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Sharma S, Bahel S, Kaur Katnoria J. Evaluation of oxidative stress and genotoxicity of 900 MHz electromagnetic radiations using Trigonella foenum-graecum test system. PROTOPLASMA 2023; 260:209-224. [PMID: 35546647 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-022-01768-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Unprecedented growth in the communication sector and expanded usage of the number of wireless devices in the past few decades have resulted in a tremendous increase in emissions of non-ionizing electromagnetic radiations (EMRs) in the environment. The widespread EMRs have induced many significant changes in biological systems leading to oxidative stress as well as DNA damage. Considering this, the present study was planned to study the effects of EMRs at 900 MHz frequency with the power density of 10.0 dBm (0.01 W) at variable exposure periods (0.5 h, 1 h, 2 h, 4 h, and 8 h per day for 7 days) on percentage germination, morphological characteristics, protein content, lipid peroxidation in terms of malondialdehyde content (MDA), and antioxidant defense system of Trigonella foenum-graecum test system. The genotoxicity was also evaluated using similar conditions. It was observed that EMRs significantly decreased the germination percentage at an exposure time of 4 h and 8 h. Fresh weight and dry weight of root and shoot did not show significant variations, while the root and shoot length have shown significant variations for 4 h and 8 h exposure period. Further, EMRs enhanced MDA indicating lipid peroxidation. In response to exposure of EMRs, there was a significant up-regulation in the activities of enzymes such as ascorbate peroxidase (APX), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione-S-transferase (GST), guaiacol peroxidase (POD), and glutathione reductase (GR) in the roots and shoots of Trigonella-foenum graecum. The genotoxicity study showed the induction of chromosomal aberrations in root tip cells of the Trigonella foenum-graecum test system. The present study revealed the induction of oxidative stress and genotoxicity of EMRs exposure in the test system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surbhi Sharma
- Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, 143005, India
| | - Shalini Bahel
- Department of Electronics Technology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, 143005, India
| | - Jatinder Kaur Katnoria
- Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, 143005, India.
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González-Vidal A, Mercado-Sáenz S, Burgos-Molina AM, Sendra-Portero F, Ruiz-Gómez MJ. Growth alteration of Allium cepa L. roots exposed to 1.5 mT, 25 Hz pulsed magnetic field. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH RESEARCH 2022; 32:2471-2483. [PMID: 34474627 DOI: 10.1080/09603123.2021.1972090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The response of plants to magnetic fields (MF) is not fully understood. This work studies the effects of pulsed MF on the germination and growth of Allium cepa roots. Onions were exposed to 25Hz, 1.5mT, 33h. Pulsed MF was generated by a Helmholtz-type equipment that generated rectangular voltage pulses. The results showed that fewer roots grew in the specimens exposed to pulsed MF (14±6 roots on day 1 to 21±8 on day 4) than in the control groups (32±17 to 48±23) (p<0.05 Friedman). Control specimens showed a root mean length of 7±4 mm (day 1) and 24±10 mm (day 4). The specimens treated with pulsed MF showed a length of 4±2 mm (day 1), reaching 18±9 mm on day 4 (p<0.001 ANOVA). In conclusion, the exposure of Allium cepa specimens to 25Hz, 1.5mT pulsed MF during 33h produces a decrease in the germination and growth of roots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro González-Vidal
- Departamento de Radiología y Medicina Física, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, España
| | - Silvia Mercado-Sáenz
- Departamento de Radiología y Medicina Física, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, España
| | - Antonio M Burgos-Molina
- Departamento de Radiología y Medicina Física, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, España
| | - Francisco Sendra-Portero
- Departamento de Radiología y Medicina Física, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, España
| | - Miguel J Ruiz-Gómez
- Departamento de Radiología y Medicina Física, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, España
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Halgamuge MN. Supervised Machine Learning Algorithms for Bioelectromagnetics: Prediction Models and Feature Selection Techniques Using Data from Weak Radiofrequency Radiation Effect on Human and Animals Cells. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:E4595. [PMID: 32604814 PMCID: PMC7345599 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17124595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The emergence of new technologies to incorporate and analyze data with high-performance computing has expanded our capability to accurately predict any incident. Supervised Machine learning (ML) can be utilized for a fast and consistent prediction, and to obtain the underlying pattern of the data better. We develop a prediction strategy, for the first time, using supervised ML to observe the possible impact of weak radiofrequency electromagnetic field (RF-EMF) on human and animal cells without performing in-vitro laboratory experiments. We extracted laboratory experimental data from 300 peer-reviewed scientific publications (1990-2015) describing 1127 experimental case studies of human and animal cells response to RF-EMF. We used domain knowledge, Principal Component Analysis (PCA), and the Chi-squared feature selection techniques to select six optimal features for computation and cost-efficiency. We then develop grouping or clustering strategies to allocate these selected features into five different laboratory experiment scenarios. The dataset has been tested with ten different classifiers, and the outputs are estimated using the k-fold cross-validation method. The assessment of a classifier's prediction performance is critical for assessing its suitability. Hence, a detailed comparison of the percentage of the model accuracy (PCC), Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE), precision, sensitivity (recall), 1 - specificity, Area under the ROC Curve (AUC), and precision-recall (PRC Area) for each classification method were observed. Our findings suggest that the Random Forest algorithm exceeds in all groups in terms of all performance measures and shows AUC = 0.903 where k-fold = 60. A robust correlation was observed in the specific absorption rate (SAR) with frequency and cumulative effect or exposure time with SAR×time (impact of accumulated SAR within the exposure time) of RF-EMF. In contrast, the relationship between frequency and exposure time was not significant. In future, with more experimental data, the sample size can be increased, leading to more accurate work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malka N Halgamuge
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
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Halgamuge MN, Skafidas E, Davis D. A meta-analysis of in vitro exposures to weak radiofrequency radiation exposure from mobile phones (1990-2015). ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 184:109227. [PMID: 32199316 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.109227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
To function, mobile phone systems require transmitters that emit and receive radiofrequency signals over an extended geographical area exposing humans in all stages of development ranging from in-utero, early childhood, adolescents and adults. This study evaluates the question of the impact of radiofrequency radiation on living organisms in vitro studies. In this study, we abstract data from 300 peer-reviewed scientific publications (1990-2015) describing 1127 experimental observations in cell-based in vitro models. Our first analysis of these data found that out of 746 human cell experiments, 45.3% indicated cell changes, whereas 54.7% indicated no changes (p = 0.001). Realizing that there are profound distinctions between cell types in terms of age, rate of proliferation and apoptosis, and other characteristics and that RF signals can be characterized in terms of polarity, information content, frequency, Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) and power, we further refined our analysis to determine if there were some distinct properties of negative and positive findings associated with these specific characteristics. We further analyzed the data taking into account the cumulative effect (SAR × exposure time) to acquire the cumulative energy absorption of experiments due to radiofrequency exposure, which we believe, has not been fully considered previously. When the frequency of signals, length and type of exposure, and maturity, rate of growth (doubling time), apoptosis and other properties of individual cell types are considered, our results identify a number of potential non-thermal effects of radiofrequency fields that are restricted to a subset of specific faster-growing less differentiated cell types such as human spermatozoa (based on 19 reported experiments, p-value = 0.002) and human epithelial cells (based on 89 reported experiments, p-value < 0.0001). In contrast, for mature, differentiated adult cells of Glia (p = 0.001) and Glioblastoma (p < 0.0001) and adult human blood lymphocytes (p < 0.0001) there are no statistically significant differences for these more slowly reproducing cell lines. Thus, we show that RF induces significant changes in human cells (45.3%), and in faster-growing rat/mouse cell dataset (47.3%). In parallel with this finding, further analysis of faster-growing cells from other species (chicken, rabbit, pig, frog, snail) indicates that most undergo significant changes (74.4%) when exposed to RF. This study confirms observations from the REFLEX project, Belyaev and others that cellular response varies with signal properties. We concur that differentiation of cell type thus constitutes a critical piece of information and should be useful as a reference for many researchers planning additional studies. Sponsorship bias is also a factor that we did not take into account in this analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malka N Halgamuge
- Department Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia.
