion, via inhibition of NFκB. This phenomenon may play an important role in oral host-microbe homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Myers
- Division of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Thuy Do
- Division of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Josephine L Meade
- Division of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Aradhna Tugnait
- Division of Restorative Dentistry, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Jon J Vernon
- Division of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Jelena Pistolic
- Centre for Microbial Diseases and Immunity Research, University of British Columbia, Columbia, Canada
| | - Robert E W Hancock
- Centre for Microbial Diseases and Immunity Research, University of British Columbia, Columbia, Canada
| | - Philip D Marsh
- Division of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | | | | | - Deirdre A Devine
- Division of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
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20
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Yin S, Sun N, Jiang F, Lu Y, Yang G, Wu X, Lin S, Zhang W, Jiang X. The Translation from In Vitro Bioactive Ion Concentration Screening to In Vivo Application for Preventing Peri-implantitis. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:5782-5794. [PMID: 33464812 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c19698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Peri-implantitis is a typical pathological condition characterized by the destructive inflammation in the soft tissue and the progressive loss of supporting bones. As the current effective treatments and preventive measures are inconsistent and unpredictable, the use of biomaterials as carriers of bioactive ion coatings is a promising approach. However, the translation from lab to large-scale production and clinical applications is difficult due to a technology barrier. Determining the effective dosage of each ion to achieve an in vivo application of the in vitro screening is challenging. Here, we selected zinc and strontium ions to provide multiple effects on antibacterial activity and osteogenesis. The optimal coating with effective release concentrations of the two ions was obtained after the two-step screening from in vitro testing. The results showed that this type of in vivo bioactive ion usage leads to an enhanced osseointegration during the immediate implantation in a periodontitis-affected environment and prevents soft tissue inflammation and bone resorption in an inflammatory environment. The new biologically active ion screening method could verify the effectiveness of this clinical translation and its potential for large-scale production and could determine the effective dosage of each ion for a specific application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi Yin
- Department of Prosthodontics, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Advanced Dental Technology and Materials, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai 200011, China
| | - Ningjia Sun
- Department of Prosthodontics, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Advanced Dental Technology and Materials, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai 200011, China
| | - Fei Jiang
- Department of Prosthodontics, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Advanced Dental Technology and Materials, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai 200011, China
| | - Yuezhi Lu
- Department of Prosthodontics, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Advanced Dental Technology and Materials, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai 200011, China
| | - Guangzheng Yang
- Department of Prosthodontics, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Advanced Dental Technology and Materials, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai 200011, China
| | - Xiaolin Wu
- Department of Prosthodontics, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Advanced Dental Technology and Materials, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai 200011, China
| | - Sihan Lin
- Department of Prosthodontics, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Advanced Dental Technology and Materials, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai 200011, China
| | - Wenjie Zhang
- Department of Prosthodontics, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Advanced Dental Technology and Materials, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai 200011, China
| | - Xinquan Jiang
- Department of Prosthodontics, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Advanced Dental Technology and Materials, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai 200011, China
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21
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Lee JS, Chowdhury N, Roberts JS, Yilmaz Ö. Host surface ectonucleotidase-CD73 and the opportunistic pathogen, Porphyromonas gingivalis, cross-modulation underlies a new homeostatic mechanism for chronic bacterial survival in human epithelial cells. Virulence 2021; 11:414-429. [PMID: 32419582 PMCID: PMC7239027 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2020.1763061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell surface nucleotide-metabolizing enzyme, ectonucleotidase-CD73, has emerged as a central component of the cellular homeostatic-machinery that counterbalances the danger-molecule (extracellular-ATP)-driven proinflammatory response in immune cells. While the importance of CD73 in microbial host fitness and symbiosis is gradually being unraveled, there remains a significant gap in knowledge of CD73 and its putative role in epithelial cells. Here, we depict a novel host-pathogen adaptation mechanism where CD73 takes a center role in the intracellular persistence of Porphyromonas gingivalis, a major colonizer of oral mucosa, using human primary gingival epithelial cell (GEC) system. Temporal analyses revealed, upon invasion into the GECs, P. gingivalis can significantly elevate the host-surface CD73 activity and expression. The enhanced and active CD73 significantly increases P. gingivalis intracellular growth in the presence of substrate-AMP and simultaneously acts as a negative regulator of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation upon eATP treatment. The inhibition of CD73 by siRNA or by a specific inhibitor markedly increases ROS production. Moreover, CD73 and P. gingivalis cross-signaling significantly modulates pro-inflammatory interleukin-6 (IL-6) in the GECs. Conversely, exogenous treatment of the infected GECs with IL-6 suppresses the intracellular bacteria via amplified ROS generation. However, the decreased bacterial levels can be restored by overexpressing functionally active CD73. Together, these findings illuminate how the local extracellular-purine-metabolism, in which CD73 serves as a core molecular switch, can alter intracellular microbial colonization resistance. Further, host-adaptive pathogens such as P. gingivalis can target host ectonucleotidases to disarm specific innate defenses for successful intracellular persistence in mucosal epithelia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaden S Lee
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Nityananda Chowdhury
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - JoAnn S Roberts
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Özlem Yilmaz
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
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22
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Lunar Silva I, Cascales E. Molecular Strategies Underlying Porphyromonas gingivalis Virulence. J Mol Biol 2021; 433:166836. [PMID: 33539891 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2021.166836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The anaerobic Gram-negative bacterium Porphyromonas gingivalis is considered the keystone of periodontitis diseases, a set of inflammatory conditions that affects the tissues surrounding the teeth. In the recent years, the major virulence factors exploited by P. gingivalis have been identified and characterized, including a cocktail of toxins, mainly proteases called gingipains, which promote gingival tissue invasion. These effectors use the Sec pathway to cross the inner membrane and are then recruited and transported across the outer membrane by the type IX secretion system (T9SS). In P. gingivalis, most secreted effectors are attached to anionic lipopolysaccharides (A-LPS), and hence form a virulence coat at the cell surface. P. gingivalis produces additional virulence factors to evade host immune responses, such as capsular polysaccharide, fimbriae and outer membrane vesicles. In addition to periodontitis, it is proposed that this broad repertoire of virulence factors enable P. gingivalis to be involved in diverse human diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, and neurodegenerative, Alzheimer, and cardiovascular disorders. Here, we review the major virulence determinants of P. gingivalis and discuss future directions to better understand their mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio Lunar Silva
- Laboratoire d'Ingénierie des Syst èmes Macromol éculaires (LISM), Institut de Microbiologie, Bioénergies and Biotechnologie (IM2B), Aix-Marseille Université, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR7255, 31 Chemin Joseph Aiguier CS7071, 13009 Marseille Cedex 20, France.
| | - Eric Cascales
- Laboratoire d'Ingénierie des Syst èmes Macromol éculaires (LISM), Institut de Microbiologie, Bioénergies and Biotechnologie (IM2B), Aix-Marseille Université, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR7255, 31 Chemin Joseph Aiguier CS7071, 13009 Marseille Cedex 20, France.
