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Beckwith-Cohen B, Petersen-Jones SM. Manifestations of systemic disease in the retina and fundus of cats and dogs. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1337062. [PMID: 38444779 PMCID: PMC10912207 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1337062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Abstract
The fundus is unique in that it is the only part of the body that allows for a noninvasive and uninterrupted view of vasculature and nervous tissue. Utilization of this can be a powerful tool in uncovering salient incidental findings which point to underlying systemic diseases, and for monitoring response to therapy. Retinal venules and arterioles allow the clinician to assess changes in vascular color, diameter, outline, and tortuosity. The retina and optic nerve may exhibit changes associated with increased or decreased thickness, inflammatory infiltrates, hemorrhages, and detachments. While some retinal manifestations of systemic disease may be nonspecific, others are pathognomonic, and may be the presenting sign for a systemic illness. The examination of the fundus is an essential part of the comprehensive physical examination. Systemic diseases which may present with retinal abnormalities include a variety of disease classifications, as represented by the DAMNIT-V acronym, for Degenerative/Developmental, Anomalous, Metabolic, Neoplastic, Nutritional, Inflammatory (Infectious/Immune-mediated/ischemic), Toxic, Traumatic and Vascular. This review details systemic illnesses or syndromes that have been reported to manifest in the fundus of companion animals and discusses key aspects in differentiating their underlying cause. Normal variations in retinal anatomy and morphology are also considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Billie Beckwith-Cohen
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Simon M. Petersen-Jones
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
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2
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Bi Z, Liang Y, Liu S, Li Y. Acute uveitis caused by abnormal glucose and lipid metabolism: a case report. BMC Ophthalmol 2023; 23:264. [PMID: 37308840 DOI: 10.1186/s12886-023-02997-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE This report describes a rare case of acute uveitis with severe anterior chamber inflammation due to abnormal glucose and lipid metabolism. CASE PRESENTATION A 31-year-old male patient complained of redness in the right eye with decreased visual acuity for 3 days. Ocular examination revealed a milky white clouding of the right anterior chamber of the eye. Two clusters of yellowish-white exudates were visible on the surface of the iris in the upper nasal and temporal areas in addition to elevated intraocular pressure. He had a previous diagnosis of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Laboratory tests suggested hyperlipidemia and ketoacidosis. After admission, topical glucocorticoids, mydriasis, and intraocular pressure-lowering drugs combined with hypoglycemic and lipid-lowering therapy and fluid replacement therapy were given immediately. After 10 days of treatment, the uveitis and systemic condition of the right eye were effectively controlled and improved. CONCLUSION Abnormal glucose and lipid metabolism leads to impairment of the blood-aqueous barrier, which causes a severe uveitis response in the anterior chamber. After the use of topical steroids and mydriatic eye drops combined with systemic hypoglycemic and lipid-lowering interventions, the condition was significantly relieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaojing Bi
- School of Clinical Medicine, Weifang Medical University, Shandong, China
| | - Yan Liang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Shandong, China
| | - Shujun Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Shandong, China
| | - Yuanbin Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Shandong, China.
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Knez N, Walkenhorst M, Haeri M. Lipid Keratopathy: Histopathology, Major Differential Diagnoses and The Importance of Clinical Correlation. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:diagnostics13091628. [PMID: 37175019 PMCID: PMC10178412 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13091628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipid keratopathy (LK) is a rare ophthalmological condition characterized by a progressive reduction in visual acuity caused by corneal opacification due to central lipid accumulation. LK is characterized by lipid deposits, cholesterol clefts, and neovascularization (NV) leading to disruption in corneal optical quality. LK classification includes a primary and secondary form which depend on pre-existing corneal or systemic disorders and the evidence of NV. Secondary LK is typically associated with a prior occurrence of herpetic infection, such as herpes zoster keratitis. Patients with LK usually present with progressive vision loss and dense cream-colored corneal opacification. Treatment modalities include conservative and surgical approaches focused on corneal NV elimination. When evaluating corneal lipidosis, it is crucial to consider a range of differential diagnoses, including corneal arcus, Schnyder corneal dystrophy, and other corneal deposit conditions. We report a case of a 62-year-old male with herpes zoster keratitis complicated with LK. He presented with painless progressive vision loss and corneal scarring, which raised suspicion about LK diagnosis. This paper emphasizes the importance of correlating clinical and histological findings for accurate LK diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora Knez
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66103, USA
- School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Molly Walkenhorst
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66103, USA
| | - Mohammad Haeri
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66103, USA
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Ana RD, Gliszczyńska A, Sanchez-Lopez E, Garcia ML, Krambeck K, Kovacevic A, Souto EB. Precision Medicines for Retinal Lipid Metabolism-Related Pathologies. J Pers Med 2023; 13:jpm13040635. [PMID: 37109021 PMCID: PMC10145959 DOI: 10.3390/jpm13040635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 04/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidation of lipids and lipoproteins contributes to inflammation processes that promote the development of eye diseases. This is a consequence of metabolism dysregulation; for instance, that of the dysfunctional peroxisomal lipid metabolism. Dysfunction of lipid peroxidation is a critical factor in oxidative stress that causes ROS-induced cell damage. Targeting the lipid metabolism to treat ocular diseases is an interesting and effective approach that is now being considered. Indeed, among ocular structures, retina is a fundamental tissue that shows high metabolism. Lipids and glucose are fuel substrates for photoreceptor mitochondria; therefore, retina is rich in lipids, especially phospholipids and cholesterol. The imbalance in cholesterol homeostasis and lipid accumulation in the human Bruch's membrane are processes related to ocular diseases, such as AMD. In fact, preclinical tests are being performed in mice models with AMD, making this area a promising field. Nanotechnology, on the other hand, offers the opportunity to develop site-specific drug delivery systems to ocular tissues for the treatment of eye diseases. Specially, biodegradable nanoparticles constitute an interesting approach to treating metabolic eye-related pathologies. Among several drug delivery systems, lipid nanoparticles show attractive properties, e.g., no toxicological risk, easy scale-up and increased bioavailability of the loaded active compounds. This review analyses the mechanisms involved in ocular dyslipidemia, as well as their ocular manifestations. Moreover, active compounds as well as drug delivery systems which aim to target retinal lipid metabolism-related diseases are thoroughly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel da Ana
- UCIBIO-Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, MEDTECH, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Drug Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory i4HB-Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Anna Gliszczyńska
- Department of Food Chemistry and Biocatalysis, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Science, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Norwida 25, 50-375 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Elena Sanchez-Lopez
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, 08007 Barcelona, Spain
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (IN2UB), University of Barcelona, 08007 Barcelona, Spain
- Unit of Synthesis and Biomedical Applications of Peptides, IQAC-CSIC, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria L Garcia
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, 08007 Barcelona, Spain
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (IN2UB), University of Barcelona, 08007 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Karolline Krambeck
- UCIBIO-Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, MEDTECH, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Drug Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory i4HB-Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- Health Sciences School, Guarda Polytechnic Institute, 6300-035 Guarda, Portugal
| | - Andjelka Kovacevic
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Eliana B Souto
- UCIBIO-Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, MEDTECH, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Drug Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory i4HB-Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
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Jan RL, Ho CH, Wang JJ, Tseng SH, Chang YS. A Population-Based Study of Social Demographic Factors, Associated Diseases and Recurrent Corneal Erosion in Taiwan. Front Public Health 2022; 10:832333. [PMID: 35419341 PMCID: PMC8995765 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.832333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To investigate the association of recurrent corneal erosion (RCE) with sociodemographic factors and associated ocular conditions or systemic diseases. Methods This nationwide, population-based, retrospective, matched case-controlled study included 98,895 RCE patients, identified by the International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD-9-CM) code 371.42, were selected from the Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Database. The age-, sex-, and index date- matched control group included 98,895 non-RCE control group also selected from the Taiwan Longitudinal Health Insurance Database 2000. Sociodemographic factors and associated ocular conditions or systemic diseases were examined using univariate logistic regression analyses, and continuous variables were analyzed using paired t-test. The odds ratio (OR) of developing RCE were compared using adjusted logistic regression analysis. Results Patients with ocular conditions including corneal abrasion, ocular allergic conditions, and corneal dystrophy were more likely to have RCE than the control group (adjusted OR = 63.56, 95% CI = 42.06-96.06, p < 0.0001; adjusted OR = 24.27, 95% CI = 20.51-28.72, p < 0.0001; adjusted OR = 17.10, 95% CI = 5.14-59.93, p < 0.0001, respectively). Patients with systemic diseases such as diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidaemia, and atopy trait have significantly higher ORs for RCE development. Patients residing in either Northern Taiwan or a metropolis city had higher odds of developing RCE; however, there were no significant differences in income or occupation on the probability to develop RCE. Conclusion RCE is strongly associated with corneal abrasion, ocular allergic conditions, corneal dystrophy, diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidaemia, and atopy trait.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ren-Long Jan
- College of Health Sciences, Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Chang Jung Christian University, Tainan, Taiwan.,Department of Pediatrics, Chi Mei Medical Center, Liouying, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Han Ho
- Department of Hospital and Health Care Administration, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, Tainan, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Research, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Jhi-Joung Wang
- Department of Medical Research, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan.,Department of Anesthesiology, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan.,AI Biomed Center, Southern Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Sung-Huei Tseng
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.,Department of Ophthalmology, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yuh-Shin Chang
- College of Health Sciences, Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Chang Jung Christian University, Tainan, Taiwan.,Department of Ophthalmology, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan
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Transformation of electrospun Keratin/PVA nanofiber membranes into multilayered 3D Scaffolds: Physiochemical studies and corneal implant applications. Int J Pharm 2021; 610:121228. [PMID: 34715260 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.121228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we engineered an electrospun keratin/polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) nanofiber membrane with a three-dimensional (3D) fiber network. Both keratin and PVA are known as biocompatible materials, and the 3D assembly of these two led to a transparent membrane with superior mechanical properties. The as-prepared three-dimensionally assembled keratin/PVA nanofiber (3D keratin/PVA NFs) membrane was characterized by state-of-the-art techniques and used as a corneal implant in rabbit eyes. The transparency, mechanical properties, and biocompatibility of the electrospun keratin/PVA NFs were highly enhanced after 3D modification which is mainly attributed to its unique three-dimensional morphology. The performance of 3D keratin/PVA NFs membrane was compared with horse amniotic membrane (AM), and the results obtained from the clinical and histological evaluations showed that it could be considered as an alternative material to the AM. Furthermore, this study provides an emerging approach for converting a two-dimensional electrospun nanofiber membrane to three-dimensional fiber networks that resemble the structure of the extracellular matrix (ECM).