| | - Efstratios Skafidas
- Department Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Devra Davis
- Environmental Health Trust, Teton Village, WY, 83025, USA
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Alchalabi ASH, Rahim H, AbdulMalek MF, Aklilu E, Aziz AR, Ronald SH, Khan MA. Micronuclei Formation and 8-Hydroxy-2-Deoxyguanosine Enzyme Detection in Ovarian Tissues After Radiofrequency Exposure at 1800 MHz in Adult Sprague–Dawley Rats. HAYATI JOURNAL OF BIOSCIENCES 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hjb.2017.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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6
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Effects of pre- and postnatal exposure to 1880–1900 MHz DECT base radiation on development in the rat. Reprod Toxicol 2016; 65:248-262. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2016.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2015] [Revised: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 08/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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7
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Tuysuz B, Mahmutoglu Y. Measurement and mapping of the GSM-based electromagnetic pollution in the Black Sea region of Turkey. Electromagn Biol Med 2016; 36:132-140. [PMID: 27463094 DOI: 10.1080/15368378.2016.1198801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Electromagnetic pollution caused by mobile communication devices, a new form of environmental pollution, has been one of the most concerning problems to date. Consequences of long-term exposure to the electromagnetic radiation caused by cell phone towers are still unknown and can potentially be a new health hazard. It is important to measure, analyze and map the electromagnetic radiation levels periodically because of the potential risks. The electromagnetic pollution maps can be used for the detection of diseases caused by the radiation. With the help of the radiation maps of different regions, comparative analysis can be provided and distribution of the diseases can be investigated. In this article, Global System for Mobile communication (GSM)-based electromagnetic pollution map of the Rize Providence, which has high cancer rates because of the Chernobyl nuclear explosion, is generated. First, locations of the GSM base stations are identified and according to the antenna types of the base stations, safety distances are determined. Subsequently, 155 measurements are taken during November 2014 from the nearest living quarters of the Rize city center in Turkey. The measurements are then assessed statistically. Thenceforth, for visual judgment of the determined statistics, collected measurements are presented on the map. It is observed that national limits are not exceeded, but it is also discovered that the safety distance is waived at some of the measurement points and above the average radiation levels are noted. Even if the national limits are not exceeded, the long-term effects of the exposition to the electromagnetic radiation can cause serious health problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Burak Tuysuz
- a Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering , Recep Tayyip Erdogan University , Rize , Turkey
| | - Yigit Mahmutoglu
- b Department of Energy Systems Engineering , Recep Tayyip Erdogan University , Rize , Turkey
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8
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Furtado-Filho OV, Borba JB, Maraschin T, Souza LM, Henriques JAP, Moreira JCF, Saffi J. Effects of chronic exposure to 950 MHz ultra-high-frequency electromagnetic radiation on reactive oxygen species metabolism in the right and left cerebral cortex of young rats of different ages. Int J Radiat Biol 2015; 91:891-7. [DOI: 10.3109/09553002.2015.1083629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Orlando V. Furtado-Filho
- Biotechnology Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Department of Biophysics, Institute of Biosciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Military School of Porto Alegre, Brazilian Army, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Juliana B. Borba
- Biotechnology Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Department of Biophysics, Institute of Biosciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Tatiana Maraschin
- Toxicological Genetics Laboratory, Lutheran University of Brazil (ULBRA), Canoas, RS, Brazil
| | - Larissa M. Souza
- Department of Biophysics, Institute of Biosciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - João A. P. Henriques
- Biotechnology Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Department of Biophysics, Institute of Biosciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - José C. F. Moreira
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Jenifer Saffi
- Department of Biophysics, Institute of Biosciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Laboratory of Genetic Toxicology, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, Brazil
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Stratakos AC, Koidis A. Suitability, efficiency and microbiological safety of novel physical technologies for the processing of ready-to-eat meals, meats and pumpable products. Int J Food Sci Technol 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/ijfs.12781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandros Ch. Stratakos
- Institute for Global Food Security; Queen's University Belfast; David Keir Building 18-30 Malone Rd Belfast BT9 5BN UK
| | - Anastasios Koidis
- Institute for Global Food Security; Queen's University Belfast; David Keir Building 18-30 Malone Rd Belfast BT9 5BN UK
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Motawi TK, Darwish HA, Moustafa YM, Labib MM. Biochemical Modifications and Neuronal Damage in Brain of Young and Adult Rats After Long-Term Exposure to Mobile Phone Radiations. Cell Biochem Biophys 2014; 70:845-55. [DOI: 10.1007/s12013-014-9990-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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11
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Furtado-Filho OV, Borba JB, Dallegrave A, Pizzolato TM, Henriques JAP, Moreira JCF, Saffi J. Effect of 950 MHz UHF electromagnetic radiation on biomarkers of oxidative damage, metabolism of UFA and antioxidants in the livers of young rats of different ages. Int J Radiat Biol 2013; 90:159-68. [DOI: 10.3109/09553002.2013.817697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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12
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Tkalec M, Stambuk A, Srut M, Malarić K, Klobučar GIV. Oxidative and genotoxic effects of 900 MHz electromagnetic fields in the earthworm Eisenia fetida. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2013; 90:7-12. [PMID: 23352129 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2012.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2012] [Revised: 11/22/2012] [Accepted: 12/07/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests that exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic field (RF-EMF) can have various biological effects. In this study the oxidative and genotoxic effects were investigated in earthworms Eisenia fetida exposed in vivo to RF-EMF at the mobile phone frequency (900 MHz). Earthworms were exposed to the homogeneous RF-EMF at field levels of 10, 23, 41 and 120 V m(-1) for a period of 2h using a Gigahertz Transversal Electromagnetic (GTEM) cell. At the field level of 23 V m(-1) the effect of longer exposure (4h) and field modulation (80% AM 1 kHz sinusoidal) was investigated as well. All exposure treatments induced significant genotoxic effect in earthworms coelomocytes detected by the Comet assay, demonstrating DNA damaging capacity of 900 MHz electromagnetic radiation. Field modulation additionally increased the genotoxic effect. Moreover, our results indicated the induction of antioxidant stress response in terms of enhanced catalase and glutathione reductase activity as a result of the RF-EMF exposure, and demonstrated the generation of lipid and protein oxidative damage. Antioxidant responses and the potential of RF-EMF to induce damage to lipids, proteins and DNA differed depending on the field level applied, modulation of the field and duration of E. fetida exposure to 900 MHz electromagnetic radiation. Nature of detected DNA lesions and oxidative stress as the mechanism of action for the induction of DNA damage are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirta Tkalec
- Faculty of Science, Department of Botany, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
