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Witowski A, Palmowski L, Rahmel T, Nowak H, Ehrentraut SF, Putensen C, von Groote T, Zarbock A, Babel N, Anft M, Sitek B, Bracht T, Bayer M, Weber M, Weisheit C, Pfänder S, Eisenacher M, Adamzik M, Katharina R, Koos B, Ziehe D. Activation of the MAPK network provides a survival advantage during the course of COVID-19-induced sepsis: a real-world evidence analysis of a multicenter COVID-19 Sepsis Cohort. Infection 2024:10.1007/s15010-024-02325-7. [PMID: 38896372 DOI: 10.1007/s15010-024-02325-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE There is evidence that lower activity of the RAF/MEK/ERK network is associated with positive outcomes in mild and moderate courses of COVID-19. The effect of this cascade in COVID-19 sepsis is still undetermined. Therefore, we tested the hypothesis that activity of the RAF/MEK/ERK network in COVID-19-induced sepsis is associated with an impact on 30-day survival. METHODS We used biomaterial from 81 prospectively recruited patients from the multicentric CovidDataNet.NRW-study cohort (German clinical trial registry: DRKS00026184) with their collected medical history, vital signs, laboratory parameters, microbiological findings and patient outcome. ERK activity was measured by evaluating ERK phosphorylation using a Proximity Ligation Assay. RESULTS An increased ERK activity at 4 days after diagnosis of COVID-19-induced sepsis was associated with a more than threefold increased chance of survival in an adjusted Cox regression model. ERK activity was independent of other confounders such as Charlson Comorbidity Index or SOFA score (HR 0.28, 95% CI 0.10-0.84, p = 0.02). CONCLUSION High activity of the RAF/MEK/ERK network during the course of COVID-19 sepsis is a protective factor and may indicate recovery of the immune system. Further studies are needed to confirm these results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Witowski
- Klinik für Anästhesiologie, Intensivmedizin und Schmerztherapie, Universitätsklinikum Knappschaftskrankenhaus Bochum, In der Schornau 23-25, 44892, Bochum, Germany
| | - Lars Palmowski
- Klinik für Anästhesiologie, Intensivmedizin und Schmerztherapie, Universitätsklinikum Knappschaftskrankenhaus Bochum, In der Schornau 23-25, 44892, Bochum, Germany
| | - Tim Rahmel
- Klinik für Anästhesiologie, Intensivmedizin und Schmerztherapie, Universitätsklinikum Knappschaftskrankenhaus Bochum, In der Schornau 23-25, 44892, Bochum, Germany
| | - Hartmuth Nowak
- Klinik für Anästhesiologie, Intensivmedizin und Schmerztherapie, Universitätsklinikum Knappschaftskrankenhaus Bochum, In der Schornau 23-25, 44892, Bochum, Germany
- Zentrum für Künstliche Intelligenz, Medizininformatik und Datenwissenschaften, Universitätsklinikum Knappschaftskrankenhaus Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Stefan F Ehrentraut
- Klinik für Anästhesiologie und operative Intensivmedizin, Universitätsklinikum Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Christian Putensen
- Klinik für Anästhesiologie und operative Intensivmedizin, Universitätsklinikum Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Thilo von Groote
- Klinik für Anästhesiologie, operative Intensivmedizin und Schmerztherapie, Universitätsklinikum Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Alexander Zarbock
- Klinik für Anästhesiologie, operative Intensivmedizin und Schmerztherapie, Universitätsklinikum Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Nina Babel
- Centrum für Translationale Medizin, Medizinische Klinik I, Marien Hospital Herne, Universitätsklinikum der Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Herne, Germany
| | - Moritz Anft
- Centrum für Translationale Medizin, Medizinische Klinik I, Marien Hospital Herne, Universitätsklinikum der Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Herne, Germany
| | - Barbara Sitek
- Klinik für Anästhesiologie, Intensivmedizin und Schmerztherapie, Universitätsklinikum Knappschaftskrankenhaus Bochum, In der Schornau 23-25, 44892, Bochum, Germany
- Medizinisches Proteom-Center, Ruhr Universität Bochum, Medizinische Fakultät, Bochum, Germany
| | - Thilo Bracht
- Klinik für Anästhesiologie, Intensivmedizin und Schmerztherapie, Universitätsklinikum Knappschaftskrankenhaus Bochum, In der Schornau 23-25, 44892, Bochum, Germany
- Medizinisches Proteom-Center, Ruhr Universität Bochum, Medizinische Fakultät, Bochum, Germany
| | - Malte Bayer
- Klinik für Anästhesiologie, Intensivmedizin und Schmerztherapie, Universitätsklinikum Knappschaftskrankenhaus Bochum, In der Schornau 23-25, 44892, Bochum, Germany
- Medizinisches Proteom-Center, Ruhr Universität Bochum, Medizinische Fakultät, Bochum, Germany
| | - Maike Weber
- Medizinisches Proteom-Center, Ruhr Universität Bochum, Medizinische Fakultät, Bochum, Germany
- Center for Protein Diagnostics (PRODI), Medical Proteome Analysis, Ruhr Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Christina Weisheit
- Klinik für Anästhesiologie und operative Intensivmedizin, Universitätsklinikum Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Stephanie Pfänder
- Research Unit Emerging Viruses, Leibniz Institute of Virology (LIV), Hamburg, Germany
- University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Martin Eisenacher
- Medizinisches Proteom-Center, Ruhr Universität Bochum, Medizinische Fakultät, Bochum, Germany
- Center for Protein Diagnostics (PRODI), Medical Proteome Analysis, Ruhr Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Michael Adamzik
- Klinik für Anästhesiologie, Intensivmedizin und Schmerztherapie, Universitätsklinikum Knappschaftskrankenhaus Bochum, In der Schornau 23-25, 44892, Bochum, Germany
| | - Rump Katharina
- Klinik für Anästhesiologie, Intensivmedizin und Schmerztherapie, Universitätsklinikum Knappschaftskrankenhaus Bochum, In der Schornau 23-25, 44892, Bochum, Germany
| | - Björn Koos
- Klinik für Anästhesiologie, Intensivmedizin und Schmerztherapie, Universitätsklinikum Knappschaftskrankenhaus Bochum, In der Schornau 23-25, 44892, Bochum, Germany.
| | - Dominik Ziehe
- Klinik für Anästhesiologie, Intensivmedizin und Schmerztherapie, Universitätsklinikum Knappschaftskrankenhaus Bochum, In der Schornau 23-25, 44892, Bochum, Germany
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MEK inhibitors as novel host-targeted antivirals with a dual-benefit mode of action against hyperinflammatory respiratory viral diseases. Curr Opin Virol 2023; 59:101304. [PMID: 36841033 PMCID: PMC10091867 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2023.101304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/26/2023]
Abstract
Acute hyperinflammatory virus infections, such as influenza or coronavirus disease-19, are still a major health burden worldwide. In these diseases, a massive overproduction of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines (cytokine storm syndrome) determine the severity of the disease, especially in late stages. Direct-acting antivirals against these pathogens have to be administered very early after infection to be effective and may induce viral resistance. Here, we summarize data on a host-targeted strategy using inhibitors of the cellular Raf/MEK/ERK kinase cascade that not only block replication of different RNA viruses but also suppress the hyperinflammatory cytokine response upon infection. In the first phase-II clinical trial of that approach, the MEK inhibitor Zapnometinib shows evidence of clinical benefit.
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3
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Avian Influenza H7N9 Virus Adaptation to Human Hosts. Viruses 2021; 13:v13050871. [PMID: 34068495 PMCID: PMC8150935 DOI: 10.3390/v13050871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 04/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Avian influenza virus A (H7N9), after circulating in avian hosts for decades, was identified as a human pathogen in 2013. Herein, amino acid substitutions possibly essential for human adaptation were identified by comparing the 4706 aligned overlapping nonamer position sequences (1–9, 2–10, etc.) of the reported 2014 and 2017 avian and human H7N9 datasets. The initial set of virus sequences (as of year 2014) exhibited a total of 109 avian-to-human (A2H) signature amino acid substitutions. Each represented the most prevalent substitution at a given avian virus nonamer position that was selectively adapted as the corresponding index (most prevalent sequence) of the human viruses. The majority of these avian substitutions were long-standing in the evolution of H7N9, and only 17 were first detected in 2013 as possibly essential for the initial human adaptation. Strikingly, continued evolution of the avian H7N9 virus has resulted in avian and human protein sequences that are almost identical. This rapid and continued adaptation of the avian H7N9 virus to the human host, with near identity of the avian and human viruses, is associated with increased human infection and a predicted greater risk of human-to-human transmission.
