1
|
Circulating Vimentin Over-Expression in Patients with Oral Sub Mucosal Fibrosis and Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Indian J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2022; 74:510-515. [PMID: 35036351 PMCID: PMC8747874 DOI: 10.1007/s12070-021-03018-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is one of the most common (90%) types of oral carcinomas in the world. It is the 2nd most common and 3rd deadliest cancer in India. The lack of early detection marker is one of the major causes of worst prognosis. The vimentin belongs to intermediate filament family proteins which plays significant role in maintaining cellular integrity. Over-expression of vimentin has been widely reported in many epithelial cancers however the information regarding its prevalence in the oral cancers still needs further scientific intervention. The expression level of circulating vimentin protein in serum samples (n = 30) of oral submucous fibrosis (OSMF), OSCC patients and healthy controls were measured by performing ELISA. The serum level of vimentin was significantly higher in OSMF (p < 0.01) and OSCC (p < 0.003) patients as compared to healthy subjects. The circulating vimentin levels showed a gradual increase with increasing disease status (normal < OSMF < OSCC). Circulatory levels of vimentin may ba useful indicator of disease progression and as a suitable target for therapeutic intervention of oral submucous fibrosis and oral carcinoma.
Collapse
|
2
|
Chen J, Li W, Liu B, Xie X. Low LINC02147 expression promotes the malignant progression of oral submucous fibrosis. BMC Oral Health 2022; 22:316. [PMID: 35906577 PMCID: PMC9338683 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-022-02346-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Key lncRNAs associated with the malignant progression of oral submucous fibrosis (OSF) to oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) were identified. METHODS Key lncRNAs with sequential changes from normal oral mucosa (NOM) to OSF to OSCC were identified based on the GEO database. Kaplan-Meier analysis was used to screen lncRNAs related to OSCC prognosis. Cox regression analysis was used to validate the independent prognostic value. qPCR was used to confirm the expression of the candidate lncRNAs. Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA), nucleocytoplasmic separation assay, fluorescence in situ hybridization, RNA knockdown, western blot, and cell viability assay were performed to investigate the biological functions of the candidate lncRNA. A nomogram was constructed to quantitatively predict OSCC prognosis based on TCGA. RESULTS Bioinformatics methods indicated that LINC02147 was sequentially downregulated from NOM to OSF to OSCC, as confirmed by clinical tissues and cells. Meanwhile, low LINC02147 expression, as an independent prognostic factor, predicted a poor prognosis for OSCC. GSEA and in vitro studies suggested that low LINC02147 expression promoted OSF malignant progression by promoting cell proliferation and differentiation. A LINC02147 signature-based nomogram successfully quantified each indicator's contribution to the overall survival of OSCC. CONCLUSIONS Low LINC02147 expression promoted OSF malignant progression and predicted poor OSCC prognosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Chen
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Oral Health Research & Hunan 3D, Printing Engineering Research Center of Oral Care and Hunan Clinical Research Center of Oral Major Diseases and Oral Health and Xiangya Stomatological Hospital and Xiangya School of Stomatology, Central South University, 72 Xiangya Road, Kaifu District, Changsha, 410008, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenjie Li
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Oral Health Research & Hunan 3D, Printing Engineering Research Center of Oral Care and Hunan Clinical Research Center of Oral Major Diseases and Oral Health and Xiangya Stomatological Hospital and Xiangya School of Stomatology, Central South University, 72 Xiangya Road, Kaifu District, Changsha, 410008, People's Republic of China. .,State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, People's Republic of China. .,Department of Oral Health Science, School of Dentistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA.
| | - Binjie Liu
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Oral Health Research & Hunan 3D, Printing Engineering Research Center of Oral Care and Hunan Clinical Research Center of Oral Major Diseases and Oral Health and Xiangya Stomatological Hospital and Xiangya School of Stomatology, Central South University, 72 Xiangya Road, Kaifu District, Changsha, 410008, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiaoli Xie
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Oral Health Research & Hunan 3D, Printing Engineering Research Center of Oral Care and Hunan Clinical Research Center of Oral Major Diseases and Oral Health and Xiangya Stomatological Hospital and Xiangya School of Stomatology, Central South University, 72 Xiangya Road, Kaifu District, Changsha, 410008, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zhang B, Gao L, Shao C, Deng M, Chen L. Arecoline Enhances Phosphodiesterase 4A Activity to Promote Transforming Growth Factor-β-Induced Buccal Mucosal Fibroblast Activation via cAMP-Epac1 Signaling Pathway. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:722040. [PMID: 34819854 PMCID: PMC8606562 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.722040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chewing areca nut (betel quid) is strongly associated with oral submucous fibrosis (OSF), a pre-cancerous lesion. Among the areca alkaloids, arecoline is the main agent responsible for fibroblast proliferation; however, the specific molecular mechanism of arecoline affecting the OSF remains unclear. The present study revealed that arecoline treatment significantly enhanced Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β)-induced buccal mucosal fibroblast (BMF) activation and fibrotic changes. Arecoline interacts with phosphodiesterase 4A (PDE4A) to exert its effects through modulating PDE4A activity but not PDE4A expression. PDE4A silence reversed the effects of arecoline on TGF-β-induced BMFs activation and fibrotic changes. Moreover, the exchange protein directly activated by cAMP 1 (Epac1)-selective Cyclic adenosine 3′,5′-monophosphate (cAMP) analog (8-Me-cAMP) but not the protein kinase A (PKA)-selective cAMP analog (N6-cAMP) remarkably suppressed α-smooth muscle actin(α-SMA) and Collagen Type I Alpha 1 Chain (Col1A1) protein levels in response to TGF-β1 and arecoline co-treatment, indicating that cAMP-Epac1 but not cAMP-PKA signaling is involved in arecoline functions on TGF-β1-induced BMFs activation. In conclusion, arecoline promotes TGF-β1-induced BMFs activation through enhancing PDE4A activity and the cAMP-Epac1 signaling pathway during OSF. This novel mechanism might provide more powerful strategies for OSF treatment, requiring further in vivo and clinical investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bo Zhang
- Department of Stomatology, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Lihua Gao
- Department of Dermatology, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Chunsheng Shao
- Department of Stomatology, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Mingsi Deng
- Department of Orthodontics, Changsha Stomatological Hospital, Changsha, China
| | - Liangjian Chen
- Department of Stomatology, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Wang J, Yang L, You J, Wen D, Yang B, Jiang C. Platelet-Derived Growth Factor Regulates the Biological Behavior of Oral Mucosal Fibroblasts by Inducing Cell Autophagy and Its Mechanism. J Inflamm Res 2021; 14:3405-3417. [PMID: 34305405 PMCID: PMC8297405 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s313910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To explore the effect of platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) on oral mucosal fibroblast autophagy and further elucidate the molecular mechanism by which PDGF-BB regulates the biological behavior of oral mucosal fibroblasts by inducing autophagy. Methods Primary oral mucosal fibroblasts were isolated and cultured by the tissue block and trypsin methods and identified by indirect immunofluorescence vimentin detection. We detected the autophagy marker Beclin-1 and fibrosis marker Col-I of the primary oral mucosal fibroblasts at different time points after stimulating the fibroblasts with different PDGF-BB concentrations by Western blotting and determined the best experimental concentration and stimulation time of PDGF-BB. Then, indirect immunofluorescence, Western blotting, and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) were used to detect the effect of PDGF-BB on the expression of autophagy-related and fibrotic proteins before and after 3-methyladenine (3-MA) intervention. Additionally, the effect of 3-MA on the proliferation and migration of primary oral mucosal fibroblasts stimulated by PDGF-BB was detected by the MTT method and a scratch experiment. The effect of PDGF-BB on Beclin-1 and phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase class 3 (PI3KC3) interaction was detected by co-immunoprecipitation. Results The results demonstrated that PDGF-BB could induce autophagy of the oral mucosal fibroblasts, showing a certain time and dose correlation. It induced cell autophagy through Beclin-1 and PI3KC3 interaction to promote the proliferation, migration, conversion, and collagen synthesis of the fibroblasts. However, 3-MA inhibited the combination of Beclin-1 and PI3KC3 and weakened the fibroblasts' proliferation, migration, conversion, and collagen synthesis activities. Conclusion Overall, PDGF-BB induces autophagy through the Beclin-1 pathway to regulate the biological behavior of oral mucosal fibroblasts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Wang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, People's Republic of China.,Department of Immunology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, People's Republic of China
| | - Lina Yang
- Department of Immunology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, People's Republic of China
| | - Jialing You
- Department of Immunology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, People's Republic of China
| | - Dada Wen
- Department of Immunology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Yang
- Department of Immunology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, People's Republic of China
