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Zhang Y, Wang L, Zhang H, Rosqvist E, Lastusaari M, Peltonen J, Vähäsalo L, Xu C, Wang X, Pranovich A. Crystalline nanoxylan from hot water extracted wood xylan at multi-length scale: Molecular assembly from nanocluster hydrocolloids to submicron spheroids. Carbohydr Polym 2024; 335:122089. [PMID: 38616078 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2024.122089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/24/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
As a contribution to expand accessibility in the territory of bio-based nanomaterials, we demonstrate a novel material strategy to convert amorphous xylan preserved in wood biomass to hierarchical assemblies of crystalline nanoxylan on a multi-length scale. By reducing the end group in pressurized hot water extracted (PHWE) xylan to primary alcohol as a xylitol form with borohydride reduction, the endwise-peeling depolymerization is effectively impeded in the alkali-catalyzed hydrolytic cleavage of side substitutions in xylan. Nanoprecipitation by a gradual pH decrease resulted in a stable hydrocolloid dispersion in the form of worm-like nanoclusters assembled with primary crystallites, owing to the self-assembly of debranched xylan driven by strong intra- and inter-chain H-bonds. With evaporation-induced self-assembly, we can further construct the hydrocolloids as dry submicron spheroids of crystalline nanoxylan (CNX) with a high average elastic modulus of 47-83 GPa. Taking the advantage that the chain length and homogeneity of PHWE-xylan can be tailored, a structure-performance correlation was established between the structural order in CNX and the phosphorescent emission of this crystalline biopolymer. Rigid clusterization and high crystallinity that are constructed by strong intra- and inter-molecule interactions within the nanoxylan effectively restrict the molecular motion, thereby promoting the emission of ultralong organic phosphorescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yidong Zhang
- Laboratory of Natural Materials Technology, Åbo Akademi University, Henrikinkatu 2, FI-20500 Turku, Finland
| | - Luyao Wang
- Laboratory of Natural Materials Technology, Åbo Akademi University, Henrikinkatu 2, FI-20500 Turku, Finland
| | - Hao Zhang
- Laboratory of Natural Materials Technology, Åbo Akademi University, Henrikinkatu 2, FI-20500 Turku, Finland
| | - Emil Rosqvist
- Physical Chemistry, Laboratory of Molecular Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, Henrikinkatu 2, Turku FI-20500, Finland
| | - Mika Lastusaari
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland
| | - Jouko Peltonen
- Physical Chemistry, Laboratory of Molecular Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, Henrikinkatu 2, Turku FI-20500, Finland
| | - Lari Vähäsalo
- Laboratory of Natural Materials Technology, Åbo Akademi University, Henrikinkatu 2, FI-20500 Turku, Finland; CH-Bioforce Oy, Espoo FI-02170, Finland
| | - Chunlin Xu
- Laboratory of Natural Materials Technology, Åbo Akademi University, Henrikinkatu 2, FI-20500 Turku, Finland
| | - Xiaoju Wang
- Laboratory of Natural Materials Technology, Åbo Akademi University, Henrikinkatu 2, FI-20500 Turku, Finland.
| | - Andrey Pranovich
- Laboratory of Natural Materials Technology, Åbo Akademi University, Henrikinkatu 2, FI-20500 Turku, Finland.
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Binte Abdul Halim FN, Taheri A, Abdol Rahim Yassin Z, Chia KF, Goh KKT, Goh SM, Du J. Effects of Incorporating Alkaline Hydrogen Peroxide Treated Sugarcane Fibre on The Physical Properties and Glycemic Potency of White Bread. Foods 2023; 12:foods12071460. [PMID: 37048281 PMCID: PMC10094325 DOI: 10.3390/foods12071460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The consumption of dietary fibres can affect glycemic power and control diabetes. Sugarcane fibre (SCF) is known as insoluble dietary fibre, the properties of which can be affected by physical, chemical, and enzymatic treatments. In this study, alkaline hydrogen peroxide (AHP) treatments were conducted over time (0.5, 1, 3, and 5 h) at 12.6% (w/v) SCF and the effects on the physicochemical and structural properties of the SCF were evaluated. After making dough and bread with the SCF, with and without AHP treatments, the glycemic responses of the bread samples were evaluated. Shorter durations of AHP treatment (0.5 and 1 h) reduced lignin effectively (37.3 and 40.4%, respectively), whereas AHP treatment at 1 and 3 h duration was more effective in increasing particle sizes (50.9 and 50.1 μm, respectively). The sugar binding capacity, water holding capacity (from 2.98 to 3.86 g water/g SCF), and oil holding capacity (from 2.47 to 3.66 g oil/g SCF) increased in all AHP samples. Results from Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) confirmed the polymorphism transition of cellulose (cellulose I to cellulose II). The morphology of SCF detected under scanning electron microscopy (SEM) indicated the conversion of the surface to a more porous, rough structure due to the AHP treatment. Adding SCF decreased dough extensibility but increased bread hardness and chewiness. All SCF-incorporated bread samples have reduced glycemic response. Incorporation of 1, 3, and 5 h AHP-treated SCF was effective in reducing the glycemic potency than 0.5 h AHP-treated SCF, but not significantly different from the untreated SCF. Overall, this study aims to valorize biomass as AHP is commonly applied to bagasse to produce value-added chemicals and fuels.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Afsaneh Taheri
- Food, Chemical and Biotechnology Cluster, Singapore Institute of Technology, 10 Dover Drive, Singapore 138683, Singapore
| | - Zawanah Abdol Rahim Yassin
- Food, Chemical and Biotechnology Cluster, Singapore Institute of Technology, 10 Dover Drive, Singapore 138683, Singapore
| | - Kai Feng Chia
- Food, Chemical and Biotechnology Cluster, Singapore Institute of Technology, 10 Dover Drive, Singapore 138683, Singapore
| | - Kelvin Kim Tha Goh
- School of Food & Advanced Technology, Massey University, Private Bag 11222, Palmerston North 4410, New Zealand
| | - Suk Meng Goh
- Food, Chemical and Biotechnology Cluster, Singapore Institute of Technology, 10 Dover Drive, Singapore 138683, Singapore
| | - Juan Du
- Food, Chemical and Biotechnology Cluster, Singapore Institute of Technology, 10 Dover Drive, Singapore 138683, Singapore
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3
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Gopalan V, Vardhan MS, Thakur V, Krishnamoorthy A, Pragasam V, Degalahal MR, Velu PS, Raja Annamalai A, Jen CP. Studies on Numerical Buckling Analysis of Cellulose Microfibrils Reinforced Polymer Composites. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:894. [PMID: 36769899 PMCID: PMC9918254 DOI: 10.3390/ma16030894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Scientists are drawn to the new green composites because they may demonstrate qualities that are comparable to those of composites made of synthetic fibers due to concerns about environmental contamination. In this work, the potential for using the produced green composite in different buckling load-bearing structural applications is explored. The work on composite buckling characteristics is vital because one needs to know the composite's structural stability since buckling leads to structural instability. The buckling properties of composite specimens with epoxy as the matrix and chemically treated cellulose microfibrils as reinforcements are examined numerically in this study when exposed to axial compressive stress. The numerical model is first created based on the finite element method model. Its validity is checked using ANSYS software by contrasting the critical buckling loads determined through research for three samples. The numerical findings acquired using the finite element method are then contrasted with those produced using the regression equation derived from the ANOVA. The utilization of the created green composite in different buckling load-bearing structural applications is investigated in this study. As a result of the green composite's unaltered buckling properties compared to synthetic composites, it has the potential to replace numerous synthetic composites, improving environmental sustainability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venkatachalam Gopalan
- Centre for Innovation and Product Development, Vellore Institute of Technology, Chennai 600127, India
| | - Mugatha Surya Vardhan
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology, Chennai 600127, India
| | - Vishal Thakur
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology, Chennai 600127, India