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23
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Olsen I. Porphyromonas Gingivalis May Seek the Alzheimer's Disease Brain to Acquire Iron from Its Surplus. J Alzheimers Dis Rep 2021; 5:79-86. [PMID: 33681719 PMCID: PMC7903007 DOI: 10.3233/adr-200272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Iron accumulates in the brain of subjects with Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Here it promotes the aggregation of amyloid-β plaques in which it is abundant. Iron induces amyloid-β neurotoxicity by damaging free radicals and causing oxidative stress in brain areas with neurodegeneration. It can also bind to tau in AD and enhance the toxicity of tau through co-localization with neurofibrillary tangles and induce accumulation of these tangles. Porphyromonas gingivalis is a key oral pathogen in the widespread biofilm-induced disease “chronic” periodontitis, and recently, has been suggested to have an important role in the pathogenesis of AD. P. gingivalis has an obligate requirement for iron. The current paper suggests that P. gingivalis seeks the AD brain, where it has been identified, to satisfy this need. If this is correct, iron chelators binding iron could have beneficial effects in the treatment of AD. Indeed, studies from both animal AD models and humans with AD have indicated that iron chelators, e.g., lactoferrin, can have such effects. Lactoferrin can also inhibit P. gingivalis growth and proteinases and its ability to form biofilm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingar Olsen
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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24
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Taudte N, Linnert M, Rahfeld JU, Piechotta A, Ramsbeck D, Buchholz M, Kolenko P, Parthier C, Houston JA, Veillard F, Eick S, Potempa J, Schilling S, Demuth HU, Stubbs MT. Mammalian-like type II glutaminyl cyclases in Porphyromonas gingivalis and other oral pathogenic bacteria as targets for treatment of periodontitis. J Biol Chem 2021; 296:100263. [PMID: 33837744 PMCID: PMC7948796 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.100263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of a targeted therapy would significantly improve the treatment of periodontitis and its associated diseases including Alzheimer’s disease, rheumatoid arthritis, and cardiovascular diseases. Glutaminyl cyclases (QCs) from the oral pathogens Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tannerella forsythia, and Prevotella intermedia represent attractive target enzymes for small-molecule inhibitor development, as their action is likely to stabilize essential periplasmic and outer membrane proteins by N-terminal pyroglutamination. In contrast to other microbial QCs that utilize the so-called type I enzymes, these oral pathogens possess sequences corresponding to type II QCs, observed hitherto only in animals. However, whether differences between these bacteroidal QCs and animal QCs are sufficient to enable development of selective inhibitors is not clear. To learn more, we recombinantly expressed all three QCs. They exhibit comparable catalytic efficiencies and are inhibited by metal chelators. Crystal structures of the enzymes from P. gingivalis (PgQC) and T. forsythia (TfQC) reveal a tertiary structure composed of an eight-stranded β-sheet surrounded by seven α-helices, typical of animal type II QCs. In each case, an active site Zn ion is tetrahedrally coordinated by conserved residues. Nevertheless, significant differences to mammalian enzymes are found around the active site of the bacteroidal enzymes. Application of a PgQC-selective inhibitor described here for the first time results in growth inhibition of two P. gingivalis clinical isolates in a dose-dependent manner. The insights gained by these studies will assist in the development of highly specific small-molecule bacteroidal QC inhibitors, paving the way for alternative therapies against periodontitis and associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Taudte
- Periotrap Pharmaceuticals GmbH, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Miriam Linnert
- Department of Molecular Drug Design and Target Validation, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Jens-Ulrich Rahfeld
- Department of Molecular Drug Design and Target Validation, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Halle (Saale), Germany.
| | - Anke Piechotta
- Department of Molecular Drug Design and Target Validation, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Daniel Ramsbeck
- Department of Molecular Drug Design and Target Validation, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Mirko Buchholz
- Periotrap Pharmaceuticals GmbH, Halle (Saale), Germany; Department of Molecular Drug Design and Target Validation, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Petr Kolenko
- Institut für Biochemie und Biotechnologie, Charles-Tanford-Proteinzentrum, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Christoph Parthier
- Institut für Biochemie und Biotechnologie, Charles-Tanford-Proteinzentrum, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - John A Houston
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, School of Dentistry, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Florian Veillard
- Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Sigrun Eick
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Jan Potempa
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, School of Dentistry, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA; Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Stephan Schilling
- Department of Molecular Drug Design and Target Validation, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Halle (Saale), Germany; Angewandte Biowissenschaften und Prozesstechnik, Hochschule Anhalt, Köthen, Germany
| | - Hans-Ulrich Demuth
- Department of Molecular Drug Design and Target Validation, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Milton T Stubbs
- Institut für Biochemie und Biotechnologie, Charles-Tanford-Proteinzentrum, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany; ZIK HALOmem, Charles-Tanford-Proteinzentrum, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany.
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25
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González-Sanmiguel J, Schuh CMAP, Muñoz-Montesino C, Contreras-Kallens P, Aguayo LG, Aguayo S. Complex Interaction between Resident Microbiota and Misfolded Proteins: Role in Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration. Cells 2020; 9:E2476. [PMID: 33203002 PMCID: PMC7697492 DOI: 10.3390/cells9112476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD) and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) are brain conditions affecting millions of people worldwide. These diseases are associated with the presence of amyloid-β (Aβ), alpha synuclein (α-Syn) and prion protein (PrP) depositions in the brain, respectively, which lead to synaptic disconnection and subsequent progressive neuronal death. Although considerable progress has been made in elucidating the pathogenesis of these diseases, the specific mechanisms of their origins remain largely unknown. A body of research suggests a potential association between host microbiota, neuroinflammation and dementia, either directly due to bacterial brain invasion because of barrier leakage and production of toxins and inflammation, or indirectly by modulating the immune response. In the present review, we focus on the emerging topics of neuroinflammation and the association between components of the human microbiota and the deposition of Aβ, α-Syn and PrP in the brain. Special focus is given to gut and oral bacteria and biofilms and to the potential mechanisms associating microbiome dysbiosis and toxin production with neurodegeneration. The roles of neuroinflammation, protein misfolding and cellular mediators in membrane damage and increased permeability are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christina M. A. P. Schuh
- Centro de Medicina Regenerativa, Facultad de Medicina Clínica Alemana, Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago 7710162, Chile; (C.M.A.P.S.); (P.C.-K.)
| | - Carola Muñoz-Montesino
- Department of Physiology, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción 4070386, Chile; (J.G.-S.); (C.M.-M.)
| | - Pamina Contreras-Kallens
- Centro de Medicina Regenerativa, Facultad de Medicina Clínica Alemana, Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago 7710162, Chile; (C.M.A.P.S.); (P.C.-K.)
| | - Luis G. Aguayo
- Department of Physiology, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción 4070386, Chile; (J.G.-S.); (C.M.-M.)
