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Elhalis H, See XY, Osen R, Chin XH, Chow Y. Significance of Fermentation in Plant-Based Meat Analogs: A Critical Review of Nutrition, and Safety-Related Aspects. Foods 2023; 12:3222. [PMID: 37685155 PMCID: PMC10486689 DOI: 10.3390/foods12173222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant-based meat analogs have been shown to cause less harm for both human health and the environment compared to real meat, especially processed meat. However, the intense pressure to enhance the sensory qualities of plant-based meat alternatives has caused their nutritional and safety aspects to be overlooked. This paper reviews our current understanding of the nutrition and safety behind plant-based meat alternatives, proposing fermentation as a potential way of overcoming limitations in these aspects. Plant protein blends, fortification, and preservatives have been the main methods for enhancing the nutritional content and stability of plant-based meat alternatives, but concerns that include safety, nutrient deficiencies, low digestibility, high allergenicity, and high costs have been raised in their use. Fermentation with microorganisms such as Bacillus subtilis, Lactiplantibacillus plantarum, Neurospora intermedia, and Rhizopus oryzae improves digestibility and reduces allergenicity and antinutritive factors more effectively. At the same time, microbial metabolites can boost the final product's safety, nutrition, and sensory quality, although some concerns regarding their toxicity remain. Designing a single starter culture or microbial consortium for plant-based meat alternatives can be a novel solution for advancing the health benefits of the final product while still fulfilling the demands of an expanding and sustainable economy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Yvonne Chow
- Singapore Institute of Food and Biotechnology Innovation (SIFBI), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 31 Biopolis Way, Nanos, Singapore 138669, Singapore; (H.E.); (X.Y.S.); (R.O.); (X.H.C.)
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2
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Liaqat A, Salisu IB, Bakhsh A, Ali Q, Imran A, Ali MA, Farooq AM, Rao AQ, Shahid AA. A sub-chronic feeding study of dual toxin insect-resistant transgenic maize (CEMB-413) on Wistar rats. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0285090. [PMID: 37556453 PMCID: PMC10411795 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0285090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetically modified (GM) crops expressing insecticidal crystal proteins are widely accepted worldwide, but their commercial utilization demands comprehensive risk assessment studies. A 90-day risk assessment study was conducted on Wistar rats fed with GM maize (CEMB-413) expressing binary insect-resistant genes (cry1Ac and cry2Ab) at low (30%) and high (50%) dose along with a control diet group. The study used fifty Wistar rats randomly distributed in five treatment groups. Our study revealed that compared to controls, GM diet had no adverse effects on animal's health, including body weight, food consumption, clinical pathological parameters, serum hormone levels and histological parameters of testes and ovaries of rats. Differences were observed in transcripts levels of fertility related genes, but these were independent of treatment with GM diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayesha Liaqat
- Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Ibrahim Bala Salisu
- Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Federal University Dutse, Dutse, Jigawa State, Nigeria
| | - Allah Bakhsh
- Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Qasim Ali
- Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Ayesha Imran
- Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Azam Ali
- Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
- Department of Molecular Biology, Virtual University of Pakistan, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Abdul Munim Farooq
- Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Abdul Qayyum Rao
- Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Ahmad Ali Shahid
- Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
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3
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Xia Y, Zuo S, Zheng Y, Yang W, Tang X, Ke X, Zhuo Q, Yang X, Li Y, Liu H, Fan B. Extended one generation reproductive toxicity study and effect on gut flora of genetically modified rice rich in β-carotene in wistar rats. Reprod Toxicol 2023; 119:108424. [PMID: 37336333 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2023.108424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2023] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
To evaluate the reproductive toxicity of gene modified rice generated by introducing phytoene synthase (Psy) and bacterial phytoene desaturase (CrtI) from maize and Erwinia uredovora, Wistar rats were allocated into 3 groups and fed with Psy and CrtI gene modified rice mixture diet (GM group), non-gene modified rice mixture diet (non-GM group), and AIN-93 diet (Blank control group) from parental generation (F0) to the offsprings (F1). GM rice, Heijinmi (HJM) and Non-GM rice, Heishuai (HS), were both formulated into diets at ratios of 73.5% and 75.5% according to the AIN93 diet for rodent animals, respectively. Relative to the non-GM group, no biologically relevant differences were observed in GM group rats concerning reproductive performance such as fertility rate, gestation rate, mean duration, hormone level, and reproductive organ pathology. The developmental parameters results were not significantly different from the non-GM group such as body weight, food consumption, developmental neurotoxicity, behavior, hematology, and serum chemistry. In terms of immunotoxicity, the IgG indicators of offspring from the GM group improved in contrast with the non-GM group. Additional gut flora analysis of F0 generation rats resulted as that the treatment elicited an increased gut microflora diversity of F0 rats. And no horizontal gene transfer of Psy and CrtI genes in rats fed a GM rice HJM diet. In conclusion, we found no adverse effects related to GM rice in the extended one-generation reproductive toxicity study, indicating that GM rice is a safe alternative for its counterpart rice regarding reproductive toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Xia
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory for Applied Toxicology, Hubei Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Shanshan Zuo
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory for Applied Toxicology, Hubei Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Yanhua Zheng
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory for Applied Toxicology, Hubei Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Wenxiang Yang
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory for Applied Toxicology, Hubei Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Xiaoqiao Tang
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory for Applied Toxicology, Hubei Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Xianghong Ke
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory for Applied Toxicology, Hubei Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Qin Zhuo
- Key Laboratory of Trace Element Nutrition of National Health Commission(NHC), National Institute for Nutrition and Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Xiaoguang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Trace Element Nutrition of National Health Commission(NHC), National Institute for Nutrition and Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Yang Li
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory for Applied Toxicology, Hubei Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Haiyi Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China.
| | - Bolin Fan
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory for Applied Toxicology, Hubei Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan 430079, China.
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4
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Platani M, Sokefun O, Bassil E, Apidianakis Y. Genetic engineering and genome editing in plants, animals and humans: Facts and myths. Gene 2023; 856:147141. [PMID: 36574935 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2022.147141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Human history is inextricably linked to the introduction of desirable heritable traits in plants and animals. Selective breeding (SB) predates our historical period and has been practiced since the advent of agriculture and farming more than ten thousand years ago. Since the 1970s, methods of direct plant and animal genome manipulation are constantly being developed. These are collectively described as "genetic engineering" (GE). Plant GE aims to improve nutritional value, insect resistance and weed control. Animal GE has focused on livestock improvement and disease control. GE applications also involve medical improvements intended to treat human disease. The scientific consensus built around marketed products of GE organisms (GEOs) is usually well established, noting significant benefits and low risks. GEOs are exhaustively scrutinized in the EU and many non-EU countries for their effects on human health and the environment, but scrutiny should be equally applied to all previously untested organisms derived directly from nature or through selective breeding. In fact, there is no evidence to suggest that natural or selectively bred plants and animals are in principle safer to humans than GEOs. Natural and selectively bred strains evolve over time via genetic mutations that can be as risky to humans and the environment as the mutations found in GEOs. Thus, previously untested plant and animal strains aimed for marketing should be proven useful or harmful to humans only upon comparative testing, regardless of their origin. Highlighting the scientific consensus declaring significant benefits and rather manageable risks provided by equitably accessed GEOs, can mitigate negative predispositions by policy makers and the public. Accordingly, we provide an overview of the underlying technologies and the scientific consensus to help resolve popular myths about the safety and usefulness of GEOs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Platani
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Owolabi Sokefun
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Elias Bassil
- Horticultural Sciences Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, USA
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Liu W, Meng L, Zhao W, Wang Z, Miao C, Wan Y, Jin W. Proteomic and Metabolomic Evaluation of Insect- and Herbicide-Resistant Maize Seeds. Metabolites 2022; 12:1078. [PMID: 36355161 PMCID: PMC9696663 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12111078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Label-free quantitative proteomic (LFQ) and widely targeted metabolomic analyses were applied in the safety evaluation of three genetically modified (GM) maize varieties, BBL, BFL-1, and BFL-2, in addition to their corresponding non-GM parent maize. A total of 76, 40, and 25 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) were screened out in BBL, BFL-1, and BFL-2, respectively, and their abundance compared was with that in their non-GM parents. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analysis showed that most of the DEPs participate in biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, biosynthesis of amino acids, and metabolic pathways. Metabolomic analyses revealed 145, 178, and 88 differentially accumulated metabolites (DAMs) in the BBL/ZH58, BFL-1/ZH58, and BFL-2/ZH58×CH72 comparisons, respectively. KEGG pathway enrichment analysis showed that most of the DAMs are involved in biosynthesis of amino acids, and in arginine and proline metabolism. Three co-DEPs and 11 co-DAMs were identified in the seeds of these GM maize lines. The proteomic profiling of seeds showed that the GM maize varieties were not dramatically different from their non-GM control. Similarly, the metabolomic profiling of seeds showed no dramatic changes in the GM/non-GM maize varieties compared with the GM/GM and non-GM/non-GM maize varieties. The genetic background of the transgenic maize was found to have some influence on its proteomic and metabolomic profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Wujun Jin
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
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Súnico V, Higuera JJ, Molina-Hidalgo FJ, Blanco-Portales R, Moyano E, Rodríguez-Franco A, Muñoz-Blanco J, Caballero JL. The Intragenesis and Synthetic Biology Approach towards Accelerating Genetic Gains on Strawberry: Development of New Tools to Improve Fruit Quality and Resistance to Pathogens. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 11:plants11010057. [PMID: 35009061 PMCID: PMC8747664 DOI: 10.3390/plants11010057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Under climate change, the spread of pests and pathogens into new environments has a dramatic effect on crop protection control. Strawberry (Fragaria spp.) is one the most profitable crops of the Rosaceae family worldwide, but more than 50 different genera of pathogens affect this species. Therefore, accelerating the improvement of fruit quality and pathogen resistance in strawberry represents an important objective for breeding and reducing the usage of pesticides. New genome sequencing data and bioinformatics tools has provided important resources to expand the use of synthetic biology-assisted intragenesis strategies as a powerful tool to accelerate genetic gains in strawberry. In this paper, we took advantage of these innovative approaches to create four RNAi intragenic silencing cassettes by combining specific strawberry new promoters and pathogen defense-related candidate DNA sequences to increase strawberry fruit quality and resistance by silencing their corresponding endogenous genes, mainly during fruit ripening stages, thus avoiding any unwanted effect on plant growth and development. Using a fruit transient assay, GUS expression was detected by the two synthetic FvAAT2 and FvDOF2 promoters, both by histochemical assay and qPCR analysis of GUS transcript levels, thus ensuring the ability of the same to drive the expression of the silencing cassettes in this strawberry tissue. The approaches described here represent valuable new tools for the rapid development of improved strawberry lines.
