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Balotf S, Wilson CR, Tegg RS, Nichols DS, Wilson R. Large-Scale Protein and Phosphoprotein Profiling to Explore Potato Resistance Mechanisms to Spongospora subterranea Infection. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:872901. [PMID: 35498715 PMCID: PMC9047998 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.872901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Potato is one of the most important food crops for human consumption. The soilborne pathogen Spongospora subterranea infects potato roots and tubers, resulting in considerable economic losses from diminished tuber yields and quality. A comprehensive understanding of how potato plants respond to S. subterranea infection is essential for the development of pathogen-resistant crops. Here, we employed label-free proteomics and phosphoproteomics to quantify systemically expressed protein-level responses to S. subterranea root infection in potato foliage of the susceptible and resistant potato cultivars. A total of 2,669 proteins and 1,498 phosphoproteins were quantified in the leaf samples of the different treatment groups. Following statistical analysis of the proteomic data, we identified oxidoreductase activity, electron transfer, and photosynthesis as significant processes that differentially changed upon root infection specifically in the resistant cultivar and not in the susceptible cultivar. The phosphoproteomics results indicated increased activity of signal transduction and defense response functions in the resistant cultivar. In contrast, the majority of increased phosphoproteins in the susceptible cultivar were related to transporter activity and sub-cellular localization. This study provides new insight into the molecular mechanisms and systemic signals involved in potato resistance to S. subterranea infection and has identified new roles for protein phosphorylation in the regulation of potato immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadegh Balotf
- New Town Research Laboratories, Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture, University of Tasmania, New Town, TAS, Australia
| | - Calum R. Wilson
- New Town Research Laboratories, Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture, University of Tasmania, New Town, TAS, Australia
| | - Robert S. Tegg
- New Town Research Laboratories, Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture, University of Tasmania, New Town, TAS, Australia
| | - David S. Nichols
- Central Science Laboratory, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - Richard Wilson
- Central Science Laboratory, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
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Friedrich A, Beare PA, Schulze-Luehrmann J, Cordsmeier A, Pazen T, Sonnewald S, Lührmann A. The Coxiella burnetii effector protein CaeB modulates endoplasmatic reticulum (ER) stress signalling and is required for efficient replication in Galleria mellonella. Cell Microbiol 2021; 23:e13305. [PMID: 33355405 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.13305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The obligate intracellular pathogen Coxiella burnetii is the causative agent of the zoonosis Q fever. C. burnetii infection can have severe outcomes due to the development of chronic infection. To establish and maintain an infection, C. burnetii depends on a functional type IVB secretion system (T4BSS) and, thus, on the translocation of effector proteins into the host cell. Here, we showed that the C. burnetii T4BSS effector protein CaeB targets the conserved endoplasmatic reticulum (ER) stress sensor IRE1 during ER stress in mammalian and plant cells. CaeB-induced upregulation of IRE1 RNase activity was essential for CaeB-mediated inhibition of ER stress-induced cell death. Our data reveal a novel role for CaeB in ER stress signalling modulation and demonstrate that CaeB is involved in pathogenicity in vivo. Furthermore, we provide evidence that C. burnetii infection leads to modulation of the ER stress sensors IRE1 and PERK, but not ATF6 during ER stress. While the upregulation of the RNase activity of IRE1 during ER stress depends on CaeB, modulation of PERK is CaeB independent, suggesting that C. burnetii encodes several factors influencing ER stress during infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Friedrich
- Mikrobiologisches Institut - Klinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie und Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany.,Lehrstuhl für Biochemie, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Paul A Beare
- Coxiella Pathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Bacteriology, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana, USA
| | - Jan Schulze-Luehrmann
- Mikrobiologisches Institut - Klinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie und Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Arne Cordsmeier
- Mikrobiologisches Institut - Klinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie und Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Tobias Pazen
- Mikrobiologisches Institut - Klinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie und Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Sophia Sonnewald
- Lehrstuhl für Biochemie, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Anja Lührmann
- Mikrobiologisches Institut - Klinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie und Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
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Islam MA, Guo J, Peng H, Tian S, Bai X, Zhu H, Kang Z, Guo J. TaYS1A, a Yellow Stripe-Like Transporter Gene, Is Required for Wheat Resistance to Puccinia striiformis f. sp. Tritici. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:E1452. [PMID: 33287151 PMCID: PMC7761651 DOI: 10.3390/genes11121452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Yellow stripe-like (YSL) transporters are required for the transportation of metal-phytosiderophores and are structurally related to metal-nicotianamine complexes. Some studies also reported the involvement of YSL transporters in pathogen-induced defense. However, the molecular mechanisms of YSL genes involved in biotic stress responses are still not clear, especially in cereal crops. This study aimed to functionally characterize TaYS1A during the interaction of wheat and Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst), the causal agent of stripe rust disease. TaYS1A was localized in the cell membrane of wheat protoplasts and Nicotiana benthamiana cells. TaYS1A was significantly up-regulated in wheat leaves after being infected with the avirulent Pst isolate CYR23 and after treatment with salicylic acid (SA). Silencing of TaYS1A by the virus-induced gene silencing method enhanced the susceptibility of wheat to Pst accompanied by reducing the accumulation of SA and H2O2 and down-regulating the transcriptions of TaPR1 and TaPR2. In addition, TaYS1A was found to interact with TaNH2, a homolog of OsNH2, by yeast-two-hybrid assay, and silencing of TaYS1A diminished the expression of TaNH2. Our findings suggested the existence of positive regulation of TaYS1A in providing resistance against Pst by modulating SA-induced signaling and offered new insight into the biological role of YSL in wheat against pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Zhensheng Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A and F University, Yangling 712100, China; (M.A.I.); (J.G.); (H.P.); (S.T.); (X.B.); (H.Z.); (J.G.)
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Chitinase Gene Positively Regulates Hypersensitive and Defense Responses of Pepper to Colletotrichum acutatum Infection. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21186624. [PMID: 32927746 PMCID: PMC7555800 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21186624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum acutatum is one of the most devastating fungal diseases of pepper (Capsicum annuum L.). The utilization of chitin-binding proteins or chitinase genes is the best option to control this disease. A chitin-binding domain (CBD) has been shown to be crucial for the innate immunity of plants and activates the hypersensitive response (HR). The CaChiIII7 chitinase gene has been identified and isolated from pepper plants. CaChiIII7 has repeated CBDs that encode a chitinase enzyme that is transcriptionally stimulated by C. acutatum infection. The knockdown of CaChiIII7 in pepper plants confers increased hypersensitivity to C. acutatum, resulting in its proliferation in infected leaves and an attenuation of the defense response genes CaPR1, CaPR5, and SAR8.2 in the CaChiIII7-silenced pepper plants. Additionally, H2O2 accumulation, conductivity, proline biosynthesis, and root activity were distinctly reduced in CaChiIII7-silenced plants. Subcellular localization analyses indicated that the CaChiIII7 protein is located in the plasma membrane and cytoplasm of plant cells. The transient expression of CaChiIII7 increases the basal resistance to C. acutatum by significantly expressing several defense response genes and the HR in pepper leaves, accompanied by an induction of H2O2 biosynthesis. These findings demonstrate that CaChiIII7 plays a prominent role in plant defense in response to pathogen infection.
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Shi X, Wu J, Mensah RA, Tian N, Liu J, Liu F, Chen J, Che J, Guo Y, Wu B, Zhong G, Cheng C. Genome-Wide Identification and Characterization of UTR-Introns of Citrus sinensis. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E3088. [PMID: 32349372 PMCID: PMC7247714 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21093088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 04/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Introns exist not only in coding sequences (CDSs) but also in untranslated regions (UTRs) of a gene. Recent studies in animals and model plants such as Arabidopsis have revealed that the UTR-introns (UIs) are widely presented in most genomes and involved in regulation of gene expression or RNA stability. In the present study, we identified introns at both 5'UTRs (5UIs) and 3'UTRs (3UIs) of sweet orange genes, investigated their size and nucleotide distribution characteristics, and explored the distribution of cis-elements in the UI sequences. Functional category of genes with predicted UIs were further analyzed using GO, KEGG, and PageMan enrichment. In addition, the organ-dependent splicing and abundance of selected UI-containing genes in root, leaf, and stem were experimentally determined. Totally, we identified 825 UI- and 570 3UI-containing transcripts, corresponding to 617 and 469 genes, respectively. Among them, 74 genes contain both 5UI and 3UI. Nucleotide distribution analysis showed that 5UI distribution is biased at both ends of 5'UTR whiles 3UI distribution is biased close to the start site of 3'UTR. Cis- elements analysis revealed that 5UI and 3UI sequences were rich of promoter-enhancing related elements, indicating that they might function in regulating the expression through them. Function enrichment analysis revealed that genes containing 5UI are significantly enriched in the RNA transport pathway. While, genes containing 3UI are significantly enriched in splicesome. Notably, many pentatricopeptide repeat-containing protein genes and the disease resistance genes were identified to be 3UI-containing. RT-PCR result confirmed the existence of UIs in the eight selected gene transcripts whereas alternative splicing events were found in some of them. Meanwhile, qRT-PCR result showed that UIs were differentially expressed among organs, and significant correlation was found between some genes and their UIs, for example: The expression of VPS28 and its 3UI was significantly negative correlated. This is the first report about the UIs in sweet orange from genome-wide level, which could provide evidence for further understanding of the role of UIs in gene expression regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobao Shi
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Junwei Wu
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Raphael Anue Mensah
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Na Tian
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Jiapeng Liu
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Fan Liu
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Jialan Chen
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Jingru Che
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Ye Guo
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Binghua Wu
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Guangyan Zhong
- Institute of Fruit Tree Research, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Chunzhen Cheng
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
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Development of Molecular Marker Linked with Bacterial Fruit Blotch Resistance in Melon ( Cucumis melo L.). Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:genes11020220. [PMID: 32093120 PMCID: PMC7074460 DOI: 10.3390/genes11020220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial fruit blotch (BFB) causes losses in melon marketable yield. However, until now, there has been no information about the genetic loci responsible for resistance to the disease or their pattern of inheritance. We determined the inheritance pattern of BFB resistance from a segregating population of 491 F2 individuals raised by crossing BFB-resistant (PI 353814) and susceptible (PI 614596) parental accessions. All F1 plants were resistant to Acidovorax citrulli strain KACC18782, and F2 plants segregated with a 3:1 ratio for resistant and susceptible phenotypes, respectively, in a seedling bioassay experiment, indicating that BFB resistance is controlled by a monogenic dominant gene. In an investigation of 57 putative disease-resistance related genes across the melon genome, only the MELO3C022157 gene (encoding TIR-NBS-LRR domain), showing polymorphism between resistant and susceptible parents, revealed as a good candidate for further investigation. Cloning, sequencing and quantitative RT-PCR expression of the polymorphic gene MELO3C022157 located on chromosome 9 revealed multiple insertion/deletions (InDels) and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), of which the SNP A2035T in the second exon of the gene caused loss of the LRR domain and truncated protein in the susceptible accession. The InDel marker MB157-2, based on the large (504 bp) insertion in the first intron of the susceptible accession, was able to distinguish resistant and susceptible accessions among 491 F2 and 22 landraces/inbred accessions with 98.17% and 100% detection accuracy, respectively. This novel PCR-based, co-dominant InDel marker represents a practical tool for marker-assisted breeding aimed at developing BFB-resistant melon accessions.
