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Holme JA, Vondráček J, Machala M, Lagadic-Gossmann D, Vogel CFA, Le Ferrec E, Sparfel L, Øvrevik J. Lung cancer associated with combustion particles and fine particulate matter (PM 2.5) - The roles of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR). Biochem Pharmacol 2023; 216:115801. [PMID: 37696458 PMCID: PMC10543654 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2023.115801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
Air pollution is the leading cause of lung cancer after tobacco smoking, contributing to 20% of all lung cancer deaths. Increased risk associated with living near trafficked roads, occupational exposure to diesel exhaust, indoor coal combustion and cigarette smoking, suggest that combustion components in ambient fine particulate matter (PM2.5), such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), may be central drivers of lung cancer. Activation of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) induces expression of xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes (XMEs) and increase PAH metabolism, formation of reactive metabolites, oxidative stress, DNA damage and mutagenesis. Lung cancer tissues from smokers and workers exposed to high combustion PM levels contain mutagenic signatures derived from PAHs. However, recent findings suggest that ambient air PM2.5 exposure primarily induces lung cancer development through tumor promotion of cells harboring naturally acquired oncogenic mutations, thus lacking typical PAH-induced mutations. On this background, we discuss the role of AhR and PAHs in lung cancer development caused by air pollution focusing on the tumor promoting properties including metabolism, immune system, cell proliferation and survival, tumor microenvironment, cell-to-cell communication, tumor growth and metastasis. We suggest that the dichotomy in lung cancer patterns observed between smoking and outdoor air PM2.5 represent the two ends of a dose-response continuum of combustion PM exposure, where tumor promotion in the peripheral lung appears to be the driving factor at the relatively low-dose exposures from ambient air PM2.5, whereas genotoxicity in the central airways becomes increasingly more important at the higher combustion PM levels encountered through smoking and occupational exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jørn A Holme
- Department of Air Quality and Noise, Division of Climate and Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, PO Box PO Box 222 Skøyen, 0213 Oslo, Norway
| | - Jan Vondráček
- Department of Cytokinetics, Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 61265 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Machala
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Veterinary Research Institute, 62100 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Dominique Lagadic-Gossmann
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de Recherche en Santé, Environnement et Travail), UMR_S 1085, F-35000, Rennes, France
| | - Christoph F A Vogel
- Department of Environmental Toxicology and Center for Health and the Environment, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Eric Le Ferrec
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de Recherche en Santé, Environnement et Travail), UMR_S 1085, F-35000, Rennes, France
| | - Lydie Sparfel
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de Recherche en Santé, Environnement et Travail), UMR_S 1085, F-35000, Rennes, France
| | - Johan Øvrevik
- Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Oslo, PO Box 1066 Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway; Division of Climate and Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, PO Box 222 Skøyen, 0213 Oslo, Norway.
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Yamazoe Y, Murayama N, Kawamura T, Yamada T. Application of fused-grid-based CYP-Template systems for genotoxic substances to understand the metabolisms. Genes Environ 2023; 45:22. [PMID: 37544994 PMCID: PMC10405451 DOI: 10.1186/s41021-023-00275-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding of metabolic processes is a key factor to evaluate biological effects of carcinogen and mutagens. Applicability of fused-grid Template* systems of CYP enzymes (Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022) was tested for three phenomena. (1) Possible causal relationships between CYP-mediated metabolisms of β-naphthoflavone and 3-methylcholanthrene and the high inducibility of CYP enzymes were examined. Selective involvement of non-constitutive CYP1A1, but not constitutive CYP1A2, was suggested on the oxidative metabolisms of efficient inducers, β-naphthoflavone and 3-methylcholanthrene. These results supported the view of the causal link of their high inducibility with their inefficient metabolisms due to the lack of CYP1A1 in livers at early periods after the administration of both inducers. (2) Clear differences exist between human and rodent CYP1A1 enzymes on their catalyses with heterocyclic amines, dioxins and polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Reciprocal comparison of simulation results with experimental data suggested the rodent specific site and distinct sitting-preferences of ligands on Template for human and rodent CYP1A1 enzymes. (3) Enhancement of metabolic activation and co-mutagenicity have been known as phenomena associated with Salmonella mutagenesis assay. Both the phenomena were examined on CYP-Templates in ways of simultaneous bi-molecule bindings of distinct ligands as trigger and pro-metabolized molecules. α-Naphthoflavone and norharman served consistently as trigger-molecules to support the oxidations of PAHs and arylamines sitting simultaneously as pro-metabolized molecules on Templates of CYP1A1, CYP1A2 and CYP3A4. These CYP-Template simulation systems with deciphering capabilities are promising tools to understand the mechanism basis of metabolic activations and to support confident judgements in safety assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasushi Yamazoe
- Division of Drug Metabolism and Molecular Toxicology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aramaki-Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan.
- Division of Risk Assessment, Center for Biological Safety and Research, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, 210-9501, Japan.
| | - Norie Murayama
- Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Tokyo, 194-8543, Japan
| | - Tomoko Kawamura
- Division of Risk Assessment, Center for Biological Safety and Research, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, 210-9501, Japan
| | - Takashi Yamada
- Division of Risk Assessment, Center for Biological Safety and Research, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, 210-9501, Japan
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Holme JA, Låg M, Skueland T, Parenicová M, Ciganek M, Penciková K, Grytting VS, Neca J, Øvrevik J, Mariussen E, Jørgensen RB, Refsnes M, Machala M. Characterization of elements, PAHs, AhR-activity and pro-inflammatory responses of road tunnel-derived particulate matter in human hepatocyte-like and bronchial epithelial cells. Toxicol In Vitro 2023; 90:105611. [PMID: 37164185 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2023.105611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The aims were to characterize the content of elements and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in size-separated particulate matter (PM) sampled in a road tunnel, estimate the contribution of PAHs to the toxic potential, and measure the pro-inflammatory potential of PM samples and extracts with increasing polarity. Several elements/metals previously associated with cytokine responses were found. Based on PAHs levels and published PAHs potency, the calculated mutagenic and carcinogenic activities of size-separated samples were somewhat lower for coarse than fine and ultrafine PM. The AhR-activity of the corresponding PM extracts measured in an AhR-luciferase reporter model (human hepatocytes) were more similar. The highest AhR-activity was found in the neutral (parent and alkylated PAHs) and polar (oxy-PAHs) fractions, while the semi-polar fractions (mono-nitrated-PAHs) had only weak activity. The neutral and polar aromatic fractions from coarse and fine PM were also found to induce higher pro-inflammatory responses and CYP1A1 expression in human bronchial epithelial cells (HBEC3-KT) than the semi-polar fractions. Fine PM induced higher pro-inflammatory responses than coarse PM. AhR-inhibition reduced cytokine responses induced by parent PM and extracts of both size fractions. Contributors to the toxic potentials include PAHs and oxy-PAHs, but substantial contributions from other organic compounds and/or metals are likely.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jørn A Holme
- Department of Air quality and Noise, Division of Climate and Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, PO Box 222 Skøyen, 0213 Oslo, Norway
| | - Marit Låg
- Department of Air quality and Noise, Division of Climate and Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, PO Box 222 Skøyen, 0213 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Tonje Skueland
- Department of Air quality and Noise, Division of Climate and Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, PO Box 222 Skøyen, 0213 Oslo, Norway
| | - Martina Parenicová
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Veterinary Research Institute, 62100 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Ciganek
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Veterinary Research Institute, 62100 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Katerina Penciková
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Veterinary Research Institute, 62100 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Vegard Sæter Grytting
- Department of Air quality and Noise, Division of Climate and Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, PO Box 222 Skøyen, 0213 Oslo, Norway
| | - Jiri Neca
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Veterinary Research Institute, 62100 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Johan Øvrevik
- Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Oslo, PO Box 1066 Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway; Division of Climate and Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, PO Box 222 Skøyen, 0213 Oslo, Norway
| | - Espen Mariussen
- Department of Air quality and Noise, Division of Climate and Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, PO Box 222 Skøyen, 0213 Oslo, Norway
| | - Rikke Bramming Jørgensen
- Department of Industrial Economics and Technology Management, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NTNU, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Magne Refsnes
- Department of Air quality and Noise, Division of Climate and Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, PO Box 222 Skøyen, 0213 Oslo, Norway
| | - Miroslav Machala
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Veterinary Research Institute, 62100 Brno, Czech Republic
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Kawichai S, Bootdee S. Health Risk Assessment on Exposure to PM2.5-bound PAHs from an Urban-industrial Area in Rayong City, Thailand. Open Access Maced J Med Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.3889/oamjms.2022.9977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND: A city's industrial area's air quality has become a major priority. PM2.5-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are one of the most common pollutants in urban-industrial area, and can be linked to health problems.
AIM: This study aims to 1) investigate PM2.5 and PAHs emitted from roadside area (RS) and industrial estate (IE) in Rayong city 2) assess the inhalation of PM2.5 and PAHs on the human health of the age group.
METHODS: PM2.5-bound PAHs were investigated and thier carcinogenic risk was evalued in this study. PM2.5 samples were collected on quartz filters contained in a mini-volume air sampler and analyzed for PAHs by GC-MS.
RESULTS: The average PM2.5 concentrations at RS and IE were 43.3±26.8 and 40.4±21.7 µg/m3, while the values of total PAHs in both sites were 1.68±1.53 and 1.34±1.22 ng/m3, respectively. However, it was found that the PM2.5 and PAHs values were not significantly different (p>0.05). The results revealed that the individual lifetime cancer risk (Ric) of PM2.5 values for children and adults at both sites indicated acceptable cancer risk (10-6 to10-4). According to the incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) values of PAHs for different age groups, exposure to PAHs in PM2.5 through the inhalation pathway was a negligible (<10-6).
CONCLUSION: As a result, the PM2.5 concentrations have substantial implications for Rayong city’s environmental management and protection, relating to car emissions and coal combustion.