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Wirth M, Vena JE, Smith EK, Bauer SE, Violanti J, Burch J. The epidemiology of cancer among police officers. Am J Ind Med 2013; 56:439-53. [PMID: 23255299 PMCID: PMC3655699 DOI: 10.1002/ajim.22145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This review summarizes peer-reviewed studies examining cancer risks among police officers. It provides an overview of existing research limitations and uncertainties and the plausible etiologic risk factors associated with cancer in this understudied occupation. METHODS Previous cancer studies among police officers were obtained via a systematic review of the MEDLINE, CABDirect, and Web of Science bibliographic databases. RESULTS Quality observational studies of cancer among police officers are sparse and subject to limitations in exposure assessment and other methods. Results from three studies suggested possible increased mortality risks for all cancers, and cancers of the colon, kidney, digestive system, esophagus, male breast, and testis, as well as Hodgkin's disease. Few incidence studies have been performed, and results have been mixed, although some associations with police work have been observed for thyroid, skin, and male breast cancer. CONCLUSIONS Police are exposed to a mix of known or suspected agents or activities that increase cancer risk. Epidemiologic evidence to date is sparse and inconsistent. There is a critical need for more research to understand the biological and social processes underlying exposures and the suggested disproportionate risks and to identify effective prevention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Wirth
- South Carolina Statewide Cancer Prevention and Control Program, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina
| | - John E. Vena
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Public Health, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
- Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
| | - Emily K. Smith
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Public Health, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
| | - Sarah E. Bauer
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Public Health, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
| | - John Violanti
- Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
| | - James Burch
- South Carolina Statewide Cancer Prevention and Control Program, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina
- Dorn Department of Veteran’s Affairs Medical Center, Columbia, South Carolina
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14
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Simultaneous Effects of Exposure to Microwaves and Noise on Male Rats’ Sperm Parameters and Total Antioxidant Capacity. HEALTH SCOPE 2013. [DOI: 10.5812/jhs.8230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Ghanbari M, Mortazavi SB, Khavanin A, Khazaei M. Simultaneous Effects of Exposure to Microwaves and Noise on Male Rats’ Sperm Parameters and Total Antioxidant Capacity. HEALTH SCOPE 2013. [DOI: 10.17795/jhealthscope-8230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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16
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Cucurachi S, Tamis WLM, Vijver MG, Peijnenburg WJGM, Bolte JFB, de Snoo GR. A review of the ecological effects of radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMF). ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2013; 51:116-140. [PMID: 23261519 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2012.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2012] [Revised: 10/23/2012] [Accepted: 10/24/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This article presents a systematic review of published scientific studies on the potential ecological effects of radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMF) in the range of 10 MHz to 3.6 GHz (from amplitude modulation, AM, to lower band microwave, MW, EMF). METHODS Publications in English were searched in ISI Web of Knowledge and Scholar Google with no restriction on publication date. Five species groups were identified: birds, insects, other vertebrates, other organisms, and plants. Not only clear ecological articles, such as field studies, were taken into consideration, but also biological articles on laboratory studies investigating the effects of RF-EMF with biological endpoints such as fertility, reproduction, behaviour and development, which have a clear ecological significance, were also included. RESULTS Information was collected from 113 studies from original peer-reviewed publications or from relevant existing reviews. A limited amount of ecological field studies was identified. The majority of the studies were conducted in a laboratory setting on birds (embryos or eggs), small rodents and plants. In 65% of the studies, ecological effects of RF-EMF (50% of the animal studies and about 75% of the plant studies) were found both at high as well as at low dosages. No clear dose-effect relationship could be discerned. Studies finding an effect applied higher durations of exposure and focused more on the GSM frequency ranges. CONCLUSIONS In about two third of the reviewed studies ecological effects of RF-EMF was reported at high as well as at low dosages. The very low dosages are compatible with real field situations, and could be found under environmental conditions. However, a lack of standardisation and a limited number of observations limit the possibility of generalising results from an organism to an ecosystem level. We propose in future studies to conduct more repetitions of observations and explicitly use the available standards for reporting RF-EMF relevant physical parameters in both laboratory and field studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Cucurachi
- Institute of Environmental Sciences (CML), Leiden University, P.O. Box 9518, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands.
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17
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Local intense cellular electric fields and their relevance in the computational modeling of biochemical reactions. Future Med Chem 2012; 4:1873-5. [DOI: 10.4155/fmc.12.143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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18
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Zeni O, Sannino A, Romeo S, Massa R, Sarti M, Reddy AB, Prihoda TJ, Vijayalaxmi, Scarfì MR. Induction of an adaptive response in human blood lymphocytes exposed to radiofrequency fields: Influence of the universal mobile telecommunication system (UMTS) signal and the specific absorption rate. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2012; 747:29-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2012.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2011] [Revised: 01/02/2012] [Accepted: 03/20/2012] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Sorgucu U, Develi I. Measurement and analysis of electromagnetic pollution generated by GSM-900 mobile phone networks in Erciyes University, Turkey. Electromagn Biol Med 2012; 31:404-15. [PMID: 22676177 DOI: 10.3109/15368378.2012.683223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Mobile phones are becoming increasingly important in our everyday lives. The rising number of mobile phones reflects a similar increase in the number of base stations. Because of this rapid evolution, the establishment and planning of new base stations has become mandatory. However, the rise in the number of base stations, in terms of human health, is potentially very harmful. It is important to analyze the radiation levels of base stations until we can confirm that they are definitely not harmful in the long term. Mapping of electromagnetic field (EMF) is also important from a medical point of view because it provides useful information, for example, on the detection of diseases caused by EMF. With the help of this information the distribution of diseases over different regions can be obtained. In this article, the electromagnetic radiation levels of base stations were measured at 80 different points in Erciyes University (ERU), Turkey and detailed information about the measurement tools and measurement method were given. It was observed that no area in ERU exceeded the national and international limits. It is also observed that the effects of base stations vary according to duration and degree of exposure. Therefore, if people are exposed to a very low-intensity electromagnetic field for a very long time, serious health problems can occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ugur Sorgucu
- Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering, Bartin University, Bartin Turkey.