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Niraula PM, Fondong VN. Development and Adoption of Genetically Engineered Plants for Virus Resistance: Advances, Opportunities and Challenges. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10112339. [PMID: 34834702 PMCID: PMC8623320 DOI: 10.3390/plants10112339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 10/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Plant viruses cause yield losses to crops of agronomic and economic significance and are a challenge to the achievement of global food security. Although conventional plant breeding has played an important role in managing plant viral diseases, it will unlikely meet the challenges posed by the frequent emergence of novel and more virulent viral species or viral strains. Hence there is an urgent need to seek alternative strategies of virus control that can be more readily deployed to contain viral diseases. The discovery in the late 1980s that viral genes can be introduced into plants to engineer resistance to the cognate virus provided a new avenue for virus disease control. Subsequent advances in genomics and biotechnology have led to the refinement and expansion of genetic engineering (GE) strategies in crop improvement. Importantly, many of the drawbacks of conventional breeding, such as long lead times, inability or difficulty to cross fertilize, loss of desirable plant traits, are overcome by GE. Unfortunately, public skepticism towards genetically modified (GM) crops and other factors have dampened the early promise of GE efforts. These concerns are principally about the possible negative effects of transgenes to humans and animals, as well as to the environment. However, with regards to engineering for virus resistance, these risks are overstated given that most virus resistance engineering strategies involve transfer of viral genes or genomic segments to plants. These viral genomes are found in infected plant cells and have not been associated with any adverse effects in humans or animals. Thus, integrating antiviral genes of virus origin into plant genomes is hardly unnatural as suggested by GM crop skeptics. Moreover, advances in deep sequencing have resulted in the sequencing of large numbers of plant genomes and the revelation of widespread endogenization of viral genomes into plant genomes. This has raised the possibility that viral genome endogenization is part of an antiviral defense mechanism deployed by the plant during its evolutionary past. Thus, GM crops engineered for viral resistance would likely be acceptable to the public if regulatory policies were product-based (the North America regulatory model), as opposed to process-based. This review discusses some of the benefits to be gained from adopting GE for virus resistance, as well as the challenges that must be overcome to leverage this technology. Furthermore, regulatory policies impacting virus-resistant GM crops and some success cases of virus-resistant GM crops approved so far for cultivation are discussed.
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Gu H, Zhou Y, Yang J, Li J, Peng Y, Zhang X, Miao Y, Jiang W, Bu G, Hou L, Li T, Zhang L, Xia X, Ma Z, Xiong Y, Zuo B. Targeted overexpression of PPARγ in skeletal muscle by random insertion and CRISPR/Cas9 transgenic pig cloning enhances oxidative fiber formation and intramuscular fat deposition. FASEB J 2021; 35:e21308. [PMID: 33481304 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202001812rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) is a master regulator of adipogenesis and lipogenesis. To understand its roles in fiber formation and fat deposition in skeletal muscle, we successfully generated muscle-specific overexpression of PPARγ in two pig models by random insertion and CRISPR/Cas9 transgenic cloning procedures. The content of intramuscular fat was significantly increased in PPARγ pigs while had no changes on lean meat ratio. PPARγ could promote adipocyte differentiation by activating adipocyte differentiating regulators such as FABP4 and CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein (C/EBP), along with enhanced expression of LPL, FABP4, and PLIN1 to proceed fat deposition. Proteomics analyses demonstrated that oxidative metabolism of fatty acids and respiratory chain were activated in PPARγ pigs, thus, gathered more Ca2+ in PPARγ pigs. Raising of Ca2+ could result in increased phosphorylation of CAMKII and p38 MAPK in PPARγ pigs, which can stimulate MEF2 and PGC1α to affect fiber type and oxidative capacity. These results support that skeletal muscle-specific overexpression of PPARγ can promote oxidative fiber formation and intramuscular fat deposition in pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Gu
- Key Laboratory of Swine Genetics and Breeding of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs & Key Laboratory of Agriculture Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Ying Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Swine Genetics and Breeding of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs & Key Laboratory of Agriculture Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Jinzeng Yang
- Department of Human Nutrition, Food and Animal Sciences, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Jianan Li
- Key Laboratory of Swine Genetics and Breeding of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs & Key Laboratory of Agriculture Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Yaxin Peng
- Key Laboratory of Swine Genetics and Breeding of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs & Key Laboratory of Agriculture Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Xia Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Swine Genetics and Breeding of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs & Key Laboratory of Agriculture Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Yiliang Miao
- Key Laboratory of Swine Genetics and Breeding of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs & Key Laboratory of Agriculture Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Wei Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Swine Genetics and Breeding of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs & Key Laboratory of Agriculture Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Guowei Bu
- Key Laboratory of Swine Genetics and Breeding of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs & Key Laboratory of Agriculture Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Liming Hou
- Key Laboratory of Swine Genetics and Breeding of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs & Key Laboratory of Agriculture Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Ting Li
- Key Laboratory of Swine Genetics and Breeding of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs & Key Laboratory of Agriculture Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Swine Genetics and Breeding of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs & Key Laboratory of Agriculture Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoliang Xia
- Key Laboratory of Swine Genetics and Breeding of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs & Key Laboratory of Agriculture Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Zhiyuan Ma
- Key Laboratory of Swine Genetics and Breeding of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs & Key Laboratory of Agriculture Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Yuanzhu Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Swine Genetics and Breeding of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs & Key Laboratory of Agriculture Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Bo Zuo
- Key Laboratory of Swine Genetics and Breeding of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs & Key Laboratory of Agriculture Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, P.R. China
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Tian J, Ke X, Yuan Y, Yang W, Tang X, Qu J, Qu W, Fu S, Zheng Y, Fan J, Zhuo Q, Yang X, Liu J, Fan B. Two generation reproduction toxicity study of GmDREB3 gene modified wheat in Wistar rats. Food Chem Toxicol 2021; 153:112310. [PMID: 34062222 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2021.112310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 05/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
To study reproductive toxicity of gene modified wheat generated by introducing DREB3 (drought response element binding protein 3) gene, Wistar rats of were allocated into 3 groups and fed with DREB3 gene modified wheat mixture diet (GM group), non-gene modified wheat mixture diet (Non-GM group) and AIN-93 diet (Control group) from parental generation (F0) to the second offspring (F2). GM wheat and Non-GM wheat, Jimai22, were both formulated into diets at a ratio of 69.55% according to AIN93 diet for rodent animals. Compared with non-GM group, no biologically related differences were observed in GM group rats with respect to reproductive performance such as fertility rate, gestation rate, mean duration, hormone level, reproductive organ pathology and developmental parameters such as body weight, body length, food consumption, neuropathy, behavior, immunotoxicity, hematology and serum chemistry. In conclusion, no adverse effect were found relevant to GM wheat in the two generation reproduction toxicity study, indicating the GM wheat is a safe alternative for its counterpart wheat regarding to reproduction toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Tian
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory for Applied Toxicology, Hubei Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Xianghong Ke
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory for Applied Toxicology, Hubei Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Yuan Yuan
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory for Applied Toxicology, Hubei Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Wenxiang Yang
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory for Applied Toxicology, Hubei Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Xiaoqiao Tang
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory for Applied Toxicology, Hubei Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Jingjing Qu
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory for Applied Toxicology, Hubei Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Wen Qu
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory for Applied Toxicology, Hubei Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Shaohua Fu
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory for Applied Toxicology, Hubei Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Yanhua Zheng
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory for Applied Toxicology, Hubei Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Jun Fan
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory for Applied Toxicology, Hubei Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Qin Zhuo
- Key Laboratory of Trace Element Nutrition of National Health Commission(NHC), National Institute for Nutrition and Food Safety, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Xiaoguang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Trace Element Nutrition of National Health Commission(NHC), National Institute for Nutrition and Food Safety, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Jiafa Liu
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory for Applied Toxicology, Hubei Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Bolin Fan
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory for Applied Toxicology, Hubei Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan, 430079, China.