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Abril GA, Amarillo AC, Mateos AC, Diez SC, Wannaz ED, Pignata ML, Carreras HA. Exposure to atmospheric particle-bound Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in the vicinity of two cement plants in Córdoba, Argentina. Microchem J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2022.107271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Jahedi F, Dehdari Rad H, Goudarzi G, Tahmasebi Birgani Y, Babaei AA, Ahmadi Angali K. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in PM 1, PM 2.5 and PM 10 atmospheric particles: identification, sources, temporal and spatial variations. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCE & ENGINEERING 2021; 19:851-866. [PMID: 34150277 PMCID: PMC8172670 DOI: 10.1007/s40201-021-00652-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This study reports temporal and spatial variations of 16 different species of particulate polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (particle-bonded PAHs) in the indoor and outdoor environments of three sampling sites in Bandar Mahshahr city, Iran. A low-volume air sampler was employed to collect size-segregated particulate matter during winter (October to December 2015), and summer (July to September 2016). The results showed that the annual concentrations of indoor and outdoor PM10 and PM2.5 were much higher than the related World Health Organization guidelines. The concentration of total particle-bonded PAHs (TPAHs) was higher in winter than in summer and a significant difference between the two sampling seasons was observed. The indoor and outdoor carcinogenic PAHs to TPAHs concentrations ratios in the sampling sites in summer and winter were as follow: for PM10 40.15-42.51%, PM2.5 41.30-42.97%, and PM1 43.07-44.36%, respectively; furthermore, the smaller the particle size, the higher the percentage of carcinogenic PAHs. 2 ring PAHs had a very small contribution to the total PAHs (about 1%), whereas PAHs with 3-to-4 rings had much larger contributions, ranging from 71.65% to 75.17%. The results demonstrated that as PM size decreased, the proportion of 5-to-6-ring PAHs to the total PAHs increased. Since 5-to-6- ring PAHs are considered to be more toxic, hence more attention should be paid to fine particles. The diagnostic ratios of indoor and outdoor of three sampling sites in both seasons suggested that petrogenic sources, as well as combustion of petroleum and other fossil fuels were the main PAHs sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faezeh Jahedi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Hassan Dehdari Rad
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
- Air Pollution and Respiratory Diseases Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Goudarzi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
- Air Pollution and Respiratory Diseases Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Yaser Tahmasebi Birgani
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
- Air Pollution and Respiratory Diseases Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Ali Akbar Babaei
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
- Air Pollution and Respiratory Diseases Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Kambiz Ahmadi Angali
- Air Pollution and Respiratory Diseases Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
- Department of Statistic and Epidemiology, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
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Human Family 1-4 cytochrome P450 enzymes involved in the metabolic activation of xenobiotic and physiological chemicals: an update. Arch Toxicol 2021; 95:395-472. [PMID: 33459808 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-020-02971-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
This is an overview of the metabolic activation of drugs, natural products, physiological compounds, and general chemicals by the catalytic activity of cytochrome P450 enzymes belonging to Families 1-4. The data were collected from > 5152 references. The total number of data entries of reactions catalyzed by P450s Families 1-4 was 7696 of which 1121 (~ 15%) were defined as bioactivation reactions of different degrees. The data were divided into groups of General Chemicals, Drugs, Natural Products, and Physiological Compounds, presented in tabular form. The metabolism and bioactivation of selected examples of each group are discussed. In most of the cases, the metabolites are directly toxic chemicals reacting with cell macromolecules, but in some cases the metabolites formed are not direct toxicants but participate as substrates in succeeding metabolic reactions (e.g., conjugation reactions), the products of which are final toxicants. We identified a high level of activation for three groups of compounds (General Chemicals, Drugs, and Natural Products) yielding activated metabolites and the generally low participation of Physiological Compounds in bioactivation reactions. In the group of General Chemicals, P450 enzymes 1A1, 1A2, and 1B1 dominate in the formation of activated metabolites. Drugs are mostly activated by the enzyme P450 3A4, and Natural Products by P450s 1A2, 2E1, and 3A4. Physiological Compounds showed no clearly dominant enzyme, but the highest numbers of activations are attributed to P450 1A, 1B1, and 3A enzymes. The results thus show, perhaps not surprisingly, that Physiological Compounds are infrequent substrates in bioactivation reactions catalyzed by P450 enzyme Families 1-4, with the exception of estrogens and arachidonic acid. The results thus provide information on the enzymes that activate specific groups of chemicals to toxic metabolites.
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Ihunwo OC, Ibezim-Ezeani MU, DelValls TA. Human health and ecological risk of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in sediment of Woji creek in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2021; 162:111903. [PMID: 33321306 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Human health risk was determined by assessing risk due to dermal contact with the sediment and Benzo [a] pyrene -equivalent concentrations (BaP-TEQ- carcinogenic equivalents and BaP-MEQ- mutagenic equivalents). Ecological risk of PAHs in the sediment was determined by comparing PAHs concentrations to effect range low (ERL) and effect range median (ERM); to estimate the risk associated with the combined effects of PAHs, mean ERM quotient (mERMq) was calculated. Results revealed that hazard index (HI) due to dermal contact of the sediment for adults are 596 and 73.84 for children. Similarly, cancer risk for adults was all >10-1 and was within 10-3 ≤ 10-1 for children, for every compound; the sum of cancer risk for adults and children were 8.26 and 1.022 respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Owhonda Chikeru Ihunwo
- Niger Delta Aqua Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry Technology, School of Science Laboratory Technology, University of Port Harcourt, Port Harcourt P. M. B. 5323, Choba, Rivers State, Nigeria
| | - Millicent Uzoamaka Ibezim-Ezeani
- Niger Delta Aqua Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry Technology, School of Science Laboratory Technology, University of Port Harcourt, Port Harcourt P. M. B. 5323, Choba, Rivers State, Nigeria; Department of Pure and Industrial Chemistry, University of Port Harcourt, P. M. B. 5323, Choba, Rivers State, Nigeria.
| | - Tomás Angel DelValls
- Niger Delta Aqua Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry Technology, School of Science Laboratory Technology, University of Port Harcourt, Port Harcourt P. M. B. 5323, Choba, Rivers State, Nigeria; Department of Ecotoxicology, Santa Cecília University (UNISANTA), Santos, São Paulo, Brazil
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Vondráček J, Pěnčíková K, Ciganek M, Pivnička J, Karasová M, Hýžďalová M, Strapáčová S, Pálková L, Neča J, Matthews J, Lom MV, Topinka J, Milcová A, Machala M. Environmental six-ring polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are potent inducers of the AhR-dependent signaling in human cells. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 266:115125. [PMID: 32679438 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The toxicities of many environmental polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), in particular those of high-molecular-weight PAHs (with MW higher than 300), remain poorly characterized. The objective of this study was to evaluate the ability of selected environmentally relevant PAHs with MW 302 (MW302 PAHs) to activate the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), since this represents a major toxic mode of action of PAHs. A large number of the evaluated compounds exhibited strong AhR-mediated activities, in particular in human models. The studied MW302 PAHs also significantly contributed to the overall calculated AhR activities of complex environmental mixtures, including both defined standard reference materials and collected diesel exhaust particles. The high AhR-mediated activities of representative MW302 PAHs, e.g. naphtho[1,2-k]fluoranthene, corresponded with the modulation of expression of relevant AhR target genes in a human lung cell model, or with the AhR-dependent suppression of cell cycle progression/proliferation in estrogen-sensitive cells. This was in a marked contrast with the limited genotoxicity of the same compound(s). Given the substantial levels of the AhR-activating MW302 PAHs in combustion particles, it seems important to continue to investigate the toxic modes of action of this large group of PAHs associated with airborne particulate matter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Vondráček
- Department of Cytokinetics, Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Královopolská 135, 61265 Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Kateřina Pěnčíková
- Department of Chemistry and Toxicology, Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 70, 62100 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Ciganek
- Department of Chemistry and Toxicology, Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 70, 62100 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jakub Pivnička
- Department of Cytokinetics, Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Královopolská 135, 61265 Brno, Czech Republic; Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 61137 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Martina Karasová
- Department of Cytokinetics, Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Královopolská 135, 61265 Brno, Czech Republic; Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 61137 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Martina Hýžďalová
- Department of Cytokinetics, Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Královopolská 135, 61265 Brno, Czech Republic; Department of Chemistry and Toxicology, Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 70, 62100 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Simona Strapáčová
- Department of Chemistry and Toxicology, Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 70, 62100 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Pálková
- Department of Chemistry and Toxicology, Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 70, 62100 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Neča
- Department of Chemistry and Toxicology, Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 70, 62100 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jason Matthews
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Sognsvannsveien 9, 0372 Oslo, Norway; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, M5S 1A8 Toronto, Canada
| | - Michal Vojtíšek Lom
- Center for Sustainable Mobility, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Technická 4, 160 00 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Topinka
- Department of Genetic Toxicology and Nanotoxicology, Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Alena Milcová
- Department of Genetic Toxicology and Nanotoxicology, Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Machala
- Department of Chemistry and Toxicology, Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 70, 62100 Brno, Czech Republic
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Mehmood T, Zhu T, Ahmad I, Li X. Ambient PM 2.5 and PM 10 bound PAHs in Islamabad, Pakistan: Concentration, source and health risk assessment. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 257:127187. [PMID: 32505038 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in ambient particulate matter contribute considerably to human health risk. Simultaneous sampling of ambient PM2.5/PM10 was done to analyze the Ʃ16PAH across the four seasons of 2017 in Islamabad, Pakistan. The average Ʃ16PAH concentrations in PM2.5 and PM10 were 25.69 and 40.69 ng m-3, respectively. For both PM2.5 and PM10, the highest PAHs concentration was in winter (45.14, 67.10 ng m-3), while the lowest was in summer (16.40, 28.18 ng m-3). Source appointment indicated that vehicular exhaust, i.e., diesel, gasoline and alternatively fuel liquid natural gas (LNG), and compressed natural gas (CNG) combustion was the primary PAHs contributor, whereas biomass burning and fuel combustion (coal, biomass, wood, CNG) from stationary sources were another important sources. Health risk assessment showed that the lifetime cancer risk (LCR) values of PAHs were higher than the acceptable level in all four seasons. LCR values were the highest in winter (9.23 × 10-4 for PAHs in PM2.5 and 13.98 × 10-4 for PAHs in PM10) which were 9 and 13 times higher than tolerable cancer risk level respectively, and they were 2-3 times higher than the acceptable values in other seasons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tariq Mehmood
- School of Space and Environment, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China; College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China
| | - Tianle Zhu
- School of Space and Environment, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Ishaq Ahmad
- NPU-NCP Joint International Research Centre on Advanced Nanomaterials and Defects Engineering, National Center for Physics, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Xinghua Li
- School of Space and Environment, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China.
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Morakinyo OM, Mukhola MS, Mokgobu MI. Concentration levels and carcinogenic and mutagenic risks of PM 2.5-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in an urban-industrial area in South Africa. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2020; 42:2163-2178. [PMID: 31848784 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-019-00493-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Concerns over the health effects of exposure to particulate matter of aerodynamic diameter of less than 2.5 μm (PM2.5) led the South African Government to establish the national standard for PM2.5 in the year 2012. However, there is currently no exposure limit for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and PM2.5-bound PAHs. The understanding of the concentration levels and potential health risks of exposure to PM2.5-bound PAHs is important in ensuring a suitable risk assessment and risk management plans. This study, therefore, determined the concentration levels and carcinogenic and mutagenic health risks of PM2.5-bound PAHs. A hundred and forty-four PM2.5 samples were collected over 4 months during the winter and summer seasons of 2016 in an industrial area. The concentrations of 16 PAHs were analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, and their carcinogenic and mutagenic risks were determined using the Human Health Risk Assessment model. The mean winter (38.20 ± 8.4 μg/m3) and summer (22.3 ± 4.1 μg/m3) concentrations of PM2.5 levels were lower than the stipulated 40 μg/m3 daily limit. The daily inhalation and ingestion exposure to PAHs for all age groups were higher than the daily exposure through the dermal contact. Children and adults are more likely to inhale and ingest PAHs in PM2.5 than infants. The excess cancer risk and excess mutagenic risk values were below the priority risk level (10-4). There is a potential risk of 1-8 per million persons developing cancer from exposure to benzo[a]anthracene, benzo[a]pyrene, indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene, and dibenz[a,h]anthracene over a lifetime of 70 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oyewale Mayowa Morakinyo
- Department of Environmental Health, Faculty of Science, Tshwane University of Technology, Private Bag X680, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa.