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Kang YJ, Lee YK, Kim IJ. Identification of Differentially Up-regulated Genes in Apple with White Rot Disease. THE PLANT PATHOLOGY JOURNAL 2019; 35:530-537. [PMID: 31632227 PMCID: PMC6788408 DOI: 10.5423/ppj.nt.10.2018.0210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Revised: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Fuji, a major apple cultivar in Korea, is susceptible to white rot. Apple white rot disease appears on the stem and fruit; the development of which deteriorates fruit quality, resulting in decreases in farmers' income. Thus, it is necessary to characterize molecular markers related to apple white rot resistance. In this study, we screened for differentially expressed genes between uninfected apple fruits and those infected with Botryosphaeria dothidea, the fungal pathogen that causes white rot. Antimicrobial tests suggest that a gene expression involved in the synthesis of the substance inhibiting the growth of B. dothidea in apples was induced by pathogen infection. We identified seven transcripts induced by the infection. The seven transcripts were homologous to genes encoding a flavonoid glucosyltransferase, a metallothionein-like protein, a senescence-induced protein, a chitinase, a wound-induced protein, and proteins of unknown function. These genes have functions related to responses to environmental stresses, including pathogen infections. Our results can be useful for the development of molecular markers for early detection of the disease or for use in breeding white rotresistant cultivars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeo-Jin Kang
- Faculty of Biotechnology, College of Applied Life Sciences, SARI, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243,
Korea
| | - Young Koung Lee
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724,
USA
- Division of Biological Sciences and Institute for Basic Science, Wonkwang University, Iksan 54538,
Korea
| | - In-Jung Kim
- Faculty of Biotechnology, College of Applied Life Sciences, SARI, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243,
Korea
- Corresponding author: Phone) +82-64-754-3357, FAX) +82-64-756-3351, E-mail)
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Cui Y, Jiang J, Yang H, Zhao T, Xu X, Li J. Virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) of the NBS-LRR gene SLNLC1 compromises Sm-mediated disease resistance to Stemphylium lycopersici in tomato. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 503:1524-1529. [PMID: 30037434 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.07.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
In a previous study, when resistant tomato plants (cv. Motelle) carrying the Sm gene were challenged with S. lycopersici, the SLNLC1 gene was significantly upregulated. In this study, to verify the function of the SLNLC1 gene response to disease resistance against S. lycopersici, virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) was used to downregulate the expression level of the SLNLC1 gene in resistant tomato plants inoculated with S. lycopersici. After inoculation with S. lycopersici, a susceptible phenotype was observed in the silenced SLNLC1-resistant plants. Through microscopy, impaired hypersensitive response (HR) and decreased ROS accumulation were also observed in the silenced SLNLC1 plants. In addition, the production of lignin and callose were decreased in the silenced SLNLC1 plants. Taken together, these results indicated that silencing the SLNLC1 gene attenuated the resistance of tomato plants resistant to S. lycopersici.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Cui
- School of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China.
| | - Jingbin Jiang
- School of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China.
| | - Huanhuan Yang
- School of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China.
| | - Tingting Zhao
- School of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China.
| | - Xiangyang Xu
- School of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China.
| | - Jingfu Li
- School of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China.
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Cao L, Wu XM, Hu YW, Xue NN, Nie P, Chang MX. The discrepancy function of NLRC5 isoforms in antiviral and antibacterial immune responses. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 84:153-163. [PMID: 29454830 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2018.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Revised: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
NOD-like receptors (NLRs) are a family of intracellular pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that play critical roles in innate immunity against pathogens infection. NLRC5, the largest member of NLR family, has been characterized as a regulator of innate immunity and MHC class I expression. Alternative splicing of NLRC5 is only reported in human and zebrafish. However, the function of NLRC5 isoforms in the innate immune responses remains unknown. In the present study, we report the functional characterization of zfNLRC5a and zfNLRC5d, two splicing isoforms of zebrafish NLRC5. zfNLRC5a and zfNLRC5d are generated by exon skipping, and whose alternative splicing sites exist in the region of LRRs. Fluorescence microscopy showed that zfNLRC5 isoforms were located throughout the entire cell including nuclear staining. The expression of zfNLRC5 isoform was inducible in response to bacterial and viral infections. During SVCV infection, the in vitro and in vivo studies found that zfNLRC5d overexpression increased protection against viral infection; however zfNLRC5a overexpression had no significant effect on antiviral activity. Interestingly, zfNLRC5 isoforms but not zfNLRC5 were involved in transcriptional regulation of TLRs and NF-κB signaling. Overexpression of zfNLRC5 isoforms also contributed to negative regulation of antibacterial immune response, with the decreased expression of nfkbiaa (IκBα). All together, these results firstly demonstrate the function of NLRC5 isoforms in antiviral and antibacterial immune responses both in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei Province 430072, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Xiao Man Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei Province 430072, China
| | - Yi Wei Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei Province 430072, China
| | - Na Na Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei Province 430072, China
| | - Pin Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei Province 430072, China; Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Disease Control, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Ming Xian Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei Province 430072, China; Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Disease Control, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, 430072, China.
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Jianyuan L, Xiaodong W, Lirong Z, Qingfang M, Na Z, Wenxiang Y, Daqun L. A wheat NBS-LRR gene TaRGA19 participates in Lr19-mediated resistance to Puccinia triticina. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2017; 119:1-8. [PMID: 28837844 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2017.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Revised: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Wheat leaf rust, caused by Puccinia triticina (Pt), is one of the most severe fungal diseases on wheat globally. Rational utilization of wheat leaf rust resistance (Lr) genes is still the best choice for control this disease. Wheat seedlings carrying Lr19 showed a high resistance phenotype to all Pt races in China. So far, all the cloned seedling Lr genes including Lr1, Lr10 and Lr21, encode protein with NBS-LRR domain. In this study, a wheat gene with NBS-LRR domain from previously established Lr19-resistance-related cDNA library was cloned and designated as TaRGA19. Full length of this gene was amplified by rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE). By blast against IWGSC wheat genome database, we have noticed that TaRGA19 was located on chromosome 2DS, which was different from Lr19 located on chromosome 7DL. Compared with susceptible Thatcher line, expression level of TaRGA19 was upregulated in wheat isogenic lines carrying Lr19 (TcLr19) after inoculation of Pt race THTS. By particle bombardment, TaRGA19-GFP fused protein was localized on plasma membrane of epidermal cells. Using virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS), TaRGA19-knockdown plants of TcLr19 showed reduced resistance and few sporulation phenotype upon Pt challenge. Further histological observation indicated that Pt hyphal growth at the infection sites was less suppressed in the TaRGA19-knockdown plants. In conclusion, we speculate this TaRGA19 gene was involved in the Lr19-mediated resistance to wheat leaf rust along with other components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Jianyuan
- Department of Plant Pathology, Agricultural University of Hebei, Biological Control Center of Plant Diseases and Plant Pests of Hebei Province, National Engineering Research Center for Agriculture in Northern Mountainous Areas, Baoding 071001, China
| | - Wang Xiaodong
- Department of Plant Pathology, Agricultural University of Hebei, Biological Control Center of Plant Diseases and Plant Pests of Hebei Province, National Engineering Research Center for Agriculture in Northern Mountainous Areas, Baoding 071001, China
| | - Zhang Lirong
- Department of Plant Pathology, Agricultural University of Hebei, Biological Control Center of Plant Diseases and Plant Pests of Hebei Province, National Engineering Research Center for Agriculture in Northern Mountainous Areas, Baoding 071001, China
| | - Meng Qingfang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Agricultural University of Hebei, Biological Control Center of Plant Diseases and Plant Pests of Hebei Province, National Engineering Research Center for Agriculture in Northern Mountainous Areas, Baoding 071001, China
| | - Zhang Na
- Department of Plant Pathology, Agricultural University of Hebei, Biological Control Center of Plant Diseases and Plant Pests of Hebei Province, National Engineering Research Center for Agriculture in Northern Mountainous Areas, Baoding 071001, China
| | - Yang Wenxiang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Agricultural University of Hebei, Biological Control Center of Plant Diseases and Plant Pests of Hebei Province, National Engineering Research Center for Agriculture in Northern Mountainous Areas, Baoding 071001, China.
| | - Liu Daqun
- Department of Plant Pathology, Agricultural University of Hebei, Biological Control Center of Plant Diseases and Plant Pests of Hebei Province, National Engineering Research Center for Agriculture in Northern Mountainous Areas, Baoding 071001, China.