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Zanon Agapito-Tenfen S, Guerra MP, Nodari RO, Wikmark OG. Untargeted Proteomics-Based Approach to Investigate Unintended Changes in Genetically Modified Maize for Environmental Risk Assessment Purpose. FRONTIERS IN TOXICOLOGY 2021; 3:655968. [PMID: 35295118 PMCID: PMC8915820 DOI: 10.3389/ftox.2021.655968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Profiling technologies, such as proteomics, allow the simultaneous measurement and comparison of thousands of plant components without prior knowledge of their identity. The combination of these non-targeted methods facilitates a more comprehensive approach than targeted methods and thus provides additional opportunities to identify genotypic changes resulting from genetic modification, including new allergens or toxins. The purpose of this study was to investigate unintended changes in GM Bt maize grown in South Africa. In the present study, we used bi-dimensional gel electrophoresis based on fluorescence staining, coupled with mass spectrometry in order to compare the proteome of the field-grown transgenic hybrid (MON810) and its near-isogenic counterpart. Proteomic data showed that energy metabolism and redox homeostasis were unequally modulated in GM Bt and non-GM maize variety samples. In addition, a potential allergenic protein—pathogenesis related protein −1 has been identified in our sample set. Our data shows that the GM variety is not substantially equivalent to its non-transgenic near-isogenic variety and further studies should be conducted in order to address the biological relevance and the potential risks of such changes. These finding highlight the suitability of unbiased profiling approaches to complement current GMO risk assessment practices worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Zanon Agapito-Tenfen
- GenØk Centre for Biosafety, Tromsø, Norway
- *Correspondence: Sarah Zanon Agapito-Tenfen ; orcid.org/0000-0002-9773-0856
| | - Miguel Pedro Guerra
- CropScience Department, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Rubens Onofre Nodari
- CropScience Department, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
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Nagamalla SS, Alaparthi MD, Mellacheruvu S, Gundeti R, Earrawandla JPS, Sagurthi SR. Morpho-Physiological and Proteomic Response of Bt-Cotton and Non-Bt Cotton to Drought Stress. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:663576. [PMID: 34040622 PMCID: PMC8143030 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.663576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Drought stress impacts cotton plant growth and productivity across countries. Plants can initiate morphological, cellular, and proteomic changes to adapt to unfavorable conditions. However, our knowledge of how cotton plants respond to drought stress at the proteome level is limited. Herein, we elucidated the molecular coordination underlining the drought tolerance of two inbred cotton varieties, Bacillus thuringiensis-cotton [Bt-cotton + Cry1 Ac gene and Cry 2 Ab gene; NCS BG II BT (BTCS/BTDS)] and Hybrid cotton variety [Non-Bt-cotton; (HCS/HDS)]. Our morphological observations and biochemical experiments showed a different tolerance level between two inbred lines to drought stress. Our proteomic analysis using 2D-DIGE revealed that the changes among them were not obviously in respect to their controls apart from under drought stress, illustrating the differential expression of 509 and 337 proteins in BTDS and HDS compared to their controls. Among these, we identified eight sets of differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) and characterized them using MALDI-TOF/TOF mass spectrometry. Furthermore, the quantitative real-time PCR analysis was carried out with the identified drought-related proteins and confirmed differential expressions. In silico analysis of DEPs using Cytoscape network finds ATPB, NAT9, ERD, LEA, and EMB2001 to be functionally correlative to various drought-responsive genes LEA, AP2/ERF, WRKY, and NAC. These proteins play a vital role in transcriptomic regulation under stress conditions. The higher drought response in Bt cotton (BTCS/BTDS) attributed to the overexpression of photosynthetic proteins enhanced lipid metabolism, increased cellular detoxification and activation chaperones, and reduced synthesis of unwanted proteins. Thus, the Bt variety had enhanced photosynthesis, elevated water retention potential, balanced leaf stomata ultrastructure, and substantially increased antioxidant activity than the Non-Bt cotton. Our results may aid breeders and provide further insights into developing new drought-tolerant and high-yielding cotton hybrid varieties.
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Liu W, Zhao H, Miao C, Jin W. Integrated proteomics and metabolomics analysis of transgenic and gene-stacked maize line seeds. GM CROPS & FOOD 2021; 12:361-375. [PMID: 34097556 PMCID: PMC8189116 DOI: 10.1080/21645698.2021.1934351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Unintended effects of genetically modified (GM) crops may pose safety issues. Omics techniques provide researchers with useful tools to assess such unintended effects. Proteomics and metabolomics analyses were performed for three GM maize varieties, 2A-7, CC-2, and 2A-7×CC-2 stacked transgenic maize, and the corresponding non-GM parent Zheng58.Proteomics revealed 120, 271 and 135 maize differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) in the 2A-7/Zheng58, CC-2/Zheng58 and 2A-7×CC-2/Zheng58 comparisons, respectively. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analysis showed that most DEPs participated in metabolic pathways and the biosynthesis of secondary metabolite. Metabolomics revealed 179, 135 and 131 differentially accumulated metabolites (DAMs) in the 2A-7/Zheng58, CC-2/Zheng58 and 2A-7×CC-2/Zheng58 comparisons, respectively. Based on KEGG enrichment analysis, most DAMs are involved in the biosynthesis of secondary metabolite and metabolic pathways. According to integrated proteomics and metabolomics analysis, the introduction of exogenous EPSPS did not affect the expression levels of six other enzymes or the abundance of seven metabolites involved in the shikimic acid pathway in CC-2 and 2A-7×CC-2 seeds. Six co-DEPs annotated by integrated proteomics and metabolomics pathway analysis were further analyzed by qRT-PCR.This study successfully employed integrated proteomic and metabolomic technology to assess unintended changes in maize varieties. The results suggest that GM and gene stacking do not cause significantly unintended effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weixiao Liu
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Agricultural and Academic Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Haiming Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and National Maize Improvement Center, Department of Plant Genetics and Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Chaohua Miao
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Agricultural and Academic Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Wujun Jin
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Agricultural and Academic Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China
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iTRAQ-based quantitative proteomic analysis of transgenic and non-transgenic maize seeds. J Food Compost Anal 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2020.103564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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14
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Ramkumar TR, Lenka SK, Arya SS, Bansal KC. A Short History and Perspectives on Plant Genetic Transformation. METHODS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY (CLIFTON, N.J.) 2020; 2124:39-68. [PMID: 32277448 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0356-7_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Plant genetic transformation is an important technological advancement in modern science, which has not only facilitated gaining fundamental insights into plant biology but also started a new era in crop improvement and commercial farming. However, for many crop plants, efficient transformation and regeneration still remain a challenge even after more than 30 years of technical developments in this field. Recently, FokI endonuclease-based genome editing applications in plants offered an exciting avenue for augmenting crop productivity but it is mainly dependent on efficient genetic transformation and regeneration, which is a major roadblock for implementing genome editing technology in plants. In this chapter, we have outlined the major historical developments in plant genetic transformation for developing biotech crops. Overall, this field needs innovations in plant tissue culture methods for simplification of operational steps for enhancing the transformation efficiency. Similarly, discovering genes controlling developmental reprogramming and homologous recombination need considerable attention, followed by understanding their role in enhancing genetic transformation efficiency in plants. Further, there is an urgent need for exploring new and low-cost universal delivery systems for DNA/RNA and protein into plants. The advancements in synthetic biology, novel vector systems for precision genome editing and gene integration could potentially bring revolution in crop-genetic potential enhancement for a sustainable future. Therefore, efficient plant transformation system standardization across species holds the key for translating advances in plant molecular biology to crop improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thakku R Ramkumar
- Agronomy Department, IFAS, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Sangram K Lenka
- TERI-Deakin NanoBiotechnology Centre, The Energy and Resources Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Sagar S Arya
- TERI-Deakin NanoBiotechnology Centre, The Energy and Resources Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Kailash C Bansal
- TERI-Deakin NanoBiotechnology Centre, The Energy and Resources Institute, New Delhi, India.