| | - Canhua Jiang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Das A, Giri S. A Review on Role of Arecoline and Its Metabolites in the Molecular Pathogenesis of Oral Lesions with an Insight into Current Status of Its Metabolomics. Prague Med Rep 2020; 121:209-235. [PMID: 33270010 DOI: 10.14712/23362936.2020.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Areca nut consumption is a popular habit in Southeast Asian countries. One of the important biologically active alkaloids of areca nut is arecoline, which plays a role in mediating the development of several pathologies of the primary exposure site, the oral cavity. Studies on the metabolism of arecoline revealed the formation of several metabolites which themselves might be toxic. Moreover, polymorphisms in genes encoding enzymes involved in the metabolism of arecoline might predispose an organism towards the development of oral cancer. The present review tries to accumulate all the relevant existing literature and then elucidate the molecular mechanism by which arecoline plays a role in the development of oral submucous fibrosis and oral cancer. Existing information regarding arecoline metabolism, enzymes involved in the metabolic process and biological effects of the metabolites of arecoline have also been compiled and compared to study the toxicity of metabolites with its parent compound arecoline and whether they play any role in the pathogenesis of oral cancer mediated by areca nut consumption. A repertoire of molecular targets has come up in the discussion whose expression profile is perturbed by arecoline. Construction of induction cascade from existing literature has given an idea about the process of molecular pathogenesis. The summarized and analysed data can help to determine the molecular mechanism and drug targets, which in turn could be helpful in the prevention or treatment of these pathological conditions. It also brings into light areas where further research needs to be directed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aparajita Das
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cell Biology, Department of Life Science and Bioinformatics, Assam University, Silchar, India
| | - Sarbani Giri
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cell Biology, Department of Life Science and Bioinformatics, Assam University, Silchar, India.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Wadhwan V, Venkatesh A, Reddy V, Malik S. The role of myofibroblasts in the progression of oral submucous fibrosis: A systematic review. J Oral Maxillofac Pathol 2019; 23:257-266. [PMID: 31516233 PMCID: PMC6714277 DOI: 10.4103/jomfp.jomfp_238_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral Submucous Fibrosis (OSMF) is a chronic progressive scarring oral disease predominantly affecting people of South Asian origin. It is characterized by juxtaepithelial inflammatory cell infiltration followed by fibrosis in the lamina propria and submucosa of the oral mucosa. The pathogenesis of the disease is not well established and a number of mechanisms have been proposed regarding the pathogenesis. A renewed interest has been shown in myofibrobasts which have been implicated to play a significant role in the pathogenesis of OSMF. The myofibroblast were initially identified by means of electron microscopy in granulation tissue of healing wounds as a modulated fibroblast exhibiting features of smooth muscle cells, with prominent bundles of microfilaments, dense bodies scattered in between, and gap junctions. The presence of myofibroblasts has successively been described in practically all fibrotic situations characterized by tissue retraction and remodeling. This review paper is an attempt to identify all the studies involving myofibroblasts and explaining the pathogenesis in a simplified manner.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vijay Wadhwan
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology and Oral Microbiology, Subharti Dental College, Swami Vivekanand Subharti University, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Arvind Venkatesh
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology and Oral Microbiology, Smile Square Multispecialty Dental Centre, Karur, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Vandana Reddy
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology and Oral Microbiology, Subharti Dental College, Swami Vivekanand Subharti University, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sangeeta Malik
- Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Subharti Dental College, Swami Vivekanand Subharti University, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh, India
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Das T, Prodhan C, Patsa S, Ray JG, Chaudhuri K. Identification of over expressed proteins in oral submucous fibrosis by proteomic analysis. J Cell Biochem 2018; 119:4361-4371. [DOI: 10.1002/jcb.26423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tapasi Das
- Molecular Genetics DivisionCSIR‐Indian Institute of Chemical BiologyKolkataIndia
| | - Chandraday Prodhan
- Molecular Genetics DivisionCSIR‐Indian Institute of Chemical BiologyKolkataIndia
| | - Santanu Patsa
- Department of Oral PathologyDr. R Ahmed Dental College and HospitalKolkataIndia
| | - Jay Gopal Ray
- Department of Oral PathologyDr. R Ahmed Dental College and HospitalKolkataIndia
| | - Keya Chaudhuri
- Molecular Genetics DivisionCSIR‐Indian Institute of Chemical BiologyKolkataIndia
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Wang TY, Peng CY, Lee SS, Chou MY, Yu CC, Chang YC. Acquisition cancer stemness, mesenchymal transdifferentiation, and chemoresistance properties by chronic exposure of oral epithelial cells to arecoline. Oncotarget 2018; 7:84072-84081. [PMID: 27557511 PMCID: PMC5356645 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.11432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Accepted: 08/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), one of the most deadliest malignancies in the world, is caused primarily by areca nut chewing in Southeast Asia. The mechanisms by which areca nut participates in OSCC tumorigenesis are not well understood. In this study, we investigated the effects of low dose long-term arecoline (10 μg/mL, 90-days), a major areca nut alkaloid, on enhancement cancer stemness of human oral epithelial (OE) cells. OE cells with chronic arecoline exposure resulted in increased ALDH1 population, CD44 positivity, stemness-related transcription factors (Oct4, Nanog, and Sox2), epithelial-mesenchymal transdifferentiation (EMT) traits, chemoresistance, migration/invasiveness/anchorage independent growth and in vivo tumor growth as compared to their untreated controls. Mechanistically, ectopic miR-145 over-expression in chronic arecoline-exposed OE (AOE) cells inhibited the cancer stemness and xenografic. In AOE cells, luciferase reporter assays further revealed that miR-145 directly targets the 3′ UTR regions of Oct4 and Sox2 and overexpression of Sox2/Oct4 effectively reversed miR-145-regulated cancer stemness-associated phenomenas. Additionally, clinical results further revealed that Sox2 and Oct4 expression was inversely correlated with miR-145 in the tissues of areca quid chewing-associated OSCC patients. This study hence attempts to provide novel insight into areca nut-induced oral carcinogenesis and new intervention for the treatment of OSCC patients, especially in areca nut users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tung Yuan Wang
- School of Dentistry, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Yu Peng
- School of Dentistry, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Dentistry, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Shiuan-Shinn Lee
- School of Public Health, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Yung Chou
- School of Dentistry, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Dentistry, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.,Institute of Oral Sciences, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Chia Yu
- School of Dentistry, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Dentistry, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.,Institute of Oral Sciences, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chao Chang
- School of Dentistry, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Dentistry, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Venkatesh D, Puranik RS, Vanaki SS, Puranik SR. Study of salivary arecoline in areca nut chewers. J Oral Maxillofac Pathol 2018; 22:446. [PMID: 30651702 PMCID: PMC6306580 DOI: 10.4103/jomfp.jomfp_143_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims: Arecoline, a predominant alkaloid present in arecanut, has been implicated in the pathogenesis of several oral diseases because of its mutagenic and carcinogenic potential. The response of cultured cells to arecoline is highly dependent on its concentration; arecoline stimulates cultured cells above 0.1 μg/ml and is cytotoxic above 10 μg/ ml. Although this alkaloid seems important for areca nut induced oral diseases and carcinogenesis, little is known of the levels achieved before, during and after chewing. Also, it is prudent to understand its effects in arecanut chewers for a comprehensive understanding of its pathogenesis. Accordingly, the present study quantified the salivary arecoline levels in arecanut chewers. Materials and Methods: The study participants were divided into Study Group A & B and Control Group C; unstimulated whole saliva was collected by spitting method for a period of 5 min. Then, participants in Group A and C chewed 0.5 g of areca nut without any other additives while in Group B were asked to chew 0.5 g of inert rubber base impression material. Stimulated whole saliva from all three groups was collected into graduated tubes during chewing at time intervals of 1, 3, 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 min. Then, all participants were asked to remove nut particles or inert rubber base material from the mouth, and saliva samples were collected further up to 20 min, changing tubes at 5 min interval. Salivary arecoline was quantitated by HPLC-MS. The tabulation and descriptive statistics of the study were carried out. Results: In the present study, baseline levels of arecoline were zero in all three groups, whereas mean salivary arecoline levels during chewing were 76.93 ng/ml, 129.83 ng/ml and 64.83 ng/ml and after chewing were 196.17 ng/ml, 321.12 ng/ml and 43.75 ng/ml in Groups A, B and Control respectively, which were significantly higher than reported threshold levels. Conclusions: The data from this study reveals that a significant amount of arecoline would be trapped in oral cavity, or being re-circulated between blood and saliva might have resulted in surprisingly high levels of arecoline even 10 mins after chewing in both groups after which the levels started declining. The higher levels of salivary arecoline achieved during and after chewing are enough to cause cytotoxic and genotoxic effects on oral tissues over a period of time in chronic chewers. The great differences in salivary arecoline levels achieved during chewing, may contribute to the variable response to areca nut seen in communities where this habit is widespread. Areca nut users have persistent background salivary arecoline levels long after chewing, whereas concentrations achieved are highly variable and consistent with a role in oral pre-malignancy and malignancy..