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Venkatesh J, Jahn M, Kang BC. Genome-Wide Analysis and Evolution of the Pto-Like Protein Kinase (PLPK) Gene Family in Pepper. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0161545. [PMID: 27536870 PMCID: PMC4990186 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0161545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The tomato Pto gene, which encodes a serine/threonine kinase (STK) domain-containing protein, confers resistance to bacterial speck disease caused by Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (Pst). In this study, in vivo recognition assays using PVX constructs showed that AvrPto was specifically recognized in the pepper genotypes. This AvrPto recognition caused a nonhost hypersensitive response (HR) and localization of the PVX::AvrPto fusion protein to inoculated pepper leaf tissues, which indicates the presence of a similar Pto recognition mechanism in pepper as in tomato. However, genome-wide analysis in pepper revealed no Pto clade corresponding to that in tomato, suggesting an alternative system for Pto recognition in pepper. Nevertheless, 25 Pto-like protein kinases (PLPKs) with a highly conserved STK domain have been identified in the pepper genome. For the majority of the amino acid sites in the STK domain of Ptos and PLPKs, nonsynonymous (dN) to synonymous (dS) nucleotide substitution ratios (ω) were less than one, suggesting that purifying selection played a predominant role in the evolutionary process. However, some amino acid sites were found to be subjected to episodic positive selection in the course of evolution of Pto homologs, and, thus, different evolutionary processes might have shaped the Pto gene family in plants. Based on RNA-seq data, PLPK genes and other Pto pathway genes, such as Prf, Pti1, Pti5, and Pti6 were expressed in all tested pepper genotypes. Therefore, the nonhost HR against Pst in pepper may be due to the recognition of the AvrPto effector by a PLPK homolog, and subsequent action of downstream components of the Pto signaling pathway. However, the possibility remains that the recognition of AvrPto in pepper plants may involve activities of other receptor like kinases (RLKs). The identification of the PLPKs in this study will serve as a foundation for further efforts to understand the roles of PLPKs in nonhost resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelli Venkatesh
- Department of Plant Science and Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, Vegetable Breeding Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151–921, Korea
| | - Molly Jahn
- University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, WI 53706, United States of America
| | - Byoung-Cheorl Kang
- Department of Plant Science and Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, Vegetable Breeding Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151–921, Korea
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Pečenková T, Sabol P, Kulich I, Ortmannová J, Žárský V. Constitutive Negative Regulation of R Proteins in Arabidopsis also via Autophagy Related Pathway? FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:260. [PMID: 26973696 PMCID: PMC4777726 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Even though resistance (R) genes are among the most studied components of the plant immunity, there remain still a lot of aspects to be explained about the regulation of their function. Many gain-of-function mutants of R genes and loss-of-function of their regulators often demonstrate up-regulated defense responses in combination with dwarf stature and/or spontaneous leaf lesions formation. For most of these mutants, phenotypes are a consequence of an ectopic activation of R genes. Based on the compilation and comparison of published results in this field, we have concluded that the constitutively activated defense phenotypes recurrently arise by disruption of tight, constitutive and multilevel negative control of some of R proteins that might involve also their targeting to the autophagy pathway. This mode of R protein regulation is supported also by protein-protein interactions listed in available databases, as well as in silico search for autophagy machinery interacting motifs. The suggested model could resolve some explanatory discrepancies found in the studies of the immunity responses of autophagy mutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Pečenková
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Experimental Botany, Academy of Sciences of Czech RepublicPrague, Czech Republic
- Laboratory of Cell Morphogenesis, Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in PraguePrague, Czech Republic
| | - Peter Sabol
- Laboratory of Cell Morphogenesis, Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in PraguePrague, Czech Republic
| | - Ivan Kulich
- Laboratory of Cell Morphogenesis, Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in PraguePrague, Czech Republic
| | - Jitka Ortmannová
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Experimental Botany, Academy of Sciences of Czech RepublicPrague, Czech Republic
- Laboratory of Cell Morphogenesis, Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in PraguePrague, Czech Republic
| | - Viktor Žárský
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Experimental Botany, Academy of Sciences of Czech RepublicPrague, Czech Republic
- Laboratory of Cell Morphogenesis, Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in PraguePrague, Czech Republic
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13
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Zuluaga AP, Vega-Arreguín JC, Fei Z, Matas AJ, Patev S, Fry WE, Rose JKC. Analysis of the tomato leaf transcriptome during successive hemibiotrophic stages of a compatible interaction with the oomycete pathogen Phytophthora infestans. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2016; 17:42-54. [PMID: 25808779 PMCID: PMC6638369 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The infection of plants by hemibiotrophic pathogens involves a complex and highly regulated transition from an initial biotrophic, asymptomatic stage to a later necrotrophic state, characterized by cell death. Little is known about how this transition is regulated, and there are conflicting views regarding the significance of the plant hormones jasmonic acid (JA) and salicylic acid (SA) in the different phases of infection. To provide a broad view of the hemibiotrophic infection process from the plant perspective, we surveyed the transcriptome of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) during a compatible interaction with the hemibiotrophic oomycete Phytophthora infestans during three infection stages: biotrophic, the transition from biotrophy to necrotrophy, and the necrotrophic phase. Nearly 10 000 genes corresponding to proteins in approximately 400 biochemical pathways showed differential transcript abundance during the three infection stages, revealing a major reorganization of plant metabolism, including major changes in source-sink relations, as well as secondary metabolites. In addition, more than 100 putative resistance genes and pattern recognition receptor genes were induced, and both JA and SA levels and associated signalling pathways showed dynamic changes during the infection time course. The biotrophic phase was characterized by the induction of many defence systems, which were either insufficient, evaded or suppressed by the pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea P Zuluaga
- Section of Plant Pathology and Plant Microbe Biology, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Julio C Vega-Arreguín
- Section of Plant Pathology and Plant Microbe Biology, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
- Laboratory of Agrigenomics, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), ENES-León, 37684, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - Zhangjun Fei
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
- USDA Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Antonio J Matas
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal, Campus de Teatinos, Universidad de Málaga, 29071, Málaga, Spain
- Section of Plant Biology, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Sean Patev
- Section of Plant Pathology and Plant Microbe Biology, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - William E Fry
- Section of Plant Pathology and Plant Microbe Biology, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Jocelyn K C Rose
- Section of Plant Biology, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
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Kato H, Saito T, Ito H, Komeda Y, Kato A. Overexpression of the TIR-X gene results in a dwarf phenotype and activation of defense-related gene expression in Arabidopsis thaliana. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 171:382-8. [PMID: 24594389 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2013.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2013] [Revised: 11/30/2013] [Accepted: 12/03/2013] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The Arabidopsis genome encodes various proteins with a Toll/interleukin-1 receptor (TIR) domain. Many of these proteins also contain nucleotide-binding site (NBS) and leucine-rich repeat (LRR) domains and function as resistance (R) proteins. However, the protein encoded by At2g32140 (a TIR-X gene) contains a TIR domain but lacks NBS and LRR domains. We found that transgenic plants overexpressing At2g32140 displayed a dwarf phenotype and showed increased expression of defense-related genes. In general, the growth defect caused by activation of defense responses is suppressed under high-temperature conditions. However, transgenic plants overexpressing At2g32140 displayed a much stronger dwarf phenotype at 28°C than at 22°C. This dwarf phenotype was suppressed under the combination with known salicylic-acid pathway mutants. These findings suggest that At2g32140 encodes a protein involved in the plant defense response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Kato
- Biosystems Science Course, Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
| | - Tamao Saito
- Department of Materials and Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Sophia University, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 120-8554, Japan
| | - Hidetaka Ito
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan; Japan Science and Technology Agency, PRESTO, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Yoshibumi Komeda
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Atsushi Kato
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan.
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15
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Ramegowda V, Senthil-Kumar M, Ishiga Y, Kaundal A, Udayakumar M, Mysore KS. Drought stress acclimation imparts tolerance to Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and Pseudomonas syringae in Nicotiana benthamiana. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:9497-513. [PMID: 23644883 PMCID: PMC3676796 DOI: 10.3390/ijms14059497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2013] [Revised: 04/13/2013] [Accepted: 04/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Acclimation of plants with an abiotic stress can impart tolerance to some biotic stresses. Such a priming response has not been widely studied. In particular, little is known about enhanced defense capacity of drought stress acclimated plants to fungal and bacterial pathogens. Here we show that prior drought acclimation in Nicotiana benthamiana plants imparts tolerance to necrotrophic fungus, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, and also to hemi-biotrophic bacterial pathogen, Pseudomonas syringae pv. tabaci. S. sclerotiorum inoculation on N. benthamiana plants acclimated with drought stress lead to less disease-induced cell death compared to non-acclimated plants. Furthermore, inoculation of P. syringae pv. tabaci on N. benthamiana plants acclimated to moderate drought stress showed reduced disease symptoms. The levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in drought acclimated plants were highly correlated with disease resistance. Further, in planta growth of GFPuv expressing P. syringae pv. tabaci on plants pre-treated with methyl viologen showed complete inhibition of bacterial growth. Taken together, these experimental results suggested a role for ROS generated during drought acclimation in imparting tolerance against S. sclerotiorum and P. syringae pv. tabaci. We speculate that the generation of ROS during drought acclimation primed a defense response in plants that subsequently caused the tolerance against the pathogens tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venkategowda Ramegowda
- Plant Biology Division, Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, OK 73401, USA; E-Mails: (M.S.-K.); (Y.I.); (A.K.)
- Department of Crop Physiology, University of Agricultural Science, GKVK, Bangalore 560065, India; E-Mail:
| | - Muthappa Senthil-Kumar
- Plant Biology Division, Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, OK 73401, USA; E-Mails: (M.S.-K.); (Y.I.); (A.K.)
| | - Yasuhiro Ishiga
- Plant Biology Division, Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, OK 73401, USA; E-Mails: (M.S.-K.); (Y.I.); (A.K.)
| | - Amita Kaundal
- Plant Biology Division, Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, OK 73401, USA; E-Mails: (M.S.-K.); (Y.I.); (A.K.)
| | - Makarla Udayakumar
- Department of Crop Physiology, University of Agricultural Science, GKVK, Bangalore 560065, India; E-Mail:
| | - Kirankumar S. Mysore
- Plant Biology Division, Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, OK 73401, USA; E-Mails: (M.S.-K.); (Y.I.); (A.K.)