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Gizaw Z. Public health risks related to food safety issues in the food market: a systematic literature review. Environ Health Prev Med 2019; 24:68. [PMID: 31785611 PMCID: PMC6885314 DOI: 10.1186/s12199-019-0825-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Food safety in the food market is one of the key areas of focus in public health, because it affects people of every age, race, gender, and income level around the world. The local and international food marketing continues to have significant impacts on food safety and health of the public. Food supply chains now cross multiple national borders which increase the internationalization of health risks. This systematic review of literature was, therefore, conducted to identify common public health risks related to food safety issues in the food market. Methods All published and unpublished quantitative, qualitative, and mixed method studies were searched from electronic databases using a three step searching. Analytical framework was developed using the PICo (population, phenomena of interest, and context) method. The methodological quality of the included studies was assessed using mixed methods appraisal tool (MMAT) version 2018. The included full-text articles were qualitatively analyzed using emergent thematic analysis approach to identify key concepts and coded them into related non-mutually exclusive themes. We then synthesized each theme by comparing the discussion and conclusion of the included articles. Emergent themes were identified based on meticulous and systematic reading. Coding and interpreting the data were refined during analysis. Results The analysis of 81 full-text articles resulted in seven common public health risks related with food safety in the food market. Microbial contamination of foods, chemical contamination of foods, food adulteration, misuse of food additives, mislabeling, genetically modified foods (GM foods), and outdated foods or foods past their use-by dates were the identified food safety–related public health risks in the food market. Conclusion This systematic literature review identified common food safety–related public health risks in the food market. The results imply that the local and international food marketing continues to have significant impacts on health of the public. The food market increases internationalization of health risks as the food supply chains cross multiple national borders. Therefore, effective national risk-based food control systems are essential to protect the health and safety of the public. Countries need also assure the safety and quality of their foods entering international trade and ensure that imported foods conform to national requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zemichael Gizaw
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety, Institute of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia.
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16
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Xu Y, Bi L, Yu Z, Lin C, Gan L, Zhu L, Li H, Song Y, Zhu C. Comprehensive transcriptomics and proteomics analyses of rice stripe virus-resistant transgenic rice. J Biosci 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s12038-019-9914-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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17
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Ogwu MC. Lifelong Consumption of Plant-Based GM Foods. ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURES AND HUMAN HEALTH CHALLENGES 2019. [DOI: 10.4018/978-1-5225-7635-8.ch008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Genetically modified (GM) crops are cultivated in over 30 countries with their products and by-products imported by over 60 countries. This chapter seeks to highlight general concerns and potential lifelong effects of consuming GM plant-based food. The consumption of GM plant-based food is as risky as consuming conventional plant-based food. However, the alien genes in these products may be unstable leading to antinutritional and unintended short-term consequences. Due to the paucity of research, no long-term effects have been attributed to the lifelong consumption of these products. Nonetheless, possible lifelong health and socioeconomic effects may result from outcrossing of genes, increasing antibiotic resistance, development of new diseases, as well as potential effects on the environment and biodiversity. Biotechnology companies need to invest more in interdisciplinary research addressing the potential lifelong effects of these products. Although GM foods are safe for consumption, clarification of current risks and lifelong effects are required.
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Liu W, Xu W, Li L, Dong M, Wan Y, He X, Huang K, Jin W. iTRAQ-based quantitative tissue proteomic analysis of differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) in non-transgenic and transgenic soybean seeds. Sci Rep 2018; 8:17681. [PMID: 30518773 PMCID: PMC6281665 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-35996-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The unintended effects of transgenesis have increased food safety concerns, meriting comprehensive evaluation. Proteomic profiling provides an approach to directly assess the unintended effects. Herein, the isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ) comparative proteomic approach was employed to evaluate proteomic profile differences in seed cotyledons from 4 genetically modified (GM) and 3 natural genotypic soybean lines. Compared with their non-GM parents, there were 67, 61, 13 and 22 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) in MON87705, MON87701 × MON89788, MON87708, and FG72. Overall, 170 DEPs were identified in the 3 GM soybean lines with the same parents, but 232 DEPs were identified in the 3 natural soybean lines. Thus, the differences in protein expression among the genotypic varieties were greater than those caused by GM. When considering ≥2 replicates, 4 common DEPs (cDEPs) were identified in the 3 different GM soybean lines with the same parents and 6 cDEPs were identified in the 3 natural varieties. However, when considering 3 replicates, no cDEPs were identified. Regardless of whether ≥2 or 3 replicates were considered, no cDEPs were identified among the 4 GM soybean lines. Therefore, no feedback due to GM was observed at the common protein level in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weixiao Liu
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Agricultural and Academic Sciences, Beijing, 100081, PR China
| | - Wentao Xu
- Laboratory of Food Safety and Molecular Biology, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, PR China
| | - Liang Li
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Agricultural and Academic Sciences, Beijing, 100081, PR China
| | - Mei Dong
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Agricultural and Academic Sciences, Beijing, 100081, PR China
| | - Yusong Wan
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Agricultural and Academic Sciences, Beijing, 100081, PR China
| | - Xiaoyun He
- Laboratory of Food Safety and Molecular Biology, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, PR China
| | - Kunlun Huang
- Laboratory of Food Safety and Molecular Biology, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, PR China.
| | - Wujun Jin
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Agricultural and Academic Sciences, Beijing, 100081, PR China.
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Hawkins R. Facing up to Complexity: Implications for Our Social Experiments. SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING ETHICS 2016; 22:775-814. [PMID: 26062747 DOI: 10.1007/s11948-015-9657-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2014] [Accepted: 05/21/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Biological systems are highly complex, and for this reason there is a considerable degree of uncertainty as to the consequences of making significant interventions into their workings. Since a number of new technologies are already impinging on living systems, including our bodies, many of us have become participants in large-scale "social experiments". I will discuss biological complexity and its relevance to the technologies that brought us BSE/vCJD and the controversy over GM foods. Then I will consider some of the complexities of our social dynamics, and argue for making a shift from using the precautionary principle to employing the approach of evaluating the introduction of new technologies by conceiving of them as social experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronnie Hawkins
- Department of Philosophy, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32816-1352, USA.
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20
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Petolino JF, Kumar S. Transgenic trait deployment using designed nucleases. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2016; 14:503-9. [PMID: 26332789 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Revised: 07/08/2015] [Accepted: 07/16/2015] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The demand for crops requiring increasingly complex combinations of transgenes poses unique challenges for transgenic trait deployment. Future value-adding traits such as those associated with crop performance are expected to involve multiple transgenes. Random integration of transgenes not only results in unpredictable expression and potential unwanted side effects but stacking multiple, randomly integrated, independently segregating transgenes creates breeding challenges during introgression and product development. Designed nucleases enable the creation of targeted DNA double-strand breaks at specified genomic locations whereby repair can result in targeted transgene integration leading to precise alterations in DNA sequences for plant genome editing, including the targeting of a transgene to a genomic locus that supports high-level and stable transgene expression without interfering with resident gene function. In addition, targeted DNA integration via designed nucleases allows for the addition of transgenes into previously integrated transgenic loci to create stacked products. The currently reported frequencies of independently generated transgenic events obtained with site-specific transgene integration without the aid of selection for targeting are very low. A modular, positive selection-based gene targeting strategy has been developed involving cassette exchange of selectable marker genes which allows for targeted events to be preferentially selected, over multiple cycles of sequential transformation. This, combined with the demonstration of intragenomic recombination following crossing of transgenic events that contain stably integrated donor and target DNA constructs with nuclease-expressing plants, points towards the future of trait stacking that is less dependent on high-efficiency transformation.