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Faculty of Public Health, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria.
| | - Murembiwa Stanley Mukhola
- Department of Environmental Health, Faculty of Science, Tshwane University of Technology, Private Bag X680, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa
| | - Matlou Ingrid Mokgobu
- Department of Environmental Health, Faculty of Science, Tshwane University of Technology, Private Bag X680, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa
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12
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Thiäner JB, Nett L, Zhou S, Preibisch Y, Hollert H, Achten C. Identification of 7-9 ring polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in coals and petrol coke using High performance liquid chromatography - Diode array detection coupled to Atmospheric pressure laser ionization - Mass spectrometry (HPLC-DAD-APLI-MS). ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 252:723-732. [PMID: 31195173 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.05.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Revised: 05/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons containing at least 24 carbon atoms (≥C24-PAH) are often associated with pyrogenic processes such as combustion of fuel, wood or coal, and occur in the environment in diesel particulate matter, black carbon and coal tar. Some of the ≥C24-PAH, particularly the group of dibenzopyrenes (five isomers, six aromatic rings) are known to show high mutagenic and carcinogenic activita. Gas chromatography - mass spectrometry is a well-established method for the analysis of lower molecular weight PAH but is not optimally suited for the analysis of ≥C24-PAH due to their low vapor pressures. Also, hundreds of ≥C24-PAH isomers are possible but only a few compounds are commercially available as reference standards. Therefore, in this study, a combination of multidimensional liquid chromatography, UV-Vis diode array detection, PAH selective and highly sensitive atmospheric pressure laser ionization - mass spectrometry is used to detect and unequivocally identify PAH. For identification of PAH in two bituminous coals and one petrol coke sample, unique and compound specific UV-Vis spectra were acquired. It was possible to identify ten compounds (naphtho[1,2,3,4-ghi]perylene, dibenzo[b,ghi]perylene, dibenzo[e,ghi]perylene, dibenzo[cd,lm]perylene, benzo[a]coronene, phenanthrol[5,4,3,2-abcde]perylene, benzo[ghi]naphtho[8,1,2-bcd]perylene, benzo[pqr]naphtho[8,1,2-bcd]perylene, naphtho[8,1,2-abc]coronene and tribenzo[e,ghi,k]perylene) by comparison of acquired spectra with spectra from literature. Additionally, it was possible to detect similar distribution patterns in different samples and signals related to alkylated naphthopyrenes, naphthofluoranthenes or dibenzopyrenes. Subsequent effect-directed analysis of a bituminous coal sample using the microEROD (ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase) bioassay showed high suitability and revealed lower EROD induction for the ≥C24-PAH (TEQ range 0.67-10.07 ng/g) than for the allover < C24-PAH containing fraction (TEQ 84.00 ng/g). Nevertheless, the toxicity of ≥C24-PAH has a significant impact compared with <C24-PAH and must be considered for risk assessment. The LC-DAD-APLI-MS method, presented in this study, is a powerful tool for the unequivocal identification of these ≥ C24-PAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan B Thiäner
- Institute of Geology and Palaeontology - Applied Geology, University of Münster, Corrensstraße 24, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Linus Nett
- Institute of Geology and Palaeontology - Applied Geology, University of Münster, Corrensstraße 24, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Shangbo Zhou
- RTWH Aachen University, Institute for Environmental Research (Biology V), Department of Ecosystem Analysis, Worringerweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Yves Preibisch
- Institute of Geology and Palaeontology - Applied Geology, University of Münster, Corrensstraße 24, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Henner Hollert
- RTWH Aachen University, Institute for Environmental Research (Biology V), Department of Ecosystem Analysis, Worringerweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Christine Achten
- Institute of Geology and Palaeontology - Applied Geology, University of Münster, Corrensstraße 24, 48149, Münster, Germany.
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Asamoah A, Nikbakht Fini M, Essumang DK, Muff J, Søgaard EG. PAHs contamination levels in the breast milk of Ghanaian women from an e-waste recycling site and a residential area. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 666:347-354. [PMID: 30970497 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.02.204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Breast milk samples from 128 primipararae and multiparae Ghanaian women were screened for Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) from 2014 and 2016. These were breast milk from women residing or working around an electronic waste recycling site and a reference area (a residential area). This research is aimed at assessing PAHs levels in human milk samples from some Ghanaian mothers, prediction of the sources of these PAHs and the probable carcinogenic and mutagenic risks to infants. PAHs in the breast milk were analyzed using a gas chromatography coupled with a mass spectrometer (GC-MS/MS). A total of 18 PAH congeners were identified in the human milk samples with a total range between <LOD and 15,936.57 ng/g lipid wt and an overall mean of 1105.63 ng/g lipid wt. In general, the mean concentrations of low molecular weight PAHs were appreciably greater than the high molecular weight PAHs in the breast milk samples. Naphthalene recorded the highest mean concentrations of 1026.52 ng/g lipid wt and 78.73 ng/g lipid wt for both e-waste and residential areas, respectively. Naphthalene contributed 77.4% of the total PAHs in the milk samples. Most of the high molecular weight PAHs were below the limit of detection in milk samples from Kwabenya (a residential area) but were detected in the milk samples from Agbogbloshie (e-waste recycling site). The diagnostic ratio tests in this study suggest that most of the PAHs in the milk samples are originating from pyrogenic sources. Risk assessment for carcinogenicity and mutagenicity on infants based on this study were 1.1 × 10-5 and 1.9 × 10-5, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Asamoah
- Ghana Atomic Energy Commission, Nuclear Chemistry and Environmental Research Centre, Accra, Ghana.
| | - Mahdi Nikbakht Fini
- Aalborg University, Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Section of Chemical Engineering, Esbjerg, Denmark
| | - David Kofi Essumang
- University of Cape Coast, Department of Chemistry, Environmental Research Group, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Jens Muff
- Aalborg University, Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Section of Chemical Engineering, Esbjerg, Denmark
| | - Erik Gydesen Søgaard
- Aalborg University, Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Section of Chemical Engineering, Esbjerg, Denmark
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Iwegbue CMA, Ogbuta AA, Otutu JO, Obi G, Egobueze FE, Martincigh BS. Evaluation of Human Exposure to Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons from Some Edible Oils and Shea Butter in Nigeria. Polycycl Aromat Compd 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/10406638.2019.1570951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Anwuli A. Ogbuta
- Department of Chemistry, Delta State University, Abraka, Nigeria
- Department of Chemistry, University of Africa, Toru-Orua, Nigeria
| | - Johnson O. Otutu
- Department of Chemistry, Delta State University, Abraka, Nigeria
| | - Grace Obi
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Petroleum Resources, Effurun, Nigeria
| | - Francis E. Egobueze
- Environment and Quality Control Department, Nigeria Agip Oil Company, Port Harcourt, Nigeria
| | - Bice S. Martincigh
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
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15
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Lin YC, Chou FC, Li YC, Jhang SR, Shangdiar S. Effect of air pollutants and toxic emissions from various mileage of motorcycles and aerosol related carcinogenicity and mutagenicity assessment. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2019; 365:771-777. [PMID: 30476800 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2018.11.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2018] [Revised: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
This research investigates the mileage and the health risk assessment of aerosol carcinogenicity and mutagenicity emitted by ten in-use motorcycles. The total p-PAHs emission factor of ten in-use motorcycles are 676.3 μg km-1 with average of 67.6 ± 13.6 μg km-1. Naphthalene (Nap) shows the largest emission factors, followed by phenanthrene (PA) and fluoranthen (FL). The mileage present high correlation coefficient (Rsp = 0.681) with CO. CO is associated with cumulative mileage leading to bad combustion efficiency, which caused low to high relationship for total p-PAHs (Rsp = 0.388), PM2.5 (Rsp = 0.680) and NOx (Rsp = 0.799). Both PM2.5 and total p-PAHs are generally generated via incomplete combustion and the results expressed the moderate to high correlation (Rsp = 0.578, 0.898) with NOx. Taking into consideration of high-mileage motorcycles (30,001-50,000 km), the toxic equivalent of carcinogenicity and mutagenicity exhaust are about 4.67, 1.99 and 3.89, 2.0 times higher than low (10,001-20,000 km) and middle (20,001-30,000 km) cumulative mileages, respectively. Therefore, in the conclusion of our study in compared with that of other research directed the fact that lower carcinogenicity and mutagenicity emission factor were found at lower cumulative mileages motorcycles however, the impact increases with the high cumulative mileage motorcycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Chung Lin
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan; Center for Emerging Contaminants Research, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan; Research Center for Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; Ph.D. Program in Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University,Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan.
| | - Feng-Chih Chou
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Ching Li
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan
| | - Syu-Ruei Jhang
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan; Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - Sumarlin Shangdiar
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan
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16
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Goel A, Ola D, Veetil AV. Burden of disease for workers attributable to exposure through inhalation of PPAHs in RSPM from cooking fumes. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:8885-8894. [PMID: 30719671 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-04242-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), some of which are classified as possible carcinogens (WHO), have been detected in cooking fumes in considerable amounts. Distribution of 24 PAHs on varying particle sizes was analyzed in cooking emission. Analysis of cooking fumes from vegetarian and non-vegetarian food was carried out separately in the kitchen of a hostel mess in IIT Kanpur during November 2012 and February 2013. Respirable suspended particulate matter (RSPM) and particle-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PPAHs) showed a similar sequence regarding concentration observed in vegetarian and non-vegetarian food. PAHs with carcinogenic potential was detected and quantified mostly in the fine particles. Total PAH concentrations in the fine and ultrafine ranges together accounted for > 90% of the total carcinogenic PAHs, highlighting them as primary carriers of PAHs rather than coarser particles. Benzo [a] pyrene (B [a]P) levels contribute > 70% to total carcinogenic potential and > 60%, to mutagenic potential, respectively. The total toxicity impact on the workers due to the PAHs emitted from cooking fumes was 3.374 × 10-10 DALYs, with B [a] P contributing the most (> 70%) despite its low concentration. Exposure to cooking fumes especially for people involved in this activity on a daily basis (chefs, hostel mess workers, among others) raises health concerns. An extensive examination of impacts due to exposure to emissions in both particle and gas phase on a long-term basis is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anubha Goel
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, 208016, Kanpur, India.