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Ballardin M, Tusa I, Fontana N, Monorchio A, Pelletti C, Rogovich A, Barale R, Scarpato R. Non-thermal effects of 2.45 GHz microwaves on spindle assembly, mitotic cells and viability of Chinese hamster V-79 cells. Mutat Res 2011; 716:1-9. [PMID: 21827772 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2011.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2010] [Revised: 07/15/2011] [Accepted: 07/22/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The production of mitotic spindle disturbances and activation of the apoptosis pathway in V79 Chinese hamster cells by continuous 2.45 GHz microwaves exposure were studied, in order to investigate possible non-thermal cell damage. We demonstrated that microwave (MW) exposure at the water resonance frequency was able to induce alteration of the mitotic apparatus and apoptosis as a function of the applied power densities (5 and 10mW/cm(2)), together with a moderate reduction in the rate of cell division. After an exposure time of 15 min the proportion of aberrant spindles and of apoptotic cells was significantly increased, while the mitotic index decreased as well, as compared to the untreated V79 cells. Additionally, in order to understand if the observed effects were due to RF exposure per se or to a thermal effect, V79 cells were also treated in thermostatic bath mimicking the same temperature increase recorded during microwave emission. The effect of temperature on the correct assembly of mitotic spindles was negligible up to 41°C, while apoptosis was induced only when the medium temperature achieved 40°C, thus exceeding the maximum value registered during MW exposure. We hypothesise that short-time MW exposures at the water resonance frequency cause, in V79 cells, reversible alterations of the mitotic spindle, this representing, in turn, a pro-apoptotic signal for the cell line.
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Beachy SH, Repasky EA. Toward establishment of temperature thresholds for immunological impact of heat exposure in humans. Int J Hyperthermia 2011; 27:344-52. [PMID: 21591898 DOI: 10.3109/02656736.2011.562873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
There is interest in understanding the health impact of thermal effects as a result of exposure of humans to radiofrequency/microwave (RF/MW) fields. Immune cells and responses are affected by modest changes in temperature and it is important to quantify these effects and establish safety thresholds similar to what has been done with other tissue targets. Since previous summaries of thresholds for thermal damage to normal tissues have not focused much attention to cells of the immune system, this summary highlights recent studies which demonstrate positive and some negative effects of temperature shifts on human immune cells. We emphasise literature reporting adverse immunological endpoints (such as cell damage, death and altered function) and provide the temperature at which these effects were noted. Whereas there have been many in vitro studies of adverse temperature effects on immune cells, there has been limited validation of these temperature effects in vivo. However, data from heat stress/stroke patients do provide some information regarding core temperatures (40°C) at which thermal damage to immunological processes can begin to occur. We conclude that there is considerable need for more quantitative time temperature assessments using relevant animal models, more complete kinetic analyses to determine how long immunological effects persist, and for analysis of whether frequency of exposure has impact on immune function. To date, no attempt to categorise effects by using cumulative thermal dose measurements (e.g. cumulative equivalent minutes at a given temperature) has been conducted for cells or tissues of the immune system, representing a major gap in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah H Beachy
- Genetics Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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Arabi AA, Matta CF. Effects of external electric fields on double proton transfer kinetics in the formic acid dimer. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2011; 13:13738-48. [DOI: 10.1039/c1cp20175a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Bourthoumieu S, Joubert V, Marin B, Collin A, Leveque P, Terro F, Yardin C. Cytogenetic Studies in Human Cells ExposedIn Vitroto GSM-900 MHz Radiofrequency Radiation Using R-Banded Karyotyping. Radiat Res 2010; 174:712-8. [DOI: 10.1667/rr2137.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Paulraj R, Behari J. Effects of low level microwave radiation on carcinogenesis in Swiss Albino mice. Mol Cell Biochem 2010; 348:191-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s11010-010-0654-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2006] [Accepted: 10/28/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Verschaeve L, Juutilainen J, Lagroye I, Miyakoshi J, Saunders R, de Seze R, Tenforde T, van Rongen E, Veyret B, Xu Z. In vitro and in vivo genotoxicity of radiofrequency fields. Mutat Res 2010; 705:252-68. [PMID: 20955816 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2010.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2010] [Revised: 10/08/2010] [Accepted: 10/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
There has been growing concern about the possibility of adverse health effects resulting from exposure to radiofrequency radiations (RFR), such as those emitted by wireless communication devices. Since the introduction of mobile phones many studies have been conducted regarding alleged health effects but there is still some uncertainty and no definitive conclusions have been reached so far. Although thermal effects are well understood they are not of great concern as they are unlikely to result from the typical low-level RFR exposures. Concern rests essentially with the possibility that RFR-exposure may induce non-thermal and/or long-term health effects such as an increased cancer risk. Consequently, possible genetic effects have often been studied but with mixed results. In this paper we review the data on alleged RFR-induced genetic effects from in vitro and in vivo investigations as well as from human cytogenetic biomonitoring surveys. Attention is also paid to combined exposures of RFR with chemical or physical agents. Again, however, no entirely consistent picture emerges. Many of the positive studies may well be due to thermal exposures, but a few studies suggest that biological effects can be seen at low levels of exposure. Overall, however, the evidence for low-level genotoxic effects is very weak.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Verschaeve
- O.D. Public Health & Surveillance, Laboratory of Toxicology, Scientific Institute of Public Health, Brussels, and Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
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Franzellitti S, Valbonesi P, Ciancaglini N, Biondi C, Contin A, Bersani F, Fabbri E. Transient DNA damage induced by high-frequency electromagnetic fields (GSM 1.8 GHz) in the human trophoblast HTR-8/SVneo cell line evaluated with the alkaline comet assay. Mutat Res 2010; 683:35-42. [PMID: 19822160 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2009.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2009] [Revised: 09/16/2009] [Accepted: 10/02/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
One of the most controversial issue regarding high-frequency electromagnetic fields (HF-EMF) is their putative capacity to affect DNA integrity. This is of particular concern due to the increasing use of HF-EMF in communication technologies, including mobile phones. Although epidemiological studies report no detrimental effects on human health, the possible disturbance generated by HF-EMF on cell physiology remains controversial. In addition, the question remains as to whether cells are able to compensate their potential effects. We have previously reported that a 1-h exposure to amplitude-modulated 1.8 GHz sinusoidal waves (GSM-217 Hz, SAR=2 W/kg) largely used in mobile telephony did not cause increased levels of primary DNA damage in human trophoblast HTR-8/SVneo cells. Nevertheless, further investigations on trophoblast cell responses after exposure to GSM signals of different types and durations were considered of interest. In the present work, HTR-8/SVneo cells were exposed for 4, 16 or 24h to 1.8 GHz continuous wave (CW) and different GSM signals, namely GSM-217 Hz and GSM-Talk (intermittent exposure: 5 min field on, 10 min field off). The alkaline comet assay was used to evaluate primary DNA damages and/or strand breaks due to uncompleted repair processes in HF-EMF exposed samples. The amplitude-modulated signals GSM-217 Hz and GSM-Talk induced a significant increase in comet parameters in trophoblast cells after 16 and 24h of exposure, while the un-modulated CW was ineffective. However, alterations were rapidly recovered and the DNA integrity of HF-EMF exposed cells was similar to that of sham-exposed cells within 2h of recovery in the absence irradiation. Our data suggest that HF-EMF with a carrier frequency and modulation scheme typical of the GSM signal may affect the DNA integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Franzellitti
- Interdepartment Centre for Environmental Science Research, University of Bologna, Ravenna, Italy.