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16
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Pandelova I, Betts MF, Manning VA, Wilhelm LJ, Mockler TC, Ciuffetti LM. Analysis of transcriptome changes induced by Ptr ToxA in wheat provides insights into the mechanisms of plant susceptibility. MOLECULAR PLANT 2009; 2:1067-83. [PMID: 19825681 DOI: 10.1093/mp/ssp045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
To obtain greater insight into the molecular events underlying plant disease susceptibility, we studied transcriptome changes induced by a host-selective toxin of Pyrenophora tritici-repentis, Ptr ToxA (ToxA), on its host plant, wheat. Transcriptional profiling of ToxA-treated leaves of a ToxA-sensitive wheat cultivar was performed using the GeneChip Wheat Genome Array. An improved and up-to-date annotation of the wheat microarray was generated and a new tool for array data analysis (BRAT) was developed, and both are available for public use via a web-based interface. Our data indicate that massive transcriptional reprogramming occurs due to ToxA treatment, including cellular responses typically associated with defense. In addition, this study supports previous results indicating that ToxA-induced cell death is triggered by impairment of the photosynthetic machinery and accumulation of reactive oxygen species. Based on results of this study, we propose that ToxA acts as both an elicitor and a virulence factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iovanna Pandelova
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology and Center for Genome Research and Biocomputing, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
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17
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Kanzaki H, Saitoh H, Takahashi Y, Berberich T, Ito A, Kamoun S, Terauchi R. NbLRK1, a lectin-like receptor kinase protein of Nicotiana benthamiana, interacts with Phytophthora infestans INF1 elicitin and mediates INF1-induced cell death. PLANTA 2008; 228:977-87. [PMID: 18682978 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-008-0797-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2008] [Accepted: 07/16/2008] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Phytophthora infestans INF1 elicitin causes the hypersensitive response (HR) in Nicotiana benthamiana (Kamoun et al. in Plant Cell 10:1413-1425, 1998). To identify N. benthamiana proteins that interact with INF1, we carried out a yeast two-hybrid screen. This screen resulted in the isolation of a gene NbLRK1 coding for a novel lectin-like receptor kinase. NbLRK1 interacted with INF1 through its VIb kinase subdomain. Purified INF1 and NbLRK1 proteins also interacted in vitro. INF1 treatment of N. benthamiana leaves induced autophosphorylation of NbLRK1. Most importantly, virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) of NbLRK1 delayed INF1-mediated HR in N. benthamiana. These data suggest that NbLRK1 is a component of the N. benthamiana protein complex that recognizes INF1 elicitor and transduces the HR signal.
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18
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Martínez Zamora MG, Castagnaro AP, Díaz Ricci JC. Genetic diversity of Pto-like serine/threonine kinase disease resistance genes in cultivated and wild strawberries. J Mol Evol 2008; 67:211-21. [PMID: 18618068 DOI: 10.1007/s00239-008-9134-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2008] [Revised: 05/16/2008] [Accepted: 06/09/2008] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Degenerate oligonucleotide primers, designed based on conserved regions of several serine-threonine kinases (STK) previously cloned in tomato and Arabidopsis, were used to isolate STK candidates in wild and cultivated strawberries. Seven distinct classes of STKs were identified from three related wild species, i.e., Fragaria vesca, Fragaria chiloensis, and Potentilla tucumanensis, and seven different Fragaria x ananassa cultivars. Alignment of the deduced amino acid sequences and the Pto R protein from tomato revealed the presence of characteristic subdomains and conservation of the plant STK consensus and other residues that are crucial for Pto function. Based on identity scores and clustering in phylogenetic trees, five groups were recognized as Pto-like kinases. Strawberry Pto-like clones presented sequences that were clearly identified as the activation segments contained in the Pto, and some of them showed residues previously identified as being required for binding to AvrPto. Some of the non-Pto-like kinases presented a high degree of identity and grouped together with B-lectin receptor kinases that are also involved in disease resistance. Statistical studies carried out to evaluate departure from the neutral theory and nonsynonymous/synonymous substitutions suggest that the evolution of STK-encoding sequences in strawberries is subjected mainly to a purifying selection process. These results represent the first report of Pto-like STKs in strawberry.
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Affiliation(s)
- M G Martínez Zamora
- INSIBIO (CONICET-UNT), Departamento de Bioquímica de la Nutrición e Instituto de Qca Biológica Dr. Bernabé Bloj (UNT), Chacabuco 461, 4000, Tucuman, Argentina
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19
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Bao YM, Wang JF, Huang J, Zhang HS. Cloning and characterization of three genes encoding Qb-SNARE proteins in rice. Mol Genet Genomics 2008; 279:291-301. [PMID: 18197419 DOI: 10.1007/s00438-007-0313-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2007] [Accepted: 12/11/2007] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Qb-SNARE proteins belong to the superfamily of SNAREs (soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptors) and function as important components of the vesicle trafficking machinery in eukaryotic cells. Here, we report three novel plant SNARE (NPSN) genes isolated from rice and named OsNPSN11, OsNPSN12 and OsNPSN13. They have about 70% nucleotide identity over their entire coding regions and similar genomic organization with ten exons and nine introns in each gene. Multiple alignment of deduced amino acid sequences indicate that the OsNPSNs proteins are homologous to AtNPSNs from Arabidopsis, containing a Qb-SNARE domain and a membrane-spanning domain in the C-terminal region. Semi-quantitative RT-PCR assays showed that the OsNPSNs were ubiquitously and differentially expressed in roots, culms, leaves, immature spikes and flowering spikes. The expression of OsNPSNs was significantly activated in rice seedlings treated with H(2)O(2), but down-regulated under NaCl and PEG6000 stresses. Transient expression method in onion epidermal cells revealed that OsNPSNs were located in the plasma membrane. Transformed yeast cells with OsNPSNs had better growth rates than empty-vector transformants when cultured on either solid or liquid selective media containing various concentrations of H(2)O(2), but more sensitive to NaCl and mannitol stresses. The 35S:OsNPSN11 transgenic tobacco also showed more tolerance to H(2)O(2) and sensitivity to NaCl and mannitol than non-transgenic tobacco. These results indicate that OsNPSNs may be involved in different aspects of the signal transduction in plant and yeast responses to abiotic stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Mei Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
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20
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Yu F, Lydiate DJ, Rimmer SR. Identification and mapping of a third blackleg resistance locus inBrassica napusderived fromB. rapasubsp.sylvestris. Genome 2008; 51:64-72. [DOI: 10.1139/g07-103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The spectrum of resistance to isolates of Leptosphaeria maculans and the map location of a new blackleg resistance gene found in the canola cultivar Brassica napus ‘Surpass 400’ are described. Two blackleg resistance genes, LepR1 and LepR2, from B. rapa subsp. sylvestris and introgressed in B. napus were identified previously. ‘Surpass 400’ also has blackleg resistance introgressed from B. rapa subsp. sylvestris. Using 31 diverse isolates of L. maculans, the disease reaction of ‘Surpass 400’ was compared with those of the resistant breeding lines AD9 (which contains LepR1), AD49 (which contains LepR2), and MC1-8 (which contains both LepR1 and LepR2). The disease reaction on ‘Surpass 400’ was different from those observed on AD9 and MC1-8, indicating that ‘Surpass 400’ carries neither LepR1 nor both LepR1 and LepR2 in combination. Disease reactions of ‘Surpass 400’ to most of the isolates tested were indistinguishable from those of AD49, which suggested ‘Surpass 400’ might contain LepR2 or a similar resistance gene. Classical genetic analysis of F1and BC1plants showed that a dominant allele conferred resistance to isolates of L. maculans in ‘Surpass 400’. The resistance gene, which mapped to B. napus linkage group N10 in an interval of 2.9 cM flanked by microsatellite markers sR12281a and sN2428Rb and 11.7 cM below LepR2, was designated LepR3. A 9 cM region of the B. napus genome containing LepR3 was found to be syntenic with a segment of Arabidopsis chromosome 5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengqun Yu
- Saskatoon Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 107 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK S7N 0X2, Canada
| | - Derek J. Lydiate
- Saskatoon Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 107 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK S7N 0X2, Canada
| | - S. Roger Rimmer
- Saskatoon Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 107 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK S7N 0X2, Canada
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Lin NC, Martin GB. Pto- and Prf-mediated recognition of AvrPto and AvrPtoB restricts the ability of diverse pseudomonas syringae pathovars to infect tomato. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2007; 20:806-15. [PMID: 17601168 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-20-7-0806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The molecular basis underlying the ability of pathogens to infect certain plant species and not others is largely unknown. Pseudomonas syringae is a useful model species for investigating this phenomenon because it comprises more than 50 pathovars which have narrow host range specificities. Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) is a host for P. syringae pv. tomato, the causative agent of bacterial speck disease, but is considered a nonhost for other P. syringae pathovars. Host resistance in tomato to bacterial speck disease is conferred by the Pto protein kinase which acts in concert with the Prf nucleotide-binding lucine-rich repeat protein to recognize P. syringae pv. tomato strains expressing the type III effectors AvrPto or AvrPtoB (HopAB2). The Pto and Prf genes were isolated from the wild tomato species S. pimpinellifolium and functional alleles of both of these genes now are known to exist in many species of tomato and in other Solanaceous species. Here, we extend earlier reports that avrPto and avrPtoB genes are widely distributed among pathovars of P. syringae which are considered nonhost pathogens of tomato. This observation prompted us to examine the possibility that recognition of these type III effectors by Pto or Prf might contribute to the inability of many P. syringae pathovars to infect tomato species. We show that 10 strains from presumed nonhost P. syringae pathovars are able to grow and cause pathovar-unique disease symptoms in tomato leaves lacking Pto or Prf, although they did not reach the population levels or cause symptoms as severe as a control P. syringae pv. tomato strain. Seven of these strains were found to express avrPto or avrPtoB. The AvrPto- and AvrPtoB-expressing strains elicited disease resistance on tomato leaves expressing Pto and Prf. Thus, a gene-for-gene recognition event may contribute to host range restriction of many P. syringae pathovars on tomato species. Furthermore, we conclude that the diverse disease symptoms caused by different Pseudomonas pathogens on their normal plant hosts are due largely to the array of virulence factors expressed by each pathovar and not to specific molecular or morphological attributes of the plant host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nai-Chun Lin
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Tower Rd., Ithaca, NY 14853-1801, USA
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Schmidt SA, Williams SJ, Wang CIA, Sornaraj P, James B, Kobe B, Dodds PN, Ellis JG, Anderson PA. Purification of the M flax-rust resistance protein expressed in Pichia pastoris. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2007; 50:1107-17. [PMID: 17461785 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2007.03104.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The M flax-rust resistance (R) gene is predicted to encode a 150-kDa protein of the Toll-interleukin-like receptor-nucleotide binding site-leucine rich repeat (TIR-NBS-LRR) class of plant disease resistance proteins and provides resistance against the Melampsora lini (flax rust) fungus carrying the AvrM avirulence gene. The extremely low level of this class of R proteins found in plant tissue has precluded their biochemical and structural analysis, and the study of these proteins has been largely restricted to genetic analyses and in vivo investigations. Here we report the production and purification of the M protein in the methalotrophic yeast, Pichia pastoris. Expression trials with five different constructs reveals optimum levels of soluble native M protein can be obtained as an N-terminally 9x His-tagged protein, in which the first 21 amino acids of the predicted wild-type protein are deleted. Expression was achieved using a high cell density fed-batch bioreactor culture at low temperature. M protein was purified to near homogeneity from whole-cell lysates using cation exchange, immobilised metal ion affinity chromatography and gel filtration with a final yield of approximately 3 mg of protein/1000 g wet weight of yeast cells lysed. The successful expression and purification of soluble M protein opens the way for biochemical and structural analysis of this class of important plant proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon A Schmidt
- The School of Biological Sciences, Flinders University, G.P.O. Box 2100, Adelaide 5001, Australia
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De Nardi B, Dreos R, Del Terra L, Martellossi C, Asquini E, Tornincasa P, Gasperini D, Pacchioni B, Rathinavelu R, Pallavicini A, Graziosi G. Differential responses of Coffea arabica L. leaves and roots to chemically induced systemic acquired resistance. Genome 2007; 49:1594-605. [PMID: 17426774 DOI: 10.1139/g06-125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Coffea arabica is susceptible to several pests and diseases, some of which affect the leaves and roots. Systemic acquired resistance (SAR) is the main defence mechanism activated in plants in response to pathogen attack. Here, we report the effects of benzo(1,2,3)thiadiazole-7-carbothioic acid-S-methyl ester (BTH), a SAR chemical inducer, on the expression profile of C. arabica. Two cDNA libraries were constructed from the mRNA isolated from leaves and embryonic roots to create 1587 nonredundant expressed sequence tags (ESTs). We developed a cDNA microarray containing 1506 ESTs from the leaves and embryonic roots, and 48 NBS-LRR (nucleotide-binding site leucine-rich repeat) gene fragments derived from 2 specific genomic libraries. Competitive hybridization between untreated and BTH-treated leaves resulted in 55 genes that were significantly overexpressed and 16 genes that were significantly underexpressed. In the roots, 37 and 42 genes were over and underexpressed, respectively. A general shift in metabolism from housekeeping to defence occurred in the leaves and roots after BTH treatment. We observed a systemic increase in pathogenesis-related protein synthesis, in the oxidative burst, and in the cell wall strengthening processes. Moreover, responses in the roots and leaves varied significantly.