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Deepak Venkatesh
- Department of Dentistry, ESIC Medical College and Hospital, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - R S Puranik
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, PMNM Dental College and Hospital, Bagalkot, Karnataka, India
| | - S S Vanaki
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, PMNM Dental College and Hospital, Bagalkot, Karnataka, India
| | - Surekha R Puranik
- Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, PMNM Dental College and Hospital, Bagalkot, Karnataka, India
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Zheng L, Guan ZJ, Pan WT, Du TF, Zhai YJ, Guo J. Tanshinone Suppresses Arecoline-Induced Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition in Oral Submucous Fibrosis by Epigenetically Reactivating the p53 Pathway. Oncol Res 2017; 26:483-494. [PMID: 28550687 PMCID: PMC7844836 DOI: 10.3727/096504017x14941825760362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Oral submucous fibrosis (OSF) induced by chewing of the areca nut has been considered to be a precancerous lesion with a high probability of developing oral squamous cell carcinoma. Tanshinone (TSN) is the main component extracted from Salvia miltiorrhiza, a traditional Chinese medicine, which was found to have diverse pharmacological effects, such as anti-inflammatory and antitumor. In the current study, we aimed to identify the inhibitory effects and the underlying mechanism of TSN on OSF progress. We found that treatment with TSN inhibited the arecoline-mediated proliferation of primary human oral mucosal fibroblasts and reversed the promotive effects of arecoline on the EMT process. By RNA deep sequencing, we screened two possible targets for TSN: LSD1 and p53. We confirmed that p53 is much lower in OSF than in normal mucous tissues. In addition, p53 and its downstream molecules were decreased by arecoline treatment in oral mucosal fibroblasts, which was reversed by treatment with TSN in a dose-dependent manner. Our results also revealed that arecoline stimulation resulted in hypermethylation of the promoter of TP53 and subsequent downregulation of p53 levels, which was reversed by TSN. Furthermore, we identified that LSD1 could epigenetically activate TP53 by recruiting H3K27me1 and H3K4m2 to its promoter. Our findings provide new insights into the mechanism by which TSN influences arecoline-induced OSF and rationale for the development of clinical intervention strategies for OSF and even oral squamous cell carcinoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lian Zheng
- Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouP.R. China
| | - Zhen-Jie Guan
- Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouP.R. China
| | - Wen-Ting Pan
- Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouP.R. China
| | - Tian-Feng Du
- Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouP.R. China
| | - Yu-Jia Zhai
- Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouP.R. China
| | - Jia Guo
- Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouP.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Yu CC, Yu CH, Chang YC. Aberrant SSEA-4 upregulation mediates myofibroblast activity to promote pre-cancerous oral submucous fibrosis. Sci Rep 2016; 6:37004. [PMID: 27845370 PMCID: PMC5109465 DOI: 10.1038/srep37004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Oral submucous fibrosis (OSF), regarded as a precancerous condition, is characterized by juxta-epithelial inflammatory reaction followed by fibro-elastic change in the lamina properia and epithelial atrophy. The pathologic mechanisms of OSF still need to be further clarified. In the study, we investigated the functional expression of SSEA-4, which is a well-known stemness marker, in myofibroblast activity and the clinical significance in OSF tissues. The expression of SSEA-4 in OSF was evaluated by immunohistochemical staining. Functional analysis of SSEA-4 on myofibroblast activity of OSF was achieved by lentiviral silencing ST3GAL2. Immunohisitochemistry demonstrated that SSEA-4 expression was significantly higher expression in areca quid chewing-associated OSF tissues than those of normal oral mucosa tissues. From flow cytometry analysis, arecoline dose-dependently activated SSEA-4 expression in primary human normal buccal mucosal fibroblasts (BMFs). Sorted SSEA-4-positive cells from fibrotic BMFs (fBMFs) have higher colony-forming unit, collagen gel contraction, and α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) expression than SSEA-4-negative subset. Knockdown of ST3GAL2 in fBMFs suppressed SSEA-4 expression, collagen contraction, migration, invasiveness, and wound healing capability. Consistently, silencing ST3GAL2 was found to repress arecoline-induced myofibroblast activity in BMFs. The study highlights SSEA-4 as a critical marker for therapeutic intervention to mediate myofibroblast transdifferentiation in areca quid chewing-associated OSF.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Chia Yu
- Institute of Oral Sciences, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,School of Dentistry, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Dentistry, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chuan-Hang Yu
- School of Dentistry, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Dentistry, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chao Chang
- School of Dentistry, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Dentistry, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Lee YH, Yang LC, Hu FW, Peng CY, Yu CH, Yu CC. Elevation of Twist expression by arecoline contributes to the pathogenesis of oral submucous fibrosis. J Formos Med Assoc 2015; 115:311-7. [PMID: 26088962 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfma.2015.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2015] [Revised: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 05/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/PURPOSE Oral submucous fibrosis (OSF), a chronic progressive scarring disease, has been considered as a precancerous condition of oral mucosa. In this study, we investigated the functional role of Twist, an epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) transcriptional factor, in myofibroblastic differentiation activity of OSF. METHODS Arecoline, a major areca nut alkaloid, was used to explore whether expression of Twist could be changed dose-dependently in human primary buccal mucosal fibroblasts (BMFs). Collagen gel contraction and migration capability in arecoline-stimulated BMFs and primary oral submucous fibrosis-derived fibroblasts (OSFs) with Twist knockdown was presented. RESULTS We observed that the treatment of arecoline dose-dependently increased Twist expression transcript and protein levels in BMFs. The myofibroblast activity including collagen gel contraction and migration capability also induced by arecoline, while knockdown of Twist reversed these phenomena. Importantly, inhibition of Twist led to the suppression collagen contraction and wound healing capability of primary cultivated OSFs. Clinically, Twist transcript and protein expression was higher in areca quid chewing-associated OSF tissues than in normal oral mucosa tissues. CONCLUSION This evidence suggests that upregulation of Twist might be involved in the pathogenesis of areca quid-associated OSF through dysregulation of myofibroblast activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Hsien Lee
- School of Dentistry, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; Department of Dentistry, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Li-Chiu Yang
- School of Dentistry, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; Department of Dentistry, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Fang-Wei Hu
- School of Dentistry, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; Department of Dentistry, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Yu Peng
- School of Dentistry, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; Department of Dentistry, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chuan-Hang Yu
- School of Dentistry, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; Department of Dentistry, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.