| | | | - Vignesh Pragasam
- Associate Project Engineer, EinNel Technologies, Chennai 600073, India
| | | | | | - A. Raja Annamalai
- Centre for Innovative Manufacturing Research, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore 632014, India
| | - Chun-Ping Jen
- School of Dentistry, College of Dental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Advanced Institute of Manufacturing for High-Tech Innovations, National Chung Cheng University, Chia-Yi 62102, Taiwan
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4
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Melelli A, Jamme F, Beaugrand J, Bourmaud A. Evolution of the ultrastructure and polysaccharide composition of flax fibres over time: When history meets science. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 291:119584. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.119584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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5
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Li J, Lin N, Du C, Ge Y, Amann T, Feng H, Yuan C, Li K. Tribological behavior of cellulose nanocrystal as an eco-friendly additive in lithium-based greases. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 290:119478. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.119478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 04/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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6
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Xiao R, Yu G, Xu BB, Wang N, Liu X. Fiber Surface/Interfacial Engineering on Wearable Electronics. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2021; 17:e2102903. [PMID: 34418304 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202102903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Surface/interfacial engineering is an essential technique to explore the fiber materials properties and fulfil new functionalities. An extensive scope of current physical and chemical treating methods is reviewed here together with a variety of real-world applications. Moreover, a new surface/interface engineering approach is also introduced: self-assembly via π-π stacking, which has great potential for the surface modification of fiber materials due to its nondestructive working principle. A new fiber family member, metal-oxide framework (MOF) fiber shows promising candidacy for fiber based wearable electronics. The understanding of surface/interfacial engineering techniques on fiber materials is advanced here and it is expected to guide the rational design of future fiber based wearable electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruimin Xiao
- Department of Materials, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Manchester, Oxford Rd., Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Guiqin Yu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, 222 Tianshui Southern Road, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, China
| | - Ben Bin Xu
- Mechanical and Construction Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Environment, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 8ST, UK
| | - Nan Wang
- The Nanoscience Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0FF, UK
| | - Xuqing Liu
- Department of Materials, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Manchester, Oxford Rd., Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
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7
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Kumar A, Biswal M, Mohanty S, Nayak SK. Recent developments of lignocellulosic natural fiber reinforced hybrid thermosetting composites for high-end structural applications: a review. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-021-02788-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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8
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Karki S, Gohain MB, Yadav D, Ingole PG. Nanocomposite and bio-nanocomposite polymeric materials/membranes development in energy and medical sector: A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 193:2121-2139. [PMID: 34780890 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.11.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Nanocomposite and bio-nanocomposite polymer materials/membranes have fascinated prominent attention in the energy as well as the medical sector. Their composites make them appropriate choices for various applications in the medical, energy and industrial sectors. Composite materials are subject of interest in the polymer industry. Different kinds of fillers, such as cellulose-based fillers, carbon black, clay nanomaterials, glass fibers, ceramic nanomaterial, carbon quantum dots, talc and many others have been incorporated into polymers to improve the quality of the final product. These results are dependent on a variety of factors; however, nanoparticle dispersion and distribution are major obstacles to fully using nanocomposites/bio-nanocomposites materials/membranes in various applications. This review examines the various nanocomposite and bio-nanocomposite materials applications in the energy and medical sector. The review also covers the variety of ways for increasing nanocomposite and bio-nanocomposite materials features, each with its own set of applications. Recent researches on composite materials have shown that polymeric nanocomposites and bio-nanocomposites are promising materials that have been intensively explored for many applications that include electronics, environmental remediation, energy, sensing (biosensor) and energy storage devices among other applications. In this review, we studied various nanocomposite and bio-nanocomposite materials, their controlling parameters to develop the product and examine their features and applications in the fields of energy and the medical sector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachin Karki
- Chemical Engineering Group, Engineering Sciences and Technology Division, CSIR-North East Institute of Science and Technology, Jorhat, Assam 785006, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201002, India
| | - Moucham Borpatra Gohain
- Chemical Engineering Group, Engineering Sciences and Technology Division, CSIR-North East Institute of Science and Technology, Jorhat, Assam 785006, India
| | - Diksha Yadav
- Chemical Engineering Group, Engineering Sciences and Technology Division, CSIR-North East Institute of Science and Technology, Jorhat, Assam 785006, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201002, India
| | - Pravin G Ingole
- Chemical Engineering Group, Engineering Sciences and Technology Division, CSIR-North East Institute of Science and Technology, Jorhat, Assam 785006, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201002, India.
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9
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Fugetsu B, Adavan Kiliyankil V, Takiguchi S, Sakata I, Endo M. A finger-jointing model for describing ultrastructures of cellulose microfibrils. Sci Rep 2021; 11:10055. [PMID: 33980927 PMCID: PMC8115659 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-89435-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
In this paper, we propose a finger-jointing model to describe the possible ultrastructures of cellulose microfibrils based on new observations obtained through heating of 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl (TEMPO) oxidized cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs) in saturated water vapor. We heated the micrometers-long TEMPO-CNFs in saturated water vapor (≥ 120 °C, ≥ 0.2 MPa) and observed a surprising fact that the long TEMPO-CNFs unzipped into short (100 s of nanometers long) fibers. We characterized the heated TEMPO-CNFs using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and observed the XRD patterns were in consistent with Iβ. We observed also jointed ultrastructures on the heated TEMPO-CNFs via high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM). Thus we concluded that cellulose microfibrils are not seamlessly long structures, but serial jointed structures of shorter blocks. Polysaccharide chains of the short blocks organized in Iβ. The jointed region can be either Iα or amorphous, depending on positions and distances among the chains jointed in proximity. Under heating, Iα was not converted into Iβ but was simply destroyed. The jointed structure implies a “working and resting rhythm” in the biosynthesis of cellulose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bunshi Fugetsu
- Institute for Future Initiatives, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Yayoi 2-11-16, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan.
