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Santhosh KH, Krishna V, Kemparaju K, Manjunatha H, Shashi Kumar R, Mukherjee A, Gomez Mejiba SE, Ramirez DC, Ravindranath BS. β-keto amyrin isolated from Cryptostegia grandiflora R. br. inhibits inflammation caused by Daboia russellii viper venom: Direct binding of β-keto amyrin to phospholipase A 2. Toxicon 2024; 241:107679. [PMID: 38447765 PMCID: PMC11194115 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2024.107679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/03/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
The search for mechanism-based anti-inflammatory therapies is of fundamental importance to avoid undesired off-target effects. Phospholipase A2 (PLA2) activity is a potential molecular target for anti-inflammatory drugs because it fuels arachidonic acid needed to synthesize inflammation mediators, such as prostaglandins. Herein, we aim to investigate the molecular mechanism by which β-keto amyrin isolated from a methanolic extract of Cryptostegia grandiflora R. Br. Leaves can inhibit inflammation caused by Daboia russellii viper (DR) venom that mainly contains PLA2. We found that β-keto amyrin neutralizes DR venom-induced paw-edema in a mouse model. Molecular docking of PLA2 with β-keto amyrin complex resulted in a higher binding energy score of -8.86 kcal/mol and an inhibition constant of 611.7 nM. Diclofenac had a binding energy of -7.04 kcal/mol and an IC50 value of 620 nM, which predicts a poorer binding interaction than β-keto amyrin. The higher conformational stability of β-keto amyrin interaction compared to diclofenac is confirmed by molecular dynamics simulation. β-keto amyrin isolated from C. grandiflora inhibits the PLA2 activity contained in Daboia russellii viper venom. The anti-inflammatory property of β-keto amyrin is due to its direct binding into the active site of PLA2, thus inhibiting its enzyme activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- K H Santhosh
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Kuvempu University, Jnana Sahyadri, Shankaraghatta-577451, Karnataka, India
| | - V Krishna
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Kuvempu University, Jnana Sahyadri, Shankaraghatta-577451, Karnataka, India
| | - K Kemparaju
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Mysore, Manasa Gangotri Campus, Mysore-57006, Karnataka, India
| | - H Manjunatha
- Department of Biochemistry, Jnana Bharathi Campus, Bangalore University, Bangalore- 56005, Karnataka, India
| | - R Shashi Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Kuvempu University, Jnana Sahyadri, Shankaraghatta-577451, Karnataka, India
| | - A Mukherjee
- Department of Biotechnology, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal- 576104, Karnataka, India
| | - S E Gomez Mejiba
- Laboratory of Nutrition and Experimental Therapeutics, CCT-San Luis-National University of San Luis, San Luis, 5700-San Luis, Argentina.
| | - D C Ramirez
- Laboratory of Experimental and Translational Medicine. CCT-San Luis-National University of San Luis, San Luis, 5700-San Luis, Argentina.
| | - B S Ravindranath
- Department of Biotechnology, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal- 576104, Karnataka, India.
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Syringol isolated from Eleusine coracana (L.) Gaertn bran suppresses inflammatory response through the down-regulation of cPLA 2, COX-2, IκBα, p38 and MPO signaling in sPLA 2 induced mice paw oedema. Inflammopharmacology 2022; 30:1853-1870. [PMID: 35639234 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-022-00983-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Eleusine coracana (L.) Gaertn (E. coracana) is one of the highest consuming food crops in Asia and Africa. E. coracana is a plant with several medicinal values including anti-ulcerative, anti-diabetic, anti-viral and anti-cancer properties. However, the anti-inflammatory property of E. coracana remains to be elucidated. Therefore, the objective of present study was to investigate the potential in isolated molecule from E. coracana via a combination of in vitro, in vivo and in silico methods. In this study, we have isolated, purified and characterized an anti-inflammatory molecule from E. coracana bran extract known as syringol. Purification of syringol was accomplished by combination of GC-MS and RP-HPLC techniques. Syringol significantly inhibited the enzymes activity of sPLA2 (IC50 = 3.00 µg) and 5-LOX (IC50 = 0.325 µg) in vitro. The inhibition is independent of substrate concentration, calcium ion concentration and was irreversible. Syringol interacts with purified sPLA2 enzymes as evidenced by fluorescence and molecular docking studies. Further, the syringol molecule dose dependently inhibited the development of sPLA2 and λ-carrageenan induced edema. Furthermore, syringol decreases the expression of cPLA2, COX-2, IκBα, p38 and MPO in edematous tissues as demonstrated by western blots. These studies revealed that syringol isolated from E. coracana bran may develop as a potent anti-inflammatory molecule.