- Program on Neuroscience, Psychiatry and Mental Health, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción 4070386, Chile
| | - Sebastian Aguayo
- School of Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8331150, Chile
- Institute for Biological and Medical Engineering, Schools of Engineering, Medicine and Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 7820436, Chile
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26
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Oral Pathogen Porphyromonas gingivalis Can Escape Phagocytosis of Mammalian Macrophages. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8091432. [PMID: 32961960 PMCID: PMC7563140 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8091432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are phagocytic cells that play a key role in host immune response and clearance of microbial pathogens. Porphyromonas gingivalis is an oral pathogen associated with the development of periodontitis. Escape from macrophage phagocytosis was tested by infecting THP-1-derived human macrophages and RAW 264.7 mouse macrophages with strains of P. gingivalis W83 and 33277 as well as Streptococcus gordonii DL1 and Escherichia coli OP50 at MOI = 100. CFU counts for all intracellular bacteria were determined. Then, infected macrophages were cultured in media without antibiotics to allow for escape and escaping bacteria were quantified by CFU counting. P. gingivalis W83 displayed over 60% of the bacterial escape from the total amount of intracellular CFUs, significantly higher compared to all other bacteria strains. In addition, bacterial escape and re-entry were also tested and P. gingivalis W83, once again, showed the highest numbers of CFUs able to exit and re-enter macrophages. Lastly, the function of the PG0717 gene of P. gingivalis W83 was tested on escape but found not related to this activity. Altogether, our results suggest that P. gingivalis W83 is able to significantly avoid macrophage phagocytosis. We propose this ability is likely linked to the chronic nature of periodontitis.
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27
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Olsen I, Singhrao SK. Interaction between genetic factors, Porphyromonas gingivalis and microglia to promote Alzheimer's disease. J Oral Microbiol 2020; 12:1820834. [PMID: 33062201 PMCID: PMC7534375 DOI: 10.1080/20002297.2020.1820834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In late-onset Alzheimer disease (AD) pathogenesis, genes, infections and immunity could be significant factors. We have reviewed if the keystone periodontal pathogen Porphyromonas gingivalis may affect genes and microglia (primary immune cells in the brain) to promote AD development. Genes for apolipoprotein, clusterin, CD33, triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-2 (TREM-2), tyrosine kinase binding protein (TYR-OBP), and complement receptors can affect microglia. Most of these genes can also be affected by P. gingivalis via its mastering of immune suppression. Besides, P. gingivalis can affect microglia directly in several ways. Taken together, genetic predisposition, P. gingivalis infection and microglia could promote neurodegeneration typical of that reported for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingar Olsen
- Institute of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Sim K Singhrao
- Brain and Behavior Centre, Faculty of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, UK
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28
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Olsen I, Singhrao SK. Porphyromonas gingivalis infection may contribute to systemic and intracerebral amyloid-beta: implications for Alzheimer's disease onset. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2020; 18:1063-1066. [PMID: 32663042 DOI: 10.1080/14787210.2020.1792292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ingar Olsen
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo , Oslo, Norway
| | - Sim K Singhrao
- Brain and Behavior Centre, Faculty of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Central Lancashire , Preston, UK
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29
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Prevotella intermedia produces two proteins homologous to Porphyromonas gingivalis HmuY but with different heme coordination mode. Biochem J 2020; 477:381-405. [PMID: 31899475 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20190607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
As part of the infective process, Porphyromonas gingivalis must acquire heme which is indispensable for life and enables the microorganism to survive and multiply at the infection site. This oral pathogenic bacterium uses a newly discovered novel hmu heme uptake system with a leading role played by the HmuY hemophore-like protein, responsible for acquiring heme and increasing virulence of this periodontopathogen. We demonstrated that Prevotella intermedia produces two HmuY homologs, termed PinO and PinA. Both proteins were produced at higher mRNA and protein levels when the bacterium grew under low-iron/heme conditions. PinO and PinA bound heme, but preferentially under reducing conditions, and in a manner different from that of the P. gingivalis HmuY. The analysis of the three-dimensional structures confirmed differences between apo-PinO and apo-HmuY, mainly in the fold forming the heme-binding pocket. Instead of two histidine residues coordinating heme iron in P. gingivalis HmuY, PinO and PinA could use one methionine residue to fulfill this function, with potential support of additional methionine residue/s. The P. intermedia proteins sequestered heme only from the host albumin-heme complex under reducing conditions. Our findings suggest that HmuY-like family might comprise proteins subjected during evolution to significant diversification, resulting in different heme coordination modes. The newer data presented in this manuscript on HmuY homologs produced by P. intermedia sheds more light on the novel mechanism of heme uptake, could be helpful in discovering their biological function, and in developing novel therapeutic approaches.
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30
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Ben Lagha A, Andrian E, Grenier D. Resveratrol attenuates the pathogenic and inflammatory properties of Porphyromonas gingivalis. Mol Oral Microbiol 2020; 34:118-130. [PMID: 30950227 DOI: 10.1111/omi.12260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Revised: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Porphyromonas gingivalis has been strongly associated with chronic periodontitis, which affects tooth-supporting tissues. This Gram-negative anaerobic bacterium produces a repertoire of virulence factors that modulate tissue destruction directly or indirectly by the induction of inflammatory processes. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of resveratrol, a major polyphenol found in grapes and wine, on the growth and virulence properties of P. gingivalis as well as on gingival keratinocyte tight junction integrity and the host inflammatory response. Resveratrol exhibited antibacterial activity that may result from damage to the bacterial cell membrane. Resveratrol also killed a pre-formed P. gingivalis biofilm and reduced bacterial adherence to matrix proteins. In addition, resveratrol had a protective effect on the integrity of the keratinocyte tight junctions by inhibiting its breakdown by P. gingivalis. This may be related to the ability of resveratrol to inhibit the protease activities of P. gingivalis. Lastly, resveratrol reduced P. gingivalis-mediated activation of the NF-κB signaling pathway and attenuated TREM-1 gene expression as well as soluble TREM-1 secretion in monocytes. The effect on NF-κB activation likely results from the ability of resveratrol to act as a PPAR-γ agonist. In summary, the antibacterial, anti-adherence, and antiprotease properties of resveratrol, as well as its ability to protect the gingival keratinocyte barrier and attenuate the inflammatory response in monocytes suggest that it may be a promising novel therapeutic agent for treating periodontal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amel Ben Lagha
- Oral Ecology Research Group, Faculty of Dentistry, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Elisoa Andrian
- Oral Ecology Research Group, Faculty of Dentistry, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Daniel Grenier
- Oral Ecology Research Group, Faculty of Dentistry, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
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31
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Walkenhorst MS, Reyes L, Perez G, Progulske-Fox A, Brown MB, Phillips PL. A Uniquely Altered Oral Microbiome Composition Was Observed in Pregnant Rats With Porphyromonas gingivalis Induced Periodontal Disease. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:92. [PMID: 32211345 PMCID: PMC7069352 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.00092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Porphyromonas gingivalis is an anaerobic bacterium commonly found in the oral cavity and associated with the development of periodontal disease. P. gingivalis has also been linked to several systemic vascular and inflammatory diseases including poor pregnancy outcomes. Little is known about the changes in the oral flora during pregnancy in connection to P. gingivalis infection. This pilot study aims to explore changes in the oral microbiome due to P. gingivalis inoculation and pregnancy in an in vivo rat model of periodontal disease. A metagenomic sequencing analysis targeting seven of the 16S rRNA gene variable regions was performed for oral samples collected at the following time points: baseline control (week 0), P. gingivalis inoculated (week 11), P. gingivalis inoculated and pregnant rat at necropsy (week 16). A second set of animals were also sampled to generate a sham-inoculated (week 11) control group. We found that the rat oral microbiome profiles were more similar to that of the human oral cavity compared to previous reports targeting one or two 16S variable regions. Overall, there appears to be a relatively stable core microbiome in the oral cavity. As expected, P. gingivalis induced periodontal disease resulted in oral microbiome dysbiosis. During pregnancy, some aspects of the oral microbiome shifted toward a more baseline-like profile. However, population analyses in terms of dissimilarity measures and especially metagenomic based predictions of select characteristics such as cell morphology, oxygen requirement, and major metabolite synthesis showed that pregnancy did not restore the composition of the oral microbiome. Rather, a uniquely altered oral microbiome composition was observed in pregnant rats with pre-established periodontal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molly S Walkenhorst