| | - Cheng-Chia Yu
- School of Dentistry, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; Department of Dentistry, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan; Institute of Oral Sciences, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Zheng L, Jian X, Guo F, Li N, Jiang C, Yin P, Min AJ, Huang L. miR-203 inhibits arecoline-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition by regulating secreted frizzled-related protein 4 and transmembrane-4 L six family member 1 in oral submucous fibrosis. Oncol Rep 2015; 33:2753-60. [PMID: 25872484 DOI: 10.3892/or.2015.3909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Oral submucous fibrosis (OSF) is a potentially malignant disease predominantly found in Asian people. The areca nut has been implicated in this disease. Arecoline, one of the areca alkaloids, induces epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-related factors in primary human buccal mucosal fibroblasts. Yet, the mechanisms of the underlying arecoline-induced EMT in OSF remain unknown. In the present study, we aimed to investigate the role of microRNAs (miRNAs) in arecoline-induced EMT in HaCaT cells. We found that miR-203 was significantly downregulated in OSF tissues compared to that in normal buccal mucosa tissues, and that miR-203 negatively regulated secreted frizzled-related protein 4 (SFRP4) and positively regulated transmembrane-4 L six family member 1 (TM4SF1). We observed that upregulation of miR-203 significantly decreased the cell proliferation of HaCaT cells, and significantly upregulated the expression of cytokeratin 19 (CK19) and E-cadherin proteins, whereas it significantly downregulated the expression of N-cadherin and vimentin compared to these levels in the vehicle control cells. Thus, we provide evidence to illustrate that miR-203 plays a role in the pathogenesis of OSF, which may be a target for OSF management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lian Zheng
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| | - Xinchun Jian
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| | - Feng Guo
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| | - Ning Li
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| | - Canhua Jiang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| | - Ping Yin
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| | - An-Jie Min
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| | - Long Huang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Knockdown of S100A4 impairs arecoline-induced invasiveness of oral squamous cell carcinomas. Oral Oncol 2015; 51:690-7. [PMID: 25912158 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2015.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2014] [Revised: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 04/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Metastasis is the most common cause of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC)-related death. The physiological function of S100A4 in the pathogenesis of areca quid chewing-associated OSCC has not been uncovered. METHOD OSCC tissues from areca quid chewers were analyzed by immunohistochemistry for S100A4 expression. The functions of S100A4 in invasiveness of arecoline-treated oral epithelial (OE) cells were determined by loss function approaches. RESULTS Expression of S100A4 was positively correlated with clinical grading and lymph node metastasis of OSCC. Upregulated S100A4 is correlated with poor survival outcome of OSCC patients. Arecoline led to dose-dependent elevation of S100A4 expression in oral epithelial (OE) cells. Down-regulation of S100A4 significantly reversed arecoline-induced oncogenecity in OE cells. The additions of pharmacological agents LY294002, SP600125, and CAY10585 were found to inhibit arecoline-induced S100A4 expression in OE cells. CONCLUSION Arecoline-induced S100A4 expression was down-regulated by LY294002, SP600125, or CAY10585 treatment. Targeting S100A4 might offer a new strategy for the treatment of OSCC patients with metastasis.
Collapse
|
15
|
Lin WT, Shieh TM, Yang LC, Wang TY, Chou MY, Yu CC. Elevated Lin28B expression is correlated with lymph node metastasis in oral squamous cell carcinomas. J Oral Pathol Med 2015; 44:823-30. [PMID: 25726847 DOI: 10.1111/jop.12314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lymph node (LN) metastasis is the most common cause of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC)-related death. Searching the detailed molecular mechanisms involved LN metastasis in OSCC is still an open question. METHODS Paired tissue samples from tumor (T) and adjacent non-cancerous matched tissues (NCMT) parts, as well as LN metastatic lesions in patient with OSCC tissues were subjected to quantitative real-time PCR analysis for the expression levels of Lin28B. Arecoline, a major areca nut alkaloid, was to explore whether expression of Lin28B could be changed dose dependent in oral epithelial cells. Control and Lin28B-knockdown arecoline-stimulated oral epithelial cells were subjected to migration/invasion/anchorage-independent growth assay. RESULTS Compared with NCMT samples from the same OSCC patient, the expression of Lin28B was increased in all of the tumor samples. A similar upregulation of Lin28B was also observed in LN metastatic when compared with local tumors. Arecoline treatment dose dependently induced Lin28B expression in SG and FaDu cells. Lentiviral-mediated silencing Lin28B expression significantly attenuated arecoline-induced oncogenicity including proliferation, migration, invasiveness, and anchorage-independent growth in SG and FaDu cells. CONCLUSIONS Lin28B may be a useful biomarker and novel molecular target for LN metastasis OSCC patients' treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Tung Lin
- Division of Nephrology, Antai Medical Care Cooperation Antai Tian-Sheng Memorial Hospital, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - Tzong-Ming Shieh
- Department of Dental Hygiene, College of Health Care, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Li-Chiu Yang
- School of Dentistry, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Dentistry, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Tung-Yuan Wang
- School of Dentistry, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Yung Chou
- School of Dentistry, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Dentistry, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.,Institute of Oral Sciences, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Chia Yu
- School of Dentistry, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Dentistry, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.,Institute of Oral Sciences, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Tsai CH, Lee SS, Chang YC. Hypoxic regulation of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 expression in human buccal mucosa fibroblasts stimulated with arecoline. J Oral Pathol Med 2014; 44:669-73. [PMID: 25367145 DOI: 10.1111/jop.12284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oral submucous fibrosis (OSF) is regarded as a pre-cancerous condition with fibrosis in oral subepithelial connective tissue. Hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α regulates a wide variety of profibrogenic genes, which are closely associated with tissue fibrosis. The aim of this study was to compare HIF-1α expression in normal buccal mucosa tissues and OSF specimens and further explore the potential mechanisms that may lead to the induction of HIF-1α expression. METHOD Twenty-five OSF specimens and six normal buccal mucosa were examined by immunohistochemistry. The expression of HIF-1α from fibroblasts cultured from OSF and normal buccal mucosa was measured by Western blot. Arecoline, a major areca nut alkaloid, was challenged to normal buccal mucosa fibroblasts (BMFs) to elucidate whether HIF-1α expression could affect by arecoline. In addition, the effects of arecoline on plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI)-1 expression were evaluated in environmental hypoxia. RESULTS HIF-1α expression was significantly higher in OSF specimens and expressed mainly by fibroblasts, epithelial cells, and inflammatory cells. Fibroblasts derived from OSF were found to exhibit higher HIF-1α protein expression than BMFs (P < 0.05). Arecoline was found to upregulate HIF-1α protein in a dose-dependent manner (P < 0.05). Hypoxia increased arecoline-induced PAI-1 protein expression than normoxic conditions (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION These results suggest that HIF-1α expression is significantly upregulated in OSF tissues from areca quid chewers, implying a potential role as a biomarker for local tissue hypoxia. The activation of HIF-1α may promote fibrogenesis by an increase of PAI-1 expression and a subsequent elevation of extracellular matrix production in oral submucosa leading to fibrosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chung-Hung Tsai
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Oral Pathology, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Shiuan-Shinn Lee
- School of Public Health, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chao Chang
- Department of Dentistry, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.,School of Dentistry, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Therapeutic interventions in oral submucous fibrosis: an experimental and clinical study. J Maxillofac Oral Surg 2014; 14:278-90. [PMID: 26028848 DOI: 10.1007/s12663-014-0642-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2013] [Accepted: 06/14/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Oral submucous fibrosis (OSF) is a chronic debilitating disease and premalignant condition of the oral cavity and is a serious public health issue in India and many parts of the world. The treatment is still elusive and empirical because of poorly understood etiopathogenesis, which is believed to be multifactorial including areca nut chewing, ingestion of chillies, genetic and immunologic processes, nutritional deficiencies, and many others. The present investigations was focused to understand the possible therapeutic interventions of anti-OSF agents in arecoline induced experimental in vitro model of OSF and clinical application of these anti-OSF agents in the restoration of various grade of the disease. MATERIALS AND METHODS The 127 subjects were selected from patients who visited the OPD of Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dental Sciences, K.G. Medical University, Lucknow. Further the subjects were divided in two groups on the basis of clinical examination. Group-1 subjects showed presence of fibrosis bands in the labial and/or buccal mucosa, loss of elasticity, difficulty to open the mouth and had a habit chewing areca-nut in some form. Group-2 subjects had no habit of chewing areca-nut, were apparently healthy with no mucosal disorder. The samples were collected and were immediately transported to Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow, for isolation and cultivation of primary cultures of mucosal fibroblast cells. Then isolation and cultivation of oral mucosal fibroblast, identification of non-cytotoxic doses of arecoline, real time PCR, immunocytochemistry, cytokine determination in culture cells, western blot analyses, functional activity of collagenase, lysyl oxidase enzyme activity, collagen beads assay, cyclooxygenase (COX-2) expression analysis was done. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS This study, shows that the reduction of phagocytic cells was strongly related to the arecoline levels in fibroblast culture when we exposed arecoline to normal oral mucosal cells (NOMC) and cells from OSF patient. An enhancement of phagocytic cells was observed following the pre exposure of cells to 1 μM dexamethasone, a glucocorticoids, In this study, histologic evidence is presented which supports the finding that COX-2 expression is upregulated in OSF specimens compared to normal oral submucosal cells. Strong immunostaining for COX-2 was detected in arecoline exposed NOMC and cells from OSF patient. Areca nut extract up-regulates prostaglandin production, cyclooxygenase-2 mRNA and protein expression of human oral keratinocytes. The number of phagocytic cells and phagocytic activity in cultured human oral fibroblasts from OSF site was lower than the fibroblasts from the normal regions of the same person.