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Sadhu SP, Yarla NS, Pragada RR, Konduri P. Anti-inflammatory Activity of PLA 2 Inhibitory Saccharumoside-B. Antiinflamm Antiallergy Agents Med Chem 2022; 21:121-134. [PMID: 35362396 DOI: 10.2174/1871523021666220330143058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Saccharumoside-B and its analogs were found to have anticancer potential in vitro. The present study reports acute toxicity, molecular docking, ADMET profile analysis, and in vitro and in vivo anti-inflammatory activity of saccharumoside-B for the first time. METHODS The in vitro enzyme inhibitory activity of saccharumoside-B on PLA2, COX-1, COX-2, and 5-LOX enzymes was evaluated by the cell-free method, and its effect on TNF-α, IL1β, and IL- 6 secretion levels in LPS stimulated THP-1 human monocytes was determined by ELISA-based methods. The anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated in vivo by carrageenan-induced rat paw edema model. To test its binding affinity at the active site pockets of PLA2 enzymes and assess drug-like properties, docking experiments and ADMET studies were performed. RESULTS Saccharumoside-B showed selective inhibition of the sPLA2 enzyme (IC50 = 7.53 ± 0.232 μM), and thioetheramide-PC was used as a positive control. It showed significant inhibition (P ≤ 0.05) of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 cytokines compared to the positive control dexamethasone. Saccharumoside-B showed a dose-dependent inhibition of carrageenan-induced rat paw edema, with a maximum inhibition (76.09 ± 0.75) observed at 3 hours after the phlogistic agent injection. Saccharumoside-B potentially binds to the active site pocket of sPLA2 crystal protein (binding energy -7.6 Kcal/Mol). It complies with Lipinski's Rule of Five, showing a promising safety profile. The bioactivity scores suggested it to be a better enzyme inhibitor. CONCLUSION Saccharumoside-B showed significant PLA2 inhibition. It can become a potential lead molecule in synthesizing a new class of selective PLA2 inhibitors with a high safety profile in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surya Prabha Sadhu
- Department of AU College of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Pharmacology, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam, India
- Department of Pharmacology, Shri Vishnu College of Pharmacy, Bhimavaram, India
| | - Nagendra Sastry Yarla
- Department of Biochemistry, GITAM Institute of Science, GITAM University, Visakhapatnam, India
| | - Rajeswara Rao Pragada
- Department of AU College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmacology, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam, India
| | - Prasad Konduri
- Department of Pharmacology, Shri Vishnu College of Pharmacy, Bhimavaram, India
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Lin Y, Luo L, Lin H, Li X, Huang R. Potential therapeutic targets and molecular details of anthocyan-treated inflammatory bowel disease: a systematic bioinformatics analysis of network pharmacology. RSC Adv 2021; 11:8239-8249. [PMID: 35423341 PMCID: PMC8695082 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra09117k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Anthocyans, containing anthocyanins and anthocyanidins, play a crucial role in preventing and treating inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Most anthocyanins and their basic elements, namely anthocyanidins have been recognized for the effective treatment of IBD, but the key biomarkers of anthocyan-treated IBD remain unclear. In this study, a bioinformatics analysis based on network pharmacology was performed to demonstrate the core-targets, biological functions, and signaling pathways of most common anthocyanidins that existed in anthocyans to reveal their potential or major mechanisms. The network pharmacology of the multi-target drug molecular design with specific signal nodes was selected, which was used to analyse core targets and complete the bioinformatics analysis of core targets. The network assays indicated 44 common targeted genes, 5 of which were core targets of both six most common anthocyanidins and IBD. These 44 common targets related to major signaling mechanisms of the six most common anthocyanidins in IBD may involve following processes: promotion of intracellular metabolism and proliferation, inhibition of cell necrosis, anti-inflammation and regulation of intestinal epithelial survival mainly via pathways such as, the EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor resistance pathway, platelet activation, microRNAs in cancer, arachidonic acid metabolism and the cGMP-PKG signaling pathway. Thus, our findings may provide other molecular details about anthocyans in the treatment of IBD and contribute towards the use of anthocyanidins, which will be meaningful shedding light on the action mechanisms of anthocyanidins in treating IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqi Lin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University Guangzhou 510642 China