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Wasielica-Poslednik J, Hampel U, Ries L, Faysal R, Schulz A, Prochaska JH, Wild PS, Schmidtmann I, Münzel T, Beutel ME, Lackner KJ, Pfeiffer N, Schuster AK. Prevalence of corneal arcus and associated factors in a German population-Results from the Gutenberg Health Study. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0255893. [PMID: 34547023 PMCID: PMC8454945 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0255893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose We aimed to determine the prevalence of corneal arcus and to identify associated factors in the general population of Germany. Methods The Gutenberg Health Study (GHS) is a population-based cohort study in Germany, which includes an ophthalmological assessment. Refraction, distance-corrected visual acuity, non-contact tonometry and anterior segment imaging were performed for the five-year follow-up examination. Anterior segment photographs were graded for the presence of corneal arcus. Prevalence estimates were computed, and multivariable logistic regression analysis was applied to determine associated factors for corneal arcus including sex, age, spherical equivalent, central corneal thickness, intraocular pressure (IOP), socio-economic status, smoking, BMI, systolic and diastolic arterial blood pressure, HbA1c, HDL-C, LDL-C, triglyceride, and lipid modifying agents. Results A total of 9,850 right and 9,745 left eyes of 9,858 subjects (59.2±10.8 years), 49.0% females were included in this cross-sectional analysis. 21.1% of men (95%-CI: 20.0%– 22.3%) had a corneal arcus in at least one eye, and 16.9% (95%-CI: 15.9%– 18.0%) of women. In multivariable analyses, the presence of corneal arcus was associated with male gender (OR = 0.54 for female, p<0.0001), higher age (OR = 2.54 per decade, p<0.0001), smoking (OR = 1.59, p<0.0001), hyperopia (OR = 1.05 per diopter, p<0.0001), thinner cornea (OR = 0.994 per μm, p<0.0001), higher IOP (OR = 1.02, p = 0.039), higher HDL-C-level (OR = 2.13, p<0.0001), higher LDL-C-level (OR = 1.21, p<0.0001), and intake of lipid modifying agents (OR = 1.26, p = 0.0001). Arcus was not associated with socio-economic status, BMI, arterial blood pressure, and HbA1c. Conclusions Corneal arcus is a frequent alteration of the cornea in Germany and is associated with ocular parameters and systemic parameters of dyslipidemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Wasielica-Poslednik
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg- University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Ulrike Hampel
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg- University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Lisa Ries
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg- University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Ruah Faysal
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg- University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Andreas Schulz
- Preventive Cardiology and Preventive Medicine, Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Jürgen H. Prochaska
- Department of Cardiology–Cardiology I, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Philipp S. Wild
- Preventive Cardiology and Preventive Medicine, Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Rhine-Main, Mainz, Germany
| | - Irene Schmidtmann
- Institute for Medical Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Thomas Münzel
- Department of Cardiology–Cardiology I, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Manfred E. Beutel
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Karl J. Lackner
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Rhine-Main, Mainz, Germany
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Norbert Pfeiffer
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg- University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Alexander K. Schuster
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg- University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
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Barachetti L, Fanton N, Savov S, Cancelli I, Miller PE. Lipemic aqueous humor and suspected xanthomas associated with primary hypertriglyceridemia in a cat. VETERINARY RECORD CASE REPORTS 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/vrc2.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Barachetti
- Department of Veterinary Medicine University of Milan Milan Italy
- Istituto Veterinario di Novara Granozzo con Monticello Italy
| | | | - Stefan Savov
- Istituto Veterinario di Novara Granozzo con Monticello Italy
| | - Irene Cancelli
- Istituto Veterinario di Novara Granozzo con Monticello Italy
| | - Paul E. Miller
- Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital University of Wisconsin‐Madison Madison Wisconsin USA
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Behera G, Mani M, Jacob NP, Vanathi M. Crystalline lipid keratopathy in anterior sclerokeratitis. BMJ Case Rep 2021; 14:14/7/e244353. [PMID: 34326121 PMCID: PMC8323389 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2021-244353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Geeta Behera
- Department of Ophthalmology, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research (JIPMER), Puducherry, Puducherry, India
| | - Malavika Mani
- Department of Ophthalmology, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research (JIPMER), Puducherry, Puducherry, India
| | - Ninan Palamootil Jacob
- Department of Ophthalmology, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research (JIPMER), Puducherry, Puducherry, India
| | - Murugesan Vanathi
- Dr. Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi, Delhi, India
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Schumacher MM, DeBose-Boyd RA. Posttranslational Regulation of HMG CoA Reductase, the Rate-Limiting Enzyme in Synthesis of Cholesterol. Annu Rev Biochem 2021; 90:659-679. [PMID: 34153214 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-biochem-081820-101010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The polytopic, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane protein 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG CoA) reductase produces mevalonate, the key intermediate in the synthesis of cholesterol and many nonsterol isoprenoids including geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate (GGpp). Transcriptional, translational, and posttranslational feedback mechanisms converge on this reductase to ensure cells maintain a sufficient supply of essential nonsterol isoprenoids but avoid overaccumulation of cholesterol and other sterols. The focus of this review is mechanisms for the posttranslational regulation of HMG CoA reductase, which include sterol-accelerated ubiquitination and ER-associated degradation (ERAD) that is augmented by GGpp. We discuss how GGpp-induced ER-to-Golgi trafficking of the vitamin K2 synthetic enzyme UbiA prenyltransferase domain-containing protein-1 (UBIAD1) modulates HMG CoA reductase ERAD to balance the synthesis of sterol and nonsterol isoprenoids. We also summarize the characterization of genetically manipulated mice, which established that sterol-accelerated, UBIAD1-modulated ERAD plays a major role in regulation of HMG CoA reductase and cholesterol metabolism in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc M Schumacher
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA;
| | - Russell A DeBose-Boyd
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA;
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Shah R, Amador C, Tormanen K, Ghiam S, Saghizadeh M, Arumugaswami V, Kumar A, Kramerov AA, Ljubimov AV. Systemic diseases and the cornea. Exp Eye Res 2021; 204:108455. [PMID: 33485845 PMCID: PMC7946758 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2021.108455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
There is a number of systemic diseases affecting the cornea. These include endocrine disorders (diabetes, Graves' disease, Addison's disease, hyperparathyroidism), infections with viruses (SARS-CoV-2, herpes simplex, varicella zoster, HTLV-1, Epstein-Barr virus) and bacteria (tuberculosis, syphilis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa), autoimmune and inflammatory diseases (rheumatoid arthritis, Sjögren's syndrome, lupus erythematosus, gout, atopic and vernal keratoconjunctivitis, multiple sclerosis, granulomatosis with polyangiitis, sarcoidosis, Cogan's syndrome, immunobullous diseases), corneal deposit disorders (Wilson's disease, cystinosis, Fabry disease, Meretoja's syndrome, mucopolysaccharidosis, hyperlipoproteinemia), and genetic disorders (aniridia, Ehlers-Danlos syndromes, Marfan syndrome). Corneal manifestations often provide an insight to underlying systemic diseases and can act as the first indicator of an undiagnosed systemic condition. Routine eye exams can bring attention to potentially life-threatening illnesses. In this review, we provide a fairly detailed overview of the pathologic changes in the cornea described in various systemic diseases and also discuss underlying molecular mechanisms, as well as current and emerging treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruchi Shah
- Eye Program, Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Cynthia Amador
- Eye Program, Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Kati Tormanen
- Center for Neurobiology and Vaccine Development, Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Sean Ghiam
- Sackler School of Medicine, New York State/American Program of Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Mehrnoosh Saghizadeh
- Eye Program, Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Departments of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, Medicine, and Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Vaithi Arumugaswami
- Departments of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, Medicine, and Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ashok Kumar
- Department of Ophthalmology, Visual and Anatomical Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Andrei A Kramerov
- Eye Program, Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Alexander V Ljubimov
- Eye Program, Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Departments of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, Medicine, and Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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Hall MN, Moshirfar M, Amin-Javaheri A, Ouano DP, Ronquillo Y, Hoopes PC. Lipid Keratopathy: A Review of Pathophysiology, Differential Diagnosis, and Management. Ophthalmol Ther 2020; 9:833-852. [PMID: 33058067 PMCID: PMC7708541 DOI: 10.1007/s40123-020-00309-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipid keratopathy is a disease in which fat deposits accumulate in the cornea, leading to opacification and decrease of visual acuity. This condition can be idiopathic without signs of previous corneal disease or secondary to ocular or systemic diseases. Lipid keratopathy is usually associated with abnormal vascularization of the cornea, and the lipid classically deposits adjacent to these vessels. Treatment of this condition usually aims to eliminate or prevent abnormal vessel formation, and several modalities have been described. In this review we summarize the etiology, pathophysiology, and clinical presentation of lipid keratopathy and describe current and emerging treatment regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- MacGregor N Hall
- McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Majid Moshirfar
- Hoopes Vision Research Center, Hoopes Vision, Draper, UT, USA.
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, John A. Moran Eye Center, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
- Utah Lions Eye Bank, Murray, UT, USA.