Collapse
|
18
|
Chang YC, Tsai CH, Lai YL, Yu CC, Chi WY, Li JJ, Chang WW. Arecoline-induced myofibroblast transdifferentiation from human buccal mucosal fibroblasts is mediated by ZEB1. J Cell Mol Med 2014; 18:698-708. [PMID: 24400868 PMCID: PMC4000120 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.12219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2013] [Accepted: 11/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral submucous fibrosis (OSF) is considered as a pre-cancerous condition of the oral mucosa and is highly associated with habitual areca quid chewing. Arecoline is the major alkaloid in areca quid and is thought to be involved in the pathogenesis of OSF. Our previous studies have demonstrated that arecoline could induce epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT)-related factors in primary human buccal mucosal fibroblasts (BMFs). Therefore, we investigated the expression of zinc finger E-box binding homeobox 1 (ZEB1), which is a well-known transcriptional factor in EMT, in OSF tissues and its role in arecoline-induced myofibroblast transdifferentiation from BMFs. The expression of ZEB1, as well as the myofibroblast marker α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), was significantly increased in OSF tissues, respectively. With immunofluorescence analysis, arecoline induced the formation of α-SMA-positive stress fibres in BMFs expressing nuclear ZEB1. Arecoline also induced collagen contraction of BMFs in vitro. By chromatin immunoprecipitation, the binding of ZEB1 to the α-SMA promoter in BMFs was increased by arecoline. The promoter activity of α-SMA in BMFs was also induced by arecoline, while knockdown of ZEB1 abolished arecoline-induced α-SMA promoter activity and collagen contraction of BMFs. Long-term exposure of BMFs to arecoline induced the expression of fibrogenic genes and ZEB1. Silencing of ZEB1 in fibrotic BMFs from an OSF patient also suppressed the expression of α-SMA and myofibroblast activity. Inhibition of insulin-like growth factor receptor-1 could suppress arecoline-induced ZEB1 activation in BMFs. Our data suggest that ZEB1 may participate in the pathogenesis of areca quid–associated OSF by activating the α-SMA promoter and inducing myofibroblast transdifferentiation from BMFs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Chao Chang
- School of Dentistry, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; Department of Dentistry, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Immunohistochemical analysis of vimentin in oral submucous fibrosis. J Cancer Epidemiol 2013; 2013:549041. [PMID: 23840210 PMCID: PMC3693162 DOI: 10.1155/2013/549041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2013] [Revised: 05/11/2013] [Accepted: 05/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. Oral submucous fibrosis (OSF), a precancerous condition, is characterized by abnormal accumulation of collagen fibers in oral submucosa. Vimentin is a Class 2 intermediate filament (IF) and primarily expressed in cells of mesenchymal origin. Vimentin is also found to be involved in cell growth, cell cycling, and tumour differentiation.
Objective. The purpose of the study was to compare the expression of vimentin in various histological grades of OSF. Materials and Methods. To assess the immunohistochemical expression of vimentin in 20 mild cases of OSF, 20 severe cases of OSF, and ten cases of normal oral buccal mucosa. Results. The overall staining intensity of vimentin significantly increased statistically (P < 0.01) in OSF cases over normal control. A significant increase in the staining intensity of vimentin was also noted in the fibroblasts of severe cases of OSF (P = 0.03). Conclusion. Considering the marked vimentin expression in the present study, future studies should include cytoskeleton IF and other filaments in the fibroblasts of OSF.
Collapse
|
20
|
Yu CC, Tsai CH, Hsu HI, Chang YC. Elevation of S100A4 expression in buccal mucosal fibroblasts by arecoline: involvement in the pathogenesis of oral submucous fibrosis. PLoS One 2013; 8:e55122. [PMID: 23383075 PMCID: PMC3561403 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0055122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2012] [Accepted: 12/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background S100A4, a member of the calcium-binding proteins, is dramatically elevated in a variety of fibrotic diseases. Areca quid chewing is the most important etiological factor in the pathogenesis of oral submucous fibrosis (OSF). OSF has been considered as a pre-cancerous condition of oral mucosa. The aim of this study was to determine the critical role of S100A4 expression in the pathogenesis of OSF both in vitro and in vivo. Methodology/Principal Finding Thirty OSF tissues from areca quid chewers and ten normal buccal mucosa samples without areca quid chewing were analyzed by using immunohistochemistry for S100A4 expression in vivo. Collagen gel contraction capability and expression of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases 1 (TIMP1)/MMP9 in arecoline-stimulated BMFs with S100A4 knockdown was presented in vitro. Initially, S100A4 expression was higher in areca quid chewing-associated OSF specimens than normal buccal mucosa specimens (p = 0.001). Arecoline, a major areca nut alkaloid, led to dose- and time-dependent elevation of S100A4 expression in normal buccal mucosa fibroblasts BMFs (p<0.05). The additions of pharmacological agents rapamycin (mTOR inhibitor), PD98059 (ERK inhibitor), and Bay117082 (NF-κB inhibitor) were found to inhibit arecoline-induced S100A4 expression (p<0.05) in BMFs. Down-regulation of S100A4 by lentiviral infection significantly reversed arecoline-induced collagen gel contraction and TIMP1/MMP9 expression. Conclusion/Significance These results suggest that S100A4 expression is significantly up-regulated in OSF specimens. Arecoline-induced S100A4 expression was down-regulated by rapamycin, PD98059, and Bay117082. Targeting S100A4 might be a potential therapeutic target for OSF through TIMP1/MMP9 down-regulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Chia Yu
- Institute of Oral Science, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- School of Dentistry, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Dentistry, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Hung Tsai
- Department of Pathology, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-I Hsu
- Institute of Oral Science, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chao Chang
- School of Dentistry, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Dentistry, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Tsai CH, Lee SS, Huang FM, Chang YC. Regulation of protease-activated receptor-1 expression in human buccal fibroblasts stimulated with arecoline. Head Neck 2012; 35:1314-8. [PMID: 22965839 DOI: 10.1002/hed.23130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The purpose of this study was to compare the major thrombin receptor protease-activated receptor-1 (PAR-1) expression in normal human buccal mucosa and oral submucous fibrosis (OSF) specimens and further explore the potential mechanisms that may lead to induce PAR-1 expression. METHODS Thirty OSF and 10 normal buccal mucosa specimens were examined by immunohistochemistry. Buccal mucosal fibroblasts (BMFs) were challenged with arecoline by using Western blot analysis. N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC), LY294002, herbimycin A, NS-398, and PD98059 were added to find the possible regulatory mechanisms. RESULTS PAR-1 expression was significantly higher in OSF specimens (p < .05). Arecoline was found to elevate PAR-1 expression in a dose-dependent and time-dependent manner (p < .05). The addition of NAC, LY294002, herbimycin A, NS398, and PD98059 markedly inhibited the arecoline-induced PAR-1 expression (p < .05). CONCLUSION PAR-1 expression is significantly upregulated in areca quid chewing-associated OSF. Arecoline-induced PAR-1 expression was downregulated by NAC, LY294002, herbimycin A, NS398, and PD98059.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chung-Hung Tsai