| | - Lianxiang Luo
- The Marine Biomedical Research Institute, Guangdong Medical University Zhanjiang 524023 China
- The Marine Biomedical Research Institute of Guangdong Zhanjiang Zhanjiang Guangdong 524023 China
| | - Haowen Lin
- The First Clinical College, Guangdong Medical University Zhanjiang 524023 China
| | - Xiaoling Li
- Animal Experiment Center, Guangdong Medical University Zhanjiang 524023 China
| | - Riming Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University Guangzhou 510642 China
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Zhang P, Villanueva V, Kalkowski J, Liu C, Pham T, Perez-Salas U, Bu W, Lin B, Liu Y. Polyunsaturated Phospholipid Modified Membrane Degradation Catalyzed by a Secreted Phospholipase A2. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2019; 35:11643-11650. [PMID: 31401834 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.9b01476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
To optimize the compositions of the lipid-based nanomedicine and to advance understanding of the roles of polyunsaturated phospholipids in biological membranes, this study examined the effects of polyunsaturated phospholipids on the degradation of giant unilamellar vesicles catalyzed by a secreted phospholipase A2 (sPLA2) using fluorescence microscopy. Molecular interfacial packing, interaction, and degradation of the films containing various mixing ratios of saturated and polyunsaturated phospholipids were quantified using a Langmuir trough integrated with synchrotron X-ray surface scattering techniques. It was found that a high molar fraction (0.63 and above) of polyunsaturated phospholipids not only enhanced the rate of sPLA2-catalyzed vesicle degradation but also changed the vesicle deformation process and degradation product morphology. Hydrolysis of the saturated phospholipids generated highly ordered liquid crystal domains, which was reduced or prohibited by the presence of the polyunsaturated phospholipids in the reactant film.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Wei Bu
- NSF's ChemMatCARS , University of Chicago , Chicago , Illinois 60637 , United States
| | - Binhua Lin
- NSF's ChemMatCARS , University of Chicago , Chicago , Illinois 60637 , United States
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Exogenous phospholipase A2 affects inflammatory gene expression in primary bovine mammary epithelial cells. J DAIRY RES 2019; 86:177-180. [PMID: 31038092 DOI: 10.1017/s0022029919000232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
This Research Communication addresses the hypothesis that exogenously administered phospholipase A2 (PLA2) affects the inflammatory responses of bovine mammary epithelial cells (bMEC) in vitro with the aim of providing preliminary justification of investigation into the uses of exogenously administered PLA2 to manage or treat bovine mastitis. Primary bMEC lines from 11 lactating Holstein dairy cows were established and the expression of 14 pro-inflammatory genes compared under unchallenged and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-challenged conditions, with and without concurrent treatment with bovine pancreatic PLA2G1B, a secreted form of PLA2. No differences in the expression of these genes were noted between PLA2-treated and untreated bMEC under unchallenged conditions. Following LPS challenge, untreated bMEC exhibited significant downregulation of CXCL8, IL1B, CCL20, and CXCL1. In contrast, PLA2-treated bMEC exhibited significant downregulation of IL1B and CCL20 only. These findings indicate that exogenous PLA2 affects the expression of some pro-inflammatory factors in immune-stimulated bMEC, but does not influence the constitutive expression of these factors. Further investigation of the influence of exogenous PLA2 in the bovine mammary gland is justified.