| | - Vipin Adavan Kiliyankil
- Faculty of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Yayoi 2-11-16, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
| | - Shoichi Takiguchi
- Faculty of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Yayoi 2-11-16, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
| | - Ichiro Sakata
- Institute for Future Initiatives, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Yayoi 2-11-16, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan.,Faculty of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Yayoi 2-11-16, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
| | - Morinobu Endo
- Institute of Carbon Science and Technology, Interdisciplinary Cluster for Cutting Edge Research, Shinshu University, 4-17-1, Wakasato, Nagano, 380-8553, Japan
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10
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Sun Z, Zhong Y, Xu H, Wang B, Zhang L, Sui X, Feng X, Mao Z. In situ growth of CuS NPs on 3D porous cellulose macrospheres as recyclable biocatalysts for organic dye degradation. RSC Adv 2021; 11:36554-36563. [PMID: 35494360 PMCID: PMC9043433 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra06876h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aiming at recyclable catalyst carriers, porous cellulose macrospheres from wood pulp dissolved in an alkaline urea system were regenerated by simple injection regeneration. After solvent exchange, porous cellulose macrospheres (CMs) with a high specific surface area of 325.3 m2 g−1 were obtained by lyophilization, and CuS nanoparticles (CuS NPs) were coated on CMs by in situ growth in the liquid phase to achieve CuS-supported CM macrospheres (CuS@CM). The results indicated that the CuS@CM biocatalyst was successfully prepared with an average diameter of approximately 1.2 mm. In addition, CuS@CM was further used as a heterogeneous catalyst for the catalytic degradation of methylene blue (MB) and methyl orange (MO) model dyes during the oxidation of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). In the presence of low doses of H2O2, the degradation rate of MB reached 94.8% within 10 min, showing high catalytic activity under neutral and alkaline conditions. After five cycles, 90.1% of the original catalytic activity was still retained, indicating that the prepared CuS@CM composite possessed excellent catalytic activity and reusability. CuS nanoparticles were grown in situ on 3D porous cellulose macrospheres for an excellent rapid cycling removal of organic dyes.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhouquan Sun
- Key Lab of Science & Technology of Eco-Textile, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, No. 2999 North Renmin Road, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Yi Zhong
- Key Lab of Science & Technology of Eco-Textile, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, No. 2999 North Renmin Road, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Hong Xu
- Lu Thai Textile Co., LTD, Zibo, 255000, China
| | - Bijia Wang
- Key Lab of Science & Technology of Eco-Textile, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, No. 2999 North Renmin Road, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Linping Zhang
- Key Lab of Science & Technology of Eco-Textile, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, No. 2999 North Renmin Road, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Xiaofeng Sui
- Key Lab of Science & Technology of Eco-Textile, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, No. 2999 North Renmin Road, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Xueling Feng
- Key Lab of Science & Technology of Eco-Textile, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, No. 2999 North Renmin Road, Shanghai, 201620, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Dyeing and Finishing of Textiles, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Zhiping Mao
- Key Lab of Science & Technology of Eco-Textile, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, No. 2999 North Renmin Road, Shanghai, 201620, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Dyeing and Finishing of Textiles, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China
- Innovation Center for Textile Science and Technology of Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China
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11
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Elsayad K. Optical imaging spectroscopy for plant research: more than a colorful picture. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 52:77-85. [PMID: 31520788 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2019.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Revised: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Optical imaging is a routine and indispensable tool in plant research. Here we review different emerging spectrally resolved optical imaging approaches and the wealth of information they can be used to obtain pertaining to the underlying chemistry, structure and mechanics of plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kareem Elsayad
- Advanced Microscopy, VBCF, Vienna Biocenter, Dr. Bohr-Gasse 3, Vienna A-1030, Austria.
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12
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Abu-Danso E, Bagheri A, Bhatnagar A. Facile functionalization of cellulose from discarded cigarette butts for the removal of diclofenac from water. Carbohydr Polym 2019; 219:46-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.04.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2019] [Revised: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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13
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Krishnan J, Sunil Kumar S, Krishna Prasad R. Characterization of kraft pulp delignification using sodium dithionite as bleaching agent. CHEM ENG COMMUN 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/00986445.2019.1630391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jishnu Krishnan
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Materials Science, Center of Excellence in Advanced Materials & Green Technologies, Amrita School of Engineering, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Coimbatore, India
| | - Susmith Sunil Kumar
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Materials Science, Center of Excellence in Advanced Materials & Green Technologies, Amrita School of Engineering, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Coimbatore, India
| | - R. Krishna Prasad
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Materials Science, Center of Excellence in Advanced Materials & Green Technologies, Amrita School of Engineering, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Coimbatore, India
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14
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Raman Spectroscopy in Nonwoody Plants. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 1992:83-107. [PMID: 31148033 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9469-4_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
Abstract
Confocal Raman spectroscopy (RS) enables obtaining molecular information from the nondestructive analysis of plant material in situ. It can thereby be a useful method to investigate spatial distribution and heterogeneity of cell-wall polymers. The authors' intention is to present some examples of RS application and its capabilities for investigations of nonwoody plants. In this context, we present protocols for qualitative analysis of main polymers of plant wall and application of RS in a semiquantitative study of the arrangement of selected polymers in the wall in its native state.
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15
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Bhat A, Khan I, Usmani MA, Umapathi R, Al-Kindy SM. Cellulose an ageless renewable green nanomaterial for medical applications: An overview of ionic liquids in extraction, separation and dissolution of cellulose. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 129:750-777. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.12.190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2018] [Revised: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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16
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Chávez-Guerrero L, Silva-Mendoza J, Sepúlveda-Guzmán S, Medina-Aguirre NA, Vazquez-Rodriguez S, Cantú-Cárdenas ME, García-Gómez NA. Enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose nanoplatelets as a source of sugars with the concomitant production of cellulose nanofibrils. Carbohydr Polym 2019; 210:85-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.01.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Revised: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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17
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Volkov VV, Hickman GJ, Sola-Rabada A, Perry CC. Distributions of Silica and Biopolymer Structural Components in the Spore Elater of Equisetum arvense, an Ancient Silicifying Plant. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:210. [PMID: 30891051 PMCID: PMC6412149 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Equisetum species are primitive vascular plants that benefit from the biogenesis of silica bio-organic inclusions in their tissues and participate in the annual biosilica turnover in local eco-systems. As means of Equisetum reproduction and propagation, spores are expected to reflect the evolutionary adaptation of the plants to the climatic conditions at different times of the year. Combining methods of Raman and scanning electron microscopy and assisted with density functional theory, we conducted material spatial-spectral correlations to characterize the distribution of biopolymers and silica based structural elements that contribute to the bio-mineral content of the elater. The elater tip has underlying skeletal-like structural elements where cellulose fibers provide strength and flexibility, both of which are necessary for locomotion. The surface of the elater tips is rich with less ordered pectin like polysaccharide and shows a ridged, folded character. At the surface we observe silica of amorphous, colloidal form in nearly spherical structures where the silica is only a few layers thick. We propose the observed expansion of elater tips upon germination and the form of silica including encapsulated biopolymers are designed for ready dispersion, release of the polysaccharide-arginine rich content and to facilitate silica uptake to the developing plant. This behavior would help to condition local soil chemistry to facilitate competitive rooting potential and stem propagation.