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21
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Li Y, Dou K, Gao S, Sun J, Wang M, Fu K, Yu C, Wu Q, Li Y, Chen J. Impacts on silkworm larvae midgut proteomics by transgenic Trichoderma strain and analysis of glutathione S-transferase sigma 2 gene essential for anti-stress response of silkworm larvae. J Proteomics 2015; 126:218-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2015.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Revised: 06/10/2015] [Accepted: 06/16/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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22
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Wang L, Wang X, Jin X, Jia R, Huang Q, Tan Y, Guo A. Comparative proteomics of Bt-transgenic and non-transgenic cotton leaves. Proteome Sci 2015; 13:15. [PMID: 25949214 PMCID: PMC4422549 DOI: 10.1186/s12953-015-0071-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2014] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background As the rapid growth of the commercialized acreage in genetically modified (GM) crops, the unintended effects of GM crops’ biosafety assessment have been given much attention. To investigate whether transgenic events cause unintended effects, comparative proteomics of cotton leaves between the commercial transgenic Bt + CpTI cotton SGK321 (BT) clone and its non-transgenic parental counterpart SY321 wild type (WT) was performed. Results Using enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), Cry1Ac toxin protein was detected in the BT leaves, while its content was only 0.31 pg/g. By 2-DE, 58 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) were detected. Among them 35 were identified by MS. These identified DEPs were mainly involved in carbohydrate transport and metabolism, chaperones related to post-translational modification and energy production. Pathway analysis revealed that most of the DEPs were implicated in carbon fixation and photosynthesis, glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism, and oxidative pentose phosphate pathway. Thirteen identified proteins were involved in protein-protein interaction. The protein interactions were mainly involved in photosynthesis and energy metabolite pathway. Conclusions Our study demonstrated that exogenous DNA in a host cotton genome can affect the plant growth and photosynthesis. Although some unintended variations of proteins were found between BT and WT cotton, no toxic proteins or allergens were detected. This study verified genetically modified operation did not sharply alter cotton leaf proteome, and the target proteins were hardly checked by traditional proteomic analysis. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12953-015-0071-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Limin Wang
- Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, The Institute of Tropical Biosciences and Biotechnology, Haikou, Hainan 571101 China ; Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, The Oilcrops Research Institute, Wuhan, 430062 China
| | - Xuchu Wang
- Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, The Institute of Tropical Biosciences and Biotechnology, Haikou, Hainan 571101 China
| | - Xiang Jin
- Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, The Institute of Tropical Biosciences and Biotechnology, Haikou, Hainan 571101 China
| | - Ruizong Jia
- Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, The Institute of Tropical Biosciences and Biotechnology, Haikou, Hainan 571101 China
| | - Qixing Huang
- Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, The Institute of Tropical Biosciences and Biotechnology, Haikou, Hainan 571101 China
| | - Yanhua Tan
- Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, The Institute of Tropical Biosciences and Biotechnology, Haikou, Hainan 571101 China
| | - Anping Guo
- Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, The Institute of Tropical Biosciences and Biotechnology, Haikou, Hainan 571101 China
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Telem RS, Wani SH, Singh NB, Nandini R, Sadhukhan R, Bhattacharya S, Mandal N. Cisgenics - a sustainable approach for crop improvement. Curr Genomics 2014; 14:468-76. [PMID: 24396278 PMCID: PMC3867722 DOI: 10.2174/13892029113146660013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2013] [Revised: 08/28/2013] [Accepted: 08/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The implication of molecular biology in crop improvement is now more than three decades old. Not surprisingly, technology has moved on, and there are a number of new techniques that may or may not come under the genetically modified (GM) banner and, therefore, GM regulations. In cisgenic technology, cisgenes from crossable plants are used and it is a single procedure of gene introduction whereby the problem of linkage drag of other genes is overcome. The gene used in cisgenic approach is similar compared with classical breeding and cisgenic plant should be treated equally as classically bred plant and differently from transgenic plants. Therefore, it offers a sturdy reference to treat cisgenic plants similarly as classically bred plants, by exemption of cisgenesis from the current GMO legislations. This review covers the implications of cisgenesis towards the sustainable development in the genetic improvement of crops and considers the prospects for the technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- R S Telem
- Department of Genetics, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Mohanpur, Nadia, West Bengal-741252, India
| | - Shabir H Wani
- Department of Genetics, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Mohanpur, Nadia, West Bengal-741252, India
| | - N B Singh
- Department of Plant Breeding & Genetics, COA, CAU, Imphal, Manipur -795004, India
| | - R Nandini
- Department of Genetics & Plant Breeding, UAS, GKVK, Bengaluru, Karnataka -560065, India
| | - R Sadhukhan
- Department of Genetics, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Mohanpur, Nadia, West Bengal-741252, India
| | - S Bhattacharya
- Department of Genetics, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Mohanpur, Nadia, West Bengal-741252, India
| | - N Mandal
- Department of Biotechnology, Instrumentation & Environmental Science, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Mohanpur, Nadia, West Bengal-741252, India
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Robbez-Masson LJ, Bödör C, Jones JL, Hurst HC, Fitzgibbon J, Hart IR, Grose RP. Functional analysis of a breast cancer-associated FGFR2 single nucleotide polymorphism using zinc finger mediated genome editing. PLoS One 2013; 8:e78839. [PMID: 24265722 PMCID: PMC3827080 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0078839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2013] [Accepted: 09/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Genome wide association studies have identified single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) within fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (FGFR2) as one of the highest ranking risk alleles in terms of development of breast cancer. The potential effect of these SNPs, in intron two, was postulated to be due to the differential binding of cis-regulatory elements, such as transcription factors, since all the SNPs in linkage disequilibrium were located in a regulatory DNA region. A Runx2 binding site was reported to be functional only in the minor, disease associated allele of rs2981578, resulting in increased expression of FGFR2 in cancers from patients homozygous for that allele. Moreover, the increased risk conferred by the minor FGFR2 allele associates most strongly in oestrogen receptor alpha positive (ERα) breast tumours, suggesting a potential interaction between ERα and FGFR signalling. Here, we have developed a human cell line model system to study the effect of the putative functional SNP, rs2981578, on cell behaviour. MCF7 cells, an ERα positive breast cancer cell line homozygous for the wild-type allele were edited using a Zinc Finger Nuclease approach. Unexpectedly, the acquisition of a single risk allele in MCF7 clones failed to affect proliferation or cell cycle progression. Binding of Runx2 to the risk allele was not observed. However FOXA1 binding, an important ERα partner, appeared decreased at the rs2981578 locus in the risk allele cells. Differences in allele specific expression (ASE) of FGFR2 were not observed in a panel of 72 ERα positive breast cancer samples. Thus, the apparent increased risk of developing ERα positive breast cancer seems not to be caused by rs2981578 alone. Rather, the observed increased risk of developing breast cancer might be the result of a coordinated effect of multiple SNPs forming a risk haplotype in the second intron of FGFR2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa J. Robbez-Masson
- Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute – a Cancer Research UK Centre of Excellence, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Csaba Bödör
- Centre for Haemato-Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute – a Cancer Research UK Centre of Excellence, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - J. Louise Jones
- Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute – a Cancer Research UK Centre of Excellence, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Helen C. Hurst
- Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute – a Cancer Research UK Centre of Excellence, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jude Fitzgibbon
- Centre for Haemato-Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute – a Cancer Research UK Centre of Excellence, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ian R. Hart
- Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute – a Cancer Research UK Centre of Excellence, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Richard P. Grose
- Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute – a Cancer Research UK Centre of Excellence, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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Barrell PJ, Meiyalaghan S, Jacobs JME, Conner AJ. Applications of biotechnology and genomics in potato improvement. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2013; 11:907-20. [PMID: 23924159 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2013] [Revised: 06/12/2013] [Accepted: 06/16/2013] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Potato is the third most important global food crop and the most widely grown noncereal crop. As a species highly amenable to cell culture, it has a long history of biotechnology applications for crop improvement. This review begins with a historical perspective on potato improvement using biotechnology encompassing pathogen elimination, wide hybridization, ploidy manipulation and applications of cell culture. We describe the past developments and new approaches for gene transfer to potato. Transformation is highly effective for adding single genes to existing elite potato clones with no, or minimal, disturbances to their genetic background and represents the only effective way to produce isogenic lines of specific genotypes/cultivars. This is virtually impossible via traditional breeding as, due to the high heterozygosity in the tetraploid potato genome, the genetic integrity of potato clones is lost upon sexual reproduction as a result of allele segregation. These genetic attributes have also provided challenges for the development of genetic maps and applications of molecular markers and genomics in potato breeding. Various molecular approaches used to characterize loci, (candidate) genes and alleles in potato, and associating phenotype with genotype are also described. The recent determination of the potato genome sequence has presented new opportunities for genomewide assays to provide tools for gene discovery and enabling the development of robustly unique marker haplotypes spanning QTL regions. The latter will be useful in introgression breeding and whole-genome approaches such as genomic selection to improve the efficiency of selecting elite clones and enhancing genetic gain over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippa J Barrell
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited, Christchurch, New Zealand
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de Castilhos Ghisi N, Cestari MM. Genotoxic effects of the herbicide Roundup(®) in the fish Corydoras paleatus (Jenyns 1842) after short-term, environmentally low concentration exposure. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2013; 185:3201-7. [PMID: 22821326 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-012-2783-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2012] [Accepted: 07/05/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The glyphosate-based herbicide, Roundup(®), is one of the most used pesticides worldwide. In concert with the advent of transgenic crops resistant to glyphosate, the use of this pesticide has led to an increase in agricultural yields. The objective of this study was to evaluate the genotoxic effect that the herbicide Roundup(®) (at a concentration of 6.67 μg/L, corresponding to 3.20 μg/L glyphosate) can have on the fish Corydoras paleatus. Treatment groups were exposed for 3, 6, and 9 days, and effects were analyzed using the piscine micronucleus test (PMT) and comet assay. A group subjected to filtered water only was used as a negative control. The PMT did not show differences between the control and exposed groups for any of the treatment times. In contrast, the comet assay showed a high rate of DNA damage in group exposed to Roundup(®) for all treatment times, both for blood and hepatic cells. We conclude that for the low concentration used in this research, the herbicide shows potential genotoxic effects. Future research will be important in evaluating the effects of this substance, whose presence in the environment is ever-increasing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nédia de Castilhos Ghisi
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia de Ambientes Aquáticos Continentais, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Av Colombo, 5790 Bloco G-90, sala 16, Jardim Universitário, 87020-900 Maringá, Paraná, Brazil.