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4
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Ludwig S, Hrincius ER, Boergeling Y. The Two Sides of the Same Coin-Influenza Virus and Intracellular Signal Transduction. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2021; 11:a038513. [PMID: 31871235 PMCID: PMC7778220 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a038513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Cells respond to extracellular agents by activation of intracellular signaling pathways. Viruses can be regarded as such agents, leading to a firework of signaling inside the cell, primarily induced by pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) that provoke safeguard mechanisms to defend from the invader. In the constant arms race between pathogen and cellular defense, viruses not only have evolved mechanisms to suppress or misuse supposedly antiviral signaling processes for their own benefit but also actively induce signaling to promote replication. This creates viral dependencies that may be exploited for novel strategies of antiviral intervention. Here, we will summarize the current knowledge of activation and function of influenza virus-induced signaling pathways with a focus on nuclear factor (NF)-κB signaling, mitogen-activated protein kinase cascades, and the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase pathway. We will discuss the opportunities and drawbacks of targeting these signaling pathways for antiviral intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Ludwig
- Institute of Virology Muenster, University of Muenster, 48149 Muenster, Germany
| | - Eike R Hrincius
- Institute of Virology Muenster, University of Muenster, 48149 Muenster, Germany
| | - Yvonne Boergeling
- Institute of Virology Muenster, University of Muenster, 48149 Muenster, Germany
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5
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Sharma A, Lal SK. Is tetherin a true antiviral: The influenza a virus controversy. Rev Med Virol 2019; 29:e2036. [DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Revised: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anshika Sharma
- School of ScienceMonash University, Sunway Campus Bandar Sunway Malaysia
| | - Sunil K. Lal
- School of ScienceMonash University, Sunway Campus Bandar Sunway Malaysia
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6
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Abstract
Adjuvanted influenza vaccines constitute a key element towards inducing neutralizing antibody responses in populations with reduced responsiveness, such as infants and elderly subjects, as well as in devising antigen-sparing strategies. In particular, squalene-containing adjuvants have been observed to induce enhanced antibody responses, as well as having an influence on cross-reactive immunity. To explore the effects of adjuvanted vaccine formulations on antibody response and their relation to protein-specific immunity, we propose different mathematical models of antibody production dynamics in response to influenza vaccination. Data from ferrets immunized with commercial H1N1pdm09 vaccine antigen alone or formulated with different adjuvants was instrumental to adjust model parameters. While the affinity maturation process complexity is abridged, the proposed model is able to recapitulate the essential features of the observed dynamics. Our numerical results suggest that there exists a qualitative shift in protein-specific antibody response, with enhanced production of antibodies targeting the NA protein in adjuvanted versus non-adjuvanted formulations, in conjunction with a protein-independent boost that is over one order of magnitude larger for squalene-containing adjuvants. Furthermore, simulations predict that vaccines formulated with squalene-containing adjuvants are able to induce sustained antibody titers in a robust way, with little impact of the time interval between immunizations.
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7
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Gage E, Van Hoeven N, Dubois Cauwelaert N, Larsen SE, Erasmus J, Orr MT, Coler RN. Memory CD4 + T cells enhance B-cell responses to drifting influenza immunization. Eur J Immunol 2018; 49:266-276. [PMID: 30548475 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201847852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Revised: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Influenza A annually infects 5-10% of the world's human population resulting in one million deaths. Influenza causes annual epidemics and reinfects previously exposed individuals because of antigenic drift in the glycoprotein hemagglutinin. Due to antigenic drift, the immune system is simultaneously exposed to novel and conserved parts of the influenza virus via vaccination and/or infection throughout life. Preexisting immunity has long been known to augment subsequent hemagglutination inhibitory antibody (hAb) responses. However, the preexisting immunological contributors that influence hAb responses are not understood. Therefore, we adapted and developed sequential infection and immunization mouse models using drifted influenza strains to show that MHC Class II haplotype and T-cell reactivity influences subsequent hAb responses. We found that CB6F1 mice infected with A/CA followed by immunization with A/PR8 have increased hAb responses to A/PR8 compared to C57BL/6 mice. Increased hAb responses in CB6F1 mice were CD4+ T-cell and B-cell dependent and corresponded to increased germinal center A/PR8-specific B and T-follicular helper cells. These results suggest conserved MHC Class II restricted epitopes within HA are essential for B cells to respond to drifting influenza and could be leveraged to boost hAb responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Gage
- Infectious Disease Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA.,Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Neal Van Hoeven
- Infectious Disease Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA.,Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.,PAI Life Sciences, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | | | - Jesse Erasmus
- Infectious Disease Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Mark T Orr
- Infectious Disease Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA.,Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Rhea N Coler
- Infectious Disease Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA.,Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.,PAI Life Sciences, Seattle, WA, USA
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8
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Baharom F, Thomas OS, Lepzien R, Mellman I, Chalouni C, Smed-Sörensen A. Visualization of early influenza A virus trafficking in human dendritic cells using STED microscopy. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0177920. [PMID: 28591131 PMCID: PMC5462357 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0177920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza A viruses (IAV) primarily target respiratory epithelial cells, but can also replicate in immune cells, including human dendritic cells (DCs). Super-resolution microscopy provides a novel method of visualizing viral trafficking by overcoming the resolution limit imposed by conventional light microscopy, without the laborious sample preparation of electron microscopy. Using three-color Stimulated Emission Depletion (STED) microscopy, we visualized input IAV nucleoprotein (NP), early and late endosomal compartments (EEA1 and LAMP1 respectively), and HLA-DR (DC membrane/cytosol) by immunofluorescence in human DCs. Surface bound IAV were internalized within 5 min of infection. The association of virus particles with early endosomes peaked at 5 min when 50% of NP+ signals were also EEA1+. Peak association with late endosomes occurred at 15 min when 60% of NP+ signals were LAMP1+. At 30 min of infection, the majority of NP signals were in the nucleus. Our findings illustrate that early IAV trafficking in human DCs proceeds via the classical endocytic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faezzah Baharom
- Immunology and Allergy Unit, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Oliver S. Thomas
- Immunology and Allergy Unit, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Rico Lepzien
- Immunology and Allergy Unit, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ira Mellman
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | - Cécile Chalouni
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | - Anna Smed-Sörensen
- Immunology and Allergy Unit, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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9
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Abstract
Proteases play an important role in health and disease of the lung. In the normal lungs, proteases maintain their homeostatic functions that regulate processes like its regeneration and repair. Dysregulation of proteases–antiproteases balance is crucial in the manifestation of different types of lung diseases. Chronic inflammatory lung pathologies are associated with a marked increase in protease activities. Thus, in addition to protease activities, inhibition of anti-proteolytic control mechanisms are also important for effective microbial infection and inflammation in the lung. Herein, we briefly summarize the role of different proteases and to some extent antiproteases in regulating a variety of lung diseases.
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10
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Multi-epitope Models Explain How Pre-existing Antibodies Affect the Generation of Broadly Protective Responses to Influenza. PLoS Pathog 2016; 12:e1005692. [PMID: 27336297 PMCID: PMC4918916 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2016] [Accepted: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of next-generation influenza vaccines that elicit strain-transcendent immunity against both seasonal and pandemic viruses is a key public health goal. Targeting the evolutionarily conserved epitopes on the stem of influenza’s major surface molecule, hemagglutinin, is an appealing prospect, and novel vaccine formulations show promising results in animal model systems. However, studies in humans indicate that natural infection and vaccination result in limited boosting of antibodies to the stem of HA, and the level of stem-specific antibody elicited is insufficient to provide broad strain-transcendent immunity. Here, we use mathematical models of the humoral immune response to explore how pre-existing immunity affects the ability of vaccines to boost antibodies to the head and stem of HA in humans, and, in particular, how it leads to the apparent lack of boosting of broadly cross-reactive antibodies to the stem epitopes. We consider hypotheses where binding of antibody to an epitope: (i) results in more rapid clearance of the antigen; (ii) leads to the formation of antigen-antibody complexes which inhibit B cell activation through Fcγ receptor-mediated mechanism; and (iii) masks the epitope and prevents the stimulation and proliferation of specific B cells. We find that only epitope masking but not the former two mechanisms to be key in recapitulating patterns in data. We discuss the ramifications of our findings for the development of vaccines against both seasonal and pandemic influenza. The current influenza vaccine requires frequent updating in order to protect against small changes in the virus from one year to the next as well as larger changes associated with the emergence of new influenza strains from zoonotic reservoirs that cause pandemics. There is a considerable interest in developing “universal” vaccines that will boost immune responses to the conserved regions of the virus, in particular, to the stem region of the major virus surface molecule hemagglutinin (HA). However, recent data reveals that vaccination results in very limited boosting of antibodies to the stem of HA. We use mathematical models to explore different hypotheses that may explain why vaccination does not boost antibodies to the conserved parts of the virus. By confronting our models with the data from the human vaccination trials we found that the key mechanism preventing effective boosting of the responses to the stem of HA is masking of the stem by pre-existing antibodies developed during previous infections and vaccinations. We discuss how this masking effect could be overcome in a “universal” influenza vaccine.