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18
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Mu B, Wang H, Hao X, Wang Q. Morphology, Mechanical Properties and Dimensional Stability of Biomass Particles/High Density Polyethylene Composites: Effect of Species and Composition. Polymers (Basel) 2018; 10:E308. [PMID: 30966343 PMCID: PMC6415333 DOI: 10.3390/polym10030308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Revised: 03/10/2018] [Accepted: 03/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The utilization of four types of biomass particles, including hardwood (poplar), softwood (radiata pine), crop (wheat straw) and bamboo (moso bamboo), as reinforcing fillers in preparing high density polyethylene (HDPE) based composites was studied. To improve interfacial compatibility, maleic anhydride grafted polyethylene (MAPE) was applied as the coupling agent. The effects of the biomass species on the mechanical and water absorption properties of the resulting composites were evaluated based on chemical composition analysis. A creep-recovery test was conducted in single cantilever mode using a dynamic mechanical analyzer. Results show that the four types of biomass particles had similar chemical compositions but different composition contents. Poplar particles with high cellulose content loading in the HDPE matrix exhibited higher tensile and flexure properties and creep resistance. Fracture morphology analysis indicated a weak particle-matrix interface in wheat straw based composites. Given the high crystallinity and minimum hemicellulose content, the moso bamboo reinforced composite showed high impact strength and better water resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binshan Mu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-based Material Science and Technology (Ministry of Education), College of Material Science and Engineering, Northeast Forestry University, 26 Hexing Road, Harbin 150040, China.
| | - Haigang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-based Material Science and Technology (Ministry of Education), College of Material Science and Engineering, Northeast Forestry University, 26 Hexing Road, Harbin 150040, China.
| | - Xiaolong Hao
- Key Laboratory of Bio-based Material Science and Technology (Ministry of Education), College of Material Science and Engineering, Northeast Forestry University, 26 Hexing Road, Harbin 150040, China.
| | - Qingwen Wang
- College of Materials and Energy, South China Agricultural University, 483 Wushan Road, Guangzhou 510642, China.
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Chávez-Guerrero L, Sepúlveda-Guzmán S, Silva-Mendoza J, Aguilar-Flores C, Pérez-Camacho O. Eco-friendly isolation of cellulose nanoplatelets through oxidation under mild conditions. Carbohydr Polym 2017; 181:642-649. [PMID: 29254018 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.11.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Revised: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Agave is recognized as a low recalcitrant material, which makes it a potential source to obtain nanocellulose. Aqueous dispersions (in water, H2O2, H2O2/H2SO4) of agave powder were heated at 120°C under vapor pressure (1kg/cm2). The resultant materials were observed with an optical microscope (OM), a laser scanning microscope (LSM) to obtain the thickness measurement and a scanning electron microscope (SEM) to observe morphology. Raman spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) were used to obtain the chemical structure. Cellulose nanoplatelets (CNPs) from Agave salmiana were successfully isolated under mild conditions. Physicochemical analysis indicates that lignin was removed in a single step oxidation with hydrogen peroxide in presence of sulfuric acid at low concentration (0.17M). The CNPs images revealed the presence of entangled cellulose nanofibrils (Ø≈14nm) along the nanoplatelets (thickness ≈80nm).
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Affiliation(s)
- L Chávez-Guerrero
- Autonomous University of Nuevo León, Mechanical and Electrical Engineering School, Pedro de Alba s/n, San Nicolás de los Garza, Nuevo León, 66455, México.
| | - S Sepúlveda-Guzmán
- Autonomous University of Nuevo León, Mechanical and Electrical Engineering School, Pedro de Alba s/n, San Nicolás de los Garza, Nuevo León, 66455, México.
| | - J Silva-Mendoza
- Autonomous University of Nuevo León, Chemistry School, Pedro de Alba s/n, San Nicolás de los Garza, Nuevo León, 66455, México.
| | - C Aguilar-Flores
- Papaloapan University, Chemistry School, Circuito Central #200, Parque Industrial, Tuxtepec, Oaxaca, 68400, México.
| | - O Pérez-Camacho
- Research Center for Applied Chemistry, Blvd. Enrique Reyna Hermosillo No. 140, Saltillo, Coahuila, 25294, México.
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Pioneering particle-based strategy for isolating viable bacteria from multipart soil samples compatible with Raman spectroscopy. Anal Bioanal Chem 2017; 409:3779-3788. [PMID: 28364142 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-017-0320-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The study of edaphic bacteria is of great interest, particularly for evaluating soil remediation and recultivation methods. Therefore, a fast and simple strategy to isolate various bacteria from complex soil samples using poly(ethyleneimine) (PEI)-modified polyethylene particles is introduced. The research focuses on the binding behavior under different conditions, such as the composition, pH value, and ionic strength, of the binding buffer, and is supported by the characterization of the surface properties of particles and bacteria. The results demonstrate that electrostatic forces and hydrophobicity are responsible for the adhesion of target bacteria to the particles. Distinct advantages of the particle-based isolation strategy include simple handling, enrichment efficiency, and the preservation of viable bacteria. The presented isolation method allows a subsequent identification of the bacteria using Raman microspectroscopy in combination with chemometrical methods. This is demonstrated with a dataset of five different bacteria (Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Streptomyces tendae, and Streptomyces acidiscabies) which were isolated from spiked soil samples. In total 92% of the Raman spectra could be identified correctly.
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Effects of Surface Modification on the Mechanical Properties of Flax/β-Polypropylene Composites. MATERIALS 2016; 9:ma9050314. [PMID: 28773439 PMCID: PMC5503065 DOI: 10.3390/ma9050314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Revised: 04/13/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
The effects of surface treatment of flax fibers featuring vinyltrimethoxy silane (VTMO) and maleic anhydride-polypropylene (MAPP) on the mechanical properties of flax/PP composites were investigated. α-polypropylene (α-PP) and β-polypropylene (β-PP) were used as matrices for measuring the mechanical properties of the flax fiber/polypropylene (flax/PP) composites. Flax/PP composites composed of double-covered uncommingled yarn (DCUY) were prepared using a film-stacking technique. The influence of surface treatment on the tensile, flexural, impact, and water uptake properties of Flax/PP composites were investigated. MAPP treatment was suitable for flax/PP composites in terms of superior tensile and impact properties. VTMO treatment showed superior flexural properties and less influence on the impact properties after moisture absorption.
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Abstract
Global warming and the reduction in our fossil fuel reservoir have forced humanity to look for new means of energy production. Agricultural waste remains a large source for biofuel and bioenergy production. Flax shives are a waste product obtained during the processing of flax fibers. We investigated the possibility of using low-lignin flax shives for biogas production, specifically by assessing the impact of CAD deficiency on the biochemical and structural properties of shives. The study used genetically modified flax plants with a silenced CAD gene, which encodes the key enzyme for lignin synthesis. Reducing the lignin content modified cellulose crystallinity, improved flax shive fermentation and optimized biogas production. Chemical pretreatment of the shive biomass further increased biogas production efficiency.