- Department of Pathology, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Chang WW, Hu FW, Yu CC, Wang HH, Feng HP, Lan C, Tsai LL, Chang YC. Quercetin in elimination of tumor initiating stem-like and mesenchymal transformation property in head and neck cancer. Head Neck 2012; 35:413-9. [PMID: 22422628 DOI: 10.1002/hed.22982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/21/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previously, we enriched a subpopulation of head and neck cancer-derived tumor initiating cells (HNC-TICs) presented high tumorigenic, chemo-radioresistant, and coupled with epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) properties. The purpose of this study was to investigate the therapeutic effect and molecular mechanisms of quercetin on HNC-TICs. METHOD ALDH1 activity of head and neck cancer cells with quercetin treatment was assessed by the Aldefluor assay flow cytometry analysis. Self-renewal, invasiveness, and EMT capability of HNC-TICs with different doses of quercetin was presented. RESULTS We first observed that the treatment of quercetin significantly downregulated the ALDH1 activity of head and neck cancer cells in a dose-dependent manner (p < .05). Moreover, quercetin reduced self-renewal property and stemness signatures expression in head and neck cancer-derived sphere cells. The migration ability of head and neck cancer-derived sphere cells was lessened under quercetin treatment partially due to the decreased productions of Twist, N-cadherin, and vimentin. CONCLUSION Quercetin suppressing HNC-TICs characteristics may therefore be valuable therapeutics clinically in combination with standard treatment modalities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Wei Chang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Feng CH, Lu CY. A new matrix for analyzing low molecular mass compounds and its application for determination of carcinogenic areca alkaloids by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2009; 649:230-5. [PMID: 19699399 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2009.07.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2009] [Revised: 07/14/2009] [Accepted: 07/15/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Arecoline is the main alkaloid present in the areca nut (or betel nut) and it has central nervous system effects. Its pharmacological activities induce the constriction of the bronchial smooth muscles, and stimulation of the lacrimal and intestinal glands. Chewing areca nut is harmful to health because this habit may increase the risk of the development of oral cancer. In this study, a fast method was provided for the determination of areca alkaloids by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometer with a time-of-flight (TOF) analyzer. Traditionally the MALDI-TOF method was not suitable for the analysis of small molecular weight (m/z<600) compounds because of the high background of the matrix. In this study, a new matrix was utilized to decrease the background interference effectively. After simple sample preparation, 1 microL sample supernatant was mixed with 1 microL matrix and then deposited on the target plate. This new matrix was also used to test the MALDI imaging experiment. Application of this MALDI-TOF method for trace analysis of arecoline by this new matrix in human plasma at sub microM level proved workable.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Hsien Feng
- Department of Fragrance and Cosmetic Science, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Tsai CH, Yang SF, Lee SS, Chang YC. Augmented heme oxygenase-1 expression in areca quid chewing-associated oral submucous fibrosis. Oral Dis 2009; 15:281-6. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-0825.2009.01523.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
25
|
Xia L, Tian-You L, Yi-Jun G, Dong-sheng T, Wen-Hui L. Arecoline and oral keratinocytes may affect the collagen metabolism of fibroblasts. J Oral Pathol Med 2009; 38:422-6. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0714.2009.00758.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
|
26
|
Abstract
Arecoline is one of the major components of betel nuts, which have been consumed as chewing gum in Southeast Asia. In this study, the effects of arecoline on testosterone (T) secretion were explored. Male rats were injected with human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG, 5 IU/kg) or arecoline (1 microg/kg) plus hCG via a jugular catheter. Blood samples were collected at several time intervals subsequent to the challenge. Rat anterior pituitary was treated with gonadotropin-releasing hormone in vitro with or without arecoline, and then the concentrations of luteinizing hormone (LH) in the medium were measured. Rat Leydig cells were purified by Percoll density gradient centrifugation and incubated with arecoline, hCG, forskolin, 8-bromo-cAMP (8-Br-cAMP), nifedipine, nimodipine, or tetrandrine at 34 degrees C for 1 h. A single intravenous injection of arecoline resulted in an increase of the hCG-induced level of plasma T. Administration of arecoline (10(-8) to 10(-6) M) in vitro increased T production in Leydig cells. The stimulatory effect of arecoline on T release in vitro was enhanced by hCG (0.001 IU/ml), forskolin (10(-6) M), or 8-Br-cAMP (10(-5) M). By contrast, nifedipine, nimodipine, or tetrandrine inhibited the increased T concentrations induced by arecoline. Western blot showed that arecoline increases steroidogenic acute regulatory (StAR) protein expression compared with vehicle. These results suggested that arecoline stimulates testosterone production by acting directly on Leydig cells via mechanisms involving an activation of L-type calcium channels, increasing the activity of 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase and enhancing the expression of StAR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shyi-Wu Wang
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kweisan, Taoyuan, Taiwan, ROC.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Yang SF, Tsai CH, Chang YC. The upregulation of heat shock protein 47 expression in human buccal fibroblasts stimulated with arecoline. J Oral Pathol Med 2008; 37:206-10. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0714.2007.00633.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
28
|
Chiang SL, Jiang SS, Wang YJ, Chiang HC, Chen PH, Tu HP, Ho KY, Tsai YS, Chang IS, Ko YC. Characterization of Arecoline-Induced Effects on Cytotoxicity in Normal Human Gingival Fibroblasts by Global Gene Expression Profiling. Toxicol Sci 2007; 100:66-74. [PMID: 17682004 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfm201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Areca nut is the most widely used psychoactive substance and an important environmental risk factor for development of oral premalignant lesions and cancer. Arecoline, the major alkaloid of areca nut, has been known to cause cytotoxicity and genotoxicity in mammalian cells in vivo and in vitro and even contributes to carcinogenicity. However, the susceptible genes accounting for arecoline-induced damage in normal human oral cells are still lacking, which possibly involves in initial molecular damage via alternation of gene expression level on biological pathways. The present study was undertaken to characterize the toxic effects of arecoline in gene expression profiling on normal human gingival fibroblasts (HGF) using cDNA microarray and quantitative real-time reverse transcription PCR. The cytotoxicity of arecoline on HGF-1 cell line was elevated in a dose-dependent manner (p < 0.05) accompanied with distinct morphological change and formation of intracellular vacuoles were observed. At optimum concentration of arecoline determined from dose-response curve of the cytotoxicity, a large number of genes were significantly repressed than induced by arecoline in global gene expression profiling. Five induced- and seven repressed genes including glutathione synthetase were further validated, and their gene expression changes were increased in a dose-dependent manner in a concentration range of 50-150 microg/ml. In conclusion, we proposed a tentative model to explain arecoline-induced effects on contribution of oral pathogenesis. The findings identified that 12 susceptible genes can potentially serve as biomarkers of arecoline-induced damage in betel chewers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shang-Lun Chiang
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Taiwan, ROC
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Yanjia H, Xinchun J. The role of epithelial-mesenchymal transition in oral squamous cell carcinoma and oral submucous fibrosis. Clin Chim Acta 2007; 383:51-6. [PMID: 17537414 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2007.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2006] [Revised: 04/09/2007] [Accepted: 04/13/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is an indispensable mechanism during morphogenesis. Interest and research in EMT are currently at a high level due to its important role in cancer and fibrosis. Emerging evidence suggests that EMT is also a crucial event in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Oral submucous fibrosis (OSF) is a chronic debilitating disease and a premalignant condition of the oral cavity. It is characterized by a generalized submucosal fibrosis. The pathogenesis of the disease is not well established. Epidemiological evidence strongly indicates an association between the betel quid (BQ) chewing habit and OSF. In a simplistic view, OSF represents a failed wound-healing process of the oral mucosa after chronic, sustained injury. This review highlights the signaling pathways involved in EMT, recent advances in the study of EMT in OSCC, and summarizes the evidence supporting a role for EMT in the pathogenesis of OSF.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hu Yanjia
- Xiang Ya Hospital, Central South University, China.
| | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Yang SF, Hsieh YS, Tsai CH, Chen YJ, Chang YC. Increased plasminogen activator inhibitor-1/tissue type plasminogen activator ratio in oral submucous fibrosis. Oral Dis 2007; 13:234-8. [PMID: 17305628 DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-0825.2006.01272.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Plasminogen activators and their inhibitors are thought to be key participants in the balance of proteolytic and antiproteolytic activities that regulate extracellular matrix (ECM) turnover. However, little is known about the expression of plasminogen/plasmin system at the site of oral submucous fibrosis (OSF). METHODS We compared the activities of tissue type plasminogen activator (t-PA) and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) between fibroblasts derived from normal buccal mucosa and OSF by using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Furthermore, arecoline, a major areca nut alkaloid, was challenged with normal buccal mucosal fibroblasts (BMFs) to elucidate whether the activities of t-PA and PAI-1 could be affected by arecoline. RESULTS Both t-PA and PAI-1 were found to be increased in OSF than in BMFs (P < 0.01). In addition, there was a statistically significant difference in PAI-1/t-PA ratio between OSF and BMF (P < 0.01). The addition of arecoline upregulated not only PAI-1, but also t-PA in BMFs (P < 0.05). In addition, the ratio between PAI-1 and t-PA was found to be significantly increased by a linear regression assay (P < 0.01). CONCLUSION These results suggest that OSF caused by areca quid chewing may be the result of an imbalance in the plasminogen/plasmin system, the net result of which is increased deposition of ECM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S-F Yang
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, 110 Section 1 Chien-Kuo N. Road, Taichung, Taiwan
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Ni WF, Tsai CH, Yang SF, Chang YC. Elevated expression of NF-kappaB in oral submucous fibrosis--evidence for NF-kappaB induction by safrole in human buccal mucosal fibroblasts. Oral Oncol 2006; 43:557-62. [PMID: 16996785 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2006.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2006] [Accepted: 06/20/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kappaB) is considered to be important in many inflammatory and immune responses. The aim of this study was to compare NF-kappaB expression in normal human buccal mucosa and oral submucous fibrosis (OSF) specimens and further explore the potential mechanism that may lead to induction of NF-kappaB expression. Seventeen OSF and six normal buccal mucosa specimens were examined by immunohistochemistry. Primary human buccal mucosal fibroblasts (BMFs) were established and challenged with safrole, a major polyphenolic compound in the influorescence of Piper betel, by cytotoxicity and western blot assays. Furthermore, glutathione precursor N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC), extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (ERK) inhibitor PD98059, cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor NS-398, dexamethasone, and cyclosporin A were added to find the possible mechanism. NF-kappaB expression was significantly higher in OSF specimens and expressed mainly by fibroblasts, endothelial cells, and inflammatory cells. Safrole was cytotoxic to BMFs in a dose-dependent manner (p<0.05). Western blot demonstrated highly elevated NF-kappaB protein expression in BMFs stimulated by safrole (p<0.05). In addition, pretreatment with pharmacological agents markedly inhibited the safrole induced-NF-kappaB expression (p<0.05). The result suggests that chewing areca quid may activate NF-kappaB expression that may be involved in the pathogenesis of OSF. NF-kappaB expression induced by safrole in fibroblasts may be mediated by ERK activation and COX-2 signal transduction pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Feng Ni
- Institute of Stomatology, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Tsai CH, Yang SF, Chen YJ, Chou MY, Chang YC. The upregulation of insulin-like growth factor-1 in oral submucous fibrosis. Oral Oncol 2005; 41:940-6. [PMID: 16054426 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2005.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2005] [Accepted: 05/16/2005] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) is a member of a family of two interacting polypeptide hormone ligands with close homology to proinsulin. IGF-1 can influence mesenchymal cell migration, proliferation, and extracellular matrix deposition, thus implicating it in the progression of fibrotic disorders. Currently, there is limited information about the regulation of IGF-1 expression in areca quid-associated oral submucous fibrosis (OSF). The aim of this study was to compare IGF-1 expression in normal human buccal mucosa and OSF specimens and further explore the potential mechanism that may lead to induce IGF-1 expression. Twenty OSF specimens and 10 normal buccal mucosa were examined by immunohistochemistry. The activity of IGF-1 from cells cultured from OSF and normal buccal mucosa were by using reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Furthermore, the effect of arecoline, the major areca nut alkaloid, was added to explore the potential mechanism that may lead to induce IGF-1 expression. IGF-1 expression was significantly higher in OSF specimens (p<0.05) and expressed mainly by fibroblasts, endothelial cells, and inflammatory cells. OSF demonstrated significantly higher IGF-1 protein expression than normal buccal mucosa fibroblast (BMF) both in mRNA and protein levels (p<0.05). In addition, arecoline was also found to elevate IGF-1 mRNA and protein expression in a dose-dependent manner (p<0.05). Taken together, the data presented here demonstrated that IGF-1 expression is significantly upregulated in OSF from areca quid chewers and arecoline may be responsible for the enhanced IGF-1 expression in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chung-Hung Tsai
- Department of Oral Pathology, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Tsai CH, Yang SF, Chen YJ, Chou MY, Chang YC. Raised keratinocyte growth factor-1 expression in oral submucous fibrosis in vivo and upregulated by arecoline in human buccal mucosal fibroblasts in vitro. J Oral Pathol Med 2005; 34:100-5. [PMID: 15641989 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0714.2004.00288.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Keratinocyte growth factor-1 (KGF-1) is the seventh member of the fibroblast growth factor family. KGF-1 is produced by mesenchymal cells such as fibroblasts and upregulated in a variety of hyperplastic tissues. Currently, there is limited information about the regulation of KGF-1 expression in areca quid-associated oral submucous fibrosis (OSF). The aim of the study was to compare KGF-1 expression in normal human buccal mucosa and OSF specimens and further to explore the potential mechanism that may lead to induce KGF-1 expression. METHODS The expression of KGF-1 from fibroblasts cultured from OSF and normal buccal mucosa were using reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. In addition, arecoline, a major areca nut alkaloid, was challenged to normal buccal mucosa fibroblasts (BMFs) to elucidate whether KGF-1 expression could affect by arecoline. Furthermore, 25 OSF specimens and six normal buccal mucosa specimens were examined by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Fibroblasts derived from OSF were found to exhibit higher KGF-1 expression than BMFs both in mRNA and protein levels (P < 0.05). In addition, upregulation of KGF-1 mRNA gene and protein expression were found in BMFs stimulated by arecoline (P < 0.05). From the results of immunohistochemistry, KGF-1 expression was significantly higher in OSF specimens and expressed mainly by fibroblasts, endothelial cells, inflammatory cells, and epithelial cells. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, these results suggest that KGF-1 expression is significantly upregulated in OSF tissues from areca quid chewers and arecoline may be responsible for the enhanced KGF-1 expression in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chung-Hung Tsai
- Department of Pathology, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Goldenberg D, Lee J, Koch WM, Kim MM, Trink B, Sidransky D, Moon CS. Habitual risk factors for head and neck cancer. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2005; 131:986-93. [PMID: 15577802 DOI: 10.1016/j.otohns.2004.02.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Chronic tobacco smoking and alcohol consumption are well-established risk factors for the development of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the head and neck. There are, however, a variety of other habitual and culturally based activities that are less commonly seen in the Western world and that are also risks factors for the development of this type of cancer. In this era of globalization, many of these habits have now crossed borders and appear in various areas throughout the world. This article reviews habitual and social risk factors for cancer of the head and neck, excluding smoking and alcohol consumption. These factors include chewing tobacco and snuff, areca nut in its various forms, Khat leaves, and the drinking of Mate. EBM RATING D.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Goldenberg