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24
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Bao YM, Wang JF, Huang J, Zhang HS. Molecular cloning and characterization of a novel SNAP25-type protein gene OsSNAP32 in rice (Oryza sativa L.). Mol Biol Rep 2007; 35:145-52. [PMID: 17380428 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-007-9064-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2006] [Accepted: 02/26/2007] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The SNAP25-type proteins belong to the superfamily of the SNAREs (soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptors), and function as important components of the vesical trafficking machinery in eukaryotic cells. In this paper, we report the cloning and expression characterization of OsSNAP32 gene, and the subcellular localization of its encoded protein. The OsSNAP32 gene contains five exons and four introns, and is located between RFLP markers C12276S and S1917 on chromosome 2 in rice. The OsSNAP32 has a molecular weight of 31.3 kD, comprises 283 amino acid residues, and contains Qb-SNARE and Qc-SNARE domains in the N- and C-terminal, respectively. Multiple sequence alignment of the SNARE domains indicates that OsSNAP32 protein is homologous to HvSNAP34 and HvSNAP28 (63% and 55% of amino acid identity respectively) from barley. The transient expression method in onion epidermal cells, revealed that OsSNAP32 is located in the plasma membrane, like other SNAP25-type proteins. Semi-quantitative RT-PCR assay showed that the OsSNAP32 is highly expressed in leaves and culms, and low in roots of rice, while hardly detected in immature spikes and flowering spikes. The expression of OsSNAP32 was significantly activated in rice seedlings treated with H2O2, PEG6000, and low temperature or after inoculation with rice blast (Magnaporthe grisea strain Hoku 1). The results suggest that this gene belongs to a novel member of this gene family encoding SNAP25-type proteins, involved in the rice responses to biotic and abiotic stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Mei Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
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Takahashi Y, Nasir KHB, Ito A, Kanzaki H, Matsumura H, Saitoh H, Fujisawa S, Kamoun S, Terauchi R. A high-throughput screen of cell-death-inducing factors in Nicotiana benthamiana identifies a novel MAPKK that mediates INF1-induced cell death signaling and non-host resistance to Pseudomonas cichorii. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2007; 49:1030-40. [PMID: 17319846 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2006.03022.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
A high-throughput overexpression screen of Nicotiana benthamiana cDNAs identified a gene for a mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MAPKK) as a potent inducer of the hypersensitive response (HR)-like cell death. NbMKK1 protein is localized to the nucleus, and the N-terminal putative MAPK docking site of NbMKK1 is required for its function as a cell-death inducer. NbMKK1-mediated leaf-cell death was compromised in leaves where NbSIPK expression was silenced by virus-induced gene silencing. A yeast two-hybrid assay showed that NbMKK1 and NbSIPK physically interact, suggesting that NbSIPK is one of the downstream targets of NbMKK1. Phytophthora infestans INF1 elicitor-mediated HR was delayed in NbMKK1-silenced plants, indicating that NbMKK1 is involved in this HR pathway. Furthermore, the resistance of N. benthamiana to a non-host pathogen Pseudomonas cichorii was compromised in NbMKK1-silenced plants. These results demonstrate that MAPK cascades involving NbMKK1 control non-host resistance including HR cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiro Takahashi
- Iwate Biotechnology Research Center, 22-174-4, Narita, Kitakami, Iwate 024-0003, Japan
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Shimada C, Lipka V, O'Connell R, Okuno T, Schulze-Lefert P, Takano Y. Nonhost resistance in Arabidopsis-Colletotrichum interactions acts at the cell periphery and requires actin filament function. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2006; 19:270-9. [PMID: 16570657 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-19-0270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Pathogenesis of nonadapted fungal pathogens is often terminated coincident with their attempted penetration into epidermal cells of nonhost plants. The genus Colletotrichum represents an economically important group of fungal plant pathogens that are amenable to molecular genetic analysis. Here, we investigated interactions between Arabidopsis and Colletotrichum to gain insights in plant and pathogen processes activating nonhost resistance responses. Three tested nonadapted Colletotrichum species differentiated melanized appressoria on Arabidopsis leaves but failed to form intracellular hyphae. Plant cells responded to Colletotrichum invasion attempts by the formation of PMR4/GSL5-dependent papillary callose. Appressorium differentiation and melanization were insufficient to trigger this localized plant cell response, but analysis of nonpathogenic C. lagenarium mutants implicates penetration-peg formation as the inductive cue. We show that Arabidopsis PEN1 syntaxin controls timely accumulation of papillary callose but is functionally dispensable for effective preinvasion (penetration) resistance in nonhost interactions. Consistent with this observation, green fluorescent protein-tagged PEN1 did not accumulate at sites of attempted penetration by either adapted or nonadapted Colletotrichum species, in contrast to the pronounced focal accumulations of PEN1 associated with entry of powdery mildews. We observed extensive reorganization of actin microfilaments leading to polar orientation of large actin bundles towards appressorial contact sites in interactions with the nonadapted Colletotrichum species. Pharmacological inhibition of actin filament function indicates a functional contribution of the actin cytoskeleton for both preinvasion resistance and papillary callose formation. Interestingly, the incidence of papilla formation at entry sites was greatly reduced in interactions with C. higginsianum isolates, indicating that this adapted pathogen may suppress preinvasion resistance at the cell periphery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiyumi Shimada
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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Lobo NF, Behura SK, Aggarwal R, Chen MS, Collins FH, Stuart JJ. Genomic analysis of a 1 Mb region near the telomere of Hessian fly chromosome X2 and avirulence gene vH13. BMC Genomics 2006; 7:7. [PMID: 16412254 PMCID: PMC1352350 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-7-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2005] [Accepted: 01/16/2006] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To have an insight into the Mayetiola destructor (Hessian fly) genome, we performed an in silico comparative genomic analysis utilizing genetic mapping, genomic sequence and EST sequence data along with data available from public databases. RESULTS Chromosome walking and FISH were utilized to identify a contig of 50 BAC clones near the telomere of the short arm of Hessian fly chromosome X2 and near the avirulence gene vH13. These clones enabled us to correlate physical and genetic distance in this region of the Hessian fly genome. Sequence data from these BAC ends encompassing a 760 kb region, and a fully sequenced and assembled 42.6 kb BAC clone, was utilized to perform a comparative genomic study. In silico gene prediction combined with BLAST analyses was used to determine putative orthology to the sequenced dipteran genomes of the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, and the malaria mosquito, Anopheles gambiae, and to infer evolutionary relationships. CONCLUSION This initial effort enables us to advance our understanding of the structure, composition and evolution of the genome of this important agricultural pest and is an invaluable tool for a whole genome sequencing effort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil F Lobo
- Indiana Center for Insect Genomics, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, 46556, USA, and Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Galvin Life Sciences Building, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, USA
| | - Susanta K Behura
- Department of Entomology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
- Department of Entomology, 505 S Goodwin Ave., University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Il 61801, USA
| | - Rajat Aggarwal
- Department of Entomology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| | - Ming-Shun Chen
- Department of Entomology, 505 S Goodwin Ave., University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Il 61801, USA
| | - Frank H Collins
- Indiana Center for Insect Genomics, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, 46556, USA, and Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Galvin Life Sciences Building, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, USA
| | - Jeff J Stuart
- Indiana Center for Insect Genomics, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, 46556, USA, and Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
- Department of Entomology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
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Basse CW. Dissecting defense-related and developmental transcriptional responses of maize during Ustilago maydis infection and subsequent tumor formation. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2005; 138:1774-84. [PMID: 15980197 PMCID: PMC1176445 DOI: 10.1104/pp.105.061200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2005] [Revised: 04/21/2005] [Accepted: 04/22/2005] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Infection of maize (Zea mays) plants with the smut fungus Ustilago maydis triggers the formation of tumors on aerial parts in which the fungal life cycle is completed. A differential display screen was performed to gain insight into transcriptional changes of the host response. Some of the genes strongly up-regulated in tumors showed a pronounced developmental expression pattern with decreasing transcript levels from basal to apical shoot segments, suggesting that U. maydis has the capacity to extend the undifferentiated state of maize plants. Differentially expressed genes implicated in secondary metabolism were Bx1, involved in biosynthesis of the cyclic hydroxamic acid 2,4-dihydroxy-7-methoxy-2H-1,4-benzoxazin-3-one, and a novel putative sesquiterpene cyclase gene U. maydis induced (Umi)2. Together with the up-regulation of Umi11 encoding a cyclotide-like protein this suggests a nonconventional induction of plant defenses. Explicitly, U. maydis was resistant to 2,4-dihydroxy-7-methoxy-2H-1,4-benzoxazin-3-one but susceptible to its benzoxazolinone derivative 6-methoxy-2-benzoxazolinone. Infection studies of isolated leaves with U. maydis and Colletotrichum graminicola provided evidence for coregulation of Umi2 and PR-1 gene expression, with mRNA levels strongly determined by the extent of fungal colonization within tissue. However, in contrast to Umi2, transcript levels of PR-1 remained low in plants infected with wild-type U. maydis but were 8-fold elevated upon infection with an U. maydis mutant strongly attenuated in pathogenic development. This suggests that U. maydis colonization in planta suppresses a classical defense response. Furthermore, comparative expression analysis uncovered distinct transcriptional programs operating in the host in response to fungal infection and subsequent tumor formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph W Basse
- Max-Planck-Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, Department of Organismic Interactions, D-35043 Marburg, Germany.