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Li HY, Sun SN, Zhou X, Peng F, Sun RC. Structural characterization of hemicelluloses and topochemical changes in Eucalyptus cell wall during alkali ethanol treatment. Carbohydr Polym 2015; 123:17-26. [PMID: 25843830 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2014.12.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2014] [Revised: 12/08/2014] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Eucalyptus was sequentially extracted with 70% ethanol containing 0.4, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, and 5.0% NaOH for 2h at 80°C. The chemical composition and structural features of the hemicellulosic fractions obtained were comparatively characterized by the combination of high-performance anion-exchange chromatography, gel permeation chromatography, Fourier transform infrared, and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopies. Furthermore, the main component distribution and their changes in cell wall were investigated by confocal Raman microscopy. Based on the Fourier transform infrared and nuclear magnetic resonance analyses, the hemicelluloses extracted from Eucalyptus mainly have a linear backbone of (1→4)-linked-β-d-xylopyranosyl residues decorated with branch at O-2 of 4-O-methyl-α-glucuronic acid unit. Raman analysis revealed that the dissolution of hemicelluloses was different in the morphological regions, and the hemicelluloses released mainly originated from the secondary wall. The information obtained from the study conducted by combining chemical characterization with ultrastructure provides important basis for studying the mechanism of the alkali treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han-Yin Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Lignocellulosic Chemistry, College of Material Science and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Shao-Ni Sun
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Lignocellulosic Chemistry, College of Material Science and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xia Zhou
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Lignocellulosic Chemistry, College of Material Science and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Feng Peng
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Lignocellulosic Chemistry, College of Material Science and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Run-Cang Sun
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Lignocellulosic Chemistry, College of Material Science and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China.
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Abstract
Papermaking has been using high quantities of retention agents, mainly cationic substances and organic compounds such as polyamines. The addition of these agents is related to economic and environmental issues, increasing contamination of the effluents. The aim of this work is to develop a cationic polymer for papermaking purposes based on the utilization of alpha-cellulose. The cationization of mercerized alpha-cellulose with 3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyltrimethylammonium chloride (CHPTAC) is governed by a pseudo-second-order reaction. The initial amorphous fraction of cellulose is reacted with CHPTAC until the equilibrium value of nitrogen substitution is reached. Nitrogen is incorporated as a quaternary ammonium group in the polymer. Also, the kinetic constant increased with decreasing crystallinity index, showing the importance of the previous alkalization stage. The use of modified natural polysaccharides is a sustainable alternative to synthetic, nonbiodegradable polyelectrolytes and thus is desirable with a view to developing new products and new processes.
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Ji Z, Ma J, Xu F. Multi-scale visualization of dynamic changes in poplar cell walls during alkali pretreatment. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2014; 20:566-76. [PMID: 24548595 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927614000063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Alkali pretreatment is a promising pretreatment technology that can effectively deconstruct plant cell walls to enhance sugar release performance. In this study, multi-scale visualization of dynamic changes in poplar cell walls during sodium hydroxide pretreatment (2% w/v, 121°C) was carried out by light microscopy (LM), confocal Raman microscopy (CRM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). LM observations indicated that swelling occurred primarily in the secondary wall (S) but alkali had little effect on the cell corner middle lamella (CCML). Correspondingly, there was a preferential delignification in the S at the beginning of pretreatment, while the level of delignification in CCML (~88%) was higher than that in the S (~83%) for the whole process revealed by Raman spectra. It also suggested that prolonging residence time to 180 min would not remove lignin completely but cause rapid loss of carbohydrates, which was further visualized by Raman spectroscopy images. Furthermore, AFM measurements illustrated that pretreatment with alkali exposed the embedded microfibrils from noncellulosic polymers clearly, enlarged the diameter of microfibrils, and decreased the surface porosity. These results suggested that there was a synergistic mechanism of lignocellulose deconstruction regarding cell wall swelling, main components dissolution, and microfibril morphological changes that occurred during alkali pretreatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Ji
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Lignocellulosic Chemistry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Jianfeng Ma
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Lignocellulosic Chemistry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Feng Xu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Lignocellulosic Chemistry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
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Zhu J, Zhu H, Njuguna J, Abhyankar H. Recent Development of Flax Fibres and Their Reinforced Composites Based on Different Polymeric Matrices. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2013; 6:5171-5198. [PMID: 28788383 PMCID: PMC5452774 DOI: 10.3390/ma6115171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2013] [Revised: 09/26/2013] [Accepted: 10/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This work describes flax fibre reinforced polymeric composites with recent developments. The properties of flax fibres, as well as advanced fibre treatments such as mercerization, silane treatment, acylation, peroxide treatment and coatings for the enhancement of flax/matrix incompatibility are presented. The characteristic properties and characterizations of flax composites on various polymers including polypropylene (PP) and polylactic acid, epoxy, bio-epoxy and bio-phenolic resin are discussed. A brief overview is also given on the recent nanotechnology applied in flax composites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinchun Zhu
- Centre of Automotive Technology, Cranfield University, Cranfield, MK43 0AL, UK.
| | - Huijun Zhu
- Cranfiled Health, Cranfield University, Cranfield, MK43 0AL, UK.
| | - James Njuguna
- Institute for Innovation, Design and Sustainability, Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen AB10 7GJ, UK.