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Hintzsche H, Stopper H. Micronucleus frequency in buccal mucosa cells of mobile phone users. Toxicol Lett 2010; 193:124-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2009.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2009] [Revised: 12/17/2009] [Accepted: 12/19/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Phillips J, Singh N, Lai H. Electromagnetic fields and DNA damage. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 2009; 16:79-88. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pathophys.2008.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2008] [Revised: 11/16/2008] [Accepted: 11/16/2008] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
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Pourlis AF. Reproductive and developmental effects of EMF in vertebrate animal models. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 2009; 16:179-89. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pathophys.2009.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2008] [Revised: 08/28/2008] [Accepted: 01/30/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
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Nocturnal urinary melatonin levels and urine biochemistry in microwave-irradiated rats. Biologia (Bratisl) 2009. [DOI: 10.2478/s11756-009-0139-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Lee HJ, Kim SH, Choi SY, Gimm YM, Pack JK, Choi HD, Lee YS. Long-term exposure of Sprague Dawley rats to 20 kHz triangular magnetic fields. Int J Radiat Biol 2009; 82:285-91. [PMID: 16690596 DOI: 10.1080/09553000600721809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE There are only a few reports on harmful effects of 20 kHz sine waves; however, it is essential to comprehensively evaluate the potentially harmful effect of triangular signals at the same frequency. Therefore, in this study, effects of long-term exposure to 20 kHz magnetic fields was examined. MATERIALS AND METHODS Eighty Sprague Dawley rats were divided into two groups (half male and female in each sham and exposed groups), and they were exposed to 20 kHz triangular magnetic fields at 6.25 microT rms for 8 h/day for 12 or 18 months. Urinalysis [pH, glucose, protein, ketone bodies, red blood cells (RBC), nitrogen, bilirubin, urobilinogen, and specific gravity], hematological analysis (RBC, hemoglobin, hematocrit, thrombocyte count, and leucocyte count), blood biochemistry (total protein, blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, glucose, total bilirubin, total cholesterol, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, and alkaline phosphatase), and histopathological analysis of organs (thymus, stomach, intestine, liver, kidney, testis, ovary, spleen, brain, heart, and lung) were performed. RESULTS No significant differences were seen between 20 kHz magnetic-fields exposed rats and sham-exposed rats in body and organ weights, hematological analysis, blood biochemistry, urinalysis data, and histopathological examination, except for the numbers of neutrophiles and lymphocytes in female rats. The number of neutrophiles was significantly increased in female rats on the 12th month after exposure, and the number of lymphocytes in female rats was significantly decreased on the 18th month. CONCLUSION Long-term exposure of rats to 20 kHz triangular magnetic fields did not induce any significantly harmful effects, except changes in neutrophiles at 12 months and lymphocytes at 18 months of exposure in female rats. These hematological changes need to be investigated again at a higher intensity of 20 kHz magnetic fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- H J Lee
- Laboratory of Radiation Effect, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul, Korea
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Juutilainen J, Heikkinen P, Soikkeli H, Mäki-Paakkanen J. Micronucleus frequency in erythrocytes of mice after long-term exposure to radiofrequency radiation. Int J Radiat Biol 2009; 83:213-20. [PMID: 17575948 DOI: 10.1080/09553000601169800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of the study was to investigate genotoxicity of long-term exposure to radiofrequency (RF) electromagnetic fields by measuring micronuclei in erythrocytes. The blood samples were collected in two animal studies evaluating possible cocarcinogenic effects of RF fields. METHODS In study A, female CBA/S mice were exposed for 78 weeks (1.5 h/d, 5 d/week) to either a continuous 902.5 MHz signal similar to that emitted by analog NMT (Nordic Mobile Telephone) phones at a whole-body specific absorption rate (SAR) of 1.5 W/kg, or to a pulsed 902.4 MHz signal similar to that of digital GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications) phones at 0.35 W/kg. A third group was sham-exposed, and a fourth group served as cage controls. All but the cage control animals were exposed to 4 Gy of x-rays during three first weeks of the experiment. In study B, female transgenic mice (line K2) and their nontransgenic littermates were exposed for 52 weeks (1.5 h/d, 5 d/week). Two digital mobile phone signals, GSM and DAMPS (Digital Advanced Mobile Phone System), were used at 0.5 W/kg. All but the cage-control animals were exposed 3 times per week to an ultraviolet radiation dose of 1.2 MED (minimum erythema dose). RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS The results did not show any effects of RF fields on micronucleus frequency in polychromatic or normochromatic erythrocytes. The results were consistent in two mouse strains (and in a transgenic variant of the second strain), after 52 or 78 weeks of exposure, at three SAR levels relevant to human exposure from mobile phones, and for three different mobile signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jukka Juutilainen
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Kuopio, Kuopio, Finland.
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Radioprotective Effects of Honeybee Venom (Apis mellifera) Against 915-MHz Microwave Radiation–Induced DNA Damage in Wistar Rat Lymphocytes: In Vitro Study. Int J Toxicol 2009; 28:88-98. [DOI: 10.1177/1091581809335051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study is to investigate the radioprotective effect of bee venom against DNA damage induced by 915-MHz microwave radiation (specific absorption rate of 0.6 W/kg) in Wistar rats. Whole blood lymphocytes of Wistar rats are treated with 1 μg/mL bee venom 4 hours prior to and immediately before irradiation. Standard and formamidopyrimidine-DNA glycosylase (Fpg)–modified comet assays are used to assess basal and oxidative DNA damage produced by reactive oxygen species. Bee venom shows a decrease in DNA damage compared with irradiated samples. Parameters of Fpg-modified comet assay are statistically different from controls, making this assay more sensitive and suggesting that oxidative stress is a possible mechanism of DNA damage induction. Bee venom is demonstrated to have a radioprotective effect against basal and oxidative DNA damage. Furthermore, bee venom is not genotoxic and does not produce oxidative damage in the low concentrations used in this study.