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Kirksville College of Osteopathic Medicine, A.T. Still University of Health Sciences, Kirksville, MO, United States
| | - Leticia Reyes
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Gonzalo Perez
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Ann Progulske-Fox
- Department of Oral Biology, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Mary B Brown
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Priscilla L Phillips
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Kirksville College of Osteopathic Medicine, A.T. Still University of Health Sciences, Kirksville, MO, United States
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32
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Lukácsi S, Mácsik-Valent B, Nagy-Baló Z, Kovács KG, Kliment K, Bajtay Z, Erdei A. Utilization of complement receptors in immune cell-microbe interaction. FEBS Lett 2020; 594:2695-2713. [PMID: 31989596 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The complement system is a major humoral component of immunity and is essential for the fast elimination of pathogens invading the body. In addition to its indispensable role in innate immunity, the complement system is also involved in pathogen clearance during the effector phase of adaptive immunity. The fastest way of killing the invader is lysis by the membrane attack complex, which is formed by the terminal components of the complement cascade. Not all pathogens are lysed however and, if opsonized by a variety of molecules, they undergo phagocytosis and disposal inside immune cells. The most important complement-derived opsonins are C1q, the first component of the classical pathway, MBL, the initiator of the lectin pathway and C3-derived activation fragments, including C3b, iC3b and C3d, which all serve as ligands for their corresponding receptors. In this review, we discuss how complement receptors are utilized by various immune cells to tackle invading microbes, or by pathogens to evade host response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Szilvia Lukácsi
- MTA-ELTE Immunology Research Group, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - Zsuzsa Nagy-Baló
- Department of Immunology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Kristóf G Kovács
- Department of Immunology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - Zsuzsa Bajtay
- MTA-ELTE Immunology Research Group, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary.,Department of Immunology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Anna Erdei
- MTA-ELTE Immunology Research Group, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary.,Department of Immunology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
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Özdemir M, Caglayan F, Bikker FJ, Pussinen P, Könönen E, Yamalik N, Gürsoy M, Fteita D, Nazmi K, Güncü GN, Pietiäinen M, Tolvanen M, Gürsoy UK. Gingival tissue human beta-defensin levels in relation to infection and inflammation. J Clin Periodontol 2020; 47:309-318. [PMID: 31799742 DOI: 10.1111/jcpe.13227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
AIM To profile gingival tissue levels of human beta-defensin (hBD)-2 and hBD-3 in relation to gingival inflammation, Th17-related cytokine concentrations, Porphyromonas gingivalis counts, and gingipain and total protease activities. MATERIALS AND METHODS Gingival tissue and subgingival plaque samples were collected from 21 periodontitis patients including 48 periodontal pocket sites with marginal, mild, or moderate to severe inflammation. hBD levels were determined by immunodetection, P. gingivalis counts with real-time polymerase chain reaction, protease activities with fluorogenic substrates, and cytokine concentrations with Luminex technique. Data were statistically analysed using Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U tests and Spearman correlation coefficients. RESULTS Subgingival plaque counts of P. gingivalis (p = .001) and gingipain activity (p < .001), as well as interleukin (IL)-1β (p = .012), IL-10 (p = .024), IL-17A (p = .002), IL-17F (p = .006), and IL-23 (p = .036) concentrations were elevated in severely inflamed sites, whereas no change was observed in hBD-2 and hBD-3 levels. Negative correlations were found between protease activity and hBD-2 (p = .033) and hBD-3(p = .003) levels. CONCLUSIONS Shift in gingival inflammation from marginal to mild stage is related to elevations in subgingival plaque P. gingivalis counts and gingipain activity, but not to tissue hBD levels. Negative correlations between hBDs and total protease activity suggest the degradation of these antimicrobial peptides in progressed inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meltem Özdemir
- Department of Periodontology, Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Feriha Caglayan
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Floris J Bikker
- Department of Oral Biochemistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam, Free University and University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Pirkko Pussinen
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Eija Könönen
- Department of Periodontology, Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Oral Health Care, Welfare Division, City of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Nermin Yamalik
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Mervi Gürsoy
- Department of Periodontology, Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Dareen Fteita
- Department of Periodontology, Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Kamran Nazmi
- Department of Oral Biochemistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam, Free University and University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Güliz N Güncü
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Milla Pietiäinen
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mimmi Tolvanen
- Department of Periodontology, Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Ulvi Kahraman Gürsoy
- Department of Periodontology, Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
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Beydoun MA, Beydoun HA, Hossain S, El-Hajj ZW, Weiss J, Zonderman AB. Clinical and Bacterial Markers of Periodontitis and Their Association with Incident All-Cause and Alzheimer's Disease Dementia in a Large National Survey. J Alzheimers Dis 2020; 75:157-172. [PMID: 32280099 PMCID: PMC11008556 DOI: 10.3233/jad-200064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Microbial agents including periodontal pathogens have recently appeared as important actors in Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology. We examined associations of clinical periodontal and bacterial parameters with incident all-cause and AD dementia as well as AD mortality among US middle-aged and older adults. Clinical [Attachment Loss (AL); probing pocket depth (PPD)] and bacterial [pathogen immunoglobulin G (IgG)] periodontal markers were investigated in relation to AD and all-cause dementia incidence and to AD mortality, using data from the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES III, 1988-1994) linked longitudinally with National Death Index and Medicare data through January 1, 2014, with up to 26 years of follow-up. Sex- and age-specific multivariable-adjusted Cox proportional hazards models were conducted. Among those ≥65 years, AD incidence and mortality were consistently associated with PPD, two factors and one cluster comprised of IgG titers against Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis), Prevotella melaninogenica (P. melaninogenica) and Campylobacter rectus (C. rectus) among others. Specifically, AD incidence was linked to a composite of C. rectus and P. gingivalis titers (per SD, aHR = 1.22; 95% CI, 1.04-1.43, p = 0.012), while AD mortality risk was increased with another composite (per SD, aHR = 1.46; 95% CI, 1.09-1.96, p = 0.017) loading highly on IgG for P. gingivalis, Prevotella intermedia, Prevotella nigrescens, Fusobacterium nucleatum, C. rectus, Streptococcus intermedius, Capnocylophaga Ochracea, and P. melaninogenica. This study provides evidence for an association between periodontal pathogens and AD, which was stronger for older adults. Effectiveness of periodontal pathogen treatment on reducing sequelae of neurodegeneration should be tested in randomized controlled trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- May A. Beydoun
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Sciences, National Institutes on Aging, NIA/NIH/IRP, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Sharmin Hossain
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Sciences, National Institutes on Aging, NIA/NIH/IRP, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Jordan Weiss
- Population Studies Center and the Leonard Davis Institute of Health Economics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Alan B. Zonderman