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Genetically modified foods: safety, risks and public concerns-a review. Journal of Food Science and Technology 2012; 50:1035-46. [PMID: 24426015 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-012-0899-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 11/16/2012] [Accepted: 11/19/2012] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Genetic modification is a special set of gene technology that alters the genetic machinery of such living organisms as animals, plants or microorganisms. Combining genes from different organisms is known as recombinant DNA technology and the resulting organism is said to be 'Genetically modified (GM)', 'Genetically engineered' or 'Transgenic'. The principal transgenic crops grown commercially in field are herbicide and insecticide resistant soybeans, corn, cotton and canola. Other crops grown commercially and/or field-tested are sweet potato resistant to a virus that could destroy most of the African harvest, rice with increased iron and vitamins that may alleviate chronic malnutrition in Asian countries and a variety of plants that are able to survive weather extremes. There are bananas that produce human vaccines against infectious diseases such as hepatitis B, fish that mature more quickly, fruit and nut trees that yield years earlier and plants that produce new plastics with unique properties. Technologies for genetically modifying foods offer dramatic promise for meeting some areas of greatest challenge for the 21st century. Like all new technologies, they also pose some risks, both known and unknown. Controversies and public concern surrounding GM foods and crops commonly focus on human and environmental safety, labelling and consumer choice, intellectual property rights, ethics, food security, poverty reduction and environmental conservation. With this new technology on gene manipulation what are the risks of "tampering with Mother Nature"?, what effects will this have on the environment?, what are the health concerns that consumers should be aware of? and is recombinant technology really beneficial? This review will also address some major concerns about the safety, environmental and ecological risks and health hazards involved with GM foods and recombinant technology.
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Cunsolo V, Muccilli V, Saletti R, Foti S. Mass spectrometry in the proteome analysis of mature cereal kernels. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2012; 31:448-465. [PMID: 22711440 DOI: 10.1002/mas.20347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2011] [Revised: 07/07/2011] [Accepted: 07/07/2011] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
In the last decade, the improved performance and versatility of the mass spectrometers together with the increasing availability of gene and genomic sequence database, led the mass spectrometry to become an indispensable tool for either protein and proteome analyses in cereals. Mass spectrometric works on prolamins have rapidly evolved from the determination of the molecular masses of proteins to the proteomic approaches aimed to a large-scale protein identification and study of functional and regulatory aspects of proteins. Mass spectrometry coupled with electrophoresis, chromatographic methods, and bioinformatics tools is currently making significant contributions to a better knowledge of the composition and structure of the cereal proteins and their structure-function relationships. Results obtained using mass spectrometry, including characterization of prolamins, investigation of the gluten toxicity for coeliac patients, identification of proteins responsible of cereal allergies, determination of the protein pattern and its modification under environmental or stress effects, investigation of genetically modified varieties by proteomic approaches, are summarized here, to illustrate current trends, analytical troubles and challenges, and suggest possible future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Cunsolo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Catania, Italy
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Gong CY, Li Q, Yu HT, Wang Z, Wang T. Proteomics insight into the biological safety of transgenic modification of rice as compared with conventional genetic breeding and spontaneous genotypic variation. J Proteome Res 2012; 11:3019-29. [PMID: 22509807 DOI: 10.1021/pr300148w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The potential of unintended effects caused by transgenic events is a key issue in the commercialization of genetically modified (GM) crops. To investigate whether transgenic events cause unintended effects, we used comparative proteomics approaches to evaluate proteome differences in seeds from 2 sets of GM indica rice, herbicide-resistant Bar68-1 carrying bar and insect-resistant 2036-1a carrying cry1Ac/sck, and their respective controls D68 and MH86, as well as indica variety MH63, a parental line for breeding MH86, and japonica variety ZH10. This experimental design allowed for comparing proteome difference caused by transgenes, conventional genetic breeding, and natural genetic variation. Proteomics analysis revealed the maximum numbers of differentially expressed proteins between indica and japonica cultivars, second among indica varieties with relative small difference between MH86 and MH63, and the minimum between GM rice and respective control, thus indicating GM events do not substantially alter proteome profiles as compared with conventional genetic breeding and natural genetic variation. Mass spectrometry analysis revealed 234 proteins differentially expressed in the 6 materials, and these proteins were involved in different cellular and metabolic processes with a prominent skew toward metabolism (31.2%), protein synthesis and destination (25.2%), and defense response (22.4%). In these seed proteomes, proteins implicated in the 3 prominent biological processes showed significantly different composite expression patterns and were major factors differentiating japonica and indica cultivars, as well as indica varieties. Thus, metabolism, protein synthesis and destination, and defense response in seeds are important in differentiating rice cultivars and varieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Yan Gong
- Key Laboratory for Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences and National Center for Plant Gene Research, Beijing 100093, China
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31
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Scientific opinion addressing the safety assessment of plants developed through cisgenesis and intragenesis. EFSA J 2012. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2012.2561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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Post KH, Parry D. Non-target effects of transgenic blight-resistant American chestnut (Fagales: Fagaceae) on insect herbivores. ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2011; 40:955-963. [PMID: 22251697 DOI: 10.1603/en10063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
American chestnut [Castanea dentata (Marshall) Borkhausen], a canopy dominant species across wide swaths of eastern North America, was reduced to an understory shrub after introduction of the blight fungus [Cryphonectria parasitica (Murrill) Barr] in the early 1900s. Restoration of American chestnut by using biotechnology is promising, but the imprecise nature of transgenesis may inadvertently alter tree phenotype, thus potentially impacting ecologically dependent organisms. We quantified effects of genetic engineering and fungal inoculation of trees on insect herbivores by using transgenic American chestnuts expressing an oxalate oxidase gene and wild-type American and Chinese (C. mollissima Blume) chestnuts. Of three generalist folivores bioassayed, only gypsy moth [Lymantria dispar (L.)] was affected by genetic modification, exhibiting faster growth on transgenic than on wild-type chestnuts, whereas growth of polyphemus moth [Antheraea polyphemus (Cramer)] differed between wild-type species, and fall webworm [Hyphantria cunea (Drury)] performed equally on all trees. Inoculation of chestnuts with blight fungus had no effect on the growth of two herbivores assayed (polyphemus moth and fall webworm). Enhanced fitness of gypsy moth on genetically modified trees may hinder restoration efforts if this invasive herbivore's growth is improved because of transgene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- K H Post
- Department of Environmental and Forest Biology, SUNY-College of Environmental Science and Forestry, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
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Álvarez-Alfageme F, von Burg S, Romeis J. Infestation of transgenic powdery mildew-resistant wheat by naturally occurring insect herbivores under different environmental conditions. PLoS One 2011; 6:e22690. [PMID: 21829479 PMCID: PMC3145666 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0022690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2011] [Accepted: 07/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A concern associated with the growing of genetically modified (GM) crops is that they could adversely affect non-target organisms. We assessed the impact of several transgenic powdery mildew-resistant spring wheat lines on insect herbivores. The GM lines carried either the Pm3b gene from hexaploid wheat, which confers race-specific resistance to powdery mildew, or the less specific anti-fungal barley seed chitinase and β-1,3-glucanase. In addition to the non-transformed control lines, several conventional spring wheat varieties and barley and triticale were included for comparison. During two consecutive growing seasons, powdery mildew infection and the abundance of and damage by naturally occurring herbivores were estimated under semi-field conditions in a convertible glasshouse and in the field. Mildew was reduced on the Pm3b-transgenic lines but not on the chitinase/glucanase-expressing lines. Abundance of aphids was negatively correlated with powdery mildew in the convertible glasshouse, with Pm3b wheat plants hosting significantly more aphids than their mildew-susceptible controls. In contrast, aphid densities did not differ between GM plants and their non-transformed controls in the field, probably because of low mildew and aphid pressure at this location. Likewise, the GM wheat lines did not affect the abundance of or damage by the herbivores Oulema melanopus (L.) and Chlorops pumilionis Bjerk. Although a previous study has revealed that some of the GM wheat lines show pleiotropic effects under field conditions, their effect on herbivorous insects appears to be low.