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Barbosa-da-Silva A, Wanderley-Nogueira AC, Silva RR, Berlarmino LC, Soares-Cavalcanti NM, Benko-Iseppon AM. In silico survey of resistance (R) genes in Eucalyptus transcriptome. Genet Mol Biol 2005. [DOI: 10.1590/s1415-47572005000400011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Martínez Zamora MG, Castagnaro AP, Díaz Ricci JC. Isolation and diversity analysis of resistance gene analogues (RGAs) from cultivated and wild strawberries. Mol Genet Genomics 2004; 272:480-7. [PMID: 15565466 DOI: 10.1007/s00438-004-1079-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2004] [Accepted: 10/05/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Degenerate oligonucleotide primers, designed based on conserved regions of Nucleotide Binding Site (NBS) domains from previously cloned plant resistance genes, were used to isolate Resistance Gene Analogues (RGAs) from wild and cultivated strawberries. Seven distinct families of RGAs of the NBS-LRR type were identified from two related wild species, Fragaria vesca and F. chiloensis, and six different Fragaria x ananassa cultivars. With one exception (GAV-3), the deduced amino acid sequences of strawberry RGAs showed strong similarity to TIR (Toll Interleukin I Receptor)-type R genes from Arabidopsis, tobacco and flax, suggesting the existence of common ancestors. GAV-3 seemed to be more closely related to the non-TIR type. Further studies showed that the recombination level and the ratio of non-synonymous to synonymous substitutions within families were low. These data suggest that NBS-encoding sequences of RGAs in strawberry are subject to a gradual accumulation of mutations leading to purifying selection, rather than to a diversifying process. The present paper is the first report on RGAs in strawberry.
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Affiliation(s)
- M G Martínez Zamora
- Dpto. de Bioquímica de la Nutrición, Instituto de Química Biológica "Dr. Bernabé Bloj" (UNT), INSIBIO (CONICET-UNT), Chacabuco 461, 4000 Tucumán, Argentina
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31
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Sharma N, Gruszewski HA, Park SW, Holm DG, Vivanco JM. Purification of an isoform of patatin with antimicrobial activity against Phytophthora infestans. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2004; 42:647-655. [PMID: 15331094 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2004.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2003] [Accepted: 05/17/2004] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Phytophthora infestans (Mont.) de Bary is infamous as the causal agent of the late blight epidemic contributing to the Irish potato famine of the mid 19th century and remains agriculture's most destructive disease as new mutations and migrations confound control measures. In efforts to develop resistant varieties, a somatic hybrid (the Wisconsin J series) between potato (Solanum tuberosum) and a wild relative (Solanum bulbocastanum) has been found to convey durable resistance against the pathogen. We screened the total protein (100 microg ml(-1)) of somatic hybrid varieties J138, J138A12, J101K12, J103K12, and J101K9 for in vitro spore germination inhibition of P. infestans. Since J138 exhibited maximum inhibition at 150 microg ml(-1) in comparison to other varieties, we purified a 40 kD protein from J138 tubers by assaying its ability to inhibit spore germination in P. infestans spores. The highly purified protein was able to inhibit P. infestans spore germination by 70% at the 2.5 microg ml(-1) concentration. The N-terminal sequence of this protein was found to have exact amino acid homology to patatin, the major storage protein of potato tubers. The inhibitory protein has the same molecular weight as patatin and cross-reacts with patatin antibodies. The infection of J138 plants with spores of P. infestans under greenhouse conditions showed that patatin is expressed in stem tissue 72 h after the plant is inoculated with field isolates of P. infestans (US8). In this communication, we report the purification, characterization and antifungal activity against spores of P. infestans of patatin-J from potato tubers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neelam Sharma
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1173, USA
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32
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Jung EH, Jung HW, Lee SC, Han SW, Heu S, Hwang BK. Identification of a novel pathogen-induced gene encoding a leucine-rich repeat protein expressed in phloem cells of Capsicum annuum. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 1676:211-22. [PMID: 14984927 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-4781(03)00120-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2002] [Revised: 06/03/2003] [Accepted: 06/06/2003] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The CALRR1 gene, expressed in pepper leaves following infection by Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria, encodes a secreted leucine-rich repeat (LRR) with five tandem repeats of a 24-amino-acid LRR motif. Northern blot analyses revealed that CALRR1 is not constitutively expressed in pepper plants, but is strongly induced upon the infection by X. campestris pv. vesicatoria, Phytophthora capsici, Colletotrichum coccodes and Colletotrichum gloeosporioides on leaves. CALRR1 was not systemically induced in upper leaves by bacterial infection. The inoculation of bacterial live cells, and treatment with dead cells and culture filtrates of pathogenic or nonpathogenic bacteria triggered the accumulation of CALRR1 transcripts. Treatment with signaling molecules, including salicylic acid (SA), ethylene (ET), methyl jasmonate (MeJA), dl-beta-amino-n-butyric acid (BABA) and benzothiadiazole (BTH), did not activate the transcription of the CALRR1 gene, indicating that CALRR1 expression is not regulated by defense signaling pathways activated by these molecules. CALRR1 was induced by treatment with high salinity, abscisic acid (ABA) and wounding, but not by drought and cold stress. An in situ hybridization study showed that CALRR1 mRNA was localized in phloem tissues of leaves, stems, and green fruits of pepper plants during the pathogen infection and ABA exposure. The location characteristics and the spatio-temporal expression pattern of CALRR1 suggest that it may play a role in protecting phloem cells against biotic and abiotic stresses affecting phloem function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eui Hwan Jung
- Laboratory of Molecular Plant Pathology, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Korea University, Anam-dong, Sungbuk-ku, Seoul 136-701, South Korea
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Baldi P, Patocchi A, Zini E, Toller C, Velasco R, Komjanc M. Cloning and linkage mapping of resistance gene homologues in apple. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2004; 109:231-239. [PMID: 15052401 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-004-1624-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2003] [Accepted: 01/29/2004] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Apple ( Malus x domestica Borkh.) sequences sharing homology with known resistance genes were cloned using a PCR-based approach with degenerate oligonucleotide primers designed on conserved regions of the nucleotide-binding site (NBS). Sequence analysis of the amplified fragments indicated the presence of at least 27 families of NBS-containing genes in apple, each composed of several very similar or nearly identical sequences. The NBS-leucine-rich repeat homologues appeared to include members of the two major groups that have been described in dicot plants: one possessing a toll-interleukin receptor element and one lacking such a domain. Genetic mapping of the cloned sequences was achieved through the development of CAPS and SSCP markers using a segregating population of a cross between the two apple cultivars Fiesta and Discovery. Several of the apple resistance gene homologues mapped in the vicinity, or at least on the same linkage group, of known loci controlling resistance to various pathogens. The utility of resistance gene-homologue sequences as molecular markers for breeding purposes and for gene cloning is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Baldi
- Istituto Agrario San Michele a. Adige, via E. Mach 1, 38010 San Michele all'Adige, TN, Italy.
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Abstract
Nonhost disease resistance is the most common form of disease resistance exhibited by plants against the majority of potentially pathogenic microorganisms. Recently, several components of nonhost disease resistance have been identified. Nonhost resistance exhibited against bacteria, fungi and oomycetes can be of two types. Type I nonhost resistance does not produce any visible symptoms whereas type II nonhost resistance results in a rapid hypersensitive response with cell death. Strong similarities exist between nonhost and gene-for-gene resistance responses but it is still not clear if the same mechanism is involved in producing these resistance responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirankumar S Mysore
- Plant Biology Division, Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, OK 73401, USA.