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Sciences, National Institutes on Aging, NIA/NIH/IRP, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Yu L, Pham Q, Yu LL, Wang TTY. Modulation of CXC-motif chemokine receptor 7, but not 4, expression is related to migration of the human prostate cancer cell LNCaP: regulation by androgen and inflammatory stimuli. Inflamm Res 2019; 69:167-178. [PMID: 31865399 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-019-01305-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Revised: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To elucidate the regulation, function of the chemokine CXC-motif ligand 12 (CXCL12) and its receptors (CXCR) 4 and 7 in prostate cancer tumor microenvironment. MATERIAL In-silico-analysis of expression in prostate cancer tissues. In-vitro comparison, testing of regulation in human prostate cancer cells LNCaP, DU145, and PC3. TREATMENT Dihydrotestosterone (DHT) treatments (0-10 nM) were for 0-48 h. The inflammatory agent Flagellin treatment (20 ng/ml) was for 2 h. Migration assays were performed for 24 h using 10 ng/ml CXCL12. METHODS Real-time PCR, western analysis, and migration assays were used to determine mRNA, protein, and functional changes, respectively. RESULTS Malignant prostate cancer tissues exhibit higher CXCR4/7 mRNA ratio, and higher CXCR7 mRNA levels were detected in the androgen-responsive LNCaP cells. Putative androgen-responsive elements were identified in CXCR4, 7 gene, and exposure to DHT, flagellin increased CXCR4 mRNA but decreased CXCR7 mRNA levels in LNCaP cells. Androgen receptor siRNA significantly attenuated the effects of DHT on CXCR4, 7 mRNA in LNCaP cells. However, DHT and flagellin only decrease CXCR7 protein and additively increased migration of LNCaP cells towards CXCL12. CONCLUSIONS Down regulation of CXCR7 protein by DHT and flagellin increased migration, supporting CXCR7 as decoy receptor counteracting CXCL12/CXCR4-mediated migration in prostate cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Yu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Quynhchi Pham
- Diet, Genomics and Immunology Laboratory, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, ARS, USDA, 10300 Baltimore Ave., Bldg. 307C, Rm 132, Beltsville, MD, 20705, USA
| | - Liangli Lucy Yu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Thomas T Y Wang
- Diet, Genomics and Immunology Laboratory, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, ARS, USDA, 10300 Baltimore Ave., Bldg. 307C, Rm 132, Beltsville, MD, 20705, USA.
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Śmiga M, Olczak T. PgRsp Is a Novel Redox-Sensing Transcription Regulator Essential for Porphyromonas gingivalis Virulence. Microorganisms 2019; 7:microorganisms7120623. [PMID: 31795139 PMCID: PMC6955866 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms7120623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Porphyromonas gingivalis is one of the etiological agents of chronic periodontitis. Both heme and oxidative stress impact expression of genes responsible for its survival and virulence. Previously we showed that P. gingivalis ferric uptake regulator homolog affects expression of a gene encoding a putative Crp/Fnr superfamily member, termed P. gingivalis redox-sensing protein (PgRsp). Although PgRsp binds heme and shows the highest similarity to proteins assigned to the CooA family, it could be a member of a novel, separate family of proteins with unknown function. Expression of the pgrsp gene is autoregulated and iron/heme dependent. Genes encoding proteins engaged in the oxidative stress response were upregulated in the pgrsp mutant (TO11) strain compared with the wild-type strain. The TO11 strain showed higher biomass production, biofilm formation, and coaggregation ability with Tannerella forsythia and Prevotella intermedia. We suggest that PgRsp may regulate production of virulence factors, proteases, Hmu heme acquisition system, and FimA protein. Moreover, we observed growth retardation of the TO11 strain under oxidative conditions and decreased survival ability of the mutant cells inside macrophages. We conclude that PgRsp protein may play a role in the oxidative stress response using heme as a ligand for sensing changes in redox status, thus regulating the alternative pathway of the oxidative stress response alongside OxyR.
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Olsen I, Singhrao SK. Is there a link between genetic defects in the complement cascade and Porphyromonas gingivalis in Alzheimer's disease? J Oral Microbiol 2019; 12:1676486. [PMID: 31893014 PMCID: PMC6818111 DOI: 10.1080/20002297.2019.1676486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Defects, as determined by Genome-Wide Association Studies (GWAS), in the complement cascade of innate immunity have been suggested to play a key role in Alzheimer's disease (AD). These defective genes encode sub-component 1s (C1s), complement receptor 1, complement component 9, and clusterin, a fluid-phase regulatory protein. A dysregulated complement cascade has been shown to relate to cell activation, defective complement mediated clearance and possible cognitive decline in AD patients. Porphyromonas gingivalis, a putative keystone pathogen of periodontal disease, has been reported to be associated with human AD. The inflammatory burden following experimental oral infection in mice and putative entry of this bacterium into the brain appears to drive the formation of amyloid-beta plaques and neurofibrillary tangles with loss of cognition. P. gingivalis is a master of immune subversion in this inflammatory cascade and may establish microbial dysbiosis where it is located. Here we discuss if P. gingivalis may enhance the detrimental effects of the defective GWAS complement cascade protein genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingar Olsen
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Sim K Singhrao
- Dementia and Neurodegenerative Diseases Research Group, Faculty of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, UK
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38
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Huang X, Kuang S, Shen Z, Liang M, Lin Z. High glucose disrupts autophagy lysosomal pathway in gingival epithelial cells via ATP6V0C. J Periodontol 2019; 91:705-714. [PMID: 31471894 DOI: 10.1002/jper.19-0262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2019] [Revised: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Huang
- Department of PeriodontologyGuanghua School and Hospital of StomatologySun Yat‐Sen University Guangzhou Guangdong China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of StomatologySun Yat‐Sen UniversityNorth Campus Guangzhou Guangdong China
| | - Shuhong Kuang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of StomatologySun Yat‐Sen UniversityNorth Campus Guangzhou Guangdong China
- Department of Operative Dentistry and EndodonticsGuanghua School and Hospital of StomatologySun Yat‐Sen University Guangzhou Guangdong China
| | - Zongshan Shen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of StomatologySun Yat‐Sen UniversityNorth Campus Guangzhou Guangdong China
- Department of Operative Dentistry and EndodonticsGuanghua School and Hospital of StomatologySun Yat‐Sen University Guangzhou Guangdong China
| | - Min Liang
- Department of PeriodontologyGuanghua School and Hospital of StomatologySun Yat‐Sen University Guangzhou Guangdong China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of StomatologySun Yat‐Sen UniversityNorth Campus Guangzhou Guangdong China
| | - Zhengmei Lin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of StomatologySun Yat‐Sen UniversityNorth Campus Guangzhou Guangdong China
- Department of Operative Dentistry and EndodonticsGuanghua School and Hospital of StomatologySun Yat‐Sen University Guangzhou Guangdong China
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Oliveira AMSD, Costa FO, Nogueira LMR, Cortelli SC, Oliveira PAD, Aquino DR, Miranda TB, Cortelli JR. Azithromycin and Full-Mouth Scaling For the Treatment of Generalized Stage III and IV Periodontitis: A 6-Month Randomized Comparative Clinical Trial. Braz Dent J 2019; 30:429-436. [DOI: 10.1590/0103-6440201902111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract The effectiveness of azithromycin combined with full-mouth scaling procedures was compared to quadrant-wise scaling combined with the same dosage of azithromycin when treating periodontitis patients over a 6-month period. In this randomized clinical trial study, thirty-four individuals diagnosed with generalized stage III and IV periodontitis underwent baseline, 3-month, and 6-month post-treatment examinations. The study population was randomly assigned to either full-mouth scaling (FMS) or quadrant-wise scaling and root planning (QSRP) in addition to their taking of systemic azithromycin (500 mg/day) for three consecutive days. Periodontal probing depth (PD), clinical attachment level (CAL), gingival index (GI), and plaque index (PI) were monitored along with the quantification of total bacterial load and red complex bacterial species (Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tannerella forsythia, and Treponema denticola) in subgingival samples by real time polymerase chain reaction. The volume of gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) was also monitored over time. The primary outcomes included improvements of PD and CAL. Data was statistically analyzed through a repeated-measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) test, multiple least significant difference (LSD) comparisons, Kruskal-Wallis, Friedman, and paired Student t-tests (p<0.05). FMS and QSRP provided similar PD, CAL, GI, PI, and GCF improvements. After treatment, the FMS group displayed lower mean values of total bacterial load and red complex bacterial species in comparison to the QSRP group. FMS and QSRP in conjunction with systemic azithromycin appeared to be an effective and reliable short-term therapeutic approach for the treatment of generalized stage III and IV periodontitis. However, FMD demonstrated superiority in regard to the 6-month antibacterial effects when compared to QSRP.