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Samaha G, Wade CM, Beatty J, Lyons LA, Fleeman LM, Haase B. Mapping the genetic basis of diabetes mellitus in the Australian Burmese cat (Felis catus). Sci Rep 2020; 10:19194. [PMID: 33154479 PMCID: PMC7644637 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-76166-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus, a common endocrinopathy affecting domestic cats, shares many clinical and pathologic features with type 2 diabetes in humans. In Australia and Europe, diabetes mellitus is almost four times more common among Burmese cats than in other breeds. As a genetically isolated population, the diabetic Australian Burmese cat provides a spontaneous genetic model for studying diabetes mellitus in humans. Studying complex diseases in pedigreed breeds facilitates tighter control of confounding factors including population stratification, allelic frequencies and environmental heterogeneity. We used the feline SNV array and whole genome sequence data to undertake a genome wide-association study and runs of homozygosity analysis, of a case–control cohort of Australian and European Burmese cats. Our results identified diabetes-associated haplotypes across chromosomes A3, B1 and E1 and selective sweeps across the Burmese breed on chromosomes B1, B3, D1 and D4. The locus on chromosome B1, common to both analyses, revealed coding and splice region variants in candidate genes, ANK1, EPHX2 and LOX2, implicated in diabetes mellitus and lipid dysregulation. Mapping this condition in Burmese cats has revealed a polygenic spectrum, implicating loci linked to pancreatic beta cell dysfunction, lipid dysregulation and insulin resistance in the pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus in the Burmese cat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgina Samaha
- Faculty of Science, Sydney School of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| | - Claire M Wade
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Julia Beatty
- Faculty of Science, Sydney School of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China
| | - Leslie A Lyons
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | | | - Bianca Haase
- Faculty of Science, Sydney School of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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14
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He X, Zhao Z, Wang S, Kang J, Zhang M, Bu J, Cai X, Jia C, Li Y, Li K, Reinach PS, Quantock AJ, Liu Z, Li W. High-Fat Diet-Induced Functional and Pathologic Changes in Lacrimal Gland. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2020; 190:2387-2402. [PMID: 32919976 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2020.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Revised: 08/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The lacrimal gland is critical for maintaining the homeostasis of the ocular surface microenvironment through secreting aqueous tears in mammals. Many systemic diseases such as Sjögren syndrome, rheumatoid arthritis, and diabetes can alter the lacrimal gland function, eventually resulting in aqueous tear-deficient dry eye. Here, a high-fat diet (HFD) experimental mouse model was used to clarify how hyperlipidemia affects lacrimal gland function. Aqueous tear secretion fell about 50% after 1 month on a HFD. Lipid droplets accumulated in the matrix and acinar cells of the lacrimal gland after this period, along with changes in the lipid metabolism, changes in gene expression levels, and disruption of fatty acid oxidative activity. Immune cell infiltration and rises in the gene expression levels of the inflammation-related cytokines Il1β, Tnfα, Tsg6, Il10, Mmp2, and Mmp9 were found. HFD also induced mitochondrial hypermegasoma, increased apoptosis, and decreased lacrimal gland acinar cell proliferation. Replacement of the HFD with the standard diet partially reversed pathologic changes in the lacrimal gland. Similarly, supplementing the HFD with fenofibrate also partially reversed the inhibited tear secretion and reduced lipid accumulation, inflammation, and oxidative stress levels. The authors conclude that a HFD induces pathophysiological changes and functional decompensation of the lacrimal gland. Therefore, ingestion of a HFD may be a causative factor of dry eye disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin He
- Eye Institute of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China; School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Zhongyang Zhao
- Eye Institute of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China; School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Shaopan Wang
- Eye Institute of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China; School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Jie Kang
- Eye Institute of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China; School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China; Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Minjie Zhang
- Eye Institute of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China; School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Jinghua Bu
- Eye Institute of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China; School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Xiaoxin Cai
- Eye Institute of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China; School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Changkai Jia
- Eye Institute of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China; School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Yixuan Li
- School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | | | | | - Andrew J Quantock
- School of Optometry and Vision Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Zuguo Liu
- Eye Institute of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China; School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China; Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China; Xiamen University Affiliated Xiamen Eye Center, Xiamen, China.
| | - Wei Li
- Eye Institute of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China; School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China; Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China; Xiamen University Affiliated Xiamen Eye Center, Xiamen, China.
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15
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Jan RL, Tai MC, Ho CH, Chu CC, Wang JJ, Tseng SH, Chang YS. Risk of recurrent corneal erosion in patients with diabetes mellitus in Taiwan: a population-based cohort study. BMJ Open 2020; 10:e035933. [PMID: 32565466 PMCID: PMC7311018 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2019-035933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the risk of recurrent corneal erosion (RCE) in patients with diabetes mellitus (DM). DESIGN, SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS This retrospective, nationwide, matched cohort study included 239 854 patients with DM recruited between 2003 and 2005 from the Longitudinal Cohort of Diabetes Patients database. The control group included the same number of age-matched and sex-matched patients without DM selected from the Taiwan Longitudinal Health Insurance Database, 2000. Data for each patient were collected from the index date until December 2013. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES The incidence and risk of RCE were compared between the two groups. Cox proportional hazards regression was used to calculate the HR for RCE after adjustment for potential confounders. The cumulative RCE incidence rate was calculated using Kaplan-Meier analysis. RESULTS In total, 1236 patients with DM and 884 controls developed RCE during the follow-up period, resulting in an incidence rate of RCE in patients with DM (5.87/10 000 person-years (PY)) higher than that in the controls (4.23/10 000 PY). After adjustment for potential confounders, including hypertension, hyperlipidaemia, chronic renal disease and keratoconjunctivitis sicca, patients with DM were 1.35 times (95% CI, 1.24 to 1.48) more likely to develop RCE than the total sample cohort. CONCLUSIONS DM increases the risk of RCE, which is an interdisciplinary issue. Therefore, close collaboration between endocrinologists and ophthalmologists is important in managing RCE following DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ren-Long Jan
- Department of Pediatrics, Chi Mei Medical Center, Liouying, Tainan, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Medical Science, College of Health Science, Chang Jung Christian University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Cheng Tai
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Han Ho
- Department of Medical Research, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan
- Department of Hospital and Health Care Administration, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Chen Chu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan
- Department of Recreation and Health-Care Management, Chia-Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Jhi-Joung Wang
- Department of Medical Research, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Sung-Huei Tseng
- Department of Ophthalmology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yuh-Shin Chang
- Graduate Institute of Medical Science, College of Health Science, Chang Jung Christian University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan
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Hyperlipidemia Affects Tight Junctions and Pump Function in the Corneal Endothelium. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2020; 190:563-576. [PMID: 31945314 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2019.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2019] [Revised: 09/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Hyperlipidemia impacts on various diseases, such as atherosclerosis, hypertension, and diabetes mellitus. However, its influence, if any, on ocular tissues is largely unknown. Herein, we developed hyperlipidemic murine models by feeding 4-week-old male wild-type mice with a high-fat diet and apolipoprotein E knockout (ApoE-/-) mice with a high-fat diet or standard diet to investigate the corneal endothelial change under hyperlipidemic conditions. Oil Red O staining showed an accumulation of lipid droplets in corneal endothelial cells (CECs) of hyperlipidemic mice. Other manifestations included a reduced cell density and distorted cell morphology, a disruption of the endothelial cell tight junctions and adhesion junctions, a reduced number of surface microvilli, down-regulation of Na+-K+-ATPase expression and function, activation of oxidative stress, changes in mitochondrial ultrastructure, and increased apoptosis. CEC recovery after injury, moreover, was diminished in hyperlipidemic mice; and high palmitate levels were found in the aqueous humor. In vitro hyperlipemia model, moreover, was found to be associated with dose-dependent CEC cytotoxicity, altered cell morphology, reduced pump function, and an induction of oxidative stress, leading to functional and pathologic changes in the corneal endothelium.
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17
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Schechtmann SA, Stine JM, Miller TR, Welihozkiy A, Michau TM. A retrospective analysis of lipid-laden aqueous humor in dogs: Thirty cases. Vet Ophthalmol 2019; 23:277-285. [PMID: 31733041 DOI: 10.1111/vop.12719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Revised: 10/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe the clinical presentation and outcome of canine patients that present with lipid-laden aqueous humor (LLA) and to evaluate its association with other ocular and systemic disorders. METHODS Medical records were identified and reviewed of 30 dogs presenting with clinical signs of LLA between 2013 and 2017 and compared to the canine referral population during the same time period. The percentage of dogs affected by LLA and potential risk factors were compared between groups. RESULTS There were 40 eyes in 30 dogs with LLA out of 8011 (0.4%) referrals. The mean age of dogs with LLA was significantly younger than dogs without LLA (P = .0334). Sex was not associated with LLA. Miniature Schnauzers were more likely to have LLA than mixed breeds (P < .0001). Incidence of LLA was significantly higher in eyes also affected by corneal ulceration (P = .0018) or phacoemulsification (P = .0001). Sixty-two percent and 51% of dogs with LLA had concurrent diabetes mellitus and hypertriglyceridemia, respectively. Average triglyceride level of dogs with LLA was 1087 mg/dL (±544) (reference 50-150 mg/dL) and average cholesterol level was 575 mg/dL (±232) (reference 125-300 mg/dL). Complete resolution of LLA was achieved in all dogs re-examined with an average of 20.2 days (range 4-175 days) after diagnosis. There were 6/30 dogs lost to follow-up. Recurrence of LLA occurred at least once in 4/24 dogs (16.7%) after resolution. CONCLUSIONS Lipid-laden aqueous humor occurs more frequently in Miniature Schnauzers. Corneal ulceration and phacoemulsification are risk factors. Complete resolution was seen in all cases with a low incidence of recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone A Schechtmann
- BluePearl Veterinary Partners, Clearwater, FL, USA.,BluePearl Veterinary Partners, Sarasota, FL, USA.,BluePearl Veterinary Partners, Tampa, FL, USA
| | | | - Thomas R Miller
- Tampa Bay Veterinary Specialists and Emergency Care Center, Largo, FL, USA
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18
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Hyperlipidemia induces meibomian gland dysfunction. Ocul Surf 2019; 17:777-786. [PMID: 31201956 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtos.2019.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Revised: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the pathological changes of the meibomian gland (MG) and ocular surface in Apolipoprotein E knockout (ApoE-/-) mice and to investigate the association of meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD) with hyperlipidemia. METHODS Total plasma cholesterol was measured in different ages of ApoE-/- and wild type (WT) mice, whilst the ocular surfaces were observed by slit-lamp biomicroscopy. MG sections were subjected to H&E staining, Oil Red O staining, TUNEL assay and immunostaining. Quantitate RT-PCR and Western blot analyses were performed to detect the relative gene expression in MGs. The 5-month-old ApoE-/- mice were administered with rosiglitazone or GW9662 + rosiglitazone via oral gavage for 2 months to determine their effect on MG pathological change. RESULTS We found eyelid abnormality, MG dropout, abnormal MG acinar morphology, dilated MG duct and plugging of the MG orifice in ApoE-/- mice. MG acini in ApoE-/- mice showed exaggerated lipid accumulation. Abnormal keratinization increased in MG duct, accompanied with decreased proliferation and increased apoptosis in ApoE-/- mice. Inflammatory cells infiltrated into the surrounding microenvironment of MG acini, and the NF-κB signaling pathway was activated in MG acinar cells. Oxidative stress was evident in MG acinar cells of ApoE-/- mice. Further investigation showed downregulation of PPAR-γ in MG acinar cells of ApoE-/- mice. PPAR-γ agonist rosiglitazone treatment reduced the morbidity of eyelid, as well as corneal pathological changes and MG inflammation in ApoE-/- mice. CONCLUSION MGD and hyperlipidemia are closely associated in ApoE-/- mice, which represent a new model to study the pathophysiology of MGD related to dyslipidemia.