- Atmospheric Particle Technology Lab (APTL) at Center for Environmental Science and Engineering (CESE), IIT Kanpur, 208016, Kanpur, India.
| | - Deepshikha Ola
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, 208016, Kanpur, India
| | - Anitha V Veetil
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, 208016, Kanpur, India
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17
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Iwegbue CMA, Odogbor D, Egobueze FE, Emoyan OO, Tesi GO, Odali EW, Nwajei GE, Martincigh BS. Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Smoked Ethmalosa fimbriata and Gymnarchus niloticus from Selected Fish Markets in the Niger Delta, Nigeria. Polycycl Aromat Compd 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/10406638.2018.1550794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Francis E. Egobueze
- Environment and Quality Control Department, Nigerian Agip Oil Company, Port Harcourt, Nigeria
| | | | - Godswill O. Tesi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Africa, Toru-Orua, Yenagoa, Nigeria
| | - Eze W. Odali
- Department of Chemistry, Delta State University, Abraka, Nigeria
| | - Godwin E. Nwajei
- Department of Chemistry, Delta State University, Abraka, Nigeria
| | - Bice S. Martincigh
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban, South Africa
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18
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Thiäner JB, Richter-Brockmann S, Achten C. Analysis of 6- and 7-ring PAH and other non-EPA PAH by atmospheric pressure laser ionization – mass spectrometry (APLI-MS) in environmental certified reference materials NIST 1941b, NIST 1649b, BAM CC013a and IRMM BCR 535. J Chromatogr A 2018; 1581-1582:91-99. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2018.10.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Revised: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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19
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Adeyeye EI, Ibigbami OA, Adesina AJ, Olatoye RA, Gbolagade AY. Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Fresh and Smoked Body Parts of Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822) and the Possible Risks to Human Health. Polycycl Aromat Compd 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/10406638.2018.1509358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- E. I. Adeyeye
- Chemistry Department (Analytical Chemistry Unit), Faculty of Science, Ekiti State University, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria
| | - O. A. Ibigbami
- Chemistry Department (Analytical Chemistry Unit), Faculty of Science, Ekiti State University, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria
| | - A. J. Adesina
- Chemistry Department (Analytical Chemistry Unit), Faculty of Science, Ekiti State University, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria
| | - R. A. Olatoye
- Chemistry Department (Analytical Chemistry Unit), Faculty of Science, Ekiti State University, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria
| | - A. Y. Gbolagade
- Chemistry Department (Analytical Chemistry Unit), Faculty of Science, Ekiti State University, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria
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20
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Kofi ED, Roberta AA, Joseph A, Gilbert AE, Dodoo D. Seasonal Variation of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon (PAH) Contamination in Crassostrea tulipa (Oysters) and Sediments in Three Ghanaian Coastal Ecosystems. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.3923/rjes.2018.63.72] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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21
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Fred-Ahmadu OH, Benson NU. Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) Occurrence and Toxicity in Camellia sinensis and Herbal Tea. Polycycl Aromat Compd 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/10406638.2017.1335216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Omowunmi H. Fred-Ahmadu
- Analytical and Environmental Chemistry Unit, Department of Chemistry, Covenant University, Ota, Nigeria
| | - Nsikak U. Benson
- Analytical and Environmental Chemistry Unit, Department of Chemistry, Covenant University, Ota, Nigeria
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22
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Agudelo-Castañeda DM, Teixeira EC, Schneider IL, Lara SR, Silva LFO. Exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in atmospheric PM 1.0 of urban environments: Carcinogenic and mutagenic respiratory health risk by age groups. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2017; 224:158-170. [PMID: 28268029 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.01.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Revised: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/28/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the carcinogenic and mutagenic respiratory health risks related to the exposure to atmospheric PAHs in an urban area. Our study focused in the association of these pollutants and their possible effect in human health, principally respiratory and circulatory diseases. Also, we determined a relationship between the inhalation risk of PAHs and meteorological conditions. We validated the hypothesis that in winter PAHs with high molecular weight associated to submicron particles (PM1) may increase exposure risk, especially for respiratory diseases, bronchitis and pneumonia diseases. Moreover, in our study we verified the relationship between diseases and several carcinogenic PAHs (Ind, BbkF, DahA, BaP, and BghiP). These individual PAHs contributed the most to the potential risk of exposure for inhalation of PM1.0. Even at lower ambient concentrations of BaP and DahA in comparison with individual concentrations of other PAHs associated to PM1.0. Mainly, research suggests to include carcinogenic and mutagenic PAHs in future studies of environmental health risk due to their capacity to associate to PM10. Such carcinogenic and mutagenic PAHs are likely to provide the majority of the human exposure, since they originate from dense traffic urban areas were humans congregate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dayana M Agudelo-Castañeda
- Research Group in Environmental Management and Sustainability, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Universidad De La Costa, Calle 58 #55-66, Barranquilla, Atlántico, 080002, Colombia
| | - Elba C Teixeira
- Research Department, Fundação Estadual de Proteção Ambiental Henrique Luís Roessler, Av. Borges de Medeiros, 261, Porto Alegre, RS, 90020-021, Brazil; Postgraduate Program in Remote Sensing and Meteorology, Geosciences Institute, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Porto Alegre, RS, 91501-970, Brazil.
| | - Ismael L Schneider
- Research Group in Environmental Management and Sustainability, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Universidad De La Costa, Calle 58 #55-66, Barranquilla, Atlántico, 080002, Colombia
| | - Sheila Rincón Lara
- Clinical Research Unit, Jewish General Hospital, 3755 Côte-Ste-Catherine Road, Montreal, Quebec, H3T 1E2, Canada
| | - Luis F O Silva
- Research Group in Environmental Management and Sustainability, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Universidad De La Costa, Calle 58 #55-66, Barranquilla, Atlántico, 080002, Colombia
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Subashchandrabose SR, Logeshwaran P, Venkateswarlu K, Naidu R, Megharaj M. Pyrene degradation by Chlorella sp. MM3 in liquid medium and soil slurry: Possible role of dihydrolipoamide acetyltransferase in pyrene biodegradation. ALGAL RES 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2017.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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24
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Mourón SA, Grillo CA, Dulout FN, Golijow CD. Genotoxic Effects of Benzo[a]pyrene and Dibenzo[a,l]pyrene in a Human Lung Cell Line. Int J Toxicol 2016; 25:49-55. [PMID: 16510357 DOI: 10.1080/10915810500488411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Several studies have shown that polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) produce genotoxic effects in assays performed in vivo and in vitro. This study was undertaken to investigate the ability of benzo[ a]pyrene (BP) and dibenzo[ a,l]pyrene (DBP) to induce DNA damage in a human lung fibroblast cell line (MRC-5), using sister-chromatid exchanges test (SCEs), the comet assay, and evaluating point mutations in codon 12 of the K- ras protooncogene by polymerase chain reaction–single-strand conformation polymorphisms (PCR-SSCPs) and restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLP)-enriched PCR methods. Sister-chromatid exchanges frequencies were significantly increased in cells exposed to benzo[ a]pyrene and dibenzo[ a,l]pyrene in relation to controls ( p < .001). Using the standard alkaline comet assay, significant differences between groups were found for the variable comet moment (CM) when cells were exposed to BP ( p < .001) and DBP ( p < .001). Nevertheless, PCR-SSCP and RFLP-enriched PCR methods did not show any association between treatments with BP and DBP and K- ras point mutations. The data presented in this study indicated that BP and DBP induced both DNA strand breaks and sister-chromatid exchanges but not significant point mutations at codon 12 of K- ras gene in the MRC-5 cell line.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvana Andrea Mourón
- Centro de Investigaciones en Genética Básica y Aplicada (CIGEBA), Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
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25
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Wang Q, Kobayashi K, Wang W, Ruan J, Nakajima D, Yagishita M, Lu S, Zhang W, Suzuki M, Saitou T, Sekiguchi K, Sankoda K, Takao Y, Nagae M, Terasaki M. Size distribution and sources of 37 toxic species of particulate polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons during summer and winter in Baoshan suburban area of Shanghai, China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 566-567:1519-1534. [PMID: 27320739 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.06.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Revised: 04/30/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The objectives of this study were to assess the size-segregated distribution and sources of 37 different species of particulate polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in a suburban area of Shanghai metropolitan City, China. The ambient particulate sampling was carried out on the rooftop of a five-stories building in Baoshan campus of Shanghai University. An Andersen high-volume air sampler was employed to collect ambient size-segregated particulate matter during summer of August to September and winter of November to December 2015. The high toxic PAHs were determined by a gas chromatography mass spectrometry. The concentrations of total PAHs in suspended particulate matter (SPM) and PM1.1 (suspended particulate matter below 1.1μm in diameter) in the suburban area of Shanghai were 4.58-14.5ng/m(3) and 1.82-8.56ng/m(3), respectively in summer, and 43.6-160ng/m(3) and 23.2-121ng/m(3), separately in winter. 1,8-Naphthalic anhydride (1,8-NA) showed the highest concentration among 37 different species of PAHs in the suburban area of Shanghai. The concentrations of high molecular PAHs (e.g. 5-6 ring PAHs) followed a nearly unimodal size distribution with the highest peaks in PM1.1. The diagnostic ration qualitatively indicated that PAHs in SPM of Shanghai were mainly derived from motor-vehicle or petroleum combustion in summer and from coal and biomass combustion in winter. According to the calculated toxicity equivalency factors based on the methods of Nisbet and Lagoy and the potency equivalency factors (PEF) recommended by U.S. EPA, the highest contributors in the total carcinogenicity of the PAHs in SPM and PM1.1 were dibenzo[a,h]pyrene (46.2% and 45.0% in summer), benzo[a]pyrene (44.4% and 43.8% in winter) and benz[j]aceanthrylene (80.2% and 83.1% in summer and 83.1% and 84.0% in winter), respectively. Therefore, benzo[a]pyrene seemed to be a lower contributor than other carcinogenic PAHs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingyue Wang
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-Okubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama City, Saitama 338-8570, Japan.
| | - Keisuke Kobayashi
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-Okubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama City, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
| | - Weiqian Wang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, 99 Shangdalu, Baoshan district, Shanghai City, China
| | - Jie Ruan
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-Okubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama City, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
| | - Daisuke Nakajima
- Research Center for Environmental Risk, National institute for environmental studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba City, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan
| | - Mayuko Yagishita
- Research Center for Environmental Risk, National institute for environmental studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba City, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan
| | - Senlin Lu
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, 99 Shangdalu, Baoshan district, Shanghai City, China.