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40
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Śmiga M, Bielecki M, Olczak M, Olczak T. Porphyromonas gingivalis PgFur Is a Member of a Novel Fur Subfamily With Non-canonical Function. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2019; 9:233. [PMID: 31312617 PMCID: PMC6613475 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2019.00233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Porphyromonas gingivalis, a keystone pathogen of chronic periodontitis, uses ferric uptake regulator homolog (PgFur) to regulate production of virulence factors. This study aimed to characterize PgFur protein in regard to its structure-function relationship. We experimentally identified the 5′ mRNA sequence encoding the 171-amino-acid-long PgFur protein in the A7436 strain and examined this PgFur version as a full-length protein. PgFur protein did not bind to the canonical Escherichia coli Fur box, but the wild-type phenotype of the mutant Δpgfur strain was restored partially when expression of the ecfur gene was induced from the native pgfur promoter. The full-length PgFur protein contained one zinc atom per protein monomer, but did not bind iron, manganese, or heme. Single cysteine substitutions of CXXC motifs resulted in phenotypes similar to the mutant Δpgfur strain. The modified proteins were produced in E. coli at significantly lower levels, were highly unstable, and did not bind zinc. The pgfur gene was expressed at the highest levels in bacteria cultured for 24 h in the absence of iron and heme or at higher levels in bacteria cultured for 10 h in the presence of protoporphyrin IX source. No influence of high availability of Fe2+, Zn2+, or Mn2+ on pgfur gene expression was observed. Two chromosomal mutant strains producing protein lacking 4 (pgfurΔ4aa) or 13 (pgfurΔ13aa) C-terminal amino acid residues were examined in regard to importance of the C-terminal lysine-rich region. The pgfurΔ13aa strain showed a phenotype typical for the mutant Δpgfur strain, but both the wild-type PgFur protein and its truncated version bound zinc with similar ability. The Δpgfur mutant strain produced higher amounts of HmuY protein compared with the wild-type strain, suggesting compromised regulation of its expression. Potential PgFur ligands, Fe2+, Mn2+, Zn2+, PPIX, or serum components, did not influence HmuY production in the Δpgfur mutant strain. The mutant pgfurΔ4aa and pgfurΔ13aa strains exhibited affected HmuY protein production. PgFur, regardless of the presence of the C-terminal lysine-rich region, bound to the hmu operon promoter. Our data suggest that cooperation of PgFur with partners/cofactors and/or protein/DNA modifications would be required to accomplish its role played in an in vivo multilayer regulatory network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał Śmiga
- Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wrocław, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Marcin Bielecki
- Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wrocław, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Mariusz Olczak
- Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wrocław, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Teresa Olczak
- Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wrocław, Wrocław, Poland
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Immunological Pathways Triggered by Porphyromonas gingivalis and Fusobacterium nucleatum: Therapeutic Possibilities? Mediators Inflamm 2019; 2019:7241312. [PMID: 31341421 PMCID: PMC6612971 DOI: 10.1155/2019/7241312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Revised: 04/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis) and Fusobacterium nucleatum (F. nucleatum) are Gram-negative anaerobic bacteria possessing several virulence factors that make them potential pathogens associated with periodontal disease. Periodontal diseases are chronic inflammatory diseases of the oral cavity, including gingivitis and periodontitis. Periodontitis can lead to tooth loss and is considered one of the most prevalent diseases worldwide. P. gingivalis and F. nucleatum possess virulence factors that allow them to survive in hostile environments by selectively modulating the host's immune-inflammatory response, thereby creating major challenges to host cell survival. Studies have demonstrated that bacterial infection and the host immune responses are involved in the induction of periodontitis. The NLRP3 inflammasome and its effector molecules (IL-1β and caspase-1) play roles in the development of periodontitis. We and others have reported that the purinergic P2X7 receptor plays a role in the modulation of periodontal disease and intracellular pathogen control. Caspase-4/5 (in humans) and caspase-11 (in mice) are important effectors for combating bacterial pathogens via mediation of cell death and IL-1β release. The exact molecular events of the host's response to these bacteria are not fully understood. Here, we review innate and adaptive immune responses induced by P. gingivalis and F. nucleatum infections and discuss the possibility of manipulations of the immune response as therapeutic strategies. Given the global burden of periodontitis, it is important to develop therapeutic targets for the prophylaxis of periodontopathogen infections.
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Vashishta A, Jimenez-Flores E, Klaes CK, Tian S, Miralda I, Lamont RJ, Uriarte SM. Putative Periodontal Pathogens, Filifactor Alocis and Peptoanaerobacter Stomatis, Induce Differential Cytokine and Chemokine Production by Human Neutrophils. Pathogens 2019; 8:pathogens8020059. [PMID: 31052371 PMCID: PMC6630776 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens8020059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Revised: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Periodontitis is a highly prevalent infectious disease that affects ~ 50% of the adults in the USA alone. Two Gram-positive anaerobic oral bacteria, Filifactor alocis and Peptoanaerobacterstomatis, have emerged as important periodontal pathogens. Neutrophils are a major component of the innate host response in the gingival tissue, and the contribution of neutrophil-derived cytokines and chemokines plays a central role in disease progression. The pattern of cytokines and chemokines released by human neutrophils upon stimulation with newly appreciated periodontal bacteria compared to the keystone oral pathogen Porphyromonas gingivalis was investigated. Our results showed that both F. alocis and P. stomatis triggered TLR2/6 activation. F. alocis induced significant changes in gene expression of cytokines and chemokines in human neutrophils compared to unstimulated cells. However, except for IL-1ra, neutrophils released lower levels of cytokines and chemokines in response to F. alocis compared to P. stomatis. Furthermore, bacteria-free conditioned supernatant collected from neutrophils challenged with P. stomatis, but not from P. gingivalis or F. alocis, was chemotactic towards both neutrophils and monocytes. Elucidating stimuli-specific modulation of human neutrophil effector functions in the context of dysbiotic microbial community constituents provides valuable information for understanding the pathogenesis of periodontal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aruna Vashishta
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, 570 S. Preston St., Louisville, KY 40202, USA.
| | - Emeri Jimenez-Flores
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, 570 S. Preston St., Louisville, KY 40202, USA.