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19
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Samaha G, Beatty J, Wade CM, Haase B. The Burmese cat as a genetic model of type 2 diabetes in humans. Anim Genet 2019; 50:319-325. [PMID: 31179570 DOI: 10.1111/age.12799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The recent extension of genetic tools to the domestic cat, together with the serendipitous consequences of selective breeding, have been essential to the study of the genetic diseases that affect them. Cats are increasingly presented for veterinary surveillance and share many of human's heritable diseases, allowing them to serve as natural models of these conditions. Feline diabetes mellitus is a common condition in domestic cats that bears close pathological and clinical resemblance to type 2 diabetes in humans, including pancreatic β-cell dysfunction and peripheral insulin resistance. In Australia, New Zealand and Europe, diabetes mellitus is almost four times more common in cats of the Burmese breed than in other breeds. This geographically based breed predisposition parallels familial and population clustering of type 2 diabetes in humans. As a genetically isolated population, the Australian Burmese breed provides a spontaneous, naturally occurring genetic model of type 2 diabetes. Genetically isolated populations typically exhibit extended linkage disequilibrium and increased opportunity for deleterious variants to reach high frequencies over many generations due to genetic drift. Studying complex diseases in such populations allows for tighter control of confounding factors including environmental heterogeneity, allelic frequencies and population stratification. The homogeneous genetic background of Australian Burmese cats may provide a unique opportunity to either refine genetic signals previously associated with type 2 diabetes or identify new risk factors for this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Samaha
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - J Beatty
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Valentine Charlton Cat Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - C M Wade
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - B Haase
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
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20
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Jo Y, Hamilton JS, Hwang S, Garland K, Smith GA, Su S, Fuentes I, Neelam S, Thompson BM, McDonald JG, DeBose-Boyd RA. Schnyder corneal dystrophy-associated UBIAD1 inhibits ER-associated degradation of HMG CoA reductase in mice. eLife 2019; 8:44396. [PMID: 30785396 PMCID: PMC6402834 DOI: 10.7554/elife.44396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Autosomal-dominant Schnyder corneal dystrophy (SCD) is characterized by corneal opacification owing to overaccumulation of cholesterol. SCD is caused by mutations in UBIAD1, which utilizes geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate (GGpp) to synthesize vitamin K2. Using cultured cells, we previously showed that sterols trigger binding of UBIAD1 to the cholesterol biosynthetic enzyme HMG CoA reductase (HMGCR), thereby inhibiting its endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-associated degradation (ERAD) (Schumacher et al. 2015). GGpp triggers release of UBIAD1 from HMGCR, allowing maximal ERAD and ER-to-Golgi transport of UBIAD1. SCD-associated UBIAD1 resists GGpp-induced release and is sequestered in ER to inhibit ERAD. We now report knockin mice expressing SCD-associated UBIAD1 accumulate HMGCR in several tissues resulting from ER sequestration of mutant UBIAD1 and inhibition of HMGCR ERAD. Corneas from aged knockin mice exhibit signs of opacification and sterol overaccumulation. These results establish the physiological significance of UBIAD1 in cholesterol homeostasis and indicate inhibition of HMGCR ERAD contributes to SCD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youngah Jo
- Departments of Molecular Genetics, Center for Human Nutrition, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States
| | - Jason S Hamilton
- Departments of Molecular Genetics, Center for Human Nutrition, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States
| | - Seonghwan Hwang
- Departments of Molecular Genetics, Center for Human Nutrition, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States
| | - Kristina Garland
- Departments of Molecular Genetics, Center for Human Nutrition, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States
| | - Gennipher A Smith
- Departments of Molecular Genetics, Center for Human Nutrition, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States
| | - Shan Su
- Departments of Molecular Genetics, Center for Human Nutrition, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States
| | - Iris Fuentes
- Departments of Molecular Genetics, Center for Human Nutrition, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States
| | - Sudha Neelam
- Department of Ophthalmology, Center for Human Nutrition, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States
| | - Bonne M Thompson
- Center for Human Nutrition, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States
| | - Jeffrey G McDonald
- Center for Human Nutrition, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States
| | - Russell A DeBose-Boyd
- Departments of Molecular Genetics, Center for Human Nutrition, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States
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21
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Pelych LN, Shellabarger W, Vassallo M, Noland E, Sledge D, Aquino SE. Ophthalmic findings in a captive population of Panamanian golden frogs:
Atelopus zeteki. Vet Ophthalmol 2019; 22:430-439. [DOI: 10.1111/vop.12609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Revised: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Erica Noland
- Diagnostic Center for Population and Animal Health Michigan State University East Lansing Michigan
| | - Dodd Sledge
- Diagnostic Center for Population and Animal Health Michigan State University East Lansing Michigan
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Busse C, Kafarnik C, Linn‐Pearl R, Volmer C, Matiasek K, Premont JE, Dulaurent T, Douet J, Gilbert I, Jalomäki S, Trost K, Isard P, Boyd R, Raymond I. Phenotype of macular corneal dystrophy in Labrador Retrievers: A multicenter study. Vet Ophthalmol 2019; 22:294-304. [DOI: 10.1111/vop.12596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Ryan Boyd
- Michigan State University East Lansing Michigan
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Busch C, Hashida N, Nishida K. Corneal infiltration and xanthoma formation in mycosis fungoides. Am J Ophthalmol Case Rep 2018; 11:95-97. [PMID: 30003176 PMCID: PMC6040233 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajoc.2018.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2017] [Revised: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To report a case of corneal infiltration and xanthoma formation in mycosis fungoides (cutaneous T-cell lymphoma). Observations A middle aged Japanese man with mycosis fungoides (MF) involving the face was referred to Ophthalmology for evaluation of unilateral, painless conjunctival injection. Biopsy of the conjunctiva revealed a malignant T cell population consistent with MF tumor invasion. Years later, he returned following several episodes of infectious keratitis with a painless, yellow, rapidly forming mass in the left eye over two weeks. Corneal biopsy showed foamy histiocytes and positive staining for CD68, and a diagnosis of corneal xanthoma was made. Conclusions and importance Severe ocular surface disease can rarely occur in MF by direct invasion of tumor cells. Corneal infiltration and xanthoma development may be avoidable by careful monitoring for infectious keratitis in patients with conjunctival involvement, as in our case.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caleb Busch
- Department of Ophthalmology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Noriyasu Hashida
- Department of Ophthalmology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kohji Nishida
- Department of Ophthalmology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
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In Vivo Confocal Microscopic Study of Hard Contact Lens-Induced Lipid Keratopathy Secondary to Corneal Neovascularization in a Rabbit Hypercholesterolemic Model. Eye Contact Lens 2018; 44 Suppl 2:S325-S332. [PMID: 29489496 DOI: 10.1097/icl.0000000000000494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES In vivo confocal microscopy was used to observe the morphological presentations and anatomical correlations between corneal neovascularization (NV) and intracorneal lipid deposition in a rabbit model of contact lens (CL)-induced lipid keratopathy secondary to corneal NV. METHODS Rabbits were divided into 3 groups: (1) 8-week normal diet, (2) 8-week high-cholesterol diet, and (3) 4-week normal diet followed by 4-week high-cholesterol diet. Corneal NV was induced by closed-eye CL. The formation and maturation of corneal NV were shown by immunohistochemical staining against CD31 and high-molecular-weight melanoma-associated antigen. In vivo confocal microscopy identified corneal NV and lipid deposition. Acquired images for each eye were arranged and mapped into subconfluent montages. RESULTS In group 1, corneal NV sprouting formed from the peripheral to the central cornea by the end of week 4. Pericytes around vessels were shown after 2 weeks of CL wear. In group 2, lipid deposition started from the peripheral cornea and progressively covered the whole cornea. In group 3, lipid deposition was found first in the central cornea after 2 weeks of high-cholesterol diet and progressed to cover the peripheral cornea. In vivo confocal microscopy demonstrated four different patterns of intracorneal lipid deposition: spindle shapes arranged randomly or in parallel, amorphous shapes, multiangular shapes, and mixed types. Intracorneal lipid deposition was distributed from basal corneal epithelium to deep stroma. CONCLUSIONS Intracorneal lipids tend to accumulate around newly formed corneal NV but can extend to the area covered with mature NV. In vivo confocal microscopy can demonstrate various shapes and depths of intracorneal lipid deposition.