| | - Wenchao Zhang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, 99 Shangdalu, Baoshan district, Shanghai City, China
| | - Miho Suzuki
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-Okubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama City, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
| | - Tomoya Saitou
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-Okubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama City, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Sekiguchi
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-Okubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama City, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
| | - Kenshi Sankoda
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-Okubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama City, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
| | - Yuji Takao
- Faculty of Environmental Science, Nagasaki University, 1-14 Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan
| | - Masaki Nagae
- Faculty of Environmental Science, Nagasaki University, 1-14 Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan
| | - Masanori Terasaki
- Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Iwate University, 3-18-34 Ueda, Morioka City, Iwate 020-8550, Japan
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Effiong IA, Bassey FI, Iwegbue CMA, Ekpa OD, Williams SA, Oguntunde FC, Osabor VN, Martincigh BS. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in three commercially available fish species from the Bonny and Cross River estuaries in the Niger Delta, Nigeria. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2016; 188:508. [PMID: 27497961 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-016-5479-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2015] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The concentrations and compositional patterns of the USEPA 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons were investigated in three commercially available fish species, Chrysichthys nigrodigitatus, Cynoglossus senegalensis and Polydactylus quadratifilis, from the Bonny and Cross River systems in the eastern Niger Delta of Nigeria. The objective of the study was to provide useful information on the levels and sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and the associated risks with their consumption. The 16 PAHs in the fish samples were extracted by ultrasonication with hexane/dichloromethane, and the concentrations of PAHs in the extracts were quantified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The measured concentrations of the Ʃ16 PAHs in Chrysichthys nigrodigitatus, Polydactylus quadratifilis and Cynoglossus senegalensis ranged from 106 to 491, from 43.1 to 1734 and from 96.4 to 937 μg kg(-1) in the Bonny River system and from 20.0 to 975, from 24.7 to 506 and from 24.9 to 387 μg kg(-1) in the Cross River system, respectively. The compositional patterns of the PAHs showed that the three- and four-ringed PAHs were the major contributors to the PAH burden in these fish species. The diagnostic ratios indicate that the PAHs in these fish samples originated mainly from combustion processes. The health risk assessment, as determined from the benzo[a]pyrene potency equivalent factor, margin of exposure and incremental lifetime cancer risk, indicates that PAHs in the majority of these fish species can induce potential carcinogenic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imabong A Effiong
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calabar, P.M.B. 1115, Calabar, Cross-Rivers State, Nigeria
| | - Francisca I Bassey
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calabar, P.M.B. 1115, Calabar, Cross-Rivers State, Nigeria
| | - Chukwujindu M A Iwegbue
- Metals and Trace Organics Research Group, Department of Chemistry, Delta State University, P.M.B. 1, Abraka, Delta State, Nigeria.
| | - Okon D Ekpa
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calabar, P.M.B. 1115, Calabar, Cross-Rivers State, Nigeria
| | - Sunday A Williams
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calabar, P.M.B. 1115, Calabar, Cross-Rivers State, Nigeria
| | - Fehintola C Oguntunde
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calabar, P.M.B. 1115, Calabar, Cross-Rivers State, Nigeria
| | - Vincent N Osabor
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calabar, P.M.B. 1115, Calabar, Cross-Rivers State, Nigeria
| | - Bice S Martincigh
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Private Bag X54001, Durban, 4000, South Africa
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Khaparde VV, Bhanarkar AD, Majumdar D, Rao CVC. Characterization of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in fugitive PM10 emissions from an integrated iron and steel plant. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 562:155-163. [PMID: 27099996 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.03.153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Revised: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Fugitive emissions of PM10 (particles <10μm in diameter) and associated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were monitored in the vicinity of coking unit, sintering unit, blast furnace and steel manufacturing unit in an integrated iron and steel plant situated in India. Concentrations of PM10, PM10-bound total PAHs, benzo (a) pyrene, carcinogenic PAHs and combustion PAHs were found to be highest around the sintering unit. Concentrations of 3-ring and 4-ring PAHs were recorded to be highest in the coking unit whereas 5-and 6-ring PAHs were found to be highest in other units. The following indicatory PAHs were identified: indeno (1,2,3-cd) pyrene, dibenzo (a,h) anthracene, benzo (k) fluoranthene in blast furnace unit; indeno (1,2,3-cd) pyrene, dibenzo (a,h) anthracene, chrysene in sintering unit; Anthracene, fluoranthene, chrysene in coking unit and acenaphthene, fluoranthene, fluorene in steel making unit. Total-BaP-TEQ (Total BaP toxic equivalent quotient) and BaP-MEQ (Total BaP mutagenic equivalent quotient) concentration levels ranged from 2.4 to 231.7ng/m(3) and 1.9 to 175.8ng/m(3), respectively. BaP and DbA (dibenzo (a,h) anthracene) contribution to total-BaP-TEQ was found to be the highest.
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Affiliation(s)
- V V Khaparde
- Air Pollution Control Division, CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (CSIR-NEERI), Nehru Marg, Nagpur 440 020, India.
| | - A D Bhanarkar
- Air Pollution Control Division, CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (CSIR-NEERI), Nehru Marg, Nagpur 440 020, India
| | - Deepanjan Majumdar
- Kolkata Zonal Laboratory, CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (CSIR-NEERI), i-8, Sector C, EKDP, EM Bypass, Kolkata 700107, India
| | - C V Chalapati Rao
- Air Pollution Control Division, CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (CSIR-NEERI), Nehru Marg, Nagpur 440 020, India
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Wang Q, Kobayashi K, Lu S, Nakajima D, Wang W, Zhang W, Sekiguchi K, Terasaki M. Studies on size distribution and health risk of 37 species of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons associated with fine particulate matter collected in the atmosphere of a suburban area of Shanghai city, China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2016; 214:149-160. [PMID: 27086070 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2016] [Revised: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 04/01/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in suspended particulate matter (SPM) contribute significantly to health risk. Our objectives were to assess the size distribution and sources of 26 PAHs and 11 polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs) in SPM in the suburban area, Shanghai city, China. Air sampling was carried out on the rooftop of a five-stories building in the campus of Shanghai University. An Andersen high-volume air sampler was employed to collect ambient size-segregated particles from August to September 2015. The toxic particulate PAHs were determined by the gas chromatography mass spectrometry. The concentrations of total PAHs (TPAHs) in SPM and PM1.1 (suspended particulate matter below 1.1 μm) were in the ranges of 4.58-14.5 ng m(-3) and 1.82-8.56 ng m(-3), respectively. 1,8-naphthalic anhydride showed the highest concentrations among 37 species of PAHs and PACs ranging 7.76-47.9 ng m(-3) and 1.50-17.6 ng m(-3) in SPM and PM1.1, respectively. The concentrations of high molecular weight 5-6 ring PAHs followed a nearly unimodal size distribution with the highest peak in PM1.1, while other lower molecular weight PAHs were not dependent on particle sizes. The toxicity analysis indicated that the carcinogenic potency of particulate PAHs primarily existed in PM1.1. Regarding meteorological parameters and other pollutants, the positive effect of humidity and NO2 over PAHs was confirmed. Diagnostic ration indicated that the particulate PAHs in Shanghai were mainly derived from motor-vehicle or petroleum combustion. The highest benzo[a]pyrene equivalent (BaPeq) in SPM and PM1.1 were 2.15 ng m(-3) and 1.43 ng m(-3) calculated by the toxicity equivalency factor, and 69.31 ng m(-3) and 47.81 ng m(-3) estimated by the potency equivalency factors, respectively. The highest contributors in the total carcinogenicity of the particulate PAHs were dibenzo[a,h]pyrene (46.2% and 45.0%) and benz[j]aceanthrylene (80.2% and 83.1%), respectively while benzo[a]pyrene is lower contributor than other carcinogenic PAHs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingyue Wang
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-Okubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama City, Saitama 338-8570, Japan.
| | - Keisuke Kobayashi
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-Okubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama City, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
| | - Senlin Lu
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, 99 Shangdalu, Baoshan District, Shanghai City, China.
| | - Daisuke Nakajima
- Resarch Center for Environmental Risk, National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba City, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan
| | - Weiqian Wang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, 99 Shangdalu, Baoshan District, Shanghai City, China
| | - Wenchao Zhang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, 99 Shangdalu, Baoshan District, Shanghai City, China
| | - Kazuhiko Sekiguchi
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-Okubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama City, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
| | - Masanori Terasaki
- Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Iwate University, 3-18-34 Ueda, Morioka City, Iwate 020-8550, Japan
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Yao Z, Li J, Wu B, Hao X, Yin Y, Jiang X. Characteristics of PAHs from deep-frying and frying cooking fumes. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 22:16110-16120. [PMID: 26066859 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-4837-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Cooking fumes are an important indoor source of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Because indoor pollution has a more substantial impact on human health than outdoor pollution, PAHs from cooking fumes have drawn considerable attention. In this study, 16 PAHs emitted through deep-frying and frying methods using rapeseed, soybean, peanut, and olive oil were examined under a laboratory fume hood. Controlled experiments were conducted to collect gas- and particulate-phase PAHs emitted from the cooking oil fumes, and PAH concentrations were quantified via high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The results show that deep-frying methods generate more PAHs and benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) (1.3 and 10.9 times, respectively) because they consume greater volumes of edible oil and involve higher oil temperatures relative to those of frying methods. In addition, the total B[a]Peq concentration of deep-frying is 2.2-fold larger than that of frying. Regarding the four types of edible oils studied, rapeseed oil produced more PAH emission than the other three oil varieties. For all of the cooking tests, three- and four-ringed PAHs were the main PAH components regardless of the food and oil used. Concerning the PAH partition between gas and particulate phase, the gaseous compounds accounted for 59-96 % of the total. Meanwhile, the particulate fraction was richer of high molecular weight PAHs (five-six rings). Deep-frying and frying were confirmed as important sources of PAH pollution in internal environments. The results of this study provide additional insights into the polluting features of PAHs produced via cooking activities in indoor environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiliang Yao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Flavor Chemistry, School of Food and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, 100048, China.
- Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, 100048, China.
| | - Jing Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Flavor Chemistry, School of Food and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, 100048, China
- Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Bobo Wu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Flavor Chemistry, School of Food and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, 100048, China
- Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Xuewei Hao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Flavor Chemistry, School of Food and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, 100048, China
- Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Yong Yin
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Flavor Chemistry, School of Food and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, 100048, China
- Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Xi Jiang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Flavor Chemistry, School of Food and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, 100048, China
- Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, 100048, China
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Hassanvand MS, Naddafi K, Faridi S, Nabizadeh R, Sowlat MH, Momeniha F, Gholampour A, Arhami M, Kashani H, Zare A, Niazi S, Rastkari N, Nazmara S, Ghani M, Yunesian M. Characterization of PAHs and metals in indoor/outdoor PM10/PM2.5/PM1 in a retirement home and a school dormitory. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2015; 527-528:100-10. [PMID: 25958359 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2014] [Revised: 04/25/2015] [Accepted: 05/01/2015] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
In the present work, we investigated the characteristics of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and metal(loid)s in indoor/outdoor PM10, PM2.5, and PM1 in a retirement home and a school dormitory in Tehran from May 2012 to May 2013. The results indicated that the annual levels of indoor and outdoor PM10 and PM2.5 were much higher than the guidelines issued by the World Health Organization (WHO). The most abundant detected metal(loid)s in PM were Si, Fe, Zn, Al, and Pb. We found higher percentages of metal(loid)s in smaller size fractions of PM. Additionally, the results showed that the total PAHs (ƩPAHs) bound to PM were predominantly (83-88%) found in PM2.5, which can penetrate deep into the alveolar regions of the lungs. In general, carcinogenic PAHs accounted for 40-47% of the total PAHs concentrations; furthermore, the smaller the particle size, the higher the percentage of carcinogenic PAHs. The percentages of trace metal(loid)s and carcinogenic PAHs in PM2.5 mass were almost twice as high as those in PM10. This can most likely be responsible for the fact that PM2.5 can cause more adverse health effects than PM10 can. The average BaP-equivalent carcinogenic (BaP-TEQ) levels both indoors and outdoors considerably exceeded the maximum permissible risk level of 1 ng/m(3) of BaP. The enrichment factors and diagnostic ratios indicated that combustion-related anthropogenic sources, such as gasoline- and diesel-fueled vehicles as well as natural gas combustion, were the major sources of PAHs and trace metal(loid)s bound to PM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Sadegh Hassanvand
- Center for Air Pollution Research (CAPR), Institute for Environmental Research (IER), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kazem Naddafi
- Center for Air Pollution Research (CAPR), Institute for Environmental Research (IER), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sasan Faridi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ramin Nabizadeh
- Center for Air Pollution Research (CAPR), Institute for Environmental Research (IER), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hossein Sowlat
- Center for Air Pollution Research (CAPR), Institute for Environmental Research (IER), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Momeniha
- Center for Solid Waste Research (CSWR), Institute for Environmental Research (IER), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Akbar Gholampour
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Arhami
- Department of Civil Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Homa Kashani
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ahad Zare
- Immunology, Asthma and Allergy Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sadegh Niazi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Noushin Rastkari
- Center for Air Pollution Research (CAPR), Institute for Environmental Research (IER), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shahrokh Nazmara
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Ghani
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masud Yunesian
- Center for Air Pollution Research (CAPR), Institute for Environmental Research (IER), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Jiang D, Xin C, Li W, Chen J, Li F, Chu Z, Xiao P, Shao L. Quantitative analysis and health risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in edible vegetable oils marketed in Shandong of China. Food Chem Toxicol 2015; 83:61-7. [PMID: 26072099 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2015.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2015] [Revised: 06/01/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This work studies on the quantitative analysis and health risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in edible vegetable oils in Shandong, China. The concentrations of 15 PAHs in 242 samples were determined by high performance liquid chromatography coupled with fluorescence detection. The results indicated that the mean concentration of 15 PAHs in oil samples was 54.37 μg kg(-1). Low molecular weight PAH compounds were the predominant contamination. Especially, the carcinogenic benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) was detected at a mean concentration of 1.28 μg kg(-1), which was lower than the limit of European Union and China. A preliminary evaluation of human health risk assessment for PAHs was accomplished using BaP toxic equivalency factors and the incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR). The ILCR values for children, adolescents, adults, and seniors were all larger than 1 × 10(-6), indicating a high potential carcinogenic risk on the dietary exposed populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dafeng Jiang
- Shandong Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 250014 Jinan, People's Republic of China; Academy of Preventive Medicine, Shandong University, 250014 Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Chenglong Xin
- Shandong Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 250014 Jinan, People's Republic of China; Academy of Preventive Medicine, Shandong University, 250014 Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Li
- Shandong Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 250014 Jinan, People's Republic of China; Academy of Preventive Medicine, Shandong University, 250014 Jinan, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jindong Chen
- Shandong Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 250014 Jinan, People's Republic of China; Academy of Preventive Medicine, Shandong University, 250014 Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Fenghua Li
- Shandong Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 250014 Jinan, People's Republic of China; Academy of Preventive Medicine, Shandong University, 250014 Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Zunhua Chu
- Shandong Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 250014 Jinan, People's Republic of China; Academy of Preventive Medicine, Shandong University, 250014 Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Peirui Xiao
- Shandong Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 250014 Jinan, People's Republic of China; Academy of Preventive Medicine, Shandong University, 250014 Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Lijun Shao
- Shandong Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 250014 Jinan, People's Republic of China; Academy of Preventive Medicine, Shandong University, 250014 Jinan, People's Republic of China
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Callén MS, Iturmendi A, López JM. Source apportionment of atmospheric PM2.5-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by a PMF receptor model. Assessment of potential risk for human health. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2014; 195:167-77. [PMID: 25240190 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2014.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Accepted: 08/28/2014] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
One year sampling (2011-2012) campaign of airborne PM2.5-bound PAH was performed in Zaragoza, Spain. A source apportionment of total PAH by Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) was applied in order to quantify potential PAH pollution sources. Four sources were apportioned: coal combustion, vehicular emissions, stationary emissions and unburned/evaporative emissions. Although Directive 2004/107/EC was fulfilled regarding benzo(a)pyrene (BaP), episodes exceeding the limit value of PM2.5 according to Directive 2008/50/EC were found. These episodes of high negative potential for human health were studied, obtaining a different pattern for the exceedances of PM2.5 and the lower assessment threshold of BaP (LATBaP). In both cases, stationary emissions contributed majority to total PAH. Lifetime cancer risk exceeded the unit risk recommended by the World Health Organization for those episodes exceeding the LATBaP and the PM2.5 exceedances for the warm season. For the cold season, the risk was higher for the LATBaP than for the PM2.5 exceedances.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Soledad Callén
- Department of Energy and Environment, Instituto de Carboquímica (ICB-CSIC), Zaragoza, 50018, Spain.
| | - Amaia Iturmendi
- Department of Energy and Environment, Instituto de Carboquímica (ICB-CSIC), Zaragoza, 50018, Spain
| | - José Manuel López
- Department of Energy and Environment, Instituto de Carboquímica (ICB-CSIC), Zaragoza, 50018, Spain
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Ben Hassine S, Hammami B, Ben Ameur W, El Megdiche Y, Barhoumi B, Driss MR. Particulate polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in the atmosphere of Bizerte city, Tunisia. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2014; 93:375-382. [PMID: 24902648 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-014-1303-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2014] [Accepted: 05/21/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The particle-phase concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) were determined in 13 air samples collected in an urban area of Bizerte (Tunisia) during 2009-2010. Atmospheric particulate samples were extracted by ultrasonic bath and analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. PAH were found in all the analyzed air samples and the most abundant compounds were pyrene, fluoranthene, benzo[g,h,i]perylene, benzo[b]fluoranthene, chrysene and benzo[a]pyrene. ∑14-PAH concentrations ranging from 9.38 to 44.81 ng m(-3) with mean value of 25.39 ng m(-3). PAH diagnostic ratio source analysis revealed gasoline and diesel vehicular emissions as major sources. The mean total benzo[a]pyrene toxicity equivalent calculated for samples was 3.66 ng m(-3) and the mean contribution of the carcinogenic potency of benzo[a]pyrene was determined to be 55.8 %. Concentrations of particulate PAH in Bizerte city atmosphere were approximately eight times greater than sampled at a nearby rural site.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ben Hassine
- Laboratory of Environmental Analytical Chemistry (05/UR/12-03), Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences of Bizerte, University of Carthage, 7021, Zarzouna, Bizerte, Tunisia
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Jyethi DS, Khillare PS, Sarkar S. Risk assessment of inhalation exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in school children. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 21:366-378. [PMID: 23780511 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-013-1912-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2013] [Accepted: 06/05/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) associated with the inhalable fraction of particulate matter were determined for 1 year (2009-2010) at a school site located in proximity of industrial and heavy traffic roads in Delhi, India. PM10 (aerodynamic diameter ≤10 μm) levels were ∼11.6 times the World Health Organization standard. Vehicular (59.5%) and coal combustion (40.5%) sources accounted for the high levels of PAHs (range 38.1-217.3 ng m(-3)) with four- and five-ring PAHs having ∼80 % contribution. Total PAHs were dominated by carcinogenic species (∼75%) and B[a]P equivalent concentrations indicated highest exposure risks during winter. Extremely high daily inhalation exposure of PAHs was observed during winter (439.43 ng day(-1)) followed by monsoon (232.59 ng day(-1)) and summer (171.08 ng day(-1)). Daily inhalation exposure of PAHs to school children during a day exhibited the trend school hours > commuting to school > resting period in all the seasons. Vehicular source contributions to daily PAH levels were significantly correlated (r = 0.94, p < 0.001) with the daily inhalation exposure level of school children. A conservative estimate of ∼11 excess cancer cases in children during childhood due to inhalation exposure of PAHs has been made for Delhi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darpa Saurav Jyethi
- Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Laboratory, Room No. 325, School of Environmental Sciences, 1Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
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Essumang DK, Dodoo DK, Adjei JK. Effect of smoke generation sources and smoke curing duration on the levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) in different suites of fish. Food Chem Toxicol 2013; 58:86-94. [PMID: 23603007 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2013.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2012] [Revised: 03/07/2013] [Accepted: 04/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The research studied the impact of smoke generation sources on PAH contamination in four different smoke-cured fish (mackerel, sardine, tuna and Cigar minnows). The smoke sources used included acacia, sugarcane bagasse and mangrove. PAHs in the smoke-cured fish were analysed using Varian GC/MS (3800-GC) system. The mean total PAH concentrations in the smoked fish (n=108) ranged from 250.59-1376.09 μg/kg in tuna, cigar minnows, sardine and mackerel smoke-cured with sugarcane bagasse, mangrove and acacia for between 2 and 8h. The mean BaP levels for most fish cured with smoke from acacia and mangrove for between 2 and 8h were all above the European Commission set limit of 5.0 μg/kg. Positive correlations (at P=0.01, 2-tailed) were observed between PAH levels in smoked fish and lignin contents of wood type used for the smoke generation, the fat content and the smoke-curing duration. Risk assessment conducted using benzo[a]pyrene carcinogenic and mutagenic toxicity equivalency factors (TEF and MEF respectively) showed high risk associated with consuming fish smoke-cured with hard woods (acacia and mangroves). Sugarcane bagasse was found to be relatively the best and safest smoke-generating source for smoke-curing of fish among the three wood types when using the traditional kiln.
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Affiliation(s)
- D K Essumang
- Environmental Research Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana.