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, School of Dentistry, University of Louisville, 570 S. Preston St., Louisville, KY 40202, USA.
| | - Christopher K Klaes
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, 570 S. Preston St., Louisville, KY 40202, USA.
| | - Shifu Tian
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, 570 S. Preston St., Louisville, KY 40202, USA.
| | - Irina Miralda
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, 505 S. Hancock St., Louisville, KY 40202, USA.
| | - Richard J Lamont
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, School of Dentistry, University of Louisville, 570 S. Preston St., Louisville, KY 40202, USA.
| | - Silvia M Uriarte
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, 570 S. Preston St., Louisville, KY 40202, USA.
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, School of Dentistry, University of Louisville, 570 S. Preston St., Louisville, KY 40202, USA.
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, 505 S. Hancock St., Louisville, KY 40202, USA.
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Poor Oral Health and Its Neurological Consequences: Mechanisms of Porphyromonas gingivalis Involvement in Cognitive Dysfunction. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s40496-019-0212-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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44
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Chopra A, Sivaraman K. An update on possible pathogenic mechanisms of periodontal pathogens on renal dysfunction. Crit Rev Microbiol 2019; 45:514-538. [PMID: 30729832 DOI: 10.1080/1040841x.2018.1553847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Periodontitis is a potential source of permanent systemic inflammation that initiates renal dysfunction and contributes to the development of chronic kidney diseases (CKDs). Although numerous studies have confirmed the bidirectional role of periodontal infection and renal inflammation, no literature has yet highlighted the sophisticated pathogenic mechanisms by which periodontal pathogens, particularly Porphynomonas Gingivalis, induce renal dysfunction and contributed in the development of CKDs. The present review aims to critically analyze and highlight the novel pathogenesis of periodontitis induced CKDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditi Chopra
- Department of Periodontology, Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Karthik Sivaraman
- Department of Prosthodontics, Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
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Singhrao SK, Olsen I. Are Porphyromonas gingivalis Outer Membrane Vesicles Microbullets for Sporadic Alzheimer's Disease Manifestation? J Alzheimers Dis Rep 2018; 2:219-228. [PMID: 30599043 PMCID: PMC6311351 DOI: 10.3233/adr-180080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Our research into Alzheimer's disease (AD) focuses on the oral cavity and the brain, from which key evaluations of prospective and retrospective population-based data have shown that chronic periodontal disease existing for ten-years or over doubles the risk for the sporadic form of AD. Furthermore, Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis) mono-infections in established periodontal lesions, or introducing its lipopolysachharide (LPS), as demonstrated in in vivo studies, show hallmark pathology inclusive of extracellular amyloid plaques and phospho-tau bound neurofibrillary tangles with AD-like phenotype. Other studies have shown that if periodontitis remains untreated in human AD patients, cognitive decline ensues. This is a bi-directional relationship meaning that the converse is also true; treating periodontal disease in AD patients improves memory. Bacterial cultures and established oral biofilms generate vast numbers of microvesicles and P. gingivalis outer membrane vesicles encase key virulence factors (LPS, gingipains, capsule, fimbriae) as though they are complete destructive "microbullets" when shed in the host. This provides P. gingivalis additional arsenal to manipulate its entry into disparate organs, hijack phagocytosis, destroy tissues, and affect complement related genes while transducing the onset of proinflammatory signaling cascades. The resulting inflammatory mediators may be the cause of disease defining lesions and cognitive decline typical of clinical AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sim K Singhrao
- Dementia and Neurodegenerative Diseases Research Group, Faculty of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, UK
| | - Ingar Olsen
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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Cai Z, Li Y, Wang Y, Chen S, Jiang S, Ge H, Lei L, Huang X. Disinfect
Porphyromonas gingivalis
Biofilm on Titanium Surface with Combined Application of Chlorhexidine and Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy. Photochem Photobiol 2018; 95:839-845. [PMID: 30481378 DOI: 10.1111/php.13060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyu Cai
- Department of StomatologyFujian Medical University Union Hospital Fuzhou China
| | - Yijun Li
- School and Hospital of StomatologyFujian Medical University Fuzhou China
- Key Laboratory of StomatologyFujian Province University Fuzhou China
- Fujian Biological Materials Engineering and Technology Center of Stomatology Fuzhou China
| | - Yanhuang Wang
- School and Hospital of StomatologyFujian Medical University Fuzhou China
- Fujian Biological Materials Engineering and Technology Center of Stomatology Fuzhou China
| | - Shuai Chen
- School and Hospital of StomatologyFujian Medical University Fuzhou China
- Key Laboratory of StomatologyFujian Province University Fuzhou China
| | - Shan Jiang
- School and Hospital of StomatologyFujian Medical University Fuzhou China
- Fujian Biological Materials Engineering and Technology Center of Stomatology Fuzhou China
| | - Huan Ge
- School and Hospital of StomatologyFujian Medical University Fuzhou China
- Key Laboratory of StomatologyFujian Province University Fuzhou China
| | - Lishan Lei
- School and Hospital of StomatologyFujian Medical University Fuzhou China
- Fujian Biological Materials Engineering and Technology Center of Stomatology Fuzhou China
| | - Xiaojing Huang
- School and Hospital of StomatologyFujian Medical University Fuzhou China
- Key Laboratory of StomatologyFujian Province University Fuzhou China
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Liu J, Wang X, Zheng M, Luan Q. Lipopolysaccharide from Porphyromonas gingivalis promotes autophagy of human gingival fibroblasts through the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway. Life Sci 2018; 211:133-139. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2018.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Revised: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Aliko A, Kamińska M, Bergum B, Gawron K, Benedyk M, Lamont RJ, Malicki S, Delaleu N, Potempa J, Mydel P. Impact of Porphyromonas gingivalis Peptidylarginine Deiminase on Bacterial Biofilm Formation, Epithelial Cell Invasion, and Epithelial Cell Transcriptional Landscape. Sci Rep 2018; 8:14144. [PMID: 30237466 PMCID: PMC6147916 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-32603-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Peptidylarginine deiminase (PPAD) is a virulence factor unique to pathogenic Porphyromonas species, especially P. gingivalis. Mechanistically, PPAD activity, in conjunction with Arg-specific gingipains, generates protein fragments with citrullinated C-termini. Such polypeptides are potential de novo epitopes that are key drivers of rheumatoid arthritis. This process could underlie the observed clinical association between rheumatoid arthritis and periodontitis. However, the role of PPAD in host colonization by P. gingivalis and, subsequently, in triggering periodontitis is not known. Therefore, the aim of the current study was to delineate the role of PPAD in bacterial biofilm formation, and to define whether adherence to, invasion of, and host responses to bacteria of gingival keratinocytes depend on PPAD activity. We studied these aspects using PPAD-competent and PPAD-incompetent strains of P. gingivalis, and demonstrated that neither biofilm formation nor its composition was affected by PPAD activity. Similarly, flow cytometry revealed that PPAD did not impact the ability of P. gingivalis to adhere to and, subsequently, invade keratinocytes. Network analyses of gene expression patterns, however, revealed a group of host genes that were sensitive to PPAD activity (CXCL8, IL36G, CCL20, and IL1B). These genes can be categorized as potent immune modulators belonging to the interleukin 1 system, or chemoattractants of lymphocytes and neutrophils. Thus, we conclude that PPAD, although it is a potent modulator of the immune response, does not affect bacterial biofilm formation or the ability of P. gingivalis to adhere to and invade gingival epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ardita Aliko
- Broegelmann Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, N-5021, Bergen, Norway
| | - Marta Kamińska
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387, Kraków, Poland
| | - Brith Bergum
- Broegelmann Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, N-5021, Bergen, Norway
| | - Katarzyna Gawron
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387, Kraków, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Benedyk
- Małopolska Center of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387, Kraków, Poland
| | - Richard J Lamont
- University of Louisville School of Dentistry, Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Stanisław Malicki
- Małopolska Center of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387, Kraków, Poland
| | | | - Jan Potempa
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387, Kraków, Poland.