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25
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Ledbetter EC, McDonough PL, Kim K. Infectious crystalline keratopathy in dogs and cats: clinical, in vivo confocal microscopic, histopathologic, and microbiologic features of eight cases. Vet Ophthalmol 2016; 20:250-258. [PMID: 27352988 DOI: 10.1111/vop.12407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe clinical, in vivo confocal microscopic, histopathologic, and microbiologic features of canine and feline cases of infectious crystalline keratopathy (ICK). ANIMALS STUDIED Six dogs and two cats with naturally acquired ICK. PROCEDURES Medical records of dogs and cats with a clinical diagnosis of ICK were reviewed. Signalment, medical history, clinical findings, and diagnostic evaluations were retrieved, including corneal cytology, histopathology, in vivo confocal microscopy, and microbiology results. RESULTS All animals presented with fine, needle-like, and branching white crystalline anterior stromal opacities emanating from corneal facets or corneal epithelial defects. Mild conjunctival hyperemia and anterior uveitis were frequently present. Concurrent ocular and systemic diseases were common, including keratoconjunctivitis sicca, corneal sequestrum, diabetes mellitus, hyperadrenocorticism, and malignant neoplasia. Bacteria, with minimal or absent leukocytes, were identified by cytology and histopathology. Histopathologically, the crystalline corneal opacities corresponded with dense accumulations of bacteria present in the interlamellar stromal spaces and forming cord-like projections within the stroma. In vivo confocal microscopy demonstrated deposits of reflective crystalline or amorphous structures within the stroma with a paucity of associated inflammatory changes. The most frequently cultured bacteria were alpha-hemolytic Streptococcus and Staphylococcus species. Resolution of clinical lesions was achieved in most cases with long-term medical or surgical therapy; however, the initiation of medical treatment was associated with an acute, dramatic onset of severe keratitis and anterior uveitis in some animals. CONCLUSIONS Infectious crystalline keratopathy in dogs and cats shares many features with this condition in human patients. Prolonged medical therapy, or surgical intervention, is required for resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric C Ledbetter
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Patrick L McDonough
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Kay Kim
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
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Fernández-Navarro J, Aldea P, de Hoz R, Salazar JJ, Ramírez AI, Rojas B, Gallego BI, Triviño A, Tejerina T, Ramírez JM. Neuroprotective Effects of Low-Dose Statins in the Retinal Ultrastructure of Hypercholesterolemic Rabbits. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0154800. [PMID: 27144842 PMCID: PMC4856380 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0154800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
To evaluate the pleiotropic effects to statins, we analyze the qualitative and quantitative retinal changes in hypercholesterolemic rabbits after a low-dosage statin treatment. For this purpose, New Zealand rabbits were split into three groups: control (G0; n = 10), fed a standard diet; hypercholesterolemic (G1; n = 8), fed a 0.5% cholesterol-enriched diet for 8 months; and statins (G2; n = 8), fed a 0.5% cholesterol-enriched diet for 8 months, together with the administration of statin (pravastatin or fluvastatin sodium) at a dose of 2 mg / kg / day each diet. The retinas were analyzed by transmission electron microscopy and immunohistochemistry (glial fibrillary acidic protein). The retinal thickness of nuclear and plexiform layers were quantified in semi-thin sections. The results revealed that the low-statin-treated rabbits in comparison with the hypercholesterolemic group showed: i) a more preserved structure in all retinal layers; ii) a significant reduction in retinal thickness; iii) a decrease in cell death in the nuclear-and ganglion-cell layers; iv) a reduction of hydropic degeneration in the plexiform and nerve-fiber layers; v) a preservation of astrocytes and of the retinal area occupied by them; and vi) a better-preserved retinal vascular structure. Our findings indicate that low doses of statins can prevent retinal degeneration, acting on retinal macroglia, neurons and retinal vessels, despite that hypercholesterolemia remained unchanged. Thus, the pleiotropic effects of the statins may help safeguard the retinal ultrastructure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Fernández-Navarro
- Instituto de Investigaciones Oftalmológicas Ramón Castroviejo. Universidad Complutense Madrid (UCM), Spain
| | - Pilar Aldea
- Instituto de Investigaciones Oftalmológicas Ramón Castroviejo. Universidad Complutense Madrid (UCM), Spain
| | - Rosa de Hoz
- Instituto de Investigaciones Oftalmológicas Ramón Castroviejo. Universidad Complutense Madrid (UCM), Spain
- Facultad de Óptica y Optometría, UCM, Spain
| | - Juan J Salazar
- Instituto de Investigaciones Oftalmológicas Ramón Castroviejo. Universidad Complutense Madrid (UCM), Spain
- Facultad de Óptica y Optometría, UCM, Spain
| | - Ana I Ramírez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Oftalmológicas Ramón Castroviejo. Universidad Complutense Madrid (UCM), Spain
- Facultad de Óptica y Optometría, UCM, Spain
| | - Blanca Rojas
- Instituto de Investigaciones Oftalmológicas Ramón Castroviejo. Universidad Complutense Madrid (UCM), Spain
- Facultad de Medicina, UCM, Spain
| | - Beatriz I. Gallego
- Instituto de Investigaciones Oftalmológicas Ramón Castroviejo. Universidad Complutense Madrid (UCM), Spain
- Facultad de Óptica y Optometría, UCM, Spain
| | - Alberto Triviño
- Instituto de Investigaciones Oftalmológicas Ramón Castroviejo. Universidad Complutense Madrid (UCM), Spain
- Facultad de Medicina, UCM, Spain
| | - Teresa Tejerina
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
| | - José M. Ramírez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Oftalmológicas Ramón Castroviejo. Universidad Complutense Madrid (UCM), Spain
- Facultad de Medicina, UCM, Spain
- * E-mail:
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Crispin SM. Lipids and the eye. Vet J 2016; 212:90-8. [PMID: 27117400 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2016.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Revised: 02/19/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Schumacher MM, Jun DJ, Jo Y, Seemann J, DeBose-Boyd RA. Geranylgeranyl-regulated transport of the prenyltransferase UBIAD1 between membranes of the ER and Golgi. J Lipid Res 2016; 57:1286-99. [PMID: 27121042 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m068759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
UbiA prenyltransferase domain-containing protein-1 (UBIAD1) utilizes geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate (GGpp) to synthesize the vitamin K2 subtype menaquinone-4. Previously, we found that sterols trigger binding of UBIAD1 to endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-localized HMG-CoA reductase, the rate-limiting enzyme in synthesis of cholesterol and nonsterol isoprenoids, including GGpp. This binding inhibits sterol-accelerated degradation of reductase, which contributes to feedback regulation of the enzyme. The addition to cells of geranylgeraniol (GGOH), which can become converted to GGpp, triggers release of UBIAD1 from reductase, allowing for its maximal degradation and permitting ER-to-Golgi transport of UBIAD1. Here, we further characterize geranylgeranyl-regulated transport of UBIAD1. Results of this characterization support a model in which UBIAD1 continuously cycles between the ER and medial-trans Golgi of isoprenoid-replete cells. Upon sensing a decline of GGpp in ER membranes, UBIAD1 becomes trapped in the organelle where it inhibits reductase degradation. Mutant forms of UBIAD1 associated with Schnyder corneal dystrophy (SCD), a human eye disease characterized by corneal accumulation of cholesterol, are sequestered in the ER and block reductase degradation. Collectively, these findings disclose a novel sensing mechanism that allows for stringent metabolic control of intracellular trafficking of UBIAD1, which directly modulates reductase degradation and becomes disrupted in SCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc M Schumacher
- Departments of Molecular Genetics University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9046
| | - Dong-Jae Jun
- Departments of Molecular Genetics University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9046
| | - Youngah Jo
- Departments of Molecular Genetics University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9046
| | - Joachim Seemann
- Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9046
| | - Russell A DeBose-Boyd
- Departments of Molecular Genetics University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9046
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Alleaume C, Mrini ME, Laloy E, Marchal J, Aujard F, Chahory S. Scleral and corneal xanthomatous inflammation in a gray mouse lemur (Microcebus murinus). Vet Ophthalmol 2016; 20:177-180. [PMID: 27030164 DOI: 10.1111/vop.12374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Bilateral multifocal corneal opacity was detected in a 4.5-year-old male captive gray mouse lemur (Microcebus murinus) without other clinical ocular changes. Histopathological examination revealed a severe diffuse granulomatous scleritis and focal keratitis with intralesional cholesterol, consistent with xanthomatous inflammation. This is the first report of xanthomatous inflammation in a gray mouse lemur. This condition may be the result of systemic factors (lipid metabolism disorders) and/or local predisposing factors such as hemorrhage or inflammation. The pathogenesis in this case could not be fully determined. Further studies on lemurs are required for a better understanding of their lipid metabolism, as well as for diagnosing and evaluating the incidence of xanthomatous inflammation in these species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charline Alleaume
- Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Unité d'Histologie Embryologie et Anatomie pathologique, Université Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort, F-94704, France
| | - Meryem El Mrini
- Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Unité d'Histologie Embryologie et Anatomie pathologique, Université Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort, F-94704, France
| | - Eve Laloy
- Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Unité d'Histologie Embryologie et Anatomie pathologique, Université Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort, F-94704, France
| | - Julia Marchal
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Mécanismes Adaptatifs et Evolution, Brunoy, F-91800, France
| | - Fabienne Aujard
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Mécanismes Adaptatifs et Evolution, Brunoy, F-91800, France
| | - Sabine Chahory
- Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, UP Ophtalmologie, Université Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort, F-94704, France
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Christoffersen M, Tybjærg-Hansen A. Visible aging signs as risk markers for ischemic heart disease: Epidemiology, pathogenesis and clinical implications. Ageing Res Rev 2016; 25:24-41. [PMID: 26590331 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2015.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2015] [Revised: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Association of common aging signs (i.e., male pattern baldness, hair graying, and facial wrinkles) as well as other age-related appearance factors (i.e., arcus corneae, xanthelasmata, and earlobe crease) with increased risk of ischemic heart disease was initially described in anecdotal reports from clinicians observing trends in the physical appearance of patients with ischemic heart disease. Following these early observations numerous epidemiological studies have reported these associations. Since the prevalences of both visible aging signs and ischemic heart disease have a strong correlation with increasing age, it has been extensively debated whether the observed associations could be entirely explained by a common association with age. Furthermore, the etiologies of the visible aging signs are rarely fully understood, and pathophysiological explanations for these associations remain controversial, and are mostly speculative. As a consequence of inconsistent findings and lack of mechanistic explanations for the observed associations with ischemic heart disease, consensus on the clinical importance of these visible aging signs has been lacking. The aim of this review is for each of the visible aging signs to (i) review the etiology, (ii) to discuss the current epidemiological evidence for an association with risk of ischemic heart disease, and (iii) to present possible pathophysiological explanations for these associations. Finally this review discusses the potential clinical implications of these findings.