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Omland S, Habicht A, Damsbo P, Wilms J, Johansen B, Gniadecki R. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-escalation first-in-man study (phase 0) to assess the safety and efficacy of topical cytosolic phospholipase A2 inhibitor, AVX001, in patients with mild to moderate plaque psoriasis. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2017; 31:1161-1167. [DOI: 10.1111/jdv.14128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 01/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S.H. Omland
- Department of Dermato-Venerology; Bispebjerg University Hospital; Copenhagen Denmark
| | | | - P. Damsbo
- Avexxin AS, c/o Department of Biology; NTNU; Norwegian University of Science and Technology; Trondheim Norway
| | | | - B. Johansen
- Department of Biology; NTNU; Norwegian University of Science and Technology; Trondheim Norway
| | - R. Gniadecki
- Department of Dermato-Venerology; Bispebjerg University Hospital; Copenhagen Denmark
- Division of Dermatology; Faculty of Medicine; University of Alberta; Edmonton Canada
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Joshi V, Venkatesha SH, Ramakrishnan C, Nanjaraj Urs AN, Hiremath V, Moudgil KD, Velmurugan D, Vishwanath BS. Celastrol modulates inflammation through inhibition of the catalytic activity of mediators of arachidonic acid pathway: Secretory phospholipase A 2 group IIA, 5-lipoxygenase and cyclooxygenase-2. Pharmacol Res 2016; 113:265-275. [PMID: 27597642 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2016.08.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Revised: 08/10/2016] [Accepted: 08/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Elevated production of arachidonic acid (AA)-derived pro-inflammatory eicosanoids due to the concerted action of secretory phospholipase A2 group IIA (sPLA2IIA), 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) is a common feature of many inflammatory disorders. Hence, modulation of the bioactivity of these 3 enzymes is an important strategy to control inflammation. However, the failure of drugs specific for an individual enzyme (sPLA2IIA-, 5-LOX- or COX-2) and the success of 5-LOX/COX-2 dual inhibitors in effectively controlling inflammation in clinical trials prompted us to evaluate a common inhibitor for sPLA2IIA, 5-LOX and COX-2 enzymes. Celastrol, a quinone methide triterpene, was selected in this regard through molecular docking studies. We provide the first evidence for celastrol's ability to inhibit the catalytic activity of sPLA2IIA, 5-LOX and COX-2 enzymes. Celastrol significantly inhibited the catalytic activity of sPLA2IIA (IC50=6μM) in vitro, which is independent of substrate and calcium concentration. In addition, celastrol inhibited the catalytic activities of 5-LOX (IC50=5μM) and COX-2 (IC50=20μM) in vitro; sPLA2IIA-induced edema and carrageenan-induced edema in mice; and lipopolysaccharide-stimulated production of PGE2 in human neutrophils. Thus, celastrol modulates inflammatory responses by targeting multiple enzymes of AA pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikram Joshi
- Department of Studies in Biochemistry, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysuru, Karnataka, India
| | - Shivaprasad H Venkatesha
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Chandrasekaran Ramakrishnan
- Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | - Vilas Hiremath
- Department of Studies in Biochemistry, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysuru, Karnataka, India
| | - Kamal D Moudgil
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA; Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Devadasan Velmurugan
- Centre of Advanced Study in Crystallography and Biophysics, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
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Ingber A, Cohen Y, Krimsky M, Yedgar S. A Novel Treatment of Contact Dermatitis by Topical Application of Phospholipase A2 Inhibitor: A Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Pilot Study. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2016; 20:191-5. [PMID: 17346444 DOI: 10.1177/039463200702000123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Phospholipase A2 hydrolyzes membrane phospholipids releasing arachidonic acid and lysophospholipids. These are key precursors of inflammatory mediators, such as prostaglandins, leukotrienes, thromboxanes and PAF, in numerous inflammatory/allergic diseases, including skin inflammation. Accordingly, inhibition of PLA2 has long been postulated as a potentially potent antiinflammatory therapy. In the present study we tested the effect of a novel PLA2 inhibitor on contact dermatitis in human subjects. A double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot study was conducted on contact dermatitis patients (n = 11) treated with the inhibitor-containing topical preparation (1% cream). Disease severity was assessed by physician's assessment before treatment (day 0) as well as after 14-days and 30-days. Patients treated with 1% PLA2 inhibitor-containing cream showed a 69.9% reduction in disease score while placebo-treated patients showed a reduction of 36.5% with p = 0.0024. The clear improvement in the disease score of inhibitor-treated patients supports the involvement of PLA2 activity in skin inflammation and the therapeutic prospective of its inhibition.