- University of Louisville School of Dentistry, Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA.
| | - Piotr Mydel
- Broegelmann Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, N-5021, Bergen, Norway.
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387, Kraków, Poland.
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Zhang L, Veith PD, Huq NL, Chen YY, Seers CA, Cross KJ, Gorasia DG, Reynolds EC. Porphyromonas gingivalis Gingipains Display Transpeptidation Activity. J Proteome Res 2018; 17:2803-2818. [PMID: 29984580 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.8b00286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Porphyromonas gingivalis is a keystone periodontal pathogen that has been associated with autoimmune disorders. The cell surface proteases Lys-gingipain (Kgp) and Arg-gingipains (RgpA and RgpB) are major virulence factors, and their proteolytic activity is enhanced by small peptides such as glycylglycine (GlyGly). The reaction kinetics suggested that GlyGly may function as an acceptor molecule for gingipain-catalyzed transpeptidation. Purified gingipains and P. gingivalis whole cells were used to digest selected substrates including human hemoglobin in the presence or absence of peptide acceptors. Mass spectrometric analysis of the substrates digested with gingipains in the presence of GlyGly showed that transpeptidation outcompeted hydrolysis, whereas the trypsin-digested controls exhibited predominantly hydrolysis activity. The transpeptidation levels increased with increasing concentration of GlyGly. Purified gingipains and whole cells exhibited extensive transpeptidation activities on human hemoglobin. All hemoglobin cleavage sites were found to be suitable for GlyGly transpeptidation, and this transpeptidation enhanced hemoglobin digestion. The transpeptidation products were often more abundant than the corresponding hydrolysis products. In the absence of GlyGly, hemoglobin peptides produced during digestion were utilized as acceptors leading to the detection of up to 116 different transpeptidation products in a single reaction. P. gingivalis cells were able to digest hemoglobin faster when acceptor peptides derived from human serum albumin were included in the reaction, suggesting that gingipain-catalyzed transpeptidation may be relevant for substrates encountered in vivo. The transpeptidation of host proteins in vivo may potentially lead to the breakdown of immunological tolerance, culminating in autoimmune reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianyi Zhang
- Oral Health Cooperative Research Centre, Melbourne Dental School, Bio21 Institute , The University of Melbourne , Melbourne , Victoria , Australia
| | - Paul D Veith
- Oral Health Cooperative Research Centre, Melbourne Dental School, Bio21 Institute , The University of Melbourne , Melbourne , Victoria , Australia
| | - N Laila Huq
- Oral Health Cooperative Research Centre, Melbourne Dental School, Bio21 Institute , The University of Melbourne , Melbourne , Victoria , Australia
| | - Yu-Yen Chen
- Oral Health Cooperative Research Centre, Melbourne Dental School, Bio21 Institute , The University of Melbourne , Melbourne , Victoria , Australia
| | - Christine A Seers
- Oral Health Cooperative Research Centre, Melbourne Dental School, Bio21 Institute , The University of Melbourne , Melbourne , Victoria , Australia
| | - Keith J Cross
- Oral Health Cooperative Research Centre, Melbourne Dental School, Bio21 Institute , The University of Melbourne , Melbourne , Victoria , Australia
| | - Dhana G Gorasia
- Oral Health Cooperative Research Centre, Melbourne Dental School, Bio21 Institute , The University of Melbourne , Melbourne , Victoria , Australia
| | - Eric C Reynolds
- Oral Health Cooperative Research Centre, Melbourne Dental School, Bio21 Institute , The University of Melbourne , Melbourne , Victoria , Australia
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Lee J, Roberts JS, Atanasova KR, Chowdhury N, Han K, Yilmaz Ö. Human Primary Epithelial Cells Acquire an Epithelial-Mesenchymal-Transition Phenotype during Long-Term Infection by the Oral Opportunistic Pathogen, Porphyromonas gingivalis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2017; 7:493. [PMID: 29250491 PMCID: PMC5717492 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2017.00493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Porphyromonas gingivalis is a host-adapted oral pathogen associated with chronic periodontitis that successfully survives and persists in the oral epithelium. Recent studies have positively correlated periodontitis with increased risk and severity of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Intriguingly, the presence of P. gingivalis enhances tumorigenic properties independently of periodontitis and has therefore been proposed as a potential etiological agent for OSCC. However, the initial host molecular changes induced by P. gingivalis infection which promote predisposition to cancerous transformation through EMT (epithelial-mesenchymal-transition), has never been studied in human primary cells which more closely mimic the physiological state of cells in vivo. In this study, we examine for the first time in primary oral epithelial cells (OECs) the expression and activation of key EMT mediators during long-term P. gingivalis infection in vitro. We examined the inactive phosphorylated state of glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta (p-GSK3β) over 120 h P. gingivalis infection and found p-GSK3β, an important EMT regulator, significantly increases over the course of infection (p < 0.01). Furthermore, we examined the expression of EMT-associated transcription factors, Slug, Snail, and Zeb1 and found significant increases (p < 0.01) over long-term P. gingivalis infection in protein and mRNA expression. Additionally, the protein expression of mesenchymal intermediate filament, Vimentin, was substantially increased over 120 h of P. gingivalis infection. Analysis of adhesion molecule E-cadherin showed a significant decrease (p < 0.05) in expression and a loss of membrane localization along with β-catenin in OECs. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) 2, 7, and 9 are all markedly increased with long-term P. gingivalis infection. Finally, migration of P. gingivalis infected cells was evaluated using scratch assay in which primary OEC monolayers were wounded and treated with proliferation inhibitor, Mitomycin C. The cellular movement was determined by microscopy. Results displayed P. gingivalis infection promoted cell migration which was slightly enhanced by co-infection with Fusobacterium nucleatum, another oral opportunistic pathogen. Therefore, this study demonstrates human primary OECs acquire initial molecular/cellular changes that are consistent with EMT induction during long-term infection by P. gingivalis and provides a critically novel framework for future mechanistic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jungnam Lee
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - JoAnn S Roberts
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, College of Dental Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Kalina R Atanasova
- Department of Periodontology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Nityananda Chowdhury
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, College of Dental Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Kyudong Han
- Department of Nanobiomedical Science, BK21 PLUS NBM Global Research Center for Regenerative Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan, South Korea.,DKU-Theragen Institute for NGS Analysis, Cheonan, South Korea
| | - Özlem Yilmaz
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, College of Dental Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
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