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Öhlund M, Fall T, Ström Holst B, Hansson-Hamlin H, Bonnett B, Egenvall A. Incidence of Diabetes Mellitus in Insured Swedish Cats in Relation to Age, Breed and Sex. J Vet Intern Med 2015; 29:1342-7. [PMID: 26179258 PMCID: PMC4858030 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.13584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Revised: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 06/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a common endocrinopathy in cats. Most affected cats suffer from a type of diabetes similar to type 2 diabetes in humans. An increasing prevalence has been described in cats, as in humans, related to obesity and other lifestyle factors. OBJECTIVES To describe the incidence of DM in insured Swedish cats and the association of DM with demographic risk factors, such as age, breed and sex. ANIMALS A cohort of 504,688 individual cats accounting for 1,229,699 cat-years at risk (CYAR) insured by a Swedish insurance company from 2009 to 2013. METHODS We used reimbursed insurance claims for the diagnosis of DM. Overall incidence rates and incidence rates stratified on year, age, breed, and sex were estimated. RESULTS The overall incidence rate of DM in the cohort was 11.6 cases (95% confidence interval [CI], 11.0-12.2) per 10,000 CYAR. Male cats had twice as high incidence rate (15.4; 95% CI, 14.4-16.4) as females (7.6; 95% CI, 6.9-8.3). Domestic cats were at higher risk compared to purebred cats. A significant association with breed was seen, with the Burmese, Russian Blue, Norwegian Forest cat, and Abyssinian breeds at a higher risk compared to other cats. No sex predisposition was found among Burmese cats. Several breeds with a lower risk of DM were identified. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Our results verify that the Burmese breed is at increased risk of developing DM. We also identified several previously unreported breeds with increased or decreased risk of DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Öhlund
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - T Fall
- Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Epidemiology and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - B Ström Holst
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - H Hansson-Hamlin
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - B Bonnett
- International Partnership for Dogs, Georgian Bluffs, ON, Canada
| | - A Egenvall
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
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Schumacher MM, Elsabrouty R, Seemann J, Jo Y, DeBose-Boyd RA. The prenyltransferase UBIAD1 is the target of geranylgeraniol in degradation of HMG CoA reductase. eLife 2015; 4. [PMID: 25742604 PMCID: PMC4374513 DOI: 10.7554/elife.05560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2014] [Accepted: 03/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Schnyder corneal dystrophy (SCD) is an autosomal dominant disorder in humans characterized by abnormal accumulation of cholesterol in the cornea. SCD-associated mutations have been identified in the gene encoding UBIAD1, a prenyltransferase that synthesizes vitamin K2. Here, we show that sterols stimulate binding of UBIAD1 to the cholesterol biosynthetic enzyme HMG CoA reductase, which is subject to sterol-accelerated, endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-associated degradation augmented by the nonsterol isoprenoid geranylgeraniol through an unknown mechanism. Geranylgeraniol inhibits binding of UBIAD1 to reductase, allowing its degradation and promoting transport of UBIAD1 from the ER to the Golgi. CRISPR-CAS9-mediated knockout of UBIAD1 relieves the geranylgeraniol requirement for reductase degradation. SCD-associated mutations in UBIAD1 block its displacement from reductase in the presence of geranylgeraniol, thereby preventing degradation of reductase. The current results identify UBIAD1 as the elusive target of geranylgeraniol in reductase degradation, the inhibition of which may contribute to accumulation of cholesterol in SCD. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.05560.001 People with a rare genetic disorder called ‘Schnyder corneal dystrophy’ gradually lose their vision, because their corneas become increasingly cloudy. This cloudiness is caused by a build-up of excessive amounts of cholesterol, and the disorder itself is caused by mutations in a gene that encodes a protein called UBIAD1. Researchers have previously discovered that the UBIAD1 protein is involved in making vitamin K2, but it is not clear how this protein also helps to control cholesterol levels in the cornea. An enzyme called HMG CoA reductase makes a molecule that is used to make cholesterol and many other similar sterol molecules. A ‘feedback loop’ operates in cells to control the amount of the reductase and prevent cholesterol from becoming too high or too low. Sterol molecules, together with another molecule called geranylgeraniol, participate in this feedback loop by promoting the destruction of the reductase enzyme. Here, Schumacher et al. reveal a link between UBIAD1 and the reductase that may explain how UBIAD1 contributes to the production of excess cholesterol in patients with Schnyder corneal dystrophy. The experiments show that, in the presence of sterol molecules, UBIAD1 can bind to HMG CoA reductase to protect the reductase from being destroyed by other proteins. Geranylgeraniol—which stops the UBIAD1 protein from binding to the enzyme—is required to completely destroy the reductase enzyme. However, when UBIAD1 is missing, the reductase enzyme is destroyed even in the absence of geranylgeraniol. Furthermore, the experiments show that the genetic mutations linked to Schnyder corneal dystrophy lead to the production of versions of the UBIAD1 protein that bind to the reductase enzyme even when geranylgeraniol molecules are present. This prevents the normal breakdown of the reductase enzyme, which could lead to the build up of cholesterol in the cornea of individuals with the disorder. Schumacher et al.'s findings show that the UBIAD1 protein helps to control the levels of cholesterol in cells by protecting the HMG CoA reductase enzyme from destruction. These findings may aid the development of new therapies to lower cholesterol levels in cells, which may help patients with Schnyder's corneal dystrophy and other conditions caused by high cholesterol levels. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.05560.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc M Schumacher
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States
| | - Rania Elsabrouty
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States
| | - Joachim Seemann
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States
| | - Youngah Jo
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States
| | - Russell A DeBose-Boyd
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States
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Gupta A, Mohanty P, Bhatnagar S. Integrative analysis of ocular complications in atherosclerosis unveils pathway convergence and crosstalk. J Recept Signal Transduct Res 2014; 35:149-64. [PMID: 25055025 DOI: 10.3109/10799893.2014.942462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a life-threatening disease and a major cause of mortalities worldwide. While many of the atherosclerotic sequelae are reflected as microvascular effects in the eye, the molecular mechanisms of their development is not yet known. In this study, we employed a systems biology approach to unveil the most significant events and key molecular mediators of ophthalmic sequelae caused by atherosclerosis. Literature mining was used to identify the proteins involved in both atherosclerosis and ophthalmic diseases. A protein-protein interaction (PPI) network was prepared using the literature-mined seed nodes. Network topological analysis was carried out using Cytoscape, while network nodes were annotated using database for annotation, visualization and integrated discovery in order to identify the most enriched pathways and processes. Network analysis revealed that mitogen-activated protein kinase 1 (MAPK1) and protein kinase C occur with highest betweenness centrality, degree and closeness centrality, thus reflecting their functional importance to the network. Our analysis shows that atherosclerosis-associated ophthalmic complications are caused by the convergence of neurotrophin signaling pathways, multiple immune response pathways and focal adhesion pathway on the MAPK signaling pathway. The PPI network shares features with vasoregression, a process underlying multiple vascular eye diseases. Our study presents a first clear and composite picture of the components and crosstalk of the main pathways of atherosclerosis-induced ocular diseases. The hub bottleneck nodes highlight the presence of molecules important for mediating the ophthalmic complications of atherosclerosis and contain five established drug targets for future therapeutic modulation efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akanksha Gupta
- Division of Biotechnology, Netaji Subhas Institute of Technology , New Delhi , India
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Jalbert I. Diet, nutraceuticals and the tear film. Exp Eye Res 2013; 117:138-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2013.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2013] [Revised: 08/21/2013] [Accepted: 08/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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Meng X, Lin J, Gao X, Guo J, Xin C, Wang J. Corneal arcus and xanthomas in homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia: first report from China. Indian J Ophthalmol 2013; 61:770-1. [PMID: 24088637 PMCID: PMC3917403 DOI: 10.4103/0301-4738.118456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
We report the case of a 12-year-old male who developed corneal arcus and multiple skin lesions with a 10-year history of xanthomas. The lesions appeared over his fingers, hands, elbows, knees, buttocks and feet. Laboratory studies showed a total serum cholesterol level of 752.1 mg/dL; a triglyceride level of 96.6 mg/dL; a low-density lipoprotein cholesterol level of 661.3 mg/dL. Findings were consistent with homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia. To our knowledge, this is the first such case to be reported from China.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Jun Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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Massive lipid keratopathy after Elizabethkingia meningosepticum keratitis. Cont Lens Anterior Eye 2013; 37:55-6. [PMID: 23932229 DOI: 10.1016/j.clae.2013.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2013] [Revised: 06/03/2013] [Accepted: 07/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To report the occurrence of massive lipid deposition in the cornea after Elizabethkingia meningoseptica keratitis. METHODS A 52-year-old female presented to the ophthalmology outpatient department of the Hong Kong Eye Hospital in January 2012 with complaints of pain, redness, watering and blurred vision in her left eye for 6 days. Past records showed that the patient underwent radiotherapy for mucoepidermoid carcinoma of the maxillary antrum which was later complicated by radiotherpay associated dry eye syndrome in her left eye. At the time of presentation, her best-corrected visual acuity was 0.7 OD and hand motions close to face OS. Slit lamp examination of the left eye showed a small infiltrate 1.4mm×1.2mm in size with an overlying epithelial defect. Elizabethkingia meningosepticum was isolated on broth. Good clinical response was observed with hourly 5% vancomycin eye drops. RESULTS At the end of 8 weeks, slit lamp examination of the left eye revealed a corneal scar with mild lipid deposition at the site of previous corneal infiltrate. The lipid deposits increased tremendously over the next 4 weeks. The final visual acuity in the right eye dropped down to perception of light. The patient refused any further surgical intervention and is on regular follow-up in our clinic. CONCLUSIONS Our case report highlights the occurrence of post-keratitis lipid keratopathy with E. meningosepticum.