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Ruediger HW. Genotoxic effects of radiofrequency electromagnetic fields. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 16:89-102. [PMID: 19285841 DOI: 10.1016/j.pathophys.2008.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2008] [Revised: 11/16/2008] [Accepted: 11/16/2008] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
101 publications are exploited which have studied genotoxicity of radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMF) in vivo and in vitro. Of these 49 report a genotoxic effect and 42 do not. In addition, 8 studies failed to detect an influence on the genetic material, but showed that RF-EMF enhanced the genotoxic action of other chemical or physical agents. The controversial results may in part be explained by the different cellular systems. Moreover, inconsistencies may depend from the variety of analytical methods being used, which differ considerably with respect to sensitivity and specificity. Taking altogether there is ample evidence that RF-EMF can alter the genetic material of exposed cells in vivo and in vitro and in more than one way. This genotoxic action may be mediated by microthermal effects in cellular structures, formation of free radicals, or an interaction with DNA-repair mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo W Ruediger
- Division of Occupational Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, Berggasse 4/33, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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Genetic damage in subjects exposed to radiofrequency radiation. MUTATION RESEARCH-REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH 2009; 681:259-270. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2008.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2008] [Revised: 10/23/2008] [Accepted: 11/17/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Effects of radiofrequency electromagnetic fields on seed germination and root meristematic cells of Allium cepa L. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2009; 672:76-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2008.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2007] [Revised: 08/03/2008] [Accepted: 09/19/2008] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Schrader T, Münter K, Kleine-Ostmann T, Schmid E. Spindle disturbances in human-hamster hybrid (AL) cells induced by mobile communication frequency range signals. Bioelectromagnetics 2008; 29:626-39. [DOI: 10.1002/bem.20428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Studying the effects of mobile phone use on the auditory system and the central nervous system: a review of the literature and future directions. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2008; 265:1011-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s00405-008-0703-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2007] [Accepted: 04/29/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Garaj-Vrhovac V, Orescanin V. Assessment of DNA sensitivity in peripheral blood leukocytes after occupational exposure to microwave radiation: the alkaline comet assay and chromatid breakage assay. Cell Biol Toxicol 2008; 25:33-43. [PMID: 18214694 DOI: 10.1007/s10565-008-9060-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2007] [Accepted: 01/03/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
DNA sensitivity in peripheral blood leukocytes of radar-facility workers daily exposed to microwave radiation and an unexposed control subjects was investigated. The study was carried out on clinically healthy male workers employed on radar equipment and antenna system service within a microwave field of 10 muW/cm(2)-20 mW/cm(2) with frequency range of 1,250-1,350 MHz. The control group consisted of subjects of similar age. The evaluation of DNA damage and sensitivity was performed using alkaline comet assay and chromatid breakage assay (bleomycin-sensitivity assay). The levels of DNA damage in exposed subjects determined by alkaline comet assay were increased compared to control group and showed inter-individual variations. After short exposure of cultured lymphocytes to bleomycin cells of subjects occupationally exposed to microwave (MW) radiation responded with high numbers of chromatid breaks. Almost three times higher number of bleomycin-induced chromatid breaks in cultured peripheral blood lymphocytes were determined in comparison with control group. The difference in break per cell (b/c) values recorded between smokers and non-smokers was statistically significant in the exposed group. Regression analyses showed significant positive correlation between the results obtained with two different methods. Considering the correlation coefficients, the number of metaphase with breaks was a better predictor of the comet assay parameters compared to b/c ratio. The best correlation was found between tail moment and number of chromatid with breaks. Our results indicate that MW radiation represents a potential DNA-damaging hazard using the alkaline comet assay and chromatid breakage assay as sensitive biomarkers of individual cancer susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera Garaj-Vrhovac
- Mutagenesis Unit, Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska c. 2, H-10 000 Zagreb, Croatia.
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Tkalec M, Malarić K, Pevalek-Kozlina B. Exposure to radiofrequency radiation induces oxidative stress in duckweed Lemna minor L. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2007; 388:78-89. [PMID: 17825879 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2007.07.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2006] [Revised: 07/19/2007] [Accepted: 07/27/2007] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Widespread use of radiofrequency radiation emitting devices increased the exposure to electromagnetic fields (EMFs) from 300 MHz to 300 GHz. Various biological effects of exposure to these fields have been documented so far, but very little work has been carried out on plants. The aim of the present work was to investigate the physiological responses of the plant Lemna minor after exposure to radiofrequency EMFs, and in particular, to clarify the possible role of oxidative stress in the observed effects. Duckweed was exposed for 2 h to EMFs of 400 and 900 MHz at field strengths of 10, 23, 41 and 120 V m(-1). The effect of a longer exposure time (4 h) and modulation was also investigated. After exposure, parameters of oxidative stress, such as lipid peroxidation, H(2)O(2) content, activities and isoenzyme pattern of antioxidative enzymes as well as HSP70 expression were evaluated. At 400 MHz, lipid peroxidation and H(2)O(2) content were significantly enhanced in duckweed exposed to EMFs of 23 and 120 V m(-1) while other exposure treatments did not have an effect. Compared to the controls, the activities of antioxidative enzymes showed different behaviour: catalase (CAT) activity increased after most exposure treatments while pyrogallol (PPX) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) activities were not changed. Exceptions were reduced PPX and APX activity after longer exposure at 23 V m(-1) and increased PPX activity after exposures at 10 and 120 V m(-1). By contrast, at 900 MHz almost all exposure treatments significantly increased level of lipid peroxidation and H(2)O(2) content but mostly decreased PPX activity and did not affect CAT activity. Exceptions were exposures to a modulated field and to the field of 120 V m(-1) which increased PPX and CAT activity. At this frequency APX activity was significantly decreased after exposure at 10 V m(-1) and longer exposure at 23 V m(-1) but it increased after a shorter exposure at 23 V m(-1). At both frequencies no differences in isoenzyme patterns of antioxidative enzymes or HSP70 level were found between control and exposed plants. Our results showed that non-thermal exposure to investigated radiofrequency fields induced oxidative stress in duckweed as well as unspecific stress responses, especially of antioxidative enzymes. However, the observed effects markedly depended on the field frequencies applied as well as on other exposure parameters (strength, modulation and exposure time). Enhanced lipid peroxidation and H(2)O(2) content accompanied by diminished antioxidative enzymes activity caused by exposure to investigated EMFs, especially at 900 MHz, indicate that oxidative stress could partly be due to changed activities of antioxidative enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirta Tkalec
- Department of Botany, Division of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Rooseveltov trg 6, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
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Chauhan V, Qutob SS, Lui S, Mariampillai A, Bellier PV, Yauk CL, Douglas GR, Williams A, McNamee JP. Analysis of gene expression in two human-derived cell lines exposedin vitro to a 1.9 GHz pulse-modulated radiofrequency field. Proteomics 2007; 7:3896-905. [PMID: 17902192 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200700215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