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11
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Synthesis and Anti-Influenza A Virus Activity of 6'-amino-6'-deoxy-glucoglycerolipids Analogs. Mar Drugs 2016; 14:md14060116. [PMID: 27322292 PMCID: PMC4926075 DOI: 10.3390/md14060116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Revised: 06/02/2016] [Accepted: 06/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
A series of aminoglucoglycerolipids derivatives had been synthesized, including 6'-acylamido-glucoglycerolipids 1a-1f and corresponding 2'-acylamido-glucoglycerolipids 2a-2c bearing different fatty acids, glucosyl diglycerides 3a-3e bearing different functional groups at C-6' and ether-linked glucoglycerolipids 4a-4c with double-tailed alkyl alcohol. The anti-influenza A virus (IAV) activity was evaluated by the cytopathic effects (CPE) inhibition assay. The results indicated that the integral structure of the aminoglycoglycerolipid was essential for the inhibition of IAV in MDCK cells. Furthermore, oral administration of compound 1d was able to significantly improve survival and decrease pulmonary viral titers in IAV-infected mice, which suggested that compound 1d merited further investigation as a novel anti-IAV candidate in the future.
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12
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Influenza A virus enhances its propagation through the modulation of Annexin-A1 dependent endosomal trafficking and apoptosis. Cell Death Differ 2016; 23:1243-56. [PMID: 26943321 PMCID: PMC4946891 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2016.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Revised: 12/29/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The influenza virus infects millions of people each year and can result in severe complications. Understanding virus recognition and host responses to influenza infection will enable future development of more effective anti-viral therapies. Previous research has revealed diverse yet important roles for the annexin family of proteins in modulating the course of influenza A virus (IAV) infection. However, the role of Annexin-A1 (ANXA1) in IAV infection has not been addressed. Here, we show that ANXA1 deficient mice exhibit a survival advantage, and lower viral titers after infection. This was accompanied with enhanced inflammatory cell infiltration during IAV infection. ANXA1 expression is increased during influenza infection clinically, in vivo and in vitro. The presence of ANXA1 enhances viral replication, influences virus binding, and enhances endosomal trafficking of the virus to the nucleus. ANXA1 colocalizes with early and late endosomes near the nucleus, and enhances nuclear accumulation of viral nucleoprotein. In addition, ANXA1 enhances IAV-mediated apoptosis. Overall, our study demonstrates that ANXA1 plays an important role in influenza virus replication and propagation through various mechanisms and that we predict that the regulation of ANXA1 expression during IAV infection may be a viral strategy to enhance its infectivity.
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13
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Abstract
Influenza A virus (IAV) is a serious global health problem worldwide due to frequent and severe outbreaks. IAV causes significant morbidity and mortality in the elderly population, due to the ineffectiveness of the vaccine and the alteration of T cell immunity with ageing. The cellular and molecular link between ageing and virus infection is unclear and it is possible that damage associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) may play a role in the raised severity and susceptibility of virus infections in the elderly. DAMPs which are released from damaged cells following activation, injury or cell death can activate the immune response through the stimulation of the inflammasome through several types of receptors found on the plasma membrane, inside endosomes after endocytosis as well as in the cytosol. In this review, the detriment in the immune system during ageing and the links between influenza virus infection and ageing will be discussed. In addition, the role of DAMPs such as HMGB1 and S100/Annexin in ageing, and the enhanced morbidity and mortality to severe influenza infection in ageing will be highlighted.
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Qi W, Tian J, Su S, Huang L, Li H, Liao M. Identification of potential virulence determinants associated H9N2 avian influenza virus PB2 E627K mutation by comparative proteomics. Proteomics 2015; 15:1512-24. [PMID: 25641917 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201400309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2014] [Revised: 12/03/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Some highly pathogenic H5N1, H7N9, and H10N8 isolated from China carried six internal genes from H9N2 avian influenza viruses (AIV) and the key amino acids at 627 in PB2 of these viruses had mutated to K. To investigate the mechanism of increased pathogenicity for H9N2 AIV PB2 627K, we analyzed the difference in mouse lung proteins expression response to PB2 K627E. By iTRAQ method, we found that the mutated K627E contributed to a set of differentially expressed lung proteins, including five upregulated proteins and nine downregulated proteins at 12 h postinfection; ten upregulated proteins and 25 downregulated proteins at 72 h postinfection. These proteins were chiefly involved within the cytoskeleton and motor proteins, antiviral proteins, regulation of glucocorticoids signal-associated proteins, pro- and anti-inflammatory proteins. Alteration of moesin, FKBP4, Hsp70, ezrin, and pulmonary surfactant protein A (sp-A) may play important roles in increasing virulence and decreasing lungs antiviral response. Further, three upregulated proteins (moesin, ezrin, and sp-A) caused by PB2 K627E were also confirmed in A549 cells. Moreover, overexpression of sp-A in A549 inhibited virus replication and downregulation promoted virus replication. In this study, sp-A as a potential virulence determinant associated H9N2 AIV PB2 E627K mutation was identified using comparative proteomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenbao Qi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
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15
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Kim HJ, Kim CH, Ryu JH, Kim MJ, Park CY, Lee JM, Holtzman MJ, Yoon JH. Reactive oxygen species induce antiviral innate immune response through IFN-λ regulation in human nasal epithelial cells. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2013; 49:855-65. [PMID: 23786562 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2013-0003oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
This study sought to explore the role of the IFN-related innate immune responses (IFN-β and IFN-λ) and of reactive oxygen species (ROS) after influenza A virus (IAV) infection for antiviral innate immune activity in normal human nasal epithelial (NHNE) cells that are highly exposed to IAV. Passage-2 NHNE cells were inoculated with the IAV WSN/33 for 1, 2, and 3 days to assess the capacity of IFN and the relationship between ROS generation and IFN-λ secretion for controlling IAV infection. Viral titers and IAV mRNA levels increased after infection. In concert with viral titers, we found that the generation of IFNs, such as IFN-β, IFN-λ1, and IFN-λ2/3, was induced after IAV infection until 3 days after infection. The induction of IFN-λ gene expression and protein secretion may be predominant after IAV infection. Similarly, we observed that intracellular ROS generation increased 60 minutes after IAV infection. Viral titers and mRNA levels of IAV were significantly higher in cases with scavenging ROS, in cases with an induced IFN-λ mRNA level, or where the secreted protein concentration of IFN-λ was attenuated after the suppression of ROS generation. Both mitochondrial and dual oxidase (Doux)2-generated ROS were correlated with IAV mRNA and viral titers. The inhibition of mitochondrial ROS generation and the knockdown of Duox2 gene expression highly increased IAV viral titers and decreased IFN-λ secretion. Our findings suggest that the production of ROS may be responsible for IFN-λ secretion to control IAV infection. Both mitochondria and Duox2 are possible sources of ROS generation, which is required to initiate an innate immune response in NHNE cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Jik Kim
- 1 Department of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of South Korea
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Wei J, Waithman J, Xiao K, Oveissi S, Chen W. Optimal conditions required for influenza A infection-enhanced cross-priming of CD8⁺ T cells specific to cell-associated antigens. Immunol Cell Biol 2013; 91:576-82. [PMID: 24018533 DOI: 10.1038/icb.2013.46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2013] [Revised: 08/06/2013] [Accepted: 08/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells can take up exogenous tumor antigens and present their antigenic epitopes to CD8⁺ T cells (T(CD8⁺)), a process called cross-presentation. Cross-presentation is especially important in antitumor immunity because tumor cells, although carrying tumor antigens, do not activate naive T cells efficiently because of a lack of co-stimulatory molecules. Our group has recently shown that influenza A virus (IAV) infection of allogeneic cells lead to enhanced cross-priming of T(CD8⁺) specific to cellular antigens. To develop this into a potential vaccine strategy, in this study, we have systematically investigated the numbers of allogeneic cells infected by IAV, IAV doses and their infectious activity, the length of in vitro infection and other associated factors. We have defined the optimal immune-enhancing conditions and we have also shown in vivo that such enhanced cross-priming did lead to enhanced tumor protection. The knowledge should be useful for developing more robust cancer vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joe Wei
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Melbourne-Austin Branch, Austin Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Synthesis and antiviral evaluation of 6'-acylamido-6'-deoxy-α-D-mannoglycerolipids. Carbohydr Res 2013; 381:74-82. [PMID: 24076433 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2013.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2013] [Revised: 07/12/2013] [Accepted: 08/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Eight new aminomannoglycerolipids (2a-h) with linear, branched, or aromatic acyl chains were synthesized and evaluated for their anti-influenza A virus (IAV) activity. By comparing six mannosyl donors with different protecting and leaving groups, the critical glycosylation reaction employed mannosyl trichloroacetimidate with 2-O-benzoyl protecting group as the donor to give the glycoside with absolute α-anomeric selectivity. The bioactivity results showed that the branched compound 2g could effectively inhibit IAV multiplication in MDCK cells with IC50 69.9μM.