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Clode AB, Harms C, Fatzinger MH, Young F, Colitz C, Wert D. Identification and management of ocular lipid deposition in association with hyperlipidaemia in captive moray eels, Gymnothorax funebris Ranzani, Gymnothorax moringa (Cuvier) and Muraena retifera Goode and Bean. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2012; 35:683-693. [PMID: 22631876 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2761.2012.01396.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Ocular lipid deposition and its surgical management and possible association with systemic hyperlipidaemia in captive moray eels are described. Ophthalmologic examinations, haematology and plasma biochemistry analyses were performed on an initial population of captive moray eels (n=10): green moray, Gymnothorax funebris Ranzani; spotted moray, Gymnothorax morninga (Cuvier) and reticulated moray, Muraena retifera Goode and Bean. Recently captured green moray eels comprised the control group (n=9). Clinical signs compatible with ocular lipid deposition were identified in six of ten captive eels (60%) vs. none of the controls. Green moray eels in the initial captive population (n=5) had significantly higher total protein, triglyceride, cholesterol and aspartate amino transferase values than the control eels. Dietary management was attempted in all captive eels, and surgical intervention was performed in three eels, including two from a separate population, with improved ocular clarity within 1month post-operatively. Histopathological evaluation of surgical specimens and two eyes from an additional affected eel that died suggested ocular lipid deposition. Eels in captivity have an apparent predisposition for hyperlipidaemia and ocular lipid deposition. Although limited in this study and complicated by exhibit restraints, dietary management was minimally effective, while surgery improved ocular clarity.
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Affiliation(s)
- A B Clode
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA.
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Lee P, Mori A, Coradini M, Mori N, Sagara F, Yamamoto I, Rand JS, Arai T. Potential predictive biomarkers of obesity in Burmese cats. Vet J 2012; 195:221-7. [PMID: 22840209 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2012.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2011] [Revised: 06/19/2012] [Accepted: 06/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Australian Burmese cats are predisposed to diabetes mellitus and, compared to other breeds, have delayed triglyceride clearance that may result in subtle changes within cells and tissues that trigger specific alterations in gene expression within peripheral blood leucocytes (PBLs). Expression of genes involved in energy metabolism (glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and malate dehydrogenase), lipogenesis (ATP citrate lyase [ACL], fatty acid synthase [FAS] and sterol regulatory binding protein-1c [SREBP-1c]), and insulin signalling (insulin receptor substrates 1 and 2, and phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase), as well as cholesterol lipoprotein subfraction profiling were carried out on PBLs from lean Burmese cats and compared with similar profiles of age and gender matched lean and obese Australian domestic shorthaired cats (DSHs) in an attempt to identify possible biomarkers for assessing obesity. For the majority of the genes examined, the lean Burmese cats demonstrated similar PBL gene expression patterns as age and gender matched obese Australian DSH cats. Lean Burmese had increased expression of ACL and FAS, but not SREBP-1c, a main upstream regulator of lipid synthesis, suggesting possible aberrations in lipogenesis. Moreover, lean Burmese displayed a 3- to 4-fold increase in the very low density cholesterol fraction percentage, which was double that for obese DSH cats, indicating an increased degree of lipid dysregulation especially in relation to triglycerides. The findings suggest that Burmese cats may have a particular propensity for dysregulation in lipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Lee
- Department of Veterinary Science, School of Veterinary Medicine, 1-7-1 Kyonancho, Musashino, Tokyo 180-8602, Japan.
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Butterwick RF, Salt C, Watson TDG. Effects of increases in dietary fat intake on plasma lipid and lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations and associated enzyme activities in cats. Am J Vet Res 2012; 73:62-7. [PMID: 22204289 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.73.1.62] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the effects of increases in dietary intake of polyunsaturated and saturated fatty acids on plasma lipid and lipoprotein concentrations and activity of associated enzymes in healthy domestic cats. ANIMALS 16 healthy adult sexually intact female cats. PROCEDURES A baseline diet (40% energy from fat) and 4 test diets, with increased amounts of fat (51% and 66% energy from fat) from the addition of polyunsaturated and saturated fatty acids, were fed for 6 weeks each. Plasma cholesterol, triglyceride, and lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations, along with activities of lipoprotein lipase, hepatic lipase, and lecithin-cholesterol acyl transferase, were measured at the end of each feeding period. RESULTS Diet, amount of fat, or ratio of polyunsaturated to saturated fatty acids had no effect on plasma concentrations of cholesterol, triglycerides, and very-low-density or high-density lipoproteins or the activity of lecithin-cholesterol acyl transferase. Low-density lipoprotein concentrations were significantly lower in cats fed a high-fat diet containing polyunsaturated fatty acids. Lipoprotein concentration and hepatic lipase activity were significantly higher in cats fed the fat-supplemented diets, and this was unrelated to whether diets were enriched with polyunsaturated or saturated fatty acids. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Diets containing up to 66% of energy from fat were tolerated well by healthy cats and did not affect plasma lipid concentrations. Therefore, high-fat diets probably will not contribute to hypercholesterolemia or hypertriglyceridemia in cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard F Butterwick
- WALTHAM Centre for Pet Nutrition, Melton Mowbray, Leicestershire LE14 4RT, England
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Clinical and pathological features of a non-crystalline form of Schnyder corneal dystrophy. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2012; 250:1241-3. [DOI: 10.1007/s00417-012-1975-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2011] [Revised: 02/10/2012] [Accepted: 02/18/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
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Ang M, Wong W, Park J, Wu R, Lavanya R, Zheng Y, Cajucom-Uy H, Tai ES, Wong TY. Corneal arcus is a sign of cardiovascular disease, even in low-risk persons. Am J Ophthalmol 2011; 152:864-71.e1. [PMID: 21742308 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2011.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2010] [Revised: 04/02/2011] [Accepted: 04/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To examine the association of corneal arcus to cardiovascular disease (CVD) in an adult, ethnic Indian population. DESIGN Population-based cross-sectional study. METHODS Population-based study of ethnic South Asian Indians 40 to 80 years of age in Singapore from June 2007 through March 2009. We obtained a 75.5% response rate (3397/4497). All participants underwent standardized interview and systemic and ocular examinations, followed by nonfasting blood sampling. Corneal arcus was detected using a standardized slit-lamp examination. The main outcome measure was CVD, defined from a self-reported history of previous myocardial infarction, angina, or stroke. RESULTS Corneal arcus, found in 1701 (50.1%) of 3397 participants, was associated with older age (odds ratio [OR], 3.07; 95% CI, 2.78 to 3.40; P < .001), male gender (OR, 2.17; 95% CI, 1.81 to 2.62; P < .001), higher levels of total cholesterol (OR, 1.14; 95% CI, 1.05 to 1.24; P = .002), hypertension (OR, 1.14; 95% CI, 1.05 to 1.24; P = .013), and cigarette smoking (OR, 1.59; 95% CI, 1.25 to 2.03; P < .001). Corneal arcus was associated with CVD (OR, 1.31; 95% CI, 1.02 to 1.7; P = .0038) independent of the above-named cardiovascular risk factors. Participants with low-risk Framingham scores were more likely to be associated with CVD if they had corneal arcus (men: OR, 2.02; 95% CI, 1.20 to 3.40; P = .008; women: OR, 2.78; 95% CI, 1.36 to 3.01; P < .001). Corneal arcus was associated with CVD independent of the Framingham score (men: Akaike information criterion, 1524.39 for Framingham Score and corneal arcus vs 1527.38 for Framingham Score alone; women: 1000.14 vs 1003.54, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Corneal arcus is associated with CVD, independent of risk factors in ethnic Indian adults, even in those at low risk for vascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Ang
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
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Subconjunctival injection of bevacizumab in the treatment of corneal neovascularization associated with lipid deposition. Cornea 2011; 30:60-6. [PMID: 20847676 DOI: 10.1097/ico.0b013e3181e458c5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine the effects on corneal neovascularization (NV) and lipid deposition after subconjunctival injection of bevacizumab in patients who had NV associated with lipid keratopathy. METHODS A case interventional study enrolled 18 patients (18 eyes) with lipid keratopathy. We gave monthly subconjunctival injections of bevacizumab from 3 to 10 times during the follow-up period according to the clinical response. We evaluated the centricity, extent, and percentage of involved corneal surface (PICS) of the corneal NV; the density and PICS of the corneal lipid deposition; and best-corrected visual acuity before and after treatment. We analyzed the treatment effects using Wilcoxon and Student t tests. RESULTS After the treatment, the change in best-corrected visual acuity was less than 2 lines. The extent, centricity, and PICS of the corneal NV and the density and PICS of the corneal lipid deposition decreased significantly after treatment (P = 0.014/0.002/0.001 and 0.001/<0.001, respectively). No eyes had side effects. CONCLUSIONS The effects of subconjunctival injection of bevacizumab in treating corneal NV associated with lipid deposition were significant in some patients.