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Pak IV, Moiseenko TI, Sergienko LL, Chitaeva EA. Cytogenetic biomarkers for the assessment of the influence of pollution on natural fish populations. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2012; 85:82-87. [PMID: 22995782 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2012.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2012] [Revised: 07/18/2012] [Accepted: 07/26/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Cytogenetic analysis methods were used to study the developing embryos of the following four Coregonidae species: Coregonus peled (Gmelin), Coregonus lavaretus (Gmelin), Coregonus nasus (Pallas) and Coregonus muksun (Pallas). Spawners of these species were selected from rivers and lakes of the Tyumen region (Russia) with different levels of pollution. The variability of the chromosomal aberration rate was analyzed during a monitoring period of more than 20 years. The level of chromosomal mutability in the embryonic cells of these fishes was found to have steadily increased during the observation period (1989-2011). The higher frequency of chromosomal mutations at different stages of embryogenesis in broad whitefish, C. nasus (Pallas), was noted in comparison with other species. The possible use of chromosomal mutation frequency as an indicator (biomarker) to characterize the state of a population is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- I V Pak
- Tyumen State University of Russia, Semakova Street 10, 625003 Tyumen, Russian Federation.
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THOMAS SHIJU, PODDAR NIMESHB, WORNAT MARYJ. Identification of Methylene-Bridged Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Products of Catechol Pyrolysis. Polycycl Aromat Compd 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/10406638.2012.683229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Abstract
Considerable support exists for the roles of metabolism in modulating the carcinogenic properties of chemicals. In particular, many of these compounds are pro-carcinogens that require activation to electrophilic forms to exert genotoxic effects. We systematically analyzed the existing literature on the metabolism of carcinogens by human enzymes, which has been developed largely in the past 25 years. The metabolism and especially bioactivation of carcinogens are dominated by cytochrome P450 enzymes (66% of bioactivations). Within this group, six P450s--1A1, 1A2, 1B1, 2A6, 2E1, and 3A4--accounted for 77% of the P450 activation reactions. The roles of these P450s can be compared with those estimated for drug metabolism and should be considered in issues involving enzyme induction, chemoprevention, molecular epidemiology, interindividual variations, and risk assessment.
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Chen JW, Wang SL, Hsieh DPH, Yang HH, Lee HL. Carcinogenic potencies of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons for back-door neighbors of restaurants with cooking emissions. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2012; 417-418:68-75. [PMID: 22245161 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2011] [Revised: 11/03/2011] [Accepted: 12/04/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, 21 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) congeners were measured in the exhaust stack of 3 types of restaurants: 9 Chinese, 7 Western, and 4 barbeque (BBQ). The total PAH concentration of BBQ restaurants (58.81 ± 23.89 μg m(-3)) was significantly higher than that of Chinese (20.99 ± 13.67 μg m(-3)) and Western (21.47 ± 11.44 μg m(-3)) restaurants. The total benzo[a]pyrene potency equivalent (B[a]P(eq)) concentrations, however, were highest in Chinese restaurants (1.82 ± 2.24 μg m(-3)), followed by Western (0.86 ± 1.43 μg m(-3), p<0.01) and BBQ-type restaurants (0.59 ± 0.55 μg m(-3), p<0.01). We further developed a probabilistic risk model to assess the incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) for people exposed to carcinogenic PAHs. Because the exhaust stack directly affected the back-door neighbors of these restaurants, we were concerned with the real exposure of groups near the exhaust stack outlets of these restaurants. The ILCRs for total exposure of the neighbors (inhalation+dermal contact+ingestion) were 2.6-31.3, 1.5-14.8, and 1.3-12.2 × 10(-6) in Chinese, Western, and BBQ restaurants, respectively. We suggest that the maximum acceptable exposure time to the exhaust stack outlet area for Chinese, Western, and BBQ restaurants ranges between 5-19, 17-42, and 18-56 h month(-1), respectively, based on an ILCR of less than 10(-6).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jein-Wen Chen
- Super Micro Mass Research and Technology Center, Cheng Shiu University, 840 Chengching Road, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan
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McQuistan TJ, Simonich MT, Pratt MM, Pereira CB, Hendricks JD, Dashwood RH, Williams DE, Bailey GS. Cancer chemoprevention by dietary chlorophylls: a 12,000-animal dose-dose matrix biomarker and tumor study. Food Chem Toxicol 2012; 50:341-52. [PMID: 22079312 PMCID: PMC3486520 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2011.10.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2011] [Revised: 10/14/2011] [Accepted: 10/19/2011] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Recent pilot studies found natural chlorophyll (Chl) to inhibit carcinogen uptake and tumorigenesis in rodent and fish models, and to alter uptake and biodistribution of trace (14)C-aflatoxin B1 in human volunteers. The present study extends these promising findings, using a dose-dose matrix design to examine Chl-mediated effects on dibenzo(def,p)chrysene (DBC)-induced DNA adduct formation, tumor incidence, tumor multiplicity, and changes in gene regulation in the trout. The dose-dose matrix design employed an initial 12,360 rainbow trout, which were treated with 0-4000ppm dietary Chl along with 0-225ppm DBC for up to 4weeks. Dietary DBC was found to induce dose-responsive changes in gene expression that were abolished by Chl co-treatment, whereas Chl alone had no effect on the same genes. Chl co-treatment provided a dose-responsive reduction in total DBC-DNA adducts without altering relative adduct intensities along the chromatographic profile. In animals receiving DBC alone, liver tumor incidence (as logit) and tumor multiplicity were linear in DBC dose (as log) up to their maximum-effect dose, and declined thereafter. Chl co-treatment substantially inhibited incidence and multiplicity at DBC doses up to their maximum-effect dose. These results show that Chl concentrations encountered in Chl-rich green vegetables can provide substantial cancer chemoprotection, and suggest that they do so by reducing carcinogen bioavailability. However, at DBC doses above the optima, Chl co-treatments failed to inhibit tumor incidence and significantly enhanced multiplicity. This finding questions the human relevance of chemoprevention studies carried out at high carcinogen doses that are not proven to lie within a linear, or at least monotonic, endpoint dose-response range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tammie J McQuistan
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA.
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WANG WENTAO, JARIYASOPIT NARUMOL, SCHRLAU JILL, JIA YULING, TAO SHU, YU TIANWEI, DASHWOOD RODERICKH, ZHANG WEI, WANG XUEJUN, SIMONICH STACILMASSEY. Concentration and photochemistry of PAHs, NPAHs, and OPAHs and toxicity of PM2.5 during the Beijing Olympic Games. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2011; 45:6887-95. [PMID: 21766847 PMCID: PMC3155004 DOI: 10.1021/es201443z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric particulate matter with diameter <2.5 um (PM(2.5)) was collected at Peking University (PKU) in Beijing, China before, during, and after the 2008 Olympics and analyzed for black carbon (BC), organic carbon (OC), lower molecular weight (MW < 300) and MW302 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs), nitrated PAHs (NPAHs) and oxygenated PAHs (OPAHs). In addition, the direct and indirect acting mutagenicity of the PM(2.5) and the potential for DNA damage to human lung cells were also measured. Significant reductions in BC (45%), OC (31%), MW< 300 PAH (26-73%), MW 302 PAH (22-77%), NPAH (15-68%), and OPAH (25-53%) concentrations were measured during the source control and Olympic periods. However, the mutagenicity of the PM(2.5) was significantly reduced only during the Olympic period. The PAH, NPAH, and OPAH composition of the PM(2.5) was similar throughout the study, suggesting similar sources during the different periods. During the source control period, the parent PAH concentrations were correlated with NO, CO, and SO(2) concentrations, indicating that these PAHs were associated with both local and regional emissions. However, the NPAH and OPAH concentrations were only correlated with the NO concentrations, indicating that the NPAH and OPAH were primarily associated with local emissions. The relatively high 2-nitrofluoranthene/1-nitropyrene ratio (25-46) and 2-nitrofluoranthene/2-nitropyrene ratio (3.4-4.8), suggested a predominance of photochemical formation of NPAHs through OH-radical-initiated reactions in the atmosphere. On average, the ∑NPAH and ∑OPAH concentrations were 8% of the parent PAH concentrations, while the direct-acting mutagenicity (due to the NPAH and OPAH) was 200% higher than the indirect-acting mutagenicity (due to the PAH). This suggests that NPAH and OPAH make up a significant portion of the overall mutagenicity of PM(2.5) in Beijing.
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Affiliation(s)
- WENTAO WANG
- College of Urban and Environmental Science, Peking University, Beijing, China, 100871
| | - NARUMOL JARIYASOPIT
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon USA 97331
| | - JILL SCHRLAU
- Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA, 97331
| | - YULING JIA
- Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA, 97331
| | - SHU TAO
- College of Urban and Environmental Science, Peking University, Beijing, China, 100871
| | - TIAN-WEI YU
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon USA, 97331
| | | | - WEI ZHANG
- College of Urban and Environmental Science, Peking University, Beijing, China, 100871
| | - XUEJUN WANG
- College of Urban and Environmental Science, Peking University, Beijing, China, 100871
| | - STACI L. MASSEY SIMONICH
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon USA 97331
- Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA, 97331
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Wilson WB, Campiglia AD. Determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons with molecular weight 302 in water samples by solid-phase nano-extraction and laser excited time-resolved Shpol'skii spectroscopy. Analyst 2011; 136:3366-74. [PMID: 21725549 DOI: 10.1039/c1an15309a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Monitoring of high-molecular weight polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (HMW-PAH) via simple and cost effective methods still remains a challenge. In this article, we combine solid-phase nano-extraction (SPNE) and 4.2 K laser-excited time resolved Shpol'skii spectroscopy (LETRSS) into a valuable alternative for the water analysis of dibenzo[a,l]pyrene, dibenzo[a,h]pyrene, dibenzo[a,i]pyrene and naphtho[2,3-a]pyrene. In comparison to the original SPNE procedure, the present method improves PAH recoveries and reduces extraction time from 30 to 20 min per sample. Quantitative release of HMW-PAH into the Shpol'skii matrix (n-octane) is best accomplished with a mixture of 48 μL of methanol and 2 μL of 1-pentanethiol. Their migration into the 50 μL layer of n-octane provides highly resolved spectra with distinct fluorescence lifetimes for unambiguous isomer determination. Complete analysis takes less than 30 min per sample and consumes only 100 micro-liters of organic solvents. 500 μL of water are sufficient to obtain limits of detection ranging from 16 ng L(-1) (dibenzo[a,l]pyrene) to 55 ng L(-1) (dibenzo[a,i]pyrene), relative standard deviations better than 3% and analytical recoveries above 90%. Although a straightforward comparison to chromatographic methods is not possible because of the lack of analytical figures of merit on HMW-PAH, the excellent precision of measurements, limits of detection and overall recoveries makes SPNE-LETRSS an attractive approach to water analysis of HMW-PAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter B Wilson
- Department of Chemistry, 4000 Central Florida Blvd, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32816-2366, USA
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Kim DH, Mulholland JA, Wang D, Violi A. Pyrolytic Hydrocarbon Growth from Cyclopentadiene. J Phys Chem A 2010; 114:12411-6. [DOI: 10.1021/jp106749k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Do Hyong Kim
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States, Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States, and Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - James A. Mulholland
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States, Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States, and Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Dong Wang
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States, Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States, and Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Angela Violi
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States, Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States, and Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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Jung KH, Yan B, Chillrud SN, Perera FP, Whyatt R, Camann D, Kinney PL, Miller RL. Assessment of benzo(a)pyrene-equivalent carcinogenicity and mutagenicity of residential indoor versus outdoor polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons exposing young children in New York City. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2010; 7:1889-900. [PMID: 20622999 PMCID: PMC2898023 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph7051889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2010] [Revised: 04/14/2010] [Accepted: 04/23/2010] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The application of benzo(a)pyrene (BaP)-toxic equivalent factor to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) concentrations can provide a more accurate risk assessment from environmental exposure to PAH. We hypothesized that BaP-equivalent toxicity determined following residential air monitoring among young urban children may vary by season. Residential indoor and outdoor air levels of PAH measured over two-weeks in a cohort of 5-6 year old children (n = 260) in New York City were normalized to the cancer and mutagen potency equivalent factor of BaP (BaP = 1). Data are presented as carcinogenic equivalents (BaP-TEQ) and mutagenic equivalents (BaP-MEQ) for the sum of 8 PAH (Sigma(8)PAH; MW >or= 228) and individual PAH and compared across heating versus nonheating seasons. Results show that heating compared to nonheating season was associated significantly with higher (BaP-TEQ)(Sigma8PAH) and (BaP-MEQ)(Sigma8PAH) both indoors and outdoors (p < 0.001). Outdoor (BaP-TEQ)(Sigma8)(PAH) and (BaP-MEQ)(Sigma8PAH) were significantly higher than the corresponding indoor measures during the heating season (p < 0.01). These findings suggest that at levels encountered in New York City air, especially during the heating season, residential exposure to PAH may pose an increased risk of cancer and mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung Hwa Jung
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care of Medicine, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, PH8E, 630 W. 168 St. New York, NY 10032, USA; E-Mail:
| | - Beizhan Yan
- Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, 61 Rt, 9W Palisades, NY 10964, USA; E-Mails:
(B.-Z.Y.);
(S.N.C.)