There is considerable controversy surrounding the biological effects of radiofrequency (RF) fields, as emitted by mobile phones. Previous work from our laboratory has shown no effect related to the exposure of 1.9 GHz pulse-modulated RF fields on the expression of 22,000 genes in a human glioblastoma-derived cell-line (U87MG) at 6 h following a 4 h RF field exposure period. As a follow-up to this study, we have now examined the effect of RF field exposure on the possible expression of late onset genes in U87MG cells after a 24 h RF exposure period. In addition, a human monocyte-derived cell-line (Mono-Mac-6, MM6) was exposed to intermittent (5 min ON, 10 min OFF) RF fields for 6 h and then gene expression was assessed immediately after exposure and at 18 h postexposure. Both cell lines were exposed to 1.9 GHz pulse-modulated RF fields for 6 or 24 h at specific absorption rates (SARs) of 0.1-10.0 W/kg. In support of our previous results, we found no evidence that nonthermal RF field exposure could alter gene expression in either cultured U87MG or MM6 cells, relative to nonirradiated control groups. However, exposure of both cell-lines to heat-shock conditions (43 degrees C for 1 h) caused an alteration in the expression of a number of well-characterized heat-shock proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinita Chauhan
- Consumer and Clinical Radiation Protection Bureau, Healthy Environments and Consumer Safety Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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Mortazavi SMJ, Ahmadi J, Shariati M. Prevalence of subjective poor health symptoms associated with exposure to electromagnetic fields among university students. Bioelectromagnetics 2007; 28:326-30. [PMID: 17330851 DOI: 10.1002/bem.20305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The number of people complaining about different symptoms that may be associated with exposure to electromagnetic fields (EMF) has increased rapidly during past years. Students use both mobile phones and video display terminals frequently. The purpose of this study was to investigate the association of mobile phone use and EMF health hazards. Basic demographic data and self-reported symptoms were sought using a questionnaire administered to all apparently healthy students at Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences (RUMS) and Vali-e-Asr University (VAU). Questions about some major confounding factors such as age, gender, amount of video display terminal work were also included. Exact Fischer Test was used for data analysis. Among self-reported symptoms, headache (53.5%), fatigue (35.6%), difficulties in concentration (32.5%), vertigo/dizziness (30.4%), attention disorders (28.8%), nervousness (28.1%), palpitation (14.7%), low back pain (14.3%), myalgia (12.4%), and tinnitus (9.9%) were the main self-reported symptoms. No significant differences in the prevalence of these symptoms were found between CRT users and those who did not use CRTs. A significant association was found between cordless phone use and difficulties in concentration (P < .05) or attention disorders (P < .05). However, after correction of the gender role, these differences were not significant. No association was found between mobile phone use and the above-mentioned symptoms. No significantly higher prevalence of self-reported symptoms was found in individuals who had used mobile phones, video display terminals or cordless phones more frequently than others. Mass-media's lack of interest in the possible hazards of exposure to EMF in developing countries can explain the difference observed between the results of this study and those of other researchers in some developed countries who have shown an association between EMF exposure and the prevalence of self-reported subjective symptoms. This finding can confirm the results obtained in provocative studies which indicated the role of psychological factors in electromagnetic hypersensitivity. More research is needed to clarify whether daily environmental EMF may cause health problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M J Mortazavi
- Biophysics-Biochemistry Department, School of Medicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences (RUMS), Rafsanjan, Iran
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Baohong W, Lifen J, Lanjuan L, Jianlin L, Deqiang L, Wei Z, Jiliang H. Evaluating the combinative effects on human lymphocyte DNA damage induced by Ultraviolet ray C plus 1.8GHz microwaves using comet assay in vitro. Toxicology 2007; 232:311-6. [PMID: 17336440 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2007.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2006] [Revised: 01/17/2007] [Accepted: 01/26/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to observe whether 1.8 GHz microwaves (MW) (SAR, 3 W/kg) exposure can influence human lymphocyte DNA damage induced by ultraviolet ray C (UVC). The lymphocytes, which were from three young healthy donors, were exposed to 254 nm UVC at the doses of 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 J m(-2), respectively. The lymphocytes were irradiated by 1.8 GHz MW (SAR, 3 W/kg) for 0, 1.5 and 4 h. The combinative exposure of UVC plus MW was conducted. The treated cells were incubated for 0, 1.5 and 4 h. Finally, comet assay was used to measure DNA damage of above treated lymphocytes. The results indicated that the difference of DNA damage induced between MW group and control group was not significant (P>0.05). The MTLs induced by UVC were 1.71+/-0.09, 2.02+/-0.08, 2.27+/-0.17, 2.27+/-0.06, 2.25+/-0.12, 2.24+/-0.11 microm, respectively, which were significantly higher than that (0.96+/-0.05 microm) of control (P<0.01). MTLs of some sub-groups in combinative exposure groups at 1.5-h incubation were significantly lower that those of corresponding UVC sub-groups (P<0.01 or P<0.05). However, MTLs of some sub-groups in combinative exposure groups at 4-h incubation were significantly higher that those of corresponding UVC sub-groups (P<0.01 or P<0.05). In this experiment it was found that 1.8 GHz (SAR, 3 W/kg) MW exposure for 1.5 and 4 h did not enhance significantly human lymphocyte DNA damage, but could reduce and increase DNA damage of human lymphocytes induced by UVC at 1.5-h and 4-h incubation, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wang Baohong
- Zhejiang University, Medical College, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
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Koyama S, Takashima Y, Sakurai T, Suzuki Y, Taki M, Miyakoshi J. Effects of 2.45 GHz electromagnetic fields with a wide range of SARs on bacterial and HPRT gene mutations. JOURNAL OF RADIATION RESEARCH 2007; 48:69-75. [PMID: 17179647 DOI: 10.1269/jrr.06085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Present day use of mobile phones is ubiquitous. This causes some concern for human health due to exposure to high-frequency electromagnetic fields (HFEMF) from mobile phones. Consequently, we have examined the effects of 2.45 GHz electromagnetic fields on bacterial mutations and the hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase (HPRT) gene mutations. Using the Ames test, bacteria were exposed to HFEMF for 30 min at specific absorption rates (SARs) from 5 to 200 W/kg. In all strains, there was no significant difference in the frequency of revertant colonies between sham exposure and HFEMF-exposed groups. In examination of mutations of the HPRT gene, Chinese hamster ovary (CHO)-K1 cells were exposed to HFEMF for 2 h at SARs from 5 to 200 W/kg. We detected a combination effect of simultaneous exposure to HFEMF and bleomycin at the respective SARs. A statistically significant difference was observed between the cells exposed to HFEMF at the SAR of 200 W/kg. Cells treated with the combination of HFEMF at SARs from 50 to 200 W/kg and bleomycin exhibited increased HPRT mutations. As the exposure to HFEMF induced an increase in temperature, these increases of mutation frequency may be a result of activation of bleomycin by heat. We consider that the increase of mutation frequency may be due to a thermal effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin Koyama
- Department of Radiological Technology, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Hirosaki University, Japan
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Linet MS, Taggart T, Severson RK, Cerhan JR, Cozen W, Hartge P, Colt J. Cellular telephones and non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Int J Cancer 2006; 119:2382-8. [PMID: 16894556 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.22151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Dramatic increase in hand-held cellular telephone use since the 1980s and excess risk of lymphoproliferative malignancies associated with radio-frequency radiation (RFR) exposures in epidemiological and experimental studies motivated assessment of cellular telephones within a comprehensive US case-control investigation of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL). A questionnaire ascertained cellular telephone use in 551 NHL cases and 462 frequency-matched population controls. Compared to persons who had never used cellular telephones, risks were not increased among individuals whose lifetime use was fewer than 10 (odds ratio (OR) = 0.9, 95% confidence intervals (CI): 0.6, 1.3), 10-100 (OR = 1.0, 95 % CI: 0.7, 1.5) or more than 100 times (e.g., regular users, OR = 0.9, 95% CI: 0.6, 1.4). Among regular users compared to those who had never used hand-held cellular telephones, risks of NHL were not significantly associated with minutes per week, duration, cumulative lifetime or year of first use, although NHL was non-significantly higher in men who used cellular telephones for more than 8 years. Little evidence linked use of cellular telephones with total, diffuse large B-cell lymphoma or follicular NHL. These findings must be interpreted in the context of less than 5% of the population reporting duration of use of 6 or more years or lifetime cumulative use of 200 or more hours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha S Linet
- Radiation Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892-7238, USA.