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Michel SAAX, Vogels RRM, Bouvy ND, Knetsch MLW, van den Akker NMS, Gijbels MJJ, van der Marel C, Vermeersch J, Molin DGM, Koole LH. Utilization of flax fibers for biomedical applications. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2013; 102:477-87. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.33025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2013] [Revised: 06/19/2013] [Accepted: 08/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sophie A. A. X. Michel
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Health, Medicine & Life Sciences; Maastricht University; Maastricht The Netherlands
| | - Ruben R. M. Vogels
- Department of Surgery; Maastricht University Medical Center; Maastricht The Netherlands
| | - Nicole D. Bouvy
- Department of Surgery; Maastricht University Medical Center; Maastricht The Netherlands
| | - Menno L. W. Knetsch
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Health, Medicine & Life Sciences; Maastricht University; Maastricht The Netherlands
| | - Nynke M. S. van den Akker
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Health, Medicine & Life Sciences; Maastricht University; Maastricht The Netherlands
| | - Marion J. J. Gijbels
- Department of Pathology within the; Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM); Maastricht The Netherlands
- Department of Molecular Genetics within the; Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM); Maastricht The Netherlands
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Academic Medical Center (AMC); University of Amsterdam; The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Daniel G. M. Molin
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Health, Medicine & Life Sciences; Maastricht University; Maastricht The Netherlands
| | - Leo H. Koole
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Health, Medicine & Life Sciences; Maastricht University; Maastricht The Netherlands
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering; University of Malaya; Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
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Polymorphic transformation of cellulose I to cellulose II by alkali pretreatment and urea as an additive. Carbohydr Polym 2013; 94:843-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2013.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2012] [Revised: 01/15/2013] [Accepted: 02/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Wojtasik W, Kulma A, Dymińska L, Hanuza J, Żebrowski J, Szopa J. Fibres from flax overproducing β-1,3-glucanase show increased accumulation of pectin and phenolics and thus higher antioxidant capacity. BMC Biotechnol 2013; 13:10. [PMID: 23394294 PMCID: PMC3598203 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6750-13-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2012] [Accepted: 02/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recently, in order to improve the resistance of flax plants to pathogen infection, transgenic flax that overproduces β-1,3-glucanase was created. β-1,3-glucanase is a PR protein that hydrolyses the β-glucans, which are a major component of the cell wall in many groups of fungi. For this study, we used fourth-generation field-cultivated plants of the Fusarium -resistant transgenic line B14 to evaluate how overexpression of the β-1,3-glucanase gene influences the quantity, quality and composition of flax fibres, which are the main product obtained from flax straw. RESULTS Overproduction of β-1,3-glucanase did not affect the quantity of the fibre obtained from the flax straw and did not significantly alter the essential mechanical characteristics of the retted fibres. However, changes in the contents of the major components of the cell wall (cellulose, hemicellulose, pectin and lignin) were revealed. Overexpression of the β-1,3-glucanase gene resulted in higher cellulose, hemicellulose and pectin contents and a lower lignin content in the fibres. Increases in the uronic acid content in particular fractions (with the exception of the 1 M KOH-soluble fraction of hemicelluloses) and changes in the sugar composition of the cell wall were detected in the fibres of the transgenic flax when compared to the contents for the control plants. The callose content was lower in the fibres of the transgenic flax. Additionally, the analysis of phenolic compound contents in five fractions of the cell wall revealed important changes, which were reflected in the antioxidant potential of these fractions. CONCLUSION Overexpression of the β-1,3-glucanase gene has a significant influence on the biochemical composition of flax fibres. The constitutive overproduction of β-1,3-glucanase causes a decrease in the callose content, and the resulting excess glucose serves as a substrate for the production of other polysaccharides. The monosaccharide excess redirects the phenolic compounds to bind with polysaccharides instead of to partake in lignin synthesis. The mechanical properties of the transgenic fibres are strengthened by their improved biochemical composition, and the increased antioxidant potential of the fibres supports the potential use of transgenic flax fibres for biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wioleta Wojtasik
- Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wrocław, Przybyszewskiego 63/77, 51-148, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Anna Kulma
- Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wrocław, Przybyszewskiego 63/77, 51-148, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Lucyna Dymińska
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry and Food Technology, Faculty of Economics and Engineering, University of Economics, Komandorska 118/120, 50-345, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Jerzy Hanuza
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry and Food Technology, Faculty of Economics and Engineering, University of Economics, Komandorska 118/120, 50-345, Wrocław, Poland
- Institute of Low Temperatures and Structure Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Okolna 2, 50-422, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Jacek Żebrowski
- Faculty of Biotechnology, Centre of Applied Biotechnology and Basic Sciences, Rzeszów University, Rzeszów, Poland
| | - Jan Szopa
- Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wrocław, Przybyszewskiego 63/77, 51-148, Wrocław, Poland
- Linum Fundation, Stabłowicka 149-147, 54-066 Wroclaw, Poland
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Oudiani AE, Chaabouni Y, Msahli S, Sakli F. Crystal transition from cellulose I to cellulose II in NaOH treated Agave americana L. fibre. Carbohydr Polym 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2011.06.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Żuk M, Kulma A, Dymińska L, Szołtysek K, Prescha A, Hanuza J, Szopa J. Flavonoid engineering of flax potentiate its biotechnological application. BMC Biotechnol 2011; 11:10. [PMID: 21276227 PMCID: PMC3040132 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6750-11-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2010] [Accepted: 01/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Flavonoids are a group of secondary plant metabolites important for plant growth and development. They show also a protective effect against colon and breast cancer, diabetes, hypercholesterolemic atherosclerosis, lupus nephritis, and immune and inflammatory reactions. Thus, overproduction of these compounds in flax by genetic engineering method might potentiate biotechnological application of these plant products. RESULTS Flax plants of third generation overexpressing key genes of flavonoid pathway cultivated in field were used as plant material throughout this study. The biochemical properties of seed, oil and seedcake extracts and fibre from natural and transgenic flax plants were compared. The data obtained suggests that the introduced genes were stably inherited and expressed through plant generations. Overproduction of flavonoid compounds resulted in increase of fatty acids accumulation in oil from transgenic seeds due to protection from oxidation offered during synthesis and seed maturation. The biochemical analysis of seedcake extracts from seeds of transgenic flax revealed significant increase in flavonoids (kaempferol), phenolic acids (coumaric, ferulic, synapic acids) and lignan content. Fibres, another product of flax plant showed increase in the level of catechine and acetylvanillone and decrease in phenolic acids upon flax modification.Biochemical analysis results were confirmed using IR spectroscopy. The integral intensities of IR bands have been used for identification of the component of phenylpropanoid pathway in oil, seedcake extract and fibre from control and transgenic flax. It was shown that levels of flavonoids, phenolic acids and lignans in oil and seedcake extract was higher in transgenic flax products compared to control. An FT-IR study of fibres confirmed the biochemical data and revealed that the arrangement of the cellulose polymer in the transgenic fibres differs from the control; in particular a significant decrease in the number of hydrogen bonds was detected. CONCLUSIONS All analysed products from generated transgenic plants were enriched with antioxidant compounds derived from phenylopropanoid pathway Thus the products provide valuable source of flavonoids, phenolic acids and lignan for biomedical application. The compounds composition and quantity from transgenic plants was confirmed by IR spectroscopy. Thus the infrared spectroscopy appeared to be suitable method for characterization of flax products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Żuk
- Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wrocław, Poland
- Linum Fundation, Stablowicka 147/149,54-066 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Anna Kulma
- Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wrocław, Poland
| | - Lucyna Dymińska
- Institute of Chemistry and Food Technology, Faculty of Economics and Engineering, University of Economics, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Szołtysek
- Institute of Chemistry and Food Technology, Faculty of Economics and Engineering, University of Economics, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Anna Prescha
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Wroclaw Medical University, Nankiera 1, 50-140 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Jerzy Hanuza
- Institute of Chemistry and Food Technology, Faculty of Economics and Engineering, University of Economics, Wrocław, Poland
- Institute of Low Temperatures and Structure Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Jan Szopa
- Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wrocław, Poland
- Linum Fundation, Stablowicka 147/149,54-066 Wroclaw, Poland
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Role of Polysaccharides on Mechanical and Adhesion Properties of Flax Fibres in Flax/PLA Biocomposite. INT J POLYM SCI 2011. [DOI: 10.1155/2011/503940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of alkali and enzymatic treatments on flax fibre morphology, mechanical, and adhesion properties was investigated. The multilength scale analysis allows for the correlation of the fibre's morphological changes induced by the treatments with mechanical properties to better explain the adherence properties between flax and PLA. The atomic force microscopy (AFM) images revealed the removal of primary layers, upon treatments, down to cellulose microfibrils present in the secondary layers. The variation in mechanical properties was found to be dependent, apart from the crystalline content, on interaction between cellulose microfibrils and encrusting polysaccharides, pectins and hemicelluloses, in the secondary layers. Finally, microbond tests between the modified fibres and PLA emphasize the important role of the outer fibre's surface on the overall composite properties. It was observed here that gentle treatments of the fibres, down to the oriented microfibrils, are favourable to a better adherence with a PLA drop. This paper highlights the important role of amorphous polymers, hemicellulose and pectin, in the optimisation of the adhesion and mechanical properties of flax fibres in the biocomposite.