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Distinguishing transgenic from non-transgenic Arabidopsis plants by (1)H NMR-based metabolic fingerprinting. J Genet Genomics 2010; 36:621-8. [PMID: 19840760 DOI: 10.1016/s1673-8527(08)60154-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2009] [Revised: 09/08/2009] [Accepted: 09/16/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We have recently reported the construction of an nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)-based metabonomics study platform, Automics. To examine the application of Automics in transgenic plants, we performed metabolic fingerprinting analysis, i.e., (1)H NMR spectroscopy and multivariate analysis, on wild-type and transgenic Arabidopsis. We found that it was possible to distinguish wild-type from four transgenic plants by PLS-DA following application of orthogonal signal correction (OSC). Scores plot following OSC clearly demonstrates significant variation between the transgenic and non-transgenic groups, suggesting that the metabolic changes among wild-type and transgenic lines are possibly associated with transgenic event. We also found that the major contributing metabolites were some specific amino acids (i.e., threonine and alanine), which could correspond to the insertion of the selective marker BAR gene in the transgenic plants. Our data suggests that NMR-based metabonomics is an efficient method to distinguish fingerprinting difference between wild-type and transgenic plants, and can potentially be applied in the bio-safety assessment of transgenic plants.
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Thompson JR, Tepfer M. Assessment of the Benefits and Risks for Engineered Virus Resistance. Adv Virus Res 2010; 76:33-56. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-3527(10)76002-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Ghasimi Hagh Z, Rahnama H, Panahandeh J, Baghban Kohneh Rouz B, Arab Jafari KM, Mahna N. Green-tissue-specific, C(4)-PEPC-promoter-driven expression of Cry1Ab makes transgenic potato plants resistant to tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella, Zeller). PLANT CELL REPORTS 2009; 28:1869-1879. [PMID: 19882159 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-009-0790-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2009] [Revised: 09/23/2009] [Accepted: 10/06/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
An important strategy for obtaining a safer transgenic plant may be the use of a spatial- or tissue-specific promoter, instead of a constitutive one. In this study, we have used a light-inducible maize PEPC promoter to regulate the cry1Ab gene, aiming to produce transgenic potatoes that are resistant to potato tuber moth (PTM) (Phthorimaea operculella, Zeller). Out of 60 regenerated lines having normal phenotypes, 55 lines were PCR-positive for both the cry1Ab and nptII genes. Southern analysis on three selected putative transgenic lines revealed that they have only a single intact copy of the cry1Ab gene. An investigation of the Cry1Ab protein in the leaves and light-exposed (LE) tubers of the transgenic lines demonstrated the presence of the protein in the foliage and green tubers but not in the light-not exposed (LNE) tubers. A bioassay analysis of excised leaves of nine randomly selected lines showed that eight lines had 100% PTM larval mortality. Confirming results were obtained in six selected lines using the whole plant bioassay in the greenhouse. LE transgenic tubers also exhibited 100% larval mortality; however, the levels of damage to the LNE transgenic tubers were high and statistically the same as those incurred by the non-transgenic ones. Based on the results, we believe that this spatial expression of Cry1Ab using the light-inducible PEPC promoter can control PTM infestation in the field and significantly reduce pollution transmission to storage potatoes.
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Abstract
As genetically modified (GM) foods are starting to intrude in our diet concerns have been expressed regarding GM food safety. These concerns as well as the limitations of the procedures followed in the evaluation of their safety are presented. Animal toxicity studies with certain GM foods have shown that they may toxically affect several organs and systems. The review of these studies should not be conducted separately for each GM food, but according to the effects exerted on certain organs it may help us create a better picture of the possible health effects on human beings. The results of most studies with GM foods indicate that they may cause some common toxic effects such as hepatic, pancreatic, renal, or reproductive effects and may alter the hematological, biochemical, and immunologic parameters. However, many years of research with animals and clinical trials are required for this assessment. The use of recombinant GH or its expression in animals should be re-examined since it has been shown that it increases IGF-1 which may promote cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artemis Dona
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, University of Athens, Medical School, Athens, Greece
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Chao E, Krewski D. A risk-based classification scheme for genetically modified foods. I: Conceptual development. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2008; 52:208-22. [PMID: 18778747 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2008.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2008] [Revised: 07/22/2008] [Accepted: 08/13/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The predominant paradigm for the premarket assessment of genetically modified (GM) foods reflects heightened public concern by focusing on foods modified by recombinant deoxyribonucleic acid (rDNA) techniques, while foods modified by other methods of genetic modification are generally not assessed for safety. To determine whether a GM product requires less or more regulatory oversight and testing, we developed and evaluated a risk-based classification scheme (RBCS) for crop-derived GM foods. The results of this research are presented in three papers. This paper describes the conceptual development of the proposed RBCS that focuses on two categories of adverse health effects: (1) toxic and antinutritional effects, and (2) allergenic effects. The factors that may affect the level of potential health risks of GM foods are identified. For each factor identified, criteria for differentiating health risk potential are developed. The extent to which a GM food satisfies applicable criteria for each factor is rated separately. A concern level for each category of health effects is then determined by aggregating the ratings for the factors using predetermined aggregation rules. An overview of the proposed scheme is presented, as well as the application of the scheme to a hypothetical GM food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunice Chao
- McLaughlin Centre for Population Health Risk Assessment, Institute of Population Health, University of Ottawa, 1 Stewart Street, Ottawa, Ont., Canada KIN 6N5.
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Zolla L, Rinalducci S, Antonioli P, Righetti PG. Proteomics as a complementary tool for identifying unintended side effects occurring in transgenic maize seeds as a result of genetic modifications. J Proteome Res 2008; 7:1850-61. [PMID: 18393457 DOI: 10.1021/pr0705082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
To improve the probability of detecting unintended side effects during maize gene manipulations by bombardment, proteomics was used as an analytical tool complementary to the existing safety assessment techniques. Since seed proteome is highly dynamic, depending on the species variability and environmental influence, we analyzed the proteomic profiles of one transgenic maize variety (event MON 810) in two subsequent generations (T05 and T06) with their respective isogenic controls (WT05 and WT06). Thus, by comparing the proteomic profiles of WT05 with WT06 we could determine the environmental effects, while the comparison between WT06 and T06 seeds from plants grown under controlled conditions enabled us to investigate the effects of DNA manipulation. Finally, by comparison of T05 with T06 seed proteomes, it was possible to get some indications about similarities and differences between the adaptations of transgenic and isogenic plants to the same strictly controlled growth environment. Approximately 100 total proteins resulted differentially modulated in the expression level as a consequence of the environmental influence (WT06 vs WT05), whereas 43 proteins resulted up- or down-regulated in transgenic seeds with respect to their controls (T06 vs WT06), which could be specifically related to the insertion of a single gene into a maize genome by particle bombardment. Transgenic seeds responded differentially to the same environment as compared to their respective isogenic controls, as a result of the genome rearrangement derived from gene insertion. To conclude, an exhaustive differential proteomic analysis allows to determine similarities and differences between traditional food and new products (substantial equivalence), and a case-by-case assessment of the new food should be carried out in order to have a wide knowledge of its features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lello Zolla
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy.
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Ioset JR, Urbaniak B, Ndjoko-Ioset K, Wirth J, Martin F, Gruissem W, Hostettmann K, Sautter C. Flavonoid profiling among wild type and related GM wheat varieties. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2007; 65:645-54. [PMID: 17849220 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-007-9229-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2007] [Accepted: 08/17/2007] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Pleiotropic effects are one of the main concerns regarding genetically modified organisms (GMOs). This includes unintended side effects of the transgene or its genome insertion site on the regulation of other endogenous genes, which could potentially cause the accumulation of different secondary metabolites that may have not only an impact on diet as repeatedly worried by the public but also on the environment. Regarding amount and possible environmental effects, flavonoids represent the most prominent group of secondary metabolites in wheat. Many flavonoids function as signalling or defence molecules. We used a robust and reproducible analytical method to compare the flavonoid content of genetically modified (GM) wheat (Triticum aestivum L., Gramineae) expressing genes that confer increased fungal resistance with their non-GM siblings. The transgenes provide either a broad-spectrum fungal defence (chitinase/glucanase from barley) or bunt-specific resistance by a viral gene (KP4). Significant differences in flavonoid composition were found between different wheat varieties whereas different lines of GM wheat with increased antifungal resistance showed only minor differences in their flavonoid composition relative to their non-GM siblings. In a field test, no significant differences were detectable between infected and non-infected wheat of the same variety regardless of the presence of the transgene. Our results are in agreement with the hypothesis that the transgenes we used to increase wheat defence to fungal pathogens do not interfere with the flavonoid biosynthesis pathway. More significantly, the genetic background resulting from conventional breeding has a direct impact on the biological composition of flavonoids, and thus possibly on the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Robert Ioset
- Laboratoire de Pharmacognosie et Phytochimie, Ecole Romande de Pharmacie Genève-Lausanne, Université de Genève, Quai Ernest-Ansermet 30, Geneva 4 1211, Switzerland
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43
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Unintentional changes of defence traits in GM trees can influence plant–herbivore interactions. Basic Appl Ecol 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.baae.2006.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Saher M, Lindeman M, Hursti UKK. Attitudes towards genetically modified and organic foods. Appetite 2006; 46:324-31. [PMID: 16546293 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2006.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2004] [Revised: 01/04/2005] [Accepted: 01/31/2006] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Finnish students (N=3261) filled out a questionnaire on attitudes towards genetically modified and organic food, plus the rational-experiential inventory, the magical thinking about food and health scale, Schwartz's value survey and the behavioural inhibition scale. In addition, they reported their eating of meat. Structural equation modelling of these measures had greater explanatory power for attitudes towards genetically modified (GM) foods than for attitudes towards organic foods (OF). GM attitudes were best predicted by natural science education and magical food and health beliefs, which mediated the influence of thinking styles. Positive attitudes towards organic food, on the other hand, were more directly related to such individual differences as thinking styles and set of values. The results of the study indicate that OF attitudes are rooted in more fundamental personal attributes than GM attitudes, which are embedded in a more complex but also in a more modifiable network of characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marieke Saher
- Department of Psychology, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 9, 00014 Helsinki, Finland.