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SU ZZ, DOU J, XU ZP, GUO QL, ZHOU CL. A novel inhibitory mechanism of baicalein on influenza A/FM1/1/47 (H1N1) virus: interference with mid-late mRNA synthesis in cell culture. Chin J Nat Med 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/s1875-5364(12)60081-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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19
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Wang W, Zhang P, Yu GL, Li CX, Hao C, Qi X, Zhang LJ, Guan HS. Preparation and anti-influenza A virus activity of κ-carrageenan oligosaccharide and its sulphated derivatives. Food Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.01.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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20
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Augmentation of cellular immunity and protection against influenza virus infection by bovine late colostrum in mice. Nutrition 2011; 28:442-6. [PMID: 22055477 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2011.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2011] [Accepted: 07/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We investigated whether oral administration of skimmed and concentrated bovine late colostrum (SCBLC) activates the immune system and protects against influenza virus (Flu) infection. METHODS Murine Peyer's patch (PP) cells (2.5 105) were cultured in 0.1 ml RPMI-1640 supplemented with SCBLC at a concentration of 0, 0.1 or 1.0 mg/ml. To determine the levels of IL-12 and IFN-, supernatants were collected on day 3. Mice were orally administered sterile saline solution (control group), or 400 g/g body weight (SCBLC 400 group) or 2,000 g/g body weight (SCBLC 2,000 group) of SCBLC for three weeks. These mice were measured for natural killer (NK) cells activity on PP cells, splenocytes and lung cells. Also, these mice in the control and SCBLC 2,000 groups were infected with Flu and were measured for the accumulated symptom rate. RESULTS In PP cells cultured with SCBLC, the levels of IL-12 and IFN- were significantly increased in vitro. Oral administration of SCBLC to mice significantly increased NK cell activity of PP cells, splenocytes and lung cells. The accumulated symptom rate of the SCBLC 2,000 group was significantly lower than that of the control group in a mouse model of Flu infection. CONCLUSION These results indicate that oral administration of SCBLC activates not only systemic cellular immunity but also local cellular immunity, such as in the respiratory tract, and that activation of cellular immunity is one of the mechanisms of amelioration of Flu infection.
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Wang W, Zhang P, Hao C, Zhang XE, Cui ZQ, Guan HS. In vitro inhibitory effect of carrageenan oligosaccharide on influenza A H1N1 virus. Antiviral Res 2011; 92:237-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2011.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2011] [Revised: 08/05/2011] [Accepted: 08/10/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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22
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Li Y, Zhou H, Wen Z, Wu S, Huang C, Jia G, Chen H, Jin M. Transcription analysis on response of swine lung to H1N1 swine influenza virus. BMC Genomics 2011; 12:398. [PMID: 21819625 PMCID: PMC3169531 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-12-398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2011] [Accepted: 08/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND As a mild, highly contagious, respiratory disease, swine influenza always damages the innate immune systems, and increases susceptibility to secondary infections which results in considerable morbidity and mortality in pigs. Nevertheless, the systematical host response of pigs to swine influenza virus infection remains largely unknown. To explore it, a time-course gene expression profiling was performed for comprehensive analysis of the global host response induced by H1N1 swine influenza virus in pigs. RESULTS At the early stage of H1N1 swine virus infection, pigs were suffering mild respiratory symptoms and pathological changes. A total of 268 porcine genes showing differential expression (DE) after inoculation were identified to compare with the controls on day 3 post infection (PID) (Fold change ≥ 2, p < 0.05). The DE genes were involved in many vital functional classes, mainly including signal transduction, immune response, inflammatory response, cell adhesion and cell-cell signalling. Noticeably, the genes associated with immune and inflammatory response showed highly overexpressed. Through the pathway analysis, the significant pathways mainly concerned with Cell adhesion molecules, Cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction, Toll-like receptor signaling pathway and MAPK signaling pathway, suggesting that the host took different strategies to activate these pathways so as to prevent virus infections at the early stage. However, on PID 7, the predominant function classes of DE genes included signal transduction, metabolism, transcription, development and transport. Furthermore, the most significant pathways switched to PPAR signaling pathway and complement and coagulation cascades, showing that the host might start to repair excessive tissue damage by anti-inflammatory functions. These results on PID 7 demonstrated beneficial turnover for host to prevent excessive inflammatory damage and recover the normal state by activating these clusters of genes. CONCLUSIONS This study shows how the target organ responds to H1N1 swine influenza virus infection in pigs. The observed gene expression profile could help to screen the potential host agents for reducing the prevalence of swine influenza virus and further understand the molecular pathogenesis associated with H1N1 infection in pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongtao Li
- Unit of Animal Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, 1 Shizishan Street, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, PR China
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Tom JA, Sinsheimer JS, Suchard MA. Reuse, Recycle, Reweigh: Combating Influenza through Efficient Sequential Bayesian Computation for Massive Data. Ann Appl Stat 2010; 4:1722-1748. [PMID: 26681992 DOI: 10.1214/10-aoas349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Massive datasets in the gigabyte and terabyte range combined with the availability of increasingly sophisticated statistical tools yield analyses at the boundary of what is computationally feasible. Compromising in the face of this computational burden by partitioning the dataset into more tractable sizes results in stratified analyses, removed from the context that justified the initial data collection. In a Bayesian framework, these stratified analyses generate intermediate realizations, often compared using point estimates that fail to account for the variability within and correlation between the distributions these realizations approximate. However, although the initial concession to stratify generally precludes the more sensible analysis using a single joint hierarchical model, we can circumvent this outcome and capitalize on the intermediate realizations by extending the dynamic iterative reweighting MCMC algorithm. In doing so, we reuse the available realizations by reweighting them with importance weights, recycling them into a now tractable joint hierarchical model. We apply this technique to intermediate realizations generated from stratified analyses of 687 influenza A genomes spanning 13 years allowing us to revisit hypotheses regarding the evolutionary history of influenza within a hierarchical statistical framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A Tom
- Department of Biostatistics, UCLA School of Public Health, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Janet S Sinsheimer
- Departments of Biomathematics and Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA and Department of Biostatistics, UCLA School of Public Health, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Marc A Suchard
- Departments of Biomathematics and Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA and Department of Biostatistics, UCLA School of Public Health, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