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Dwivedi S, Jhamb R. Cutaneous markers of coronary artery disease. World J Cardiol 2010; 2:262-9. [PMID: 21160602 PMCID: PMC2998827 DOI: 10.4330/wjc.v2.i9.262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2010] [Revised: 08/20/2010] [Accepted: 08/27/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronary artery disease (CAD) is rapidly increasing in prevalence across the world and particularly in south Asians at a relatively younger age. As atherosclerosis starts in early childhood, the process of risk evaluation must start quite early. The present review addresses the issue of cutaneous markers associated with atherosclerosis, and the strengths and weaknesses of the markers in identifying early coronary atherosclerosis. A diligent search for such clinical markers, namely xanthelasma, xanthoma, arcus juvenilis, acanthosis nigricans, skin tags, ear lobe crease, nicotine stains, premature graying in smokers, hyperpigmented hands in betel quid sellers, central obesity, and signs of peripheral vascular disease may prove to be a rewarding exercise in identifying asymptomatic CAD in high risk individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shridhar Dwivedi
- Shridhar Dwivedi, Rajat Jhamb, Department of Medicine/Preventive Cardiology, University College of Medical Sciences, University of Delhi and G.T.B. Hospital, Delhi 110095, India
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He J, Bazan NG, Bazan HEP. Mapping the entire human corneal nerve architecture. Exp Eye Res 2010; 91:513-23. [PMID: 20650270 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2010.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2010] [Revised: 07/06/2010] [Accepted: 07/13/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We developed an approach to generate a three-dimensional map that facilitates the assessment of epithelial nerve density in different corneal areas to define aging and gender influence on human corneal nerve architecture. Twenty-eight fresh human eyes from 14 donors of different ages were studied. Corneal nerves were stained and consecutive images acquired with a fluorescence microscope, recorded at the same plane, and merged for viewing the complete epithelial and stromal nerve architecture. After whole mount examination, the same cornea was also used for transection. Stromal nerves entered the cornea in a radial pattern, subsequently dividing into smaller branches. Some branches connected at the center of the stroma, but most penetrated upward into the epithelium. No differences were observed between nerve densities in the four corneal quadrants. Epithelial innervation in the limbal and most of the peripheral area was supplied by a superficial network surrounding the limbal area. Central epithelial nerves were supplied by branches of the stromal nerve network. Epithelial nerve density and terminal numbers were higher in the center of the cornea, rather than the periphery. There were no differences in epithelial nerve density between genders, but there was a progressive nerve density reduction concomitant with aging, mainly in eye samples of donors 70-years of age and older. The modified technique of tissue preparation used for this study allowed for observation of new nerve structure features and, for the first time, provided a complete view of the human corneal nerve architecture. Our study reveals that aging decreases the number of central epithelial nerve terminals, and increases the presence of irregular anomalies beneath the basal layer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiucheng He
- Neuroscience Center of Excellence and Department of Ophthalmology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
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Kenchegowda S, Bazan HEP. Significance of lipid mediators in corneal injury and repair. J Lipid Res 2010; 51:879-91. [PMID: 19965607 PMCID: PMC2853455 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.r001347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2009] [Revised: 11/03/2009] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Corneal injury induces an inflammatory reaction and damages the sensory nerves that exert trophic influences in the corneal epithelium. Alterations in normal healing disrupt the integrity and function of the tissue with undesirable consequences, ranging from dry eye and loss of transparency to ulceration and perforation. Lipids play important roles in this complex process. Whereas lipid mediators such as platelet activating factor (PAF) and cyclooxygenease-2 metabolites contribute to tissue damage and neovascularization, other mediators, such as the lipoxygenase (LOX) derivatives from arachidonic acid, 12- and 15-hydroxy/hydroperoxyeicosatetraenoic acids, and lipoxin A4, act as second messengers for epidermal growth factor to promote proliferation and repair. Stimulation of the cornea with pigment epithelial derived factor in the presence of docosahexaenoic acid gives rise to the synthesis of neuroprotectin D1, a derivative of LOX activity, and increases regeneration of corneal nerves. More knowledge about the role that lipids play in corneal wound healing can provide insight into the development of new therapeutic approaches for treating corneal injuries. PAF antagonists, lipoxins, and neuroprotectins can be effective therapeutic tools for maintaining the integrity of the cornea.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Haydee E. P. Bazan
- Neuroscience Center of Excellence and Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112
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Ledbetter EC, Kice NC, Matusow RB, Dubovi EJ, Kim SG. The effect of topical ocular corticosteroid administration in dogs with experimentally induced latent canine herpesvirus-1 infection. Exp Eye Res 2010; 90:711-7. [PMID: 20223234 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2010.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2009] [Revised: 01/07/2010] [Accepted: 03/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Recurrent herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1) ocular infection is a frequent cause of morbidity and blindness. Factors that trigger viral reactivation are poorly understood and the role of topical ocular corticosteroid administration in the development of recurrent HSV-1 ocular disease is not clear. Clinical reports and epidemiological studies suggested topical corticosteroids may reactivate latent HSV-1 and result in recrudescent ocular disease; however, experimental studies to establish this causal relationship produced inconsistent results. The previous experimental studies were performed by infecting unnatural host species with HSV-1 and aspects of viral behavior and reactivation within these animals may differ from the host for which the virus is adapted. The purpose of the study reported here was to determine if topical ocular corticosteroid administration results in viral reactivation and recrudescent ocular disease in a host-adapted pathogen animal model of HSV-1 recurrent ocular disease. Canine herpesvirus-1 (CHV-1) is a corticosteroid-sensitive alphaherpesvirus that is biologically related to HSV-1 and induces similar ocular lesions in canids during recurrent infection. A randomized, masked, placebo-controlled, crossover study was performed. Primary ocular CHV-1 infection was experimentally induced in mature specific pathogen-free beagles by topical ocular inoculation and the presence of reactivatable latency was later confirmed by administration of an immunosuppressive dosage of systemic corticosteroid to the dogs. Twelve months following experimental CHV-1 reactivation, dogs were administered either topical ocular prednisolone acetate (1.0% ophthalmic suspension, one drop in both eyes, four times daily) or placebo (artificial tear solution, one drop in both eyes, four times daily) for 28 days. After a 14 day washout period, the treatment groups were reversed and study agents administered for an additional 28 days. Ophthalmic examinations, in vivo ocular confocal microscopy, real-time quantitative CHV-1 polymerase chain reaction assays, and CHV-1 serum neutralization antibody titers were performed at regular intervals throughout the study. Viral reactivation was not detected in dogs administered topical ocular prednisolone or placebo as determined by clinical ocular disease recrudescence, in vivo ocular confocal microscopic findings, ocular viral shedding, and serologic response. Similar to other animal models of recurrent HSV-1 ocular infection, the behavior of latent CHV-1 in dogs may differ from HSV-1 in humans; however, results of the present study suggest administration of topical ocular prednisolone at the evaluated drug concentration, dosing frequency, and treatment duration is not likely to result in detectable reactivation of latent CHV-1 in experimentally infected dogs. This may be attributed to insufficient systemic absorption of locally administered corticosteroid to reactivate latent virus and produce recurrent disease. Crystalline corneal opacities that were apparently not associated with viral reactivation were detected by clinical examination and in vivo confocal microscopy in two dogs during topical ocular prednisolone administration. The crystalline keratopathy may have resulted from corneal degeneration associated with metaherpetic disease, corticosteroid administration, or a combination of both factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric C Ledbetter
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
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Curcio CA, Johnson M, Huang JD, Rudolf M. Aging, age-related macular degeneration, and the response-to-retention of apolipoprotein B-containing lipoproteins. Prog Retin Eye Res 2009; 28:393-422. [PMID: 19698799 PMCID: PMC4319375 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2009.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The largest risk factor for age-related macular degeneration (ARMD) is advanced age. A prominent age-related change in the human retina is the accumulation of histochemically detectable neutral lipid in normal Bruch's membrane (BrM) throughout adulthood. This change has the potential to have a major impact on physiology of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). It occurs in the same compartment as drusen and basal linear deposit, the pathognomonic extracellular, lipid-containing lesions of ARMD. Here we present evidence from light microscopic histochemistry, ultrastructure, lipid profiling of tissues and isolated lipoproteins, and gene expression analysis that this deposition can be accounted for by esterified cholesterol-rich, apolipoprotein B-containing lipoprotein particles constitutively produced by the RPE. This work collectively allows ARMD lesion formation and its aftermath to be conceptualized as a response to the retention of a sub-endothelial apolipoprotein B lipoprotein, similar to a widely accepted model of atherosclerotic coronary artery disease (CAD) (Tabas et al., 2007). This approach provides a wide knowledge base and sophisticated clinical armamentarium that can be readily exploited for the development of new model systems and the future benefit of ARMD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine A Curcio
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Alabama School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL 35294-0009, USA.
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Kluger EK, Hardman C, Govendir M, Baral RM, Sullivan DR, Snow D, Malik R. Triglyceride response following an oral fat tolerance test in Burmese cats, other pedigree cats and domestic crossbred cats. J Feline Med Surg 2009; 11:82-90. [PMID: 18667349 PMCID: PMC10832793 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfms.2008.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/12/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Primary lipid disorders causing fasting triglyceridaemia have been documented infrequently in Burmese cats. Due to the known increased risk of diabetes mellitus and sporadic reports of lipid aqueous in this breed, the aim of this study was to determine whether healthy Burmese cats displayed a more pronounced pre- or post-prandial triglyceridaemia compared to other cats. Serum triglyceride (TG) concentrations were determined at baseline and variably at 2, 4 and 6h after ingestion of a high-fat meal (ie, an oral fat tolerance test) in a representative sample of Burmese and non-Burmese cats. The median 4 and 6h serum TG concentrations were significantly higher in Burmese cats (4h - 2.8mmol/l; 6h - 8.2mmol/l) than in other pedigree and domestic crossbred cats (4h - 1.5mmol/l; 6h - 1.0mmol/l). The non-Burmese group had post-prandial TG concentrations ranging from 0.6 to 3.9mmol/l. Seven Burmese cats had post-prandial TG concentrations between 6.6 and 19.0mmol/l, five had concentrations between 4.2 and 4.7mmol/l, while the remaining 15 had post-prandial concentrations between 0.5 and 2.8mmol/l. None of these Burmese cats had fasting triglyceridaemia. Most Burmese cats with a 4 h TG > 6.0 mmol/l had elevated fasting very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) concentrations. This study demonstrates that a proportion of Burmese cats in Australia have delayed TG clearance compared to other cats. The potential repercussions of this observation with reference to lipid aqueous, pancreatitis and diabetes mellitus in Burmese cats are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elissa K Kluger
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
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