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Columba-Palomares MFMC, Villareal DML, Acevedo Quiroz MCME, Marquina Bahena MCS, Álvarez Berber DLP, Rodríguez-López DV. Anti-inflammatory and cytotoxic activities of Bursera copallifera. Pharmacogn Mag 2015; 11:S322-8. [PMID: 26664022 PMCID: PMC4653344 DOI: 10.4103/0973-1296.166067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The plant species Bursera copallifera (DC) bullock is used in traditional medicine to treat inflammation. The leaves of this plant can be prepared as an infusion to treat migraines, bronchitis, and dental pain Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine the anti-inflammatory and cytotoxic activities of organic extracts from the stems, stem bark, and leaves of B. copallifera, which was selected based on the knowledge of its traditional use. Materials and Methods: We evaluated the ability of extracts to inhibit mouse ear inflammation in response to topical application of 12-O tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate. The extracts with anti-inflammatory activity were evaluated for their inhibition of pro-inflammatory enzymes. In addition, the in vitro cytotoxic activities of the organic extracts were evaluated using the sulforhodamine B assay. Results: The hydroalcoholic extract of the stems (HAS) exhibited an anti-inflammatory activity of 54.3% (0.5 mg/ear), whereas the anti-inflammatory activity of the dichloromethane-methanol extract from the leaves (DMeL) was 55.4% at a dose of 0.1 mg/ear. Methanol extract from the leaves (MeL) showed the highest anti-inflammatory activity (IC50 = 4.4 μg/mL), hydroalcoholic extract of leaves, and DMeL also reduce the enzyme activity, (IC50 = 6.5 μg/mL, IC50 = 5.7 μg/mL), respectively, from stems HAS exhibit activity at the evaluated concentrations (IC50 =6.4 μg/mL). The hydroalcoholic extract of the stems exhibited the highest cytotoxic activity against a breast adenocarcinoma cell line (MCF7, IC50 = 0.90 μg/mL), whereas DMeL exhibited an IC50 value of 19.9 μg/mL. Conclusion: In conclusion, extracts from leaves and stems inhibited cyclooxygenase-1, which is the target enzyme for nonsteroidal anti inflammatory drugs, and some of these extracts demonstrated substantial antiproliferative effects against the MCF7 cell line. These results validate the traditional use of B. copallifera.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dra María L Villareal
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Plantas Medicinales, Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Av. Universidad No. 1001 Col Chamilpa, C.P. 62209 Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
| | - M C Macdiel E Acevedo Quiroz
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Plantas Medicinales, Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Av. Universidad No. 1001 Col Chamilpa, C.P. 62209 Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
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Mruwat R, Kivity S, Landsberg R, Yedgar S, Langier S. Phospholipase A2-dependent Release of Inflammatory Cytokines by Superantigen-Stimulated Nasal Polyps of Patients with Chronic Rhinosinusitis. Am J Rhinol Allergy 2015; 29:e122-8. [DOI: 10.2500/ajra.2015.29.4224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Background Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is an inflammatory/allergic disease with unclear pathophysiology, but it has been linked to an imbalance in the production of eicosanoids, which are metabolites of arachidonic acid, and results from phospholipids hydrolysis by phospholipase A2 (PLA2). As of yet, the role of PLA2 in CRS has hardly been studied, except for a report that group II PLA2 expression is elevated in interleukin (IL) 1β or tumor necrosis factor α-stimulated CRS nasal tissues with and without polyps. The PLA2 families include extracellular (secretory) and intracellular isoforms, which are involved in the regulation of inflammatory processes in different ways. Here we comprehensively investigated the expression of PLA2s, particularly those reported to be involved in respiratory disorders, in superantigen (SAE)-stimulated nasal polyps from patients with CRS with polyps, and determined their role in inflammatory cytokine production by inhibition of PLA2 expression. Methods The release of IL-5, IL-13, IL-17, and interferon γ by nasal polyps dispersed cells (NPDC) was determined concomitantly with PLA2 messenger RNA expression, under SAE stimulation, with or without dexamethasone, as a regulator of PLA2 expression. Results Stimulation of NPDCs by SAE-induced cytokine secretion with enhanced expression of several secretory PLA2 and Ca2+-independent PLA2, while suppressing cytosolic PLA2 expression. All these were reverted to the level of unstimulated NPDCs on treatment with dexamethasone. Conclusion This study further supports the key role of secretory PLA2 in the pathophysiology of respiratory disorders and presents secretory PLA2 inhibition as a therapeutic strategy for the treatment of CRS and airway pathologies in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rufayda Mruwat
- Department of Biochemistry, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | | | - Roee Landsberg