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Henkel M, Mitzner D, Henklein P, Meyer-Almes FJ, Moroni A, DiFrancesco ML, Henkes LM, Kreim M, Kast SM, Schubert U, Thiel G. The proapoptotic influenza A virus protein PB1-F2 forms a nonselective ion channel. PLoS One 2010; 5:e11112. [PMID: 20559552 PMCID: PMC2886074 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0011112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2010] [Accepted: 05/24/2010] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background PB1-F2 is a proapoptotic influenza A virus protein of approximately 90 amino acids in length that is located in the nucleus, cytosol and in the mitochondria membrane of infected cells. Previous studies indicated that the molecule destabilizes planar lipid bilayers and has a strong inherent tendency for multimerization. This may be correlate with its capacity to induce mitochondrial membrane depolarization. Methodology/Principal Findings Here, we investigated whether PB1-F2 is able to form ion channels within planar lipid bilayers and microsomes. For that purpose, a set of biologically active synthetic versions of PB1-F2 (sPB1-F2) derived from the IAV isolates A/Puerto Rico/8/34(H1N1) (IAVPR8), from A/Brevig Mission/1/1918(H1N1) (IAVSF2) or the H5N1 consensus sequence (IAVBF2) were used. Electrical and fluorimetric measurements show that all three peptides generate in planar lipid bilayers or in liposomes, respectively, a barely selective conductance that is associated with stochastic channel type fluctuations between a closed state and at least two defined open states. Unitary channel fluctuations were also generated when a truncated protein comprising only the 37 c-terminal amino acids of sPB1-F2 was reconstituted in bilayers. Experiments were complemented by extensive molecular dynamics simulations of the truncated fragment in a lipid bilayer. The results indicate that the c-terminal region exhibits a slightly bent helical fold, which is stable and remains embedded in the bilayer for over 180 ns. Conclusion/Significance The data support the idea that PB1-F2 is able to form protein channel pores with no appreciable selectivity in membranes and that the c-terminus is important for this function. This information could be important for drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Henkel
- Department of Botany, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - David Mitzner
- ViroLogik GmbH, Innovation Centre for Medical Technology and Pharmaceuticals (IZMP), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Peter Henklein
- Institute of Biochemistry, Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Anna Moroni
- Dipartimento di Biologia e IBF-CNR, Universita' degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Mattia L. DiFrancesco
- Dipartimento di Biologia e IBF-CNR, Universita' degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Leonhard M. Henkes
- Department of Botany, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Michael Kreim
- Department of Botany, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Stefan M. Kast
- Physikalische Chemie III, Technische Universität Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Ulrich Schubert
- ViroLogik GmbH, Innovation Centre for Medical Technology and Pharmaceuticals (IZMP), Erlangen, Germany
- Clinical and Molecular Virology, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Gerhard Thiel
- Department of Botany, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
Outbreaks of influenza A viruses continue to cause morbidity and mortality worldwide. The global disease burden of influenza is substantial. While antiviral therapies are available, influenza vaccines are the mainstay of efforts to reduce the substantial health burden from seasonal influenza. Inactivated influenza vaccines have been available since the 1940s, with live attenuated, cold-adapted vaccines becoming available in the United States in 2003. In spite of the successes, more research is needed to develop more effective seasonal influenza vaccines that provide long-lasting immunity and broad protection against strains that differ antigenically from vaccine viruses. This review introduces the virus and its disease, the current state of seasonal and pandemic influenza vaccines, and the challenges we face in the future.
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Matrix protein 2 of influenza A virus blocks autophagosome fusion with lysosomes. Cell Host Microbe 2009; 6:367-80. [PMID: 19837376 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2009.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 422] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2009] [Revised: 06/29/2009] [Accepted: 09/14/2009] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Influenza A virus is an important human pathogen causing significant morbidity and mortality every year and threatening the human population with epidemics and pandemics. Therefore, it is important to understand the biology of this virus to develop strategies to control its pathogenicity. Here, we demonstrate that influenza A virus inhibits macroautophagy, a cellular process known to be manipulated by diverse pathogens. Influenza A virus infection causes accumulation of autophagosomes by blocking their fusion with lysosomes, and one viral protein, matrix protein 2, is necessary and sufficient for this inhibition of autophagosome degradation. Macroautophagy inhibition by matrix protein 2 compromises survival of influenza virus-infected cells but does not influence viral replication. We propose that influenza A virus, which also encodes proapoptotic proteins, is able to determine the death of its host cell by inducing apoptosis and also by blocking macroautophagy.
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Mitzner D, Dudek SE, Studtrucker N, Anhlan D, Mazur I, Wissing J, Jänsch L, Wixler L, Bruns K, Sharma A, Wray V, Henklein P, Ludwig S, Schubert U. Phosphorylation of the influenza A virus protein PB1-F2 by PKC is crucial for apoptosis promoting functions in monocytes. Cell Microbiol 2009; 11:1502-16. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-5822.2009.01343.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Guo H, Kumar P, Moran TM, Garcia-Sastre A, Zhou Y, Malarkannan S. The functional impairment of natural killer cells during influenza virus infection. Immunol Cell Biol 2009; 87:579-89. [PMID: 19721456 DOI: 10.1038/icb.2009.60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells have a critical role in clearing influenza virus, which primarily infects the lung epithelial cells. However, the ability of influenza virus to infect and manipulate NK cells has not been studied. In this context, we hypothesized that influenza virus can target NK cells leading to a functional impairment in their ability to mediate cytotoxicity and cytokine/chemokine generations. Here, we show influenza virus, PR8, can enter and infect NK cells. This infection did not alter the expression levels of activating, inhibitory or developmental receptors of NK cells. However, infection of NK cells by PR8 reduced the cytotoxicity to tumor cells that represent 'induced-self' and 'missing-self'. PR8-infection also significantly downregulated the NCR1, NKG2D, Nkpr1c, Ly49D and CD244 receptors-mediated generation of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. Mutations in the non-structural protein 1 (NS1) of influenza virus further augmented the functional impairment of NK cells. Our observations show the presence of a new, but yet to be explored, mechanism by which the influenza virus can evade immune detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hailong Guo
- Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee, WI 53051, USA
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Kim JH, Skountzou I, Compans R, Jacob J. Original antigenic sin responses to influenza viruses. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 183:3294-301. [PMID: 19648276 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0900398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Most immune responses follow Burnet's rule in that Ag recruits specific lymphocytes from a large repertoire and induces them to proliferate and differentiate into effector cells. However, the phenomenon of "original antigenic sin" stands out as a paradox to Burnet's rule of B cell engagement. Humans, upon infection with a novel influenza strain, produce Abs against older viral strains at the expense of responses to novel, protective antigenic determinants. This exacerbates the severity of the current infection. This blind spot of the immune system and the redirection of responses to the "original Ag" rather than to novel epitopes were described fifty years ago. Recent reports have questioned the existence of this phenomenon. Hence, we revisited this issue to determine the extent to which original antigenic sin is induced by variant influenza viruses. Using two related strains of influenza A virus, we show that original antigenic sin leads to a significant decrease in development of protective immunity and recall responses to the second virus. In addition, we show that sequential infection of mice with two live influenza virus strains leads to almost exclusive Ab responses to the first viral strain, suggesting that original antigenic sin could be a potential strategy by which variant influenza viruses subvert the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Hyang Kim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30329, USA
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30