- Department of Otolaryngology--Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Tsai CH, Yang SF, Chen YJ, Chu SC, Hsieh YS, Chang YC. Regulation of interleukin-6 expression by arecoline in human buccal mucosal fibroblasts is related to intracellular glutathione levels. Oral Dis 2004; 10:360-4. [PMID: 15533212 DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-0825.2004.01041.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Cytokines play an important role in regulating fibroblast function and is likely to play a key role in regulating the initiation and progression of scarring in any fibrotic disease. Interleukin-6 (IL-6) has been implicated in the development of a variety of fibrotic diseases. The aim of this study was to compare IL-6 expression in fibroblasts cultured from normal human buccal mucosa and oral submucous fibrosis (OSF) specimens and further explore the potential mechanism that may lead to induce IL-6 expression. METHODS mRNA level of IL-6 in fibroblasts from OSF was compared with normal buccal mucosa. The effects of arecoline, the major areca nut alkaloid, on IL-6 expression in normal human buccal mucosa fibroblasts (BMFs) were measured in vitro. mRNA was quantified with AlphaImager 2000. To determine whether glutathione (GSH) levels were important in the induction of IL-6 by arecoline, we pretreated cells with 2-oxothiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid (OTZ) to boost GSH levels or with buthionine sulfoximine (BSO) to deplete GSH. RESULTS Fibroblasts derived from OSF exhibited higher IL-6 gene expression than BMF in mRNA levels (P < 0.05). The exposure of quiescent BMF to arecoline resulted in the elevation of IL-6 mRNA expression in a dose-dependent manner (P < 0.05). IL-6 gene regulated by arecoline correlated with intracellular GSH levels in BMF. Arecoline at a concentration of 129 muM induced about 2.7-fold IL-6 mRNA levels over the 6-h incubation period. However, BSO enhanced the IL-6 mRNA levels by 3.9-fold (P < 0.05). In addition, OTZ was found to marginally reduce the arecoline-induced IL-6 expression by about 1.7-fold (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Taken together, these results suggest that IL-6 expression is significantly upregulated in OSF fibroblasts in areca quid chewers and arecoline may be responsible for the enhanced IL-6 expression. In addition, the regulation of IL-6 expression induced by arecoline is critically dependent on the intracellular GSH concentrations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C-H Tsai
- Department of Pathology, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Cox S, Piatkov I, Vickers ER, Ma G. High-performance liquid chromatographic determination of arecoline in human saliva. J Chromatogr A 2004; 1032:93-5. [PMID: 15065782 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2003.11.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Arecoline (methyl-1,2,5,6-tetrahydro-1-methyl nicotinate) is an alkaloid found in the areca catechu nut which is a major component of the 'betel quid' chewed by a large proporation of the population in India, South Asia and the South Pacific islands. It is commonly associated with the development of oral leukoplakia, oral submucous fibrosis and oral cancer. We have developed a new ion-pairing reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method for the determination of arecoline in saliva, using arecaidine (1,2,5,6-tetrahydro-1-methylnicotinic acid) as an internal standard. The optimal wavelength was established using UV absorbance scans. It was showed that 215 nm is the optimal wavelength to maximise the signal in detecting arecoline in the mobile phase. Arecoline was extracted from saliva with hexane-isoamyl alcohol (1%) and reconstituted with mobile phase for HPLC analysis. The developed method is an easy and reliable method of determining arecoline concentrations in saliva. Sensitivity, specificity, precision, accuracy and reproducibility of the method were demonstrated to be satisfactory for measuring the arecoline level.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Cox
- Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Department, Westmead Centre for Oral Health, C24 Westmead Hospital, University of Sydney, Wentworthville, Sydney, NSW 2145, Australia.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Yang SF, Hsieh YS, Tsai CH, Chou MY, Chang YC. The upregulation of type I plasminogen activator inhibitor in oral submucous fibrosis. Oral Oncol 2003; 39:367-72. [PMID: 12676256 DOI: 10.1016/s1368-8375(02)00123-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Type I plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI-1) is a 50 kDa glycoprotein belonging to the serine protease superfamily. PAI-1 is consistently and dramatically upregulated in a variety of fibrotic diseases. The aim of this study was to compare PAI-1 expression in normal human buccal mucosa and oral submucous fibrosis (OSF) specimens and further explore the potential mechanism that may lead to induced PAI-1 expression. Twenty-five OSF specimens and six normal buccal mucosa were examined by immunohistochemistry. The activity of PAI-1 from cells cultured from OSF and normal buccal mucosa were assayed using reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and Western blots. PAI-1 expression was significantly higher in OSF specimens and expressed mainly by fibroblasts, endothelial cells, and inflammatory cells. In addition, OSF exhibited higher PAI-1 expression than normal buccal mucosa fibroblast (BMF) both in mRNA and protein levels. To verify whether arecoline, a major areca nut alkaloid, could affect PAI-1 expression by human BMFs, RT-PCR and Western blots were used. The results demonstrated highly elevated PAI-1 mRNA and protein expression in normal human BMFs stimulated by arecoline. Taken together, these results suggest that PAI-1 expression is significantly upregulated in OSF tissues from areca quid chewers, and arecoline may be responsible for the enhanced PAI-1 expression in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shun-Fa Yang
- Institute of Biochemistry, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Tsai CH, Hsieh YS, Yang SF, Chou MY, Chang YC. Matrix metalloproteinase 2 and matrix metalloproteinase 9 expression in human oral squamous cell carcinoma and the effect of protein kinase C inhibitors: preliminary observations. ORAL SURGERY, ORAL MEDICINE, ORAL PATHOLOGY, ORAL RADIOLOGY, AND ENDODONTICS 2003; 95:710-6. [PMID: 12789153 DOI: 10.1067/moe.2003.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to investigate gelatinase (matrixmetalloproteinase [MMP]-2 and MMP-9) expression in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and to explore the mechanisms that may inhibit gelatinase activity. STUDY DESIGN Thirty biopsy specimens of OSCCs were examined by means of immunohistochemistry. Supernatants from primary cultures of human oral mucosal keratinocyte and oral cancer-derived cells (KB and OC2) were analyzed by means of gelatin zymography. Furthermore, protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitors (H7 and staurosporine) were added to test how they modulate gelatinase production in human oral cancer cells. RESULTS MMP-2 and MMP-9 expression was significantly higher in oral SCCs and was located in discrete clusters of tumor cells. Oral mucosal keratinocyte cultures, KB, and OC2 were found to secrete and produce MMP-2 and MMP-9. However, the amounts of MMP-2 and MMP-9 were highly elevated in the 2 oral cancer cell lines in comparison with oral mucosal keratinocyte cultures (P <.05). In addition, PKC inhibitors were found to decrease MMP-2 and MMP-9 activities in oral cancer cells (P <.05). CONCLUSION Taken together, human oral SCCs produce MMP-2 and MMP-9 in vivo and in vitro, and gelatinase activity is down-regulated by PKC inhibitors in vitro. PKC inhibitors suppressing MMP production and/or activity may represent valuable therapeutic agents through their influence on the pathogenesis of OSCC. These agents may prove clinically useful in combination with standard therapeutic modalities for the treatment of patients with oral cancer.
Collapse
|
39
|
Tsai CH, Chou MY, Chang YC. The up-regulation of cyclooxygenase-2 expression in human buccal mucosal fibroblasts by arecoline: a possible role in the pathogenesis of oral submucous fibrosis. J Oral Pathol Med 2003; 32:146-53. [PMID: 12581384 DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0714.2003.00004.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aberrant and persistent tissue inflammation are believed to play an important role on the occurrence of tissue fibrosis. Cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 is an inducible enzyme responsible for prostaglandin synthesis in certain inflammatory diseases. The purpose of this study was to compare COX-2 expression in normal human buccal mucosa and oral submucous fibrosis (OSF) specimens and further explore the potential mechanism that may lead to induce COX-2 expression. METHODS Fifteen OSF specimens and six normal buccal mucosa were examined by immunohistochemistry. Primary human buccal mucosa fibroblasts (BMFs) were established and challenged with arecoline analyzed by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. Furthermore, to elucidate whether induction of COX-2 is associated with cytotoxicity, aspirin (a non-selective inhibitor of COX enzyme) and NS-398 (a selective COX-2 inhibitor), were added to test their protective effects. RESULTS COX-2 expression was significantly higher in OSF specimens and expressed mainly by epithelial cells, endothelial cells, and cells with fibroblast morphology. In vitro studies indicated that BMFs did not express COX-2 constitutively. However, when the cells were treated with 80 micro g/ml arecoline, COX-2 expression was up-regulated as early as half an hour. This indicates that COX-2 expression is an early cellular response and regulated by arecoline at transcriptional level. In addition, pre-treatment with glutathione (GSH) precursor, 2-oxothiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid (OTZ), led to a decrease in induction of COX-2 mRNA by arecoline. GSH synthesis inhibitor, buthionine sulfoximine (BSO), was found to increase arecoline-induced COX-2 mRNA levels. Moreover, both of aspirin and NS-398 at non-cytotoxic doses are not able to prevent arecoline-induced cytotoxicity. This indicates that arecoline cytotoxicity is not directly via the induction of COX-2 expression. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, these results suggest that COX-2 expression is significantly up-regulated in OSF tissues from areca quid chewers and arecoline may among other constituents be responsible for the enhanced COX-2 expression in vivo. The regulation of COX-2 expression induced by arecoline is critically dependent on the cellular GSH concentration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chung-Hung Tsai
- Department of Pathology, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | | | | |
Collapse
|