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35
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Fliegmann J, Mithofer A, Wanner G, Ebel J. An ancient enzyme domain hidden in the putative beta-glucan elicitor receptor of soybean may play an active part in the perception of pathogen-associated molecular patterns during broad host resistance. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:1132-40. [PMID: 14578352 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m308552200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
A successful defense against potential pathogens requires that a host organism is able to discriminate between self and nonself structures. Soybean (Glycine max L.) exploits a specific molecular pattern, a 1,6-beta-linked and 1,3-beta-branched heptaglucoside (HG), present in cell walls of the oomycetal pathogen Phytophthora sojae, as a signal compound eliciting the onset of defense reactions. The specific and high affinity HG-binding site is contained in the beta-glucan-binding protein (GBP), which in turn is part of a proposed receptor complex. The ability to perceive and respond to Phytophthora cell wall-derived beta-glucan elicitors is exclusive to plants that belong to the Fabaceae. However, we propose that the presence of the GBP is essential, but not sufficient for beta-glucan elicitor-dependent disease resistance because genes encoding GBP-related proteins can be retrieved from many plant species. Furthermore, we show that the GBP is composed of two different carbohydrateactive protein domains, one containing the beta-glucan-binding site, and the other related to glucan endoglucosidases of fungal origin. The glucan hydrolase displays most likely an endo-specific mode of action, cleaving only 1,3-beta-d-glucosidic linkages of oligoglucosides consisting of at least four moieties. Thus, the intrinsic endo-1,3-beta-glucanase activity of the GBP is perfectly suited during initial contact with Phytophthora to release oligoglucoside fragments enriched in motifs that constitute ligands for the high affinity binding site present in the same protein. The concept of innate immunity in plants receives substantial support by this highly sophisticated system using ancient enzyme modules as an active part of the recognition mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Fliegmann
- Department Biologie I/Botanik, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität, Menzinger Str. 67, D-80638 München, Germany.
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Malvas CC, Melotto M, Truffi D, Camargo LE. A homolog of the RPS2 disease resistance gene is constitutively expressed in Brassica oleracea. Genet Mol Biol 2003. [DOI: 10.1590/s1415-47572003000400015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Hermanns M, Slusarenko AJ, Schlaich NL. Organ-specificity in a plant disease is determined independently of R gene signaling. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2003; 16:752-9. [PMID: 12971598 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi.2003.16.9.752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The molecular basis of organ specificity in plant diseases is little characterized. Downy mildew of Arabidopsis caused by the oomycete Hyaloperonospora parasitica (formerly Peronospora parasitica) is characteristically a leaf disease. Resistant host genotypes recognize the pathogen in a gene-for-gene dependent manner and respond with the production of H2O2 and the execution of a genetically programmed hypersensitive cell death (HR). We inoculated the roots of Arabidopsis genotypes Col-0, Ws-0, and Wei-0 with the NOCO and WELA races of the pathogen and compared the responses with those observed in leaves. Combinations of incompatible genotypes of host and pathogen showed the expected responses of an oxidative burst and the HR in leaves, but surprisingly, roots showed no signs of active defense and appeared completely susceptible to all the H. parasitica isolates tested. Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction showed that the R gene RPP1, which mediates resistance in leaves of accession Ws-0 to the H. parasitica isolate NOCO, was expressed in leaves as well as in roots. Similarly, NDR1 and EDS1, two components of R gene-mediated signaling pathways, are also expressed in both tissues. To our knowledge, it has not been previously demonstrated that expression of R genes and downstream components of the signaling cascade are not sufficient for the induction of avirulence gene-mediated defense mechanisms in roots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Hermanns
- Institut Bio III (Pflanzenphysiologie), RWTH Aachen, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
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Tanaka N, Che FS, Watanabe N, Fujiwara S, Takayama S, Isogai A. Flagellin from an incompatible strain of Acidovorax avenae mediates H2O2 generation accompanying hypersensitive cell death and expression of PAL, Cht-1, and PBZ1, but not of Lox in rice. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2003; 16:422-428. [PMID: 12744513 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi.2003.16.5.422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Acidovorax avenae causes a brown stripe disease in monocot plants. We recently reported that a rice-incompatible strain of A. avenae caused hypersensitive cell death in rice and that the flagellin of the incompatible strain was involved in this response. The incompatible strain induced the rapid generation of H2O2 accompanying hypersensitive cell death and the expression of defense genes such as PAL, Cht-1, PBZ1, and LOX, whereas the compatible strain did not. The purified incompatible flagellin also induced the expression of PAL, Cht-1, and PBZ1, but LOX expression was not induced by the incompatible flagellin. PAL and LOX enzymatic activities were increased by inoculation with the incompatible strain, whereas only PAL activity was increased by the incompatible flagellin. Interestingly, the flagellin-deficient incompatible strain lost the ability to generate H2O2 and induce hypersensitive cell death, but PAL, Cht-1, and PBZ1 expression still were induced by inoculation with the deficient strain, suggesting that induction of these genes is regulated not only by flagellin but also by some other signal. Thus, the incompatible flagellin of A. avenae is a specific elicitor in rice, but it is not the only factor capable of inducing the rice defense system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriko Tanaka
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5, Takayama Ikoma, Nara 630-0101, Japan
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Radwan O, Bouzidi MF, Vear F, Philippon J, De Labrouhe DT, Nicolas P, Mouzeyar S. Identification of non-TIR-NBS-LRR markers linked to the Pl5/ Pl8 locus for resistance to downy mildew in sunflower. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2003; 106:1438-1446. [PMID: 12750787 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-003-1196-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2002] [Accepted: 11/11/2002] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The resistance of sunflower, Helianthus annuus L., to downy mildew, caused by Plasmopara halstedii, is conferred by major genes denoted by Pl. Using degenerate and specific primers, 16 different resistance gene analogs (RGAs) have been cloned and sequenced. Sequence comparison and Southern-blot analysis distinguished six classes of RGA. Two of these classes correspond to TIR-NBS-LRR sequences while the remaining four classes correspond to the non-TIR-NBS-LRR type of resistance genes. The genetic mapping of these RGAs on two segregating F2 populations showed that the non-TIR-NBS-LRR RGAs are clustered and linked to the Pl5/ Pl8 locus for resistance to downy mildew in sunflower. These and other results indicate that different Pl loci conferring resistance to the same pathogen races may contain different sequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Radwan
- UMR 1095 INRA-UBP "Amélioration et Santé des Plantes", Université Blaise Pascal, 24, Avenue des Landais 63177 Aubiére Cedex, France
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Liu Y, Jin H, Yang KY, Kim CY, Baker B, Zhang S. Interaction between two mitogen-activated protein kinases during tobacco defense signaling. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2003; 34:149-60. [PMID: 12694591 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-313x.2003.01709.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Plant mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) represented by tobacco wounding-induced protein kinase (WIPK) have unique regulation at the level of transcription in response to stresses. By using transcriptional and translational inhibitors, it has been shown previously that WIPK gene expression and de novo protein synthesis are required for the high-level activity of WIPK in cells treated with elicitins from Phytophthora spp. However, regulation of WIPK expression and the role(s) of WIPK in plant disease resistance are unknown. In this report, we demonstrate that WIPK gene transcription is regulated by phosphorylation and de-phosphorylation events. Interestingly, salicylic acid-induced protein kinase (SIPK) was identified as the kinase involved in regulating WIPK gene expression based on both gain-of-function and loss-of-function analyses. This finding revealed an additional level of interaction between SIPK and WIPK, which share an upstream MAPKK, NtMEK2. Depending on whether WIPK shares its downstream targets with SIPK, it could either function as a positive feed-forward regulator of SIPK or initiate a new pathway. Consistent with the first scenario, co-expression of WIPK with the active mutant of NtMEK2 leads to accelerated hypersensitive response (HR)-like cell death in which SIPK also plays a role. Mutagenesis analysis revealed that the conserved common docking domain in WIPK is required for its function. Together with prior reports that (i) WIPK is activated in NN tobacco infected with tobacco mosaic virus, and (ii) PVX virus-induced gene silencing of WIPK attenuated N gene-mediated resistance, we concluded that WIPK plays a positive role in plant disease resistance, possibly through accelerating the pathogen-induced HR cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yidong Liu
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri-Columbia, 117 Schweitzer Hall, 65211, USA
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Jin H, Liu Y, Yang KY, Kim CY, Baker B, Zhang S. Function of a mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway in N gene-mediated resistance in tobacco. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2003; 33:719-31. [PMID: 12609044 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-313x.2003.01664.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The active defense of plants against pathogens often includes rapid and localized cell death known as hypersensitive response (HR). Protein phosphorylation and dephosphorylation are implicated in this event based on studies using protein kinase and phosphatase inhibitors. Recent transient gain-of-function studies demonstrated that the activation of salicylic acid-induced protein kinase (SIPK) and wounding-induced protein kinase (WIPK), two tobacco mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) by their upstream MAPK kinase (MAPKK), NtMEK2 leads to HR-like cell death. Here, we report that the conserved kinase interaction motif (KIM) in MAPKKs is required for NtMEK2 function. Mutation of the conserved basic amino acids in this motif, or the deletion of N-terminal 64 amino acids containing this motif significantly compromised or abolished the ability of NtMEK2DD to activate SIPK/WIPK in vivo. These mutants were also defective in interacting with SIPK and WIPK, suggesting protein-protein interaction is required for the functional integrity of this MAPK cascade. To eliminate Agrobacterium that is known to activate a number of defense responses in transient transformation experiments, we generated permanent transgenic plants. Induction of NtMEK2DD expression by dexamethasone induced HR-like cell death in both T1 and T2 plants. In addition, by using PVX-induced gene silencing, we demonstrated that the suppression of all three known components in the NtMEK2-SIPK/WIPK pathway attenuated N gene-mediated TMV resistance. Together with previous report that SIPK and WIPK are activated by TMV in a gene-for-gene-dependent manner, we conclude that NtMEK2-SIPK/WIPK pathway plays a positive role in N gene-mediated resistance, possibly through regulating HR cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hailing Jin
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley & Plant Gene Expression Center, USDA-ARS, 800 Buchanan St., Albany, CA 94710, USA
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Martin GB, Bogdanove AJ, Sessa G. Understanding the functions of plant disease resistance proteins. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2003; 54:23-61. [PMID: 14502984 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.arplant.54.031902.135035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 523] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Many disease resistance (R) proteins of plants detect the presence of disease-causing bacteria, viruses, or fungi by recognizing specific pathogen effector molecules that are produced during the infection process. Effectors are often pathogen proteins that probably evolved to subvert various host processes for promotion of the pathogen life cycle. Five classes of effector-specific R proteins are known, and their sequences suggest roles in both effector recognition and signal transduction. Although some R proteins may act as primary receptors of pathogen effector proteins, most appear to play indirect roles in this process. The functions of various R proteins require phosphorylation, protein degradation, or specific localization within the host cell. Some signaling components are shared by many R gene pathways whereas others appear to be pathway specific. New technologies arising from the genomics and proteomics revolution will greatly expand our ability to investigate the role of R proteins in plant disease resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory B Martin
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research and Department of Plant Pathology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA.