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Khoufache K, LeBouder F, Morello E, Laurent F, Riffault S, Andrade-Gordon P, Boullier S, Rousset P, Vergnolle N, Riteau B. Protective role for protease-activated receptor-2 against influenza virus pathogenesis via an IFN-gamma-dependent pathway. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 182:7795-802. [PMID: 19494303 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0803743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Protease-activated receptor-2 (PAR(2)), a receptor highly expressed in the respiratory tract, can influence inflammation at mucosal surfaces. Although the effects of PAR(2) in the innate immune response to bacterial infection have been documented, knowledge of its role in the context of viral infection is lacking. We thus investigated the role of PAR(2) in influenza pathogenesis in vitro and in vivo. In vitro, stimulation of PAR(2) on epithelial cells inhibited influenza virus type A (IAV) replication through the production of IFN-gamma. In vivo, stimulation of PAR(2) using specific agonists protected mice from IAV-induced acute lung injury and death. This effect correlated with an increased clearance of IAV in the lungs associated with increased IFN- gamma production and a decreased presence of neutrophils and RANTES release in bronchoalveolar fluids. More importantly, the protective effect of the PAR(2) agonist was totally abrogated in IFN- gamma-deficient mice. Finally, compared with wild-type mice, PAR(2)-deficient mice were more susceptible to IAV infection and displayed more severe lung inflammation. In these mice higher neutrophil counts and increased RANTES concentration but decreased IFN- gamma levels were observed in the bronchoalveolar lavages. Collectively, these results showed that PAR(2) plays a protective role during IAV infection through IFN-gamma production and decreased excessive recruitment of inflammatory cells to lung alveoli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaled Khoufache
- Unité de Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires, Unité de Recherche 892, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Domaine de Vilvert, Jouy-en-Josas, France
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31
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Röder R, Bruns K, Sharma A, Eissmann A, Hahn F, Studtrucker N, Fossen T, Wray V, Henklein P, Schubert U. Synthesis of full length PB1-F2 influenza A virus proteins from 'Spanish flu' and 'bird flu'. J Pept Sci 2008; 14:954-62. [PMID: 18381743 DOI: 10.1002/psc.1031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The proapoptotic influenza A virus PB1-F2 protein contributes to viral pathogenicity and is present in most human and avian isolates. Previous synthetic protocols have been improved to provide a synthetic full length H1N1 type PB1-F2 protein that is encoded by the 'Spanish flu' isolate and an equivalent protein from an avian host that is representative of a highly pathogenic H5N1 'bird flu' isolate, termed SF2 and BF2, respectively. Full length SF2, different mutants of BF2 and a number of fragments of these peptides have been synthesized by either the standard solid-phase peptide synthesis method or by native chemical ligation of unprotected N- and C-terminal peptide fragments. For SF2 chemical ligation made use of the histidine and the cysteine residues located in positions 41 and 42 of the native sequence, respectively, to afford a highly efficient synthesis of SF2 compared to the standard SPPS elongation method. By-product formation at the aspartic acid residue in position 23 was prevented by specific modifications of the SPPS protocol. As the native sequence of BF2 does not contain a cysteine residue two different mutants of BF2 (Y42C) and BF2 (S47C) with appropriate cysteine exchanges were produced. In addition to the full length molecules, fragments of the native sequences were synthesized for comparison of their physical characteristics with those from the H1N1 human isolate A/Puerto Rico/8/34 (H1N1). All peptides were analyzed by mass spectrometry, (1)H NMR spectroscopy, and SDS-PAGE. The protocols allow the synthesis of significant amounts of PB1-F2 and its related peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- René Röder
- Institute of Clinical and Molecular Virology, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany
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Ludwig S, Planz O. Influenza viruses and the NF-κB signaling pathway – towards a novel concept of antiviral therapy. Biol Chem 2008; 389:1307-12. [DOI: 10.1515/bc.2008.148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
AbstractInfluenza A virus remains a major public health concern, both in its annual toll in death and debilitation and its potential to cause devastating pandemics. Like any other virus, influenza A viruses are strongly dependent on cellular factors for replication. One of the hallmark signaling factors activated by viral pathogens is the transcription factor NF-κB. Activation of NF-κB leads to the up-regulation of a variety of antiviral genes. Thus, the factor is commonly regarded as a major regulator of the innate immune defense to infection. However, several recent studies indicate that influenza viruses have acquired the capability to reprogram this antiviral activity and to exploit the factor for efficient replication. These data provide novel insights into the pathophysiological function of NF-κB in the special environment of a virus-infected cell. Furthermore, the unexpected viral dependency on a cellular signaling factor may pave the path for novel antiviral approaches targeting essential cellular components rather than viral factors.
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Richards KA, Chaves FA, Krafcik FR, Topham DJ, Lazarski CA, Sant AJ. Direct ex vivo analyses of HLA-DR1 transgenic mice reveal an exceptionally broad pattern of immunodominance in the primary HLA-DR1-restricted CD4 T-cell response to influenza virus hemagglutinin. J Virol 2007; 81:7608-19. [PMID: 17507491 PMCID: PMC1933370 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02834-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent threat of an avian influenza pandemic has generated significant interest in enhancing our understanding of the events that dictate protective immunity to influenza and in generating vaccines that can induce heterosubtypic immunity. Although antigen-specific CD4 T cells are known to play a key role in protective immunity to influenza through the provision of help to B cells and CD8 T cells, little is known about the specificity and diversity of CD4 T cells elicited after infection, particularly those elicited in humans. In this study, we used HLA-DR transgenic mice to directly and comprehensively identify the specificities of hemagglutinin (HA)-specific CD4 T cells restricted to a human class II molecule that were elicited following intranasal infection with a strain of influenza virus that has been endemic in U.S. human populations for the last decade. Our results reveal a surprising degree of diversity among influenza virus-specific CD4 T cells. As many as 30 different peptides, spanning the entire HA protein, were recognized by CD4 T cells, including epitopes genetically conserved among H1, H2, and H5 influenza A viruses. We also compared three widely used major histocompatibility class II algorithms to predict HLA-DR binding peptides and found these as yet inadequate for identifying influenza virus-derived epitopes. The results of these studies offer key insights into the spectrum of peptides recognized by HLA-DR-restricted CD4 T cells that may be the focus of immune responses to infection or to experimental or clinical vaccines in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine A Richards
- David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, Aab Institute, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
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Opitz B, Rejaibi A, Dauber B, Eckhard J, Vinzing M, Schmeck B, Hippenstiel S, Suttorp N, Wolff T. IFNbeta induction by influenza A virus is mediated by RIG-I which is regulated by the viral NS1 protein. Cell Microbiol 2007; 9:930-8. [PMID: 17140406 DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-5822.2006.00841.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 225] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Influenza A virus causes epidemics of respiratory diseases in humans leading to thousands of death annually. One of its major virulence factors, the non-structural protein 1 (NS1), exhibits interferon-antagonistic properties. While epithelial cells of the respiratory tract are the primary targets of influenza virus, the virus-sensing mechanisms in these cells eventually leading to IFNbeta production are incompletely understood. Here we show that infection of epithelial cells with NS1-deficient influenza A virus upregulated expression of two molecules that have been previously implicated in sensing of RNA viruses, the retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I) and the melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5 (MDA5). Gene silencing and overexpression experiments demonstrated that RIG-I, its adapter interferon-beta promoter stimulator 1 (IPS-1) and interferon-regulated factor 3 (IRF3) were involved in influenza A virus-mediated production of the antiviral IFNbeta. In addition, we showed that the NS1 protein is capable to inhibit the RIG-I-induced signalling, a mechanism which corresponded to the observation that only NS1-deficient but not the wild-type virus induced high-level production of IFNbeta. In conclusion, we demonstrated a critical involvement of RIG-I, IPS-1 and IRF3 in influenza A virus infection of epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bastian Opitz
- Department of Internal Medicine/Infectious Diseases and Pulmonary Medicine, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany.