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Abstract
Cellulose macro- and nanofibers have gained increasing attention due to the high strength and stiffness, biodegradability and renewability, and their production and application in development of composites. Application of cellulose nanofibers for the development of composites is a relatively new research area. Cellulose macro- and nanofibers can be used as reinforcement in composite materials because of enhanced mechanical, thermal, and biodegradation properties of composites. Cellulose fibers are hydrophilic in nature, so it becomes necessary to increase their surface roughness for the development of composites with enhanced properties. In the present paper, we have reviewed the surface modification of cellulose fibers by various methods. Processing methods, properties, and various applications of nanocellulose and cellulosic composites are also discussed in this paper.
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Gierlinger N, Luss S, König C, Konnerth J, Eder M, Fratzl P. Cellulose microfibril orientation of Picea abies and its variability at the micron-level determined by Raman imaging. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2009; 61:587-95. [PMID: 20007198 PMCID: PMC2803219 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erp325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2009] [Revised: 10/21/2009] [Accepted: 10/21/2009] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The functional characteristics of plant cell walls depend on the composition of the cell wall polymers, as well as on their highly ordered architecture at scales from a few nanometres to several microns. Raman spectra of wood acquired with linear polarized laser light include information about polymer composition as well as the alignment of cellulose microfibrils with respect to the fibre axis (microfibril angle). By changing the laser polarization direction in 3 degrees steps, the dependency between cellulose and laser orientation direction was investigated. Orientation-dependent changes of band height ratios and spectra were described by quadratic linear regression and partial least square regressions, respectively. Using the models and regressions with high coefficients of determination (R(2) > 0.99) microfibril orientation was predicted in the S1 and S2 layers distinguished by the Raman imaging approach in cross-sections of spruce normal, opposite, and compression wood. The determined microfibril angle (MFA) in the different S2 layers ranged from 0 degrees to 49.9 degrees and was in coincidence with X-ray diffraction determination. With the prerequisite of geometric sample and laser alignment, exact MFA prediction can complete the picture of the chemical cell wall design gained by the Raman imaging approach at the micron level in all plant tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Notburga Gierlinger
- Johannes Kepler University Linz, Institute of Polymer Science, Altenberger Straße 69, 4040 Linz, Austria
| | - Saskia Luss
- Max-Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Department of Biomaterials, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Christian König
- Max-Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Department of Biomaterials, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Johannes Konnerth
- Institute of Wood Science and Technology, Department of Material Sciences and Process Engineering, BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michaela Eder
- Max-Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Department of Biomaterials, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Peter Fratzl
- Max-Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Department of Biomaterials, Potsdam, Germany
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Somnuk U, Suppakarn N, Sutapun W, Ruksakulpiwat Y. Shear-induced crystallization of injection molded vetiver grass-polypropylene composites. J Appl Polym Sci 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/app.30459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Biochemical, mechanical, and spectroscopic analyses of genetically engineered flax fibers producing bioplastic (poly-β-hydroxybutyrate). Biotechnol Prog 2009; 25:1489-98. [DOI: 10.1002/btpr.194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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40
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Rachini A, Le Troedec M, Peyratout C, Smith A. Comparison of the thermal degradation of natural, alkali-treated and silane-treated hemp fibers under air and an inert atmosphere. J Appl Polym Sci 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/app.29412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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41
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Kalia S, Kaith B, Kaur I. Pretreatments of natural fibers and their application as reinforcing material in polymer composites-A review. POLYM ENG SCI 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.21328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 918] [Impact Index Per Article: 61.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Wróbel-Kwiatkowska M, Szopa J, Dymińska L, Mączka M, Hanuza J. Spectroscopic characterization of genetically modified flax fibres enhanced with poly-3-hydroxybutyric acid. J Mol Struct 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2008.10.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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43
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Gurgel LVA, Júnior OK, Gil RPDF, Gil LF. Adsorption of Cu(II), Cd(II), and Pb(II) from aqueous single metal solutions by cellulose and mercerized cellulose chemically modified with succinic anhydride. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2008; 99:3077-83. [PMID: 17706418 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2007.05.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2006] [Revised: 05/31/2007] [Accepted: 05/31/2007] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
This work describes the preparation of new chelating material from mercerized cellulose. The first part treats the chemical modification of non-mercerized cellulose (cell 1) and mercerized cellulose (cell 2) with succinic anhydride. Mass percent gains (mpg) and degree of succinylation (DS) of cell 3 (from cell 1) and cell 4 (from cell 2) were calculated. Cell 4 in relation to cell 3 exhibited an increase in mpg and in the concentration of carboxylic functions of 68.9% and 2.8 mmol/g, respectively. Cells 5 and 6 were obtained by treatment of cells 3 and 4 with bicarbonate solution to release the carboxylate functions and characterized by FTIR. The second part compares the adsorption capacity of cells 5 and 6 for Cu2+, Cd2+, and Pb2+ ions in an aqueous single metal solution. Adsorption isotherms were developed using Langmuir model. Cell 6 in relation to cell 5 exhibited an increase in Qmax for Cu2+ (30.4 mg/g), Cd2+ (86.0 mg/g) and Pb2+ (205.9 mg/g).
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Affiliation(s)
- Leandro Vinícius Alves Gurgel
- Departamento de Química, Instituto de Ciências Exatas e Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, 35400-000, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Gierlinger N, Schwanninger M, Reinecke A, Burgert I. Molecular Changes during Tensile Deformation of Single Wood Fibers Followed by Raman Microscopy. Biomacromolecules 2006; 7:2077-81. [PMID: 16827572 DOI: 10.1021/bm060236g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Raman spectra were acquired in situ during tensile straining of mechanically isolated fibers of spruce latewood. Stress-strain curves were evaluated along with band positions and intensities to monitor molecular changes due to deformation. Strong correlations (r = 0.99) were found between the shift of the band at 1097 cm(-1) corresponding to the stretching of the cellulose ring structure and the applied stress and strain. High overall shifts (-6.5 cm(-1)) and shift rates (-6.1 cm(-1)/GPa) were observed. After the fiber failed, the band was found on its original position again, proving the elastic nature of the deformation. Additionally, a decrease in the band height ratio of the 1127 and 1097 cm(-1) bands was observed to go hand in hand with the straining of the fiber. This is assumed to reflect a widening of the torsion angle of the glycosidic C-O-C bonding. Thus, the 1097 cm(-1) band shift and the band height ratio enable one to follow the stretching of the cellulose at a molecular level, while the lignin bands are shown to be unaffected. Observed changes in the OH region are shown and interpreted as a weakening of the hydrogen-bonding network during straining. Future experiments on different native wood fibers with variable chemical composition and cellulose orientation and on chemically and enzymatically modified fibers will help to deepen the micromechanical understanding of plant cell walls and the associated macromolecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Notburga Gierlinger
- Max-Planck-Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Department of Biomaterials, Potsdam, Germany.