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Verschaeve L, Heikkinen P, Verheyen G, Van Gorp U, Boonen F, Vander Plaetse F, Maes A, Kumlin T, Mäki-Paakkanen J, Puranen L, Juutilainen J. Investigation of co-genotoxic effects of radiofrequency electromagnetic fields in vivo. Radiat Res 2006; 165:598-607. [PMID: 16669742 DOI: 10.1667/rr3559.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the possible combined genotoxic effects of radiofrequency (RF) electromagnetic fields (900 MHz, amplitude modulated at 217 Hz, mobile phone signal) with the drinking water mutagen and carcinogen 3-chloro-4-(dichloromethyl)-5-hydroxy-2(5H)-furanone (MX). Female rats were exposed to RF fields for a period of 2 years for 2 h per day, 5 days per week at average whole-body specific absorption rates of 0.3 or 0.9 W/kg. MX was given in the drinking water at a concentration of 19 microg/ml. Blood samples were taken at 3, 6 and 24 months of exposure and brain and liver samples were taken at the end of the study (24 months). DNA damage was assessed in all samples using the alkaline comet assay, and micronuclei were determined in erythrocytes. We did not find significant genotoxic activity of MX in blood and liver cells. However, MX induced DNA damage in rat brain. Co-exposures to MX and RF radiation did not significantly increase the response of blood, liver and brain cells compared to MX exposure only. In conclusion, this 2-year animal study involving long-term exposures to RF radiation and MX did not provide any evidence for enhanced genotoxicity in rats exposed to RF radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Verschaeve
- Flemish Institute of Technological Research (VITO), Expertise Center of Environmental Toxicology, Mol, Belgium.
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Scarfì MR, Fresegna AM, Villani P, Pinto R, Marino C, Sarti M, Altavista P, Sannino A, Lovisolo GA. Exposure to Radiofrequency Radiation (900 MHz, GSM signal) does not Affect Micronucleus Frequency and Cell Proliferation in Human Peripheral Blood Lymphocytes: An Interlaboratory Study. Radiat Res 2006; 165:655-63. [PMID: 16802865 DOI: 10.1667/rr3570.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate whether 24 h exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic fields similar to those emitted by mobile phones induces genotoxic effects and/or effects on cell cycle kinetics in cultured human peripheral blood lymphocytes. The effect of 900 MHz exposure (GSM signal) was evaluated at four specific absorption rates (SARs, 0, 1, 5 and 10 W/kg peak values). The exposures were carried out in wire patch cells under strictly controlled conditions of both temperature and dosimetry, and the induction of genotoxic effects was evaluated in lymphocyte cultures from 10 healthy donors by applying the cytokinesis-block micronucleus assay. Positive controls were provided by using mitomycin C. Two research groups were involved in the study, one at ENEA, Rome, and the other at CNR-IREA, Naples. Each laboratory tested five donors, and the resulting slides were scored by both laboratories. Following this experimental scheme, it was also possible to compare the results obtained by cross-scoring of slides. The results obtained provided no evidence for the existence of genotoxic or cytotoxic effects in the range of SARs investigated. These findings were confirmed in the two groups of five donors examined in the two laboratories and when the same slides were scored by two operators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Rosaria Scarfì
- Interuniversity Center for Interaction between Electromagnetic Fields and Biosystems (ICEmB) at CNR-Institute for Electromagnetic Sensing of Environment (IREA), 80124 Naples, Italy.
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Zook BC, Simmens SJ. The Effects of Pulsed 860 MHz Radiofrequency Radiation on the Promotion of Neurogenic Tumors in Rats. Radiat Res 2006; 165:608-15. [PMID: 16669743 DOI: 10.1667/rr3551.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
In a previous study, this laboratory reported a statistically nonsignificant trend for shortened latency of ethylnitrosourea (ENU)-induced brain tumors in Sprague-Dawley rats exposed to an 860 MHz pulsed radiofrequency (RF) signal. The present study was designed to investigate further any promoting effect of the pulsed RF signal on latency and other characteristics of neurogenic tumors in the progeny of pregnant rats treated with 6.25 or 10 mg/kg ENU. The resulting 1080 offspring were randomized equally by number, sex and ENU dose into pulsed RF, sham and cage control groups. The rats were exposed to the pulsed RF signal 6 h per day 5 days per week; the sham-exposed group was similarly confined for the same periods, and the cage controls were housed in standard cages. An essentially equal number of rats from each group were killed humanely every 30 days between the ages of 171 and 325 days; 32 rats died and 225 rats were killed when they were moribund. Postmortem examinations on the 1080 rats revealed 38 spinal cord tumors, 191 spinal nerve tumors, 232 cranial nerve tumors, and 823 brain tumors. A methodical study of the tumor characteristics disclosed no evidence that exposure to the pulsed RF signal affected the incidence, malignancy, volume, multiplicity, latency or fatality associated with any kind of neurogenic tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard C Zook
- Department of Pathology, The George Washington University Medical Center, Washington DC 20037, USA.
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Mora R, Crippa B, Mora F, Dellepiane M. A Study of the Effects of Cellular Telephone Microwave Radiation on the Auditory System in Healthy Men. EAR, NOSE & THROAT JOURNAL 2006. [DOI: 10.1177/014556130608500311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We conducted a study of the effects of mobile cellular telephone microwave radiation on the auditory system in 20 healthy men. After the subjects underwent baseline measurements of transient evoked otoacoustic emission (TEOAE) and auditory brainstem response (ABR), they participated in three sessions of exposure to an electromagnetic field of 900 to 1,800 MHz produced by a cellular phone. Sessions ranged from 15 to 30 minutes in length. TEOAE and ABR were again measured after or during each exposure. Throughout the study, no significant changes in either measurement were noted. We conclude that the use of cellular phones does not alter the auditory system in the short term.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renzo Mora
- From the ENT Department, San Martino Hospital, University of Genoa, Italy
| | - Barbara Crippa
- From the ENT Department, San Martino Hospital, University of Genoa, Italy
| | - Francesco Mora
- From the ENT Department, San Martino Hospital, University of Genoa, Italy
| | - Massimo Dellepiane
- From the ENT Department, San Martino Hospital, University of Genoa, Italy
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Maes A, Van Gorp U, Verschaeve L. Cytogenetic investigation of subjects professionally exposed to radiofrequency radiation. Mutagenesis 2006; 21:139-42. [PMID: 16481348 DOI: 10.1093/mutage/gel008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Nowadays, virtually everybody is exposed to radiofrequency radiation (RFR) from mobile phone base station antennas or other sources. At least according to some scientists, this exposure can have detrimental health effects. We investigated cytogenetic effects in peripheral blood lymphocytes from subjects who were professionally exposed to mobile phone electromagnetic fields in an attempt to demonstrate possible RFR-induced genetic effects. These subjects can be considered well suited for this purpose as their RFR exposure is 'normal' though rather high, and definitely higher than that of the 'general population'. The alkaline comet assay, sister chromatid exchange (SCE) and chromosome aberration tests revealed no evidence of RFR-induced genetic effects. Blood cells were also exposed to the well known chemical mutagen mitomycin C in order to investigate possible combined effects of RFR and the chemical. No cooperative action was found between the electromagnetic field exposure and the mutagen using either the comet assay or SCE test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annemarie Maes
- Flemish Institute for Technological Research, VITO, B-2400 Mol, Belgium.
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