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Cauthen AN, Swayne DE, Sekellick MJ, Marcus PI, Suarez DL. Amelioration of influenza virus pathogenesis in chickens attributed to the enhanced interferon-inducing capacity of a virus with a truncated NS1 gene. J Virol 2007; 81:1838-47. [PMID: 17121796 PMCID: PMC1797581 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01667-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2006] [Accepted: 11/10/2006] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Avian influenza virus (AIV) A/turkey/Oregon/71-SEPRL (TK/OR/71-SEPRL) (H7N3) encodes a full-length NS1 protein and is a weak inducer of interferon (IFN). A variant, TK/OR/71-delNS1 (H7N3), produces a truncated NS1 protein and is a strong inducer of IFN. These otherwise genetically related variants differ 20-fold in their capacities to induce IFN in primary chicken embryo cells but are similar in their sensitivities to the action of IFN. Furthermore, the weak IFN-inducing strain actively suppresses IFN induction in cells that are otherwise programmed to produce it. These phenotypic differences are attributed to the enhanced IFN-inducing capacity that characterizes type A influenza virus strains that produce defective NS1 protein. The pathogenesis of these two variants was evaluated in 1-day-old and 4-week-old chickens. The cell tropisms of both viruses were similar. However, the lesions in chickens produced by the weak IFN inducer were more severe and differed somewhat in character from those observed for the strong IFN inducer. Differences in lesions included the nature of inflammation, the rate of resolution of the infection, and the extent of viral replication and/or virus dissemination. The amelioration of pathogenesis is attributed to the higher levels of IFN produced by the variant encoding the truncated NS1 protein and the antiviral state subsequently induced by that IFN. The high titer of virus observed in kidney tissue ( approximately 10(9) 50% embryo lethal doses/g) from 1-day-old chickens infected intravenously by the weak IFN-inducing strain is attributed to the capacity of chicken kidney cells to activate the hemagglutinin fusion peptide along with their unresponsiveness to inducers of IFN as measured in vitro. Thus, the IFN-inducing capacity of AIV appears to be a significant factor in regulating the pathogenesis, virulence, and viral transmission of AIV in chickens. This suggests that the IFN-inducing and IFN induction suppression phenotypes of AIV should be considered when characterizing strains of influenza virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela N Cauthen
- Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, ARS/USDA, 934 College Station Road, Athens, GA 30605, USA
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36
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Baas T, Baskin CR, Diamond DL, García-Sastre A, Bielefeldt-Ohmann H, Tumpey TM, Thomas MJ, Carter VS, Teal TH, Van Hoeven N, Proll S, Jacobs JM, Caldwell ZR, Gritsenko MA, Hukkanen RR, Camp DG, Smith RD, Katze MG. Integrated molecular signature of disease: analysis of influenza virus-infected macaques through functional genomics and proteomics. J Virol 2006; 80:10813-28. [PMID: 16928763 PMCID: PMC1641753 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00851-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent outbreaks of avian influenza in humans have stressed the need for an improved nonhuman primate model of influenza pathogenesis. In order to further develop a macaque model, we expanded our previous in vivo genomics experiments with influenza virus-infected macaques by focusing on the innate immune response at day 2 postinoculation and on gene expression in affected lung tissue with viral genetic material present. Finally, we sought to identify signature genes for early infection in whole blood. For these purposes, we infected six pigtailed macaques (Macaca nemestrina) with reconstructed influenza A/Texas/36/91 virus and three control animals with a sham inoculate. We sacrificed one control and two experimental animals at days 2, 4, and 7 postinfection. Lung tissue was harvested for pathology, gene expression profiling, and proteomics. Blood was collected for genomics every other day from each animal until the experimental endpoint. Gross and microscopic pathology, immunohistochemistry, viral gene expression by arrays, and/or quantitative real-time reverse transcription-PCR confirmed successful yet mild infections in all experimental animals. Genomic experiments were performed using macaque-specific oligonucleotide arrays, and high-throughput proteomics revealed the host response to infection at the mRNA and protein levels. Our data showed dramatic differences in gene expression within regions in influenza virus-induced lesions based on the presence or absence of viral mRNA. We also identified genes tightly coregulated in peripheral white blood cells and in lung tissue at day 2 postinoculation. This latter finding opens the possibility of using gene expression arrays on whole blood to detect infection after exposure but prior to onset of symptoms or shedding.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Baas
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
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Abstract
Influenza is a common respiratory condition that has a history of developing into epidemics and pandemics. Individuals at risk of influenza and related complications include older people, young children and individuals with chronic renal, cardiac and respiratory diseases. Influenza can begin suddenly and is accompanied by fever, chills, aches, pains, headaches, fatigue, cough and generalized weakness that can last up to 14 days. Complications of influenza include secondary bacterial pneumonia, post-influenza encephalitis, changes in cardiac electrocardiogram and secondary bacterial infections, such as Staphylococcus aureus-induced myositis. The influenza vaccine is the main form of treatment. Suitably qualified nurse prescribers and nurses who supply and administer the vaccine under patient group directions should be sufficiently knowledgeable about the virus and how its transmission can be prevented in order to educate patients at risk of developing influenza about the role of the vaccine in the prevention of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maggi Banning
- School of Health and Social Sciences, Middlesex University, London
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Henklein P, Bruns K, Nimtz M, Wray V, Tessmer U, Schubert U. Influenza A virus protein PB1-F2: synthesis and characterization of the biologically active full length protein and related peptides. J Pept Sci 2005; 11:481-90. [PMID: 15641124 DOI: 10.1002/psc.641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Recently the discovery of a novel 87 amino acid influenza A virus (IAV) protein, named PB1-F2, has been reported that originates from an alternative reading frame in the PB1 polymerase gene and is encoded in most of the known human IAV isolates. Using optimized protocols, full length biologically active sPB1-F2 and a number of fragments have been synthesized by following either the standard elongation SPPS method or by native chemical ligation of unprotected N- and C-terminal peptide fragments at the histidine and cysteine residues located in position 41 and 42 of the native sequence, respectively. The ligation procedure afforded the most efficient synthesis of sPB1-F2 and facilitated the generation of various mutants of sPB1-F2 from pre-synthesized peptide fragments. During the synthesis of sPB1-F2, the formation of succinimide and subsequent conversion to the piperidine derivative at the aspartic acid residue in position 23 was observed. This reaction was forestalled by applying specific modifications to the SPPS protocol. The chain-elongation SPPS protocol is optimal for producing small peptides of sPB1-F2, their derivatives and precursors for a subsequent ligation protocol, while the full length protein, mutants and labelled derivatives are more conveniently and efficiently synthesized by SPPS protocols that include native chemical ligation. The molecular identity of sPB1-F2 was confirmed by peptide mapping, mass spectrometry, N-terminal sequencing, (1)H NMR spectroscopy and Western blot analysis. The latter analysis afforded direct evidence of the inherent tendency of sPB1-F2 to undergo oligomerization, a phenomenon observed both for full length sPB1-F2 and fragments thereof, as well as for its full length viral counterpart. Our synthesis protocols open the field for multiple biological and structural studies on sPB1-F2 that, similar to the molecule expressed in an IAV context, induces apoptosis and interacts with membranes in vitro and in vivo, as shown in previous studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Henklein
- Humboldt University, Institute of Biochemistry, Berlin, Germany.
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Hovden AO, Cox RJ, Haaheim LR. Whole influenza virus vaccine is more immunogenic than split influenza virus vaccine and induces primarily an IgG2a response in BALB/c mice. Scand J Immunol 2005; 62:36-44. [PMID: 16092921 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3083.2005.01633.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to compare the kinetics and the magnitude of the humoral immune response to two different influenza vaccine formulations, whole and split virus vaccines. BALB/c mice were immunized intramuscularly with one or two doses (3 weeks apart) of 7.5, 15 or 30 microg of haemagglutinin of monovalent A/Panama/2007/99 (H3N2) split or whole virus vaccine. The two vaccine formulations induced similar kinetics of the antibody-secreting cells response; however, differences in the magnitude were observed in the spleen and bone marrow. Vaccination with whole virus vaccine generally elicited a quicker and higher neutralizing antibody response, particularly after the first dose of vaccine. The two vaccine formulations gave different immunoglobulin G (IgG) subclass profiles. Split virus vaccine stimulated both IgG1 and IgG2a antibodies suggestive of mixed T-helper 1 (Th1) and Th2 response, whereas whole virus vaccine induced mainly an IgG2a antibody response, which is indicative of a dominant Th1 response. The increased immunogenicity of whole virus vaccine in a naïve population could reduce the vaccine concentration needed to provide protective immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- A-O Hovden
- Influenza Centre, Section for Microbiology and Immunology, The Gade Institute, University of Bergen, Haukeland University Hospital, Norway.