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Peetla P, Schenzel KC, Diepenbrock W. Determination of mechanical strength properties of hemp fibers using near-infrared fourier transform Raman microspectroscopy. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2006; 60:682-91. [PMID: 16808870 DOI: 10.1366/000370206777670602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Fourier transform near-infrared (FT-NIR) Raman microspectroscopy was adopted for analyzing the micro mechanical tensile deformation behavior of cellulosic plant fibers. Mechanical strength parameters such as tensile strength, failure strain, and Young's modulus of diversified hemp fibers were determined within the range of single fiber cells and fiber filaments. The analysis of fiber deformation at the molecular level was followed by the response of a characteristic Raman signal of fiber cellulose that is sensitive to the tensile load applied. The frequency shift of the Raman signal at 1095 cm(-1) to lower wavenumbers was observed when the fibers were subjected to tensile strain. Microstructural investigations using electron microscopy under environmental conditions supported the discussion of mechanical properties of hemp fibers in relation to several fiber variabilities. Generally, mechanical strength properties of diversified hemp fibers were discussed at the molecular, microstructural, and macroscale level. It was observed that mechanical strength properties of the fibers can be controlled in a broad range by appropriate mercerization parameters such as alkali concentration, fiber shrinkage, and tensile stress applied to the fibers during the alkaline treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Padmaja Peetla
- Agricultural Department, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Ludwig-Wucherer-Strasse 2, D-06108 Halle, Germany
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Oh SY, Yoo DI, Shin Y, Kim HC, Kim HY, Chung YS, Park WH, Youk JH. Crystalline structure analysis of cellulose treated with sodium hydroxide and carbon dioxide by means of X-ray diffraction and FTIR spectroscopy. Carbohydr Res 2006; 340:2376-91. [PMID: 16153620 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2005.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 544] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2004] [Accepted: 08/14/2005] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Crystalline structures of cellulose (named as Cell 1), NaOH-treated cellulose (Cell 2), and subsequent CO2-treated cellulose (Cell 2-C) were analyzed by wide-angle X-ray diffraction and FTIR spectroscopy. Transformation from cellulose I to cellulose II was observed by X-ray diffraction for Cell 2 treated with 15-20 wt% NaOH. Subsequent treatment with CO2 also transformed the Cell 2-C treated with 5-10 wt% NaOH. Many of the FTIR bands including 2901, 1431, 1282, 1236, 1202, 1165, 1032, and 897 cm(-1) were shifted to higher wave number (by 2-13 cm(-1)). However, the bands at 3352, 1373, and 983 cm(-1) were shifted to lower wave number (by 3-95 cm(-1)). In contrast to the bands at 1337, 1114, and 1058 cm(-1), the absorbances measured at 1263, 993, 897, and 668 cm(-1) were increased. The FTIR spectra of hydrogen-bonded OH stretching vibrations at around 3352 cm(-1) were resolved into three bands for cellulose I and four bands for cellulose II, assuming that all the vibration modes follow Gaussian distribution. The bands of 1 (3518 cm(-1)), 2 (3349 cm(-1)), and 3 (3195 cm(-1)) were related to the sum of valence vibration of an H-bonded OH group and an intramolecular hydrogen bond of 2-OH ...O-6, intramolecular hydrogen bond of 3-OH...O-5 and the intermolecular hydrogen bond of 6-O...HO-3', respectively. Compared with the bands of cellulose I, a new band of 4 (3115 cm(-1)) related to intermolecular hydrogen bond of 2-OH...O-2' and/or intermolecular hydrogen bond of 6-OH...O-2' in cellulose II appeared. The crystallinity index (CI) was obtained by X-ray diffraction [CI(XD)] and FTIR spectroscopy [CI(IR)]. Including absorbance ratios such as A1431,1419/A897,894 and A1263/A1202,1200, the CI(IR) was evaluated by the absorbance ratios using all the characteristic absorbances of cellulose. The CI(XD) was calculated by the method of Jayme and Knolle. In addition, X-ray diffraction curves, with and without amorphous halo correction, were resolved into portions of cellulose I and cellulose II lattice. From the ratio of the peak area, that is, peak area of cellulose I (or cellulose II)/total peak area, CI(XD) were divided into CI(XD-CI) for cellulose I and CI(XD-CII) for cellulose II. The correlation between CI(XD-CI) (or CI(XD-CII)) and CI(IR) was evaluated, and the bands at 2901 (2802), 1373 (1376), 897 (894), 1263, 668 cm(-1) were good for the internal standard (or denominator) of CI(IR), which increased the correlation coefficient. Both fraction of the absorbances showing peak shift were assigned as the alternate components of CI(IR). The crystallite size was decreased to constant value for Cell 2 treated at >or= 15 wt% NaOH. The crystallite size of Cell 2-C (cellulose II) was smaller than that of Cell 2 (cellulose I) treated at 5-10 wt% NaOH. But the crystallite size of Cell 2-C (cellulose II) was larger than that of Cell 2 (cellulose II) treated at 15-20 wt% NaOH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Youn Oh
- Department of Textile Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 500-757, Republic of Korea
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Jastrzebska M, Zalewska-Rejdak J, Wrzalik R, Kocot A, Barwiński B, Mróz I, Cwalina B. Dimethyl suberimidate cross-linked pericardium tissue: Raman spectroscopic and atomic force microscopy investigations. J Mol Struct 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2004.11.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Jastrzebska M, Wrzalik R, Kocot A, Zalewska-Rejdak J, Cwalina B. Raman spectroscopic study of glutaraldehyde-stabilized collagen and pericardium tissue. JOURNAL OF BIOMATERIALS SCIENCE. POLYMER EDITION 2003; 14:185-97. [PMID: 12661667 DOI: 10.1163/156856203321142605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
For the first time, Raman spectroscopy has been employed to investigate formation of cross-links in collagen and porcine pericardium tissue upon glutaraldehyde (GA) treatment. GA treatment causes a very high fluorescence background, which overlaps Raman bands. It has been found that short fixation time, i.e. 2 h, reduces background radiation significantly, providing new possibilities for studying changes in molecular structure of collagen upon GA modification. The observed changes in position and intensity of Raman bands allowed us to recognize different types of GA-collagen interactions. Strong spectral evidence has been found for the peptide contribution to the formation of the GA-collagen cross-links and for the formation of secondary amines via Schiff base intermediates, and pyridinium-type cross-links. The results also revealed that different hydration levels and a more complex structure of intact tissue in comparison to collagen preparation strongly influence the formation of a GA cross-linking network, e.g. ether-type bond is preferred to form in a less hydrated collagen preparation. Our results have shown that GA treatment causes an increase in water content of pericardium tissue and collagen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Jastrzebska
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Silesia, Ostrogorska 30, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland.
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