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Pedley KF, Martin GB. Molecular basis of Pto-mediated resistance to bacterial speck disease in tomato. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2003; 41:215-43. [PMID: 14527329 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.phyto.41.121602.143032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The Pto gene in tomato confers gene-for-gene resistance to Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato, the causative agent of bacterial speck disease. Pto was first introgressed from a wild species of tomato into cultivated tomato varieties over 60 years ago and is now widely used to control speck disease. Cloning of the Pto gene revealed that it encodes a cytoplasmically localized serine-threonine protein kinase. The molecular basis of gene-for-gene recognition in this pathosystem is the direct physical interaction of the Pto kinase with either of two Pseudomonas effector proteins, AvrPto and AvrPtoB. Upon recognition of AvrPto or AvrPtoB, the Pto kinase acts in concert with Prf, a leucine-rich repeat-containing protein, to activate multiple signal transduction pathways. There has been much progress in understanding the evolutionary origin of the Pto gene, structural details about how the Pto kinase interacts with AvrPto and AvrPtoB, signaling steps downstream of Pto, and defense responses activated by the Pto pathway. Future work on this model system will focus on how the interaction of the Pto kinase with bacterial effector proteins activates signal transduction, defining the specific role of signaling components, and ultimately, determining which host defense responses are most responsible for inhibiting growth of the pathogen and suppressing symptoms of bacterial speck disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerry F Pedley
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
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Ellis C, Karafyllidis I, Turner JG. Constitutive activation of jasmonate signaling in an Arabidopsis mutant correlates with enhanced resistance to Erysiphe cichoracearum, Pseudomonas syringae, and Myzus persicae. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2002; 15:1025-30. [PMID: 12437300 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi.2002.15.10.1025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
In Arabidopsis spp., the jasmonate (JA) response pathway generally is required for defenses against necrotrophic pathogens and chewing insects, while the salicylic acid (SA) response pathway is generally required for specific, resistance (R) gene-mediated defenses against both biotrophic and necrotrophic pathogens. For example, SA-dependent defenses are required for resistance to the biotrophic fungal pathogen Erysiphe cichoracearum UCSC1 and the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. maculicola, and also are expressed during response to the green peach aphid Myzus persicae. However, recent evidence indicates that the expression of JA-dependent defenses also may confer resistance to E. cichoracearum. To confirm and to extend this observation, we have compared the disease and pest resistance of wild-type Arabidopsis plants with that of the mutants coil, which is insensitive to JA, and cev1, which has constitutive JA signaling. Measurements of the colonization of these plants by E. cichoracearum, P. syringae pv. maculicola, and M. persicae indicated that activation of the JA signal pathway enhanced resistance, and was associated with the activation of JA-dependent defense genes and the suppression of SA-dependent defense genes. We conclude that JA and SA induce alternative defense pathways that can confer resistance to the same pathogens and pests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Ellis
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
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Itaya A, Matsuda Y, Gonzales RA, Nelson RS, Ding B. Potato spindle tuber viroid strains of different pathogenicity induces and suppresses expression of common and unique genes in infected tomato. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2002; 15:990-999. [PMID: 12437296 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi.2002.15.10.990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Viroids are the smallest plant pathogens. These RNAs do not encode proteins and are not encapsidated, and yet they can replicate autonomously, move systemically, and cause diseases in infected plants. Notably, strains of a viroid with subtle differences in nucleotide sequences can cause dramatically different symptoms in infected plants. These features make viroids unique probes to investigate the role of a pathogenic RNA genome in triggering host responses. We conducted a comprehensive analysis of the differential gene expression patterns of tomato plants at various stages of infection by a mild and severe strain of Potato spindle tuber viroid (PSTVd). We also compared tomato gene expression altered by the PSTVd strains with that altered by Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV). Our analyses revealed that the two PSTVd strains altered expression of both common and unique tomato genes. These genes encode products involved in defense/stress response, cell wall structure, chloroplast function, protein metabolism, and other diverse functions. Five genes have unknown functions. Four genes are novel. The expression of some but not all of these genes was also altered by TMV infection. Our results indicate that viroids, although structurally simple, can trigger complex host responses. Further characterization of viroid-altered gene expression in a host plant should help understand viroid pathogenicity and, potentially, the mechanisms of RNA-mediated regulation of plant gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asuka Itaya
- Department of Plant Biology and Plant Biotechnology Center, Ohio State University, Columbus 43210, USA
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Zhang B, Ramonell K, Somerville S, Stacey G. Characterization of early, chitin-induced gene expression in Arabidopsis. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2002; 15:963-70. [PMID: 12236603 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi.2002.15.9.963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Three genes (i.e., a zinc finger protein, a lectin-like protein, and AtMPK3), previously shown to respond to chitin elicitation in microarray experiments, were used to examine the response of Arabidopsis spp. to chitin addition. Maximum induction for all three genes was found upon addition of crab-shell chitin at 100 mg per liter. Threefold induction was found with a chitin concentration as low as 10(-4) mg per liter. The specificity of this response was examined using purified chitin oligomers (degree of polymerization = 2 to 8). The larger chitin oligomers (hexamer to octamer), were most effective in inducing expression of the three genes assayed. Gene induction was observed after the addition of 1 nM chitin octamer. The protein kinase inhibitors staurosporine and K252a effectively suppressed chitin-induced gene expression, while the protein phosphatase inhibitors calyculin A and okadaic acid induced the accumulation of mRNA in the absence of chitin. The phosphorylation event necessary for transmission of the chitin signal was completed within the first 20 min of chitin addition. The level of chitin-induced gene expression of the lectin-like protein and AtMPK3 was not significantly changed in mutants blocked in the jasmonic acid (JA, jar1)-, ethylene (ein2)-, or salicylic acid (SA, pad4, npr1, and eds5)-dependent pathway. In contrast, expression of mRNA for the zinc finger protein was reduced in the mutants affected in the JA- or SA-dependent pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Zhang
- Center for Legume Research, Department of Microbiology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville 37996-0845, USA
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Custers JHHV, Melchers LS, Tigelaar H, Bade JB, Spiegeler JJM, van Der Meijs PJ, Simons BH, Stuiver MH. T-DNA tagging of a pathogen inducible promoter in Arabidopsis thaliana. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2002; 3:239-249. [PMID: 20569331 DOI: 10.1046/j.1364-3703.2002.00115.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Summary Many events associated with the plant defence responses are regulated on the transcriptional level. Here we report the results of a promoter tagging approach to identify promoters that are induced upon pathogen attack in Arabidopsis thaliana. A line was identified in a T-DNA UidA tagged Arabidopsis library with induced GUS expression after Botrytis cinerea infection around the site of fungal infection. The upstream sequence was isolated and fused to the UidA gene and tested in transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana and Brassica napus plants. Promoter function was very similar to the expression pattern found in the original promoter tagged line. We found that the promoter sequence was located on Arabidopsis chromosome III and linked to a predicted open reading frame in the reverse orientation. The predicted gene codes for a putative receptor serine threonine protein kinase of 383 amino acids in size. The clone contains a protein kinase ATP binding region, a protein kinase active site, a region with similarity to motifs found in Alpha Isopropylmalate/homocitrate synthase enzymes and a putative leucine zipper motif. Analysis of the expression pattern of the gene using RT-PCR demonstrated that the putative receptor serine threonine protein kinase is up-regulated after Salicylic acid treatment and Botrytis infection.
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Cormack RS, Eulgem T, Rushton PJ, Köchner P, Hahlbrock K, Somssich IE. Leucine zipper-containing WRKY proteins widen the spectrum of immediate early elicitor-induced WRKY transcription factors in parsley. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2002; 1576:92-100. [PMID: 12031488 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-4781(02)00298-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Two new WRKY transcription factors from parsley (Petroselinum crispum), WRKY4 and WRKY5, were isolated using the yeast one-hybrid system. In yeast, both proteins interacted sequence-specifically with W boxes (TTGACC) and activated transcription. They appear to contain functional leucine zippers, which increase their affinities for W boxes. Co-transfection experiments in parsley protoplasts confirmed their in vivo-binding specificity for W boxes. Elicitor-mediated expression of the WRKY5 gene, the first parsley member of the group III family of WRKY proteins, is extremely transient, with high mRNA levels occurring within a time window of less than 1 h. WRKY4 and -5, as well as the previously identified parsley transcription factors WRKY1 and -3, are encoded by immediate early elicitor-activated genes that differ in their sensitivity to cycloheximide (CHX) and their activation kinetics. We propose that a number of the pathways activated during the plant defense response require the induction of several distinct WRKY transcription factors with different DNA binding-site preferences to fine-tune the activation of a wide spectrum of target genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert S Cormack
- Max-Planck-Institut für Züchtungsforschung, Abteilung Biochemie, Carl-von-Linné-Weg 10, D-50829 Köln, Germany
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Harris MO, Stuart JJ, Mohan M, Nair S, Lamb RJ, Rohfritsch O. Grasses and gall midges: plant defense and insect adaptation. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ENTOMOLOGY 2002; 48:549-577. [PMID: 12460937 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.ento.48.091801.112559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The interactions of two economically important gall midge species, the rice gall midge and the Hessian fly, with their host plants, rice and wheat, respectively, are characterized by plant defense via R genes and insect adaptation via avr genes. The interaction of a third gall midge species, the orange wheat blossom midge, with wheat defense R genes has not yet exhibited insect adaptation. Because of the simple genetics underlying important aspects of these gall midge-grass interactions, a unique opportunity exists for integrating plant and insect molecular genetics with coevolutionary ecology. We present an overview of some genetic, physiological, behavioral, and ecological studies that will contribute to this integration and point to areas in need of study.
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Affiliation(s)
- M O Harris
- Department of Entomology, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58105, USA.
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