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40
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Stocsits RR, Hofacker IL, Fried C, Stadler PF. Multiple sequence alignments of partially coding nucleic acid sequences. BMC Bioinformatics 2005; 6:160. [PMID: 15985156 PMCID: PMC1182351 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2105-6-160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2005] [Accepted: 06/28/2005] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND High quality sequence alignments of RNA and DNA sequences are an important prerequisite for the comparative analysis of genomic sequence data. Nucleic acid sequences, however, exhibit a much larger sequence heterogeneity compared to their encoded protein sequences due to the redundancy of the genetic code. It is desirable, therefore, to make use of the amino acid sequence when aligning coding nucleic acid sequences. In many cases, however, only a part of the sequence of interest is translated. On the other hand, overlapping reading frames may encode multiple alternative proteins, possibly with intermittent non-coding parts. Examples are, in particular, RNA virus genomes. RESULTS The standard scoring scheme for nucleic acid alignments can be extended to incorporate simultaneously information on translation products in one or more reading frames. Here we present a multiple alignment tool, codaln, that implements a combined nucleic acid plus amino acid scoring model for pairwise and progressive multiple alignments that allows arbitrary weighting for almost all scoring parameters. Resource requirements of codaln are comparable with those of standard tools such as ClustalW. CONCLUSION We demonstrate the applicability of codaln to various biologically relevant types of sequences (bacteriophage Levivirus and Vertebrate Hox clusters) and show that the combination of nucleic acid and amino acid sequence information leads to improved alignments. These, in turn, increase the performance of analysis tools that depend strictly on good input alignments such as methods for detecting conserved RNA secondary structure elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman R Stocsits
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Bioinformatics, University of Leipzig, Haertelstraße 16-18, D-04107 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ivo L Hofacker
- Institute for Theoretical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währingerstraße 17, A-1090 Wien, Austria
| | - Claudia Fried
- Bioinformatics Group, Department of Computer Science, University of Leipzig, Haertelstraße 16-18, D-04107 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Peter F Stadler
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Bioinformatics, University of Leipzig, Haertelstraße 16-18, D-04107 Leipzig, Germany
- Institute for Theoretical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währingerstraße 17, A-1090 Wien, Austria
- Bioinformatics Group, Department of Computer Science, University of Leipzig, Haertelstraße 16-18, D-04107 Leipzig, Germany
- Santa Fe Institute, 1399 Hyde Park Rd., Santa Fe NM 87501, USA
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Marcus PI, Rojek JM, Sekellick MJ. Interferon induction and/or production and its suppression by influenza A viruses. J Virol 2005; 79:2880-90. [PMID: 15709007 PMCID: PMC548469 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.79.5.2880-2890.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2004] [Accepted: 11/18/2004] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Developmentally aged chicken embryo cells which hyperproduce interferon (IFN) when induced were used to quantify IFN production and its suppression by eight strains of type A influenza viruses (AIV). Over 90% of the IFN-inducing or IFN induction-suppressing activity of AIV populations resided in noninfectious particles. The IFN-inducer moiety of AIV appears to preexist in, or be generated by, virions termed IFN-inducing particles (IFP) and was detectable under conditions in which a single molecule of double-stranded RNA introduced into a cell via endocytosis induced IFN, whereas single-stranded RNA did not. Some AIV strains suppressed IFN production, an activity that resided in a noninfectious virion termed an IFN induction-suppressing particle (ISP). The ISP phenotype was dominant over the IFP phenotype. Strains of AIV varied 100-fold in their capacity to induce IFN. AIV genetically compromised in NS1 expression induced about 20 times more IFN than NS1-competent parental strains. UV irradiation further enhanced the IFN-inducing capacity of AIV up to 100-fold, converting ISP into IFP and IFP into more efficient IFP. AIV is known to prevent IFN induction and/or production by expressing NS1 from a small UV target (gene NS). Evidence is presented for an additional downregulator of IFN production, identified as a large UV target postulated to consist of AIV polymerase genes PB1 + PB2 + PA, through the ensuing action of their cap-snatching endonuclease on pre-IFN-mRNA. The products of both the small and large UV targets act in concert to regulate IFN induction and/or production. Knowledge of the IFP/ISP phenotype may be useful in the development of attenuated AIV strains that maximally induce cytokines favorable to the immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip I Marcus
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, 91 North Eagleville Rd., U-3125, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA.
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42
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Ferko B, Stasakova J, Romanova J, Kittel C, Sereinig S, Katinger H, Egorov A. Immunogenicity and protection efficacy of replication-deficient influenza A viruses with altered NS1 genes. J Virol 2004; 78:13037-45. [PMID: 15542655 PMCID: PMC524997 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.78.23.13037-13045.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We explored the immunogenic properties of influenza A viruses with altered NS1 genes (NS1 mutant viruses). NS1 mutant viruses expressing NS1 proteins with an impaired RNA-binding function or insertion of a longer foreign sequence did not replicate in murine lungs but still were capable of inducing a Th1-type immune response resulting in significant titers of virus-specific serum and mucosal immunoglobulin G2 (IgG2) and IgA, but with lower titers of IgG1. In contrast, replicating viruses elicited high titers of serum and mucosal IgG1 but less serum IgA. Replication-deficient NS1 mutant viruses induced a rapid local release of proinflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) and IL-6. Moreover, these viruses also elicited markedly higher levels of IFN-alpha/beta in serum than the wild-type virus. Comparable numbers of virus-specific primary CD8(+) T cells were determined in all of the groups of immunized mice. The most rapid onset of the recall CD8(+)-T-cell response upon the wild-type virus challenge was detected in mice primed with NS1 mutant viruses eliciting high levels of cytokines. It is noteworthy that there was one NS1 mutant virus encoding NS1 protein with a deletion of 40 amino acids predominantly in the RNA-binding domain that induced the highest levels of IFN-alpha/beta, IL-6 and IL-1beta after infection. Mice that were immunized with this virus were completely protected from the challenge infection. These findings indicate that a targeted modification of the RNA-binding domain of the NS1 protein is a valuable technique to generate replication-deficient, but immunogenic influenza virus vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris Ferko
- Institute of Applied Microbiology, Muthgasse 18B, A-1190 Vienna, Austria.
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43
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Baskin CR, García-Sastre A, Tumpey TM, Bielefeldt-Ohmann H, Carter VS, Nistal-Villán E, Katze MG. Integration of clinical data, pathology, and cDNA microarrays in influenza virus-infected pigtailed macaques (Macaca nemestrina). J Virol 2004; 78:10420-32. [PMID: 15367608 PMCID: PMC516400 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.78.19.10420-10432.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
For most severe viral pandemics such as influenza and AIDS, the exact contribution of individual viral genes to pathogenicity is still largely unknown. A necessary step toward that understanding is a systematic comparison of different influenza virus strains at the level of transcriptional regulation in the host as a whole and interpretation of these complex genetic changes in the context of multifactorial clinical outcomes and pathology. We conducted a study by infecting pigtailed macaques (Macaca nemestrina) with a genetically reconstructed strain of human influenza H1N1 A/Texas/36/91 virus and hypothesized not only that these animals would respond to the virus similarly to humans, but that gene expression patterns in the lungs and tracheobronchial lymph nodes would fit into a coherent and complete picture of the host-virus interactions during infection. The disease observed in infected macaques simulated uncomplicated influenza in humans. Clinical signs and an antibody response appeared with induction of interferon and B-cell activation pathways, respectively. Transcriptional activation of inflammatory cells and apoptotic pathways coincided with gross and histopathological signs of inflammation, with tissue damage and concurrent signs of repair. Additionally, cDNA microarrays offered new evidence of the importance of cytotoxic T cells and natural killer cells throughout infection. With this experiment, we confirmed the suitability of the nonhuman primate model in the quest for understanding the individual and joint contributions of viral genes to influenza virus pathogenesis by using cDNA microarray technology and a reverse genetics approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carole R Baskin
- Department of Comparative Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Box 358070, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
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44
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Abstract
It is now firmly established that apoptosis is an important mechanism of influenza virus-induced cell death both in vivo and in vitro. Data are predominantly from experiments with influenza A virus and in vitro experimental systems. Multiple influenza virus factors have been identified that can activate intrinsic or extrinsic apoptotic induction pathways. Currently there is no evidence for influenza virus directly accessing the apoptosis execution factors. The best-studied influenza virus inducers of apoptosis are dsRNA, NS1, NA, and a newly described gene product PB1-F2. PB1-F2 is the only influenza virus factor to date identified to act intrinsically by localization and interaction with the mitochondrial-dependent apoptotic pathway. Both dsRNA and NA have been shown to act via an extrinsic mechanism involving proapoptotic host-defense molecules: PKR by induction of Fas-Fas ligand and NA by activation of TGF-beta. PKR is capable of controlling several important cell-signaling pathways and therefore may have multiple effects; a predominant one is increased interferon (IFN) production and activity. NS1 has been shown to be both proapoptotic and antiapoptotic. Use of influenza virus NS1 deletion mutants has provided evidence for NS1 interference with apoptosis, IFN induction, and related cell-signaling pathways. Influenza virus also has important exocrine paracrine effects, which are likely mediated via TNF family ligands and oxygen, free radicals capable of inducing apoptosis. Little is known about activation of inhibitors of apoptosis such as inhibitory apoptotic proteins. Whether all these factors always have a role in influenza virus-induced apoptosis is unknown. The kinetics of synthesis of influenza virus factors affecting apoptosis during the replication cycle may be an important aspect of apoptosis induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Joel Lowy
- Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute, 8901 Wisconsin Avenue, Bethesda, MD 20889-5603, USA.
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45
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Beby-Defaux A, Giraudeau G, Bouguermouh S, Agius G. La grippe humaine : aspects virologiques, épidémiologie et diagnostic virologique. Med Mal Infect 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0399-077x(03)00008-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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