| | - Steven N. Chillrud
- Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, 61 Rt, 9W Palisades, NY 10964, USA; E-Mails:
(B.-Z.Y.);
(S.N.C.)
| | - Frederica P. Perera
- Mailman School of Public Health, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Columbia University, 60 Haven Ave., B-1 New York, NY 10032, USA; E-Mails:
(F.P.P.);
(R.W.);
(P.L.K.)
| | - Robin Whyatt
- Mailman School of Public Health, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Columbia University, 60 Haven Ave., B-1 New York, NY 10032, USA; E-Mails:
(F.P.P.);
(R.W.);
(P.L.K.)
| | - David Camann
- Southwest Research Institute, 6220 Culebra Road, San Antonio, TX 78228, USA; E-Mail:
| | - Patrick L. Kinney
- Mailman School of Public Health, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Columbia University, 60 Haven Ave., B-1 New York, NY 10032, USA; E-Mails:
(F.P.P.);
(R.W.);
(P.L.K.)
| | - Rachel L. Miller
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care of Medicine, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, PH8E, 630 W. 168 St. New York, NY 10032, USA; E-Mail:
- Mailman School of Public Health, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Columbia University, 60 Haven Ave., B-1 New York, NY 10032, USA; E-Mails:
(F.P.P.);
(R.W.);
(P.L.K.)
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Zhi G, Peng C, Chen Y, Liu D, Sheng G, Fu J. Deployment of coal briquettes and improved stoves: possibly an option for both environment and climate. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2009; 43:5586-5591. [PMID: 19731648 DOI: 10.1021/es802955d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The use of coal briquettes and improved stoves by Chinese households has been encouraged by the government as a means of reducing air pollution and health impacts. In this study we have shown that these two improvements also relate to climate change. Our experimental measurements indicate that if all coal were burned as briquettes in improved stoves, particulate matter (PM), organic carbon (OC), and black carbon (BC) could be annually reduced by 63 +/- 12%, 61 +/- 10%, and 98 +/- 1.7%, respectively. Also, the ratio of BC to OC (BC/OC) could be reduced by about 97%, from 0.49 to 0.016, which would make the primary emissions of household coal combustion more optically scattering. Therefore, it is suggested that the government consider the possibility of: (i) phasing out direct burning of bituminous raw-coal-chunks in households; (ii) phasing out simple stoves in households; and, (iii) financially supporting the research, production, and popularization of improved stoves and efficient coal briquettes. These actions may have considerable environmental benefits by reducing emissions and mitigating some of the impacts of household coal burning on the climate. International cooperation is required both technologically and financially to accelerate the emission reduction in the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guorui Zhi
- Key Laboratory for Atmospheric Chemistry, Centre for Atmosphere Watch & Services of CMA, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
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Topinka J, Marvanová S, Vondrácek J, Sevastyanova O, Nováková Z, Krcmár P, Pencíková K, Machala M. DNA adducts formation and induction of apoptosis in rat liver epithelial 'stem-like' cells exposed to carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Mutat Res 2008; 638:122-132. [PMID: 17961608 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2007.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2007] [Revised: 09/06/2007] [Accepted: 09/11/2007] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The bipotent liver progenitor cells, so called oval cells, may participate at the early stages of hepatocarcinogenesis induced by chemical carcinogens. Unlike in mature parenchymal cells, little is known about formation of DNA adducts and other genotoxic events in oval cells. In the present study, we employed spontaneously immortalized rat liver WB-F344 cell line, which is an established in vitro model of oval cells, in order to study genotoxic effects of selected carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). With exception of dibenzo[a,l]pyrene, and partly also benzo[g]chrysene and benz[a]anthracene, all other PAHs under the study induced high levels of CYP1A1 and CYP1B1 mRNA. In contrast, we observed distinct genotoxic and cytotoxic potencies of PAHs. Dibenzo[a,l]pyrene, and to a lesser extent also benzo[a]pyrene, benzo[g]chrysene and dibenzo[a,e]pyrene, formed high levels of DNA adducts. This was accompanied with accumulation of Ser-15 phosphorylated form of p53 protein and induction of apoptosis. Contrary to that, benz[a]anthracene, chrysene, benzo[b]fluoranthene and dibenzo[a,h]anthracene induced only low amounts of DNA adducts formation and minimal apoptosis, without exerting significant effects on p53 phosphorylation. Finally, we studied effects of 2,4,3',5'-tetramethoxystilbene and fluoranthene, inhibitors of CYP1B1 activity, which plays a central role in metabolic activation of dibenzo[a,l]pyrene. In a dose-dependent manner, both compounds inhibited apoptosis induced by dibenzo[a,l]pyrene, suggesting that it interferes with the metabolic activation of the latter one. The present data show that in model cell line sharing phenotypic properties with oval cells, PAHs can be efficiently metabolized to form ultimate genotoxic metabolites. Liver progenitor cells could be thus susceptible to this type of genotoxic insult, which makes WB-F344 cell line a useful tool for studies of genotoxic effects of organic contaminants in liver cells. Our results also suggest that, unlike in mature hepatocytes, CYP1B1 might be a primary enzyme responsible for formation of DNA adducts in liver progenitor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Topinka
- Laboratory of Genetic Ecotoxicology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, AS CR, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic
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47
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Papa E, Pilutti P, Gramatica P. Prediction of PAH mutagenicity in human cells by QSAR classification. SAR AND QSAR IN ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2008; 19:115-127. [PMID: 18311639 DOI: 10.1080/10629360701843482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are ubiquitous pollutants of high environmental concern. The experimental data of a mutagenicity test on human B-lymphoblastoid cells (alternative to the Ames bacterial test) for a set of 70 oxo-, nitro- and unsubstituted PAHs, detected in particulate matter (PM), were modelled by Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationships (QSAR) classification methods (k-NN, k-Nearest Neighbour, and CART, Classification and Regression Tree) based on different theoretical molecular descriptors selected by Genetic Algorithms. The best models were validated for predictivity both externally and internally. For external validation, Self Organizing Maps (SOM) were applied to split the original data set. The best models, developed on the training set alone, show good predictive performance also on the prediction set chemicals (sensitivity 69.2-87.1%, specificity 62.5-87.5%). The classification of PAHs according to their mutagenicity, based only on a few theoretical molecular descriptors, allows a preliminary assessment of the human health risk, and the prioritisation of these compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Papa
- QSAR Research Unit in Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Department of Structural and Functional Biology, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy.
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Marsh ND, Ledesma EB, Wornat MJ, Tan MP, Zhu D, Law CK. NEWLY IDENTIFIED PRODUCTS OF BENZENE DROPLET COMBUSTION: POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS OF THREE TO TEN RINGS. Polycycl Aromat Compd 2007. [DOI: 10.1080/10406630591007143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Wang D, Violi A. Radical−Molecule Reactions for Aromatic Growth: A Case Study for Cyclopentadienyl and Acenaphthylene. J Org Chem 2006; 71:8365-71. [PMID: 17064006 DOI: 10.1021/jo061036y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon growth from acenaphthylene and cyclopentadienyl was investigated by using the B3LYP/6-31G(d,p) and BH&HLYP/6-31G(d,p) levels of theory as well as transition state theory. The reaction pathways of cyclopentadienyl bearing hydrocarbons are different from those without these moieties and cannot be adequately accounted for by the existing acetylene addition and aryl-aryl addition mechanisms. The reaction mechanisms identified in this paper lead to the formation of fluoranthene, aceanthrylene, and acephenanthrylene. Rate constants of the radical-molecule addition and subsequent intramolecular addition steps predict that the 1,2 double bond in acenaphthylene is much more reactive than the 3,4 and 4,5 double bonds. Fluoranthene is the most abundant product produced at high temperatures and the yield of acephenanthrylene is bigger than that of aceanthrylene. The computational results are discussed in light of pyrolysis experiments on CPD-indene and CPD-acenaphthylene mixtures conducted by Prof. Mulholland's research group reported in a previous work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Wang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48104, USA
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Wang D, Violi A, Kim DH, Mullholland JA. Formation of Naphthalene, Indene, and Benzene from Cyclopentadiene Pyrolysis: A DFT Study. J Phys Chem A 2006; 110:4719-25. [PMID: 16599439 DOI: 10.1021/jp053628a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Four new reaction pathways for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon growth from cyclopentadiene pyrolysis are proposed and investigated using the B3LYP/6-31G(d,p) level of theory. These pathways allow for the production of indene, naphthalene, and benzene through intramolecular addition, C-H beta-scission, and C-C beta-scission reaction mechanisms, respectively. Results show that the intramolecular addition channel is favored at low temperatures, and the C-H beta-scission channel and the newly identified C-C beta-scission pathway become significant when the temperature increases. These results are in qualitative agreement with the experimental results previously obtained by this research group indicating that the main product at low temperature is indene, while benzene and naphthalene production dominate at the high-temperature end.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Wang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 48109, USA
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