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45
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Cellini F, Chesson A, Colquhoun I, Constable A, Davies HV, Engel KH, Gatehouse AMR, Kärenlampi S, Kok EJ, Leguay JJ, Lehesranta S, Noteborn HPJM, Pedersen J, Smith M. Unintended effects and their detection in genetically modified crops. Food Chem Toxicol 2004; 42:1089-125. [PMID: 15123383 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2004.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2003] [Accepted: 02/04/2004] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The commercialisation of GM crops in Europe is practically non-existent at the present time. The European Commission has instigated changes to the regulatory process to address the concerns of consumers and member states and to pave the way for removing the current moratorium. With regard to the safety of GM crops and products, the current risk assessment process pays particular attention to potential adverse effects on human and animal health and the environment. This document deals with the concept of unintended effects in GM crops and products, i.e. effects that go beyond that of the original modification and that might impact primarily on health. The document first deals with the potential for unintended effects caused by the processes of transgene insertion (DNA rearrangements) and makes comparisons with genetic recombination events and DNA rearrangements in traditional breeding. The document then focuses on the potential value of evolving "profiling" or "omics" technologies as non-targeted, unbiased approaches, to detect unintended effects. These technologies include metabolomics (parallel analysis of a range of primary and secondary metabolites), proteomics (analysis of polypeptide complement) and transcriptomics (parallel analysis of gene expression). The technologies are described, together with their current limitations. Importantly, the significance of unintended effects on consumer health are discussed and conclusions and recommendations presented on the various approaches outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Cellini
- Metapontum Agrobios, SS Jonica Km 448.2, I-75010 Metaponto Matera, Italy
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Abstract
Biotechnology was used in the first generation of so-called 'GM' crops to provide growers with complimentary and sometimes alternative crop management solutions to pesticides. Selected host genes or genes identified from other plants or non-plant sources are modified or transferred to a crop plant. The new or altered protein expression resulting from these modifications confer on the plant a desired physiological trait, such as resistance to particular herbicides or insect pests. Second generation modifications provide traits such as enhanced nutritional or health-promoting characteristics that are of benefit to consumers. The commonly raised concerns about possible implications for human health are: inherent toxicity of the novel gene and their products, the potential to express novel antigenic proteins or alter levels of existing protein allergens, the potential for unintended effects resulting from alterations of host metabolic pathways or over expression of inherently toxic or pharmacologically active substances and the potential for nutrient composition in the new food occur differing significantly from a conventional counterpart. Foods produced using biotechnology are subjected to far greater levels of scrutiny than foods produced by traditional plant breeding techniques. The accepted analytical, nutritional and toxicological methods employed to support this scrutiny and to assess and assure that a 'GM' food is a safe and nutritious as its 'non-GM' counterpart are discussed. The challenges associated with identifying unintended effects in whole GM foods and the promise new (proteomics/genomic) technologies offer opposite traditional toxicity testing paradigms are appraised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trish Malarkey
- Syngenta Biotechnology Inc., P.O. Box 12257, 3054 Cornwallis Road, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA.
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Brake DG, Evenson DP. A generational study of glyphosate-tolerant soybeans on mouse fetal, postnatal, pubertal and adult testicular development. Food Chem Toxicol 2004; 42:29-36. [PMID: 14630127 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2003.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The health safety of transgenic soybeans (glyphosate-tolerant or Roundup Ready) was studied using the mammalian testis (mouse model) as a sensitive biomonitor of potential toxic effects. Pregnant mice were fed a transgenic soybean or a non-transgenic (conventional) diet through gestation and lactation. After weaning, the young male mice were maintained on the respective diets. At 8, 16, 26, 32, 63 and 87 days after birth, three male mice and an adult reference mouse were killed, the testes surgically removed, and the cell populations measured by flow cytometry. Multi-generational studies were conducted in the same manner. The results showed that the transgenic foodstuffs had no effect on macromolecular synthesis or cell growth and differentiation as evidenced by no differences in the percentages of testicular cell populations (haploid, diploid, and tetraploid) between the transgenic soybean-fed mice and those fed the conventional diet. Additionally, there were no differences in litter sizes and body weights of the two groups. It was concluded that the transgenic soybean diet had no negative effect on fetal, postnatal, pubertal or adult testicular development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise G Brake
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA
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48
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Brinegar C, Levee D. A simple method for detecting genetically modified maize in common food products. BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY EDUCATION : A BIMONTHLY PUBLICATION OF THE INTERNATIONAL UNION OF BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2004; 32:35-38. [PMID: 21706686 DOI: 10.1002/bmb.2004.494032010304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
A commercially available leaf DNA extraction and amplification kit has been adapted for the detection of genetically modified material in common food products containing maize. Amplification using published primer pairs specific for the Bacillus thuringiensis delta-endotoxin and maize invertase genes results in a 226-bp invertase PCR product in all samples (an internal positive control) plus a 184-bp product in samples that are genetically modified with the endotoxin gene. The ease and rapidity of DNA extraction and PCR make this exercise especially suitable for advanced-placement high school or lower division college biology students.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Brinegar
- Department of Biological Sciences, San Jose State University, San Jose, California 95192.
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Richards HA, Han CT, Hopkins RG, Failla ML, Ward WW, Stewart CN. Safety assessment of recombinant green fluorescent protein orally administered to weaned rats. J Nutr 2003; 133:1909-12. [PMID: 12771338 DOI: 10.1093/jn/133.6.1909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Several proposed biotechnological applications of green fluorescent protein (GFP) are likely to result in its introduction into the food supply of domestic animals and humans. We fed pure GFP and diets containing transgenic canola expressing GFP to young male rats for 26 d to evaluate the potential toxicity and allergenicity of GFP. Animals (n = 8 per group) were fed either AIN-93G (control), control diet plus 1.0 mg of purified GFP daily, modified control diet with 200 g/kg canola (Brassica rapa cv Westar), or control diet with 200 g/kg transgenic canola containing one of two levels of GFP. Ingestion of GFP did not affect growth, food intake, relative weight of intestine or other organs, or activities of hepatic enzymes in serum. Comparison of the amino acid sequence of GFP to known food allergens revealed that the greatest number of consecutive amino acid matches between GFP and any food allergen was four, suggesting the absence of common allergen epitopes. Moreover, GFP was rapidly degraded during simulated gastric digestion. These data indicate that GFP is a low allergenicity risk and provide preliminary indications that GFP is not likely to represent a health risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harold A Richards
- Food Safety Center of Excellence, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
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Abstract
With the exception of tobacco consumption, diet is probably the most important factor in the etiology of human cancer, responsible for around one third of all cases. Despite strenuous attempts in identification, no single causal factor stands out. However, high red meat consumption appears as a potential risk in a number of studies and may be important in New Zealand. Mutagens and carcinogens may be introduced to meat through preservation methods (N-nitroso compounds) and high temperature cooking (heterocyclic amines and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons). Mutagenic mycotoxins may be introduced to various dietary items through disease of livestock (sporidesmin) or of agricultural items leading to widespread environmental distribution (e.g. dothistromin). Debates on genetic engineering have raised the spectre of dangerous new genetic variants, but there is no proof that these have ever occurred. Many carcinogens may be endogenously generated. Lifestyle factors such as high alcohol and/or high calorie consumption may be important for some members of the population. The consumption of high fruits, vegetables and whole grain cereals are likely to be beneficial, but the relative roles of dietary fibre, micronutrients and non-nutrients as compared with whole foods is under debate. The effects of many of these dietary factors are also modulated by genotype. The increasing use of molecular genetic techniques, microarrays, proteomics, and the development of human biomonitoring methods yield the promise of gaining accurate perspectives on the relative roles of different dietary factors and genetic factors in human cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynnette R Ferguson
- Discipline of Nutrition and Auckland Cancer Society Res. Centre, The University of Auckland, Faculty of Medical & Health Sciences, Private Bag 92019, 1000 Auckland, New Zealand.
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