- Ear Nose and Throat Department, Tel Aviv Medical Center, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, lsrael
| | - Saul Yedgar
- Department of Biochemistry, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
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Native state dynamics affects the folding transition of porcine pancreatic phospholipase A2. Biophys Chem 2015; 206:12-21. [PMID: 26117657 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpc.2015.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2015] [Revised: 06/11/2015] [Accepted: 06/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Porcine pancreatic phospholipase A2, a small and disulfide rich protein, is extremely resistant against chemically or thermally induced unfolding. Despite this marked resistance, the protein displays broad unfolding transitions resulting in comparatively low apparent thermodynamic stability. Broad unfolding transitions may result from undetected folding intermediates, residual structures in the unfolded state or an inhomogeneity of the native state. Using circular dichroism, fluorescence, and NMR spectroscopy, we ruled out the existence of stably populated folding intermediates, whereas UV absorbance measurements hinted at stable residual structures in the unfolded state. These residual structures proved, however, to have no impact on the folding parameters. Studies by limited proteolysis, CD, and NMR spectroscopy under non-denaturing conditions suggested pronounced dynamics of the protein in the native state, which as long as unrestrained by acidic pH or bound Ca(2+) ions exert considerable influence on the unfolding transition.
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Lin CC, Hsieh HL, Liu SW, Tseng HC, Hsiao LD, Yang CM. BK Induces cPLA2 Expression via an Autocrine Loop Involving COX-2-Derived PGE2 in Rat Brain Astrocytes. Mol Neurobiol 2014; 51:1103-15. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-014-8777-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2014] [Accepted: 06/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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Ahmad W, Kumolosasi E, Jantan I, Bukhari SNA, Jasamai M. Effects of Novel Diarylpentanoid Analogues of Curcumin on Secretory Phospholipase A2, Cyclooxygenases, Lipo-oxygenase, and Microsomal Prostaglandin E Synthase-1. Chem Biol Drug Des 2014; 83:670-81. [DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.12280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2013] [Revised: 11/23/2013] [Accepted: 01/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Waqas Ahmad
- Drug and Herbal Research Centre; Faculty of Pharmacy; Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia; Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz 50300 Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
| | - Endang Kumolosasi
- Drug and Herbal Research Centre; Faculty of Pharmacy; Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia; Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz 50300 Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
| | - Ibrahim Jantan
- Drug and Herbal Research Centre; Faculty of Pharmacy; Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia; Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz 50300 Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
| | - Syed N. A. Bukhari
- Drug and Herbal Research Centre; Faculty of Pharmacy; Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia; Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz 50300 Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
| | - Malina Jasamai
- Drug and Herbal Research Centre; Faculty of Pharmacy; Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia; Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz 50300 Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
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Farkhondeh T, Boskabady MH, Kohi MK, Sadeghi-Hashjin G, Moin M. Lead exposure affects inflammatory mediators, total and differential white blood cells in sensitized guinea pigs during and after sensitization. Drug Chem Toxicol 2013; 37:329-35. [DOI: 10.3109/01480545.2013.866133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Antibacterial properties of recombinant human non-pancreatic secretory phospholipase A2. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2013; 441:453-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2013.10.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2013] [Accepted: 10/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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17
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Mruwat R, Yedgar S, Lavon I, Ariel A, Krimsky M, Shoseyov D. Phospholipase A2 in experimental allergic bronchitis: a lesson from mouse and rat models. PLoS One 2013; 8:e76641. [PMID: 24204651 PMCID: PMC3812210 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0076641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2013] [Accepted: 08/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Phospholipases A2 (PLA2) hydrolyzes phospholipids, initiating the production of inflammatory lipid mediators. We have previously shown that in rats, sPLA2 and cPLA2 play opposing roles in the pathophysiology of ovalbumin (OVA)-induced experimental allergic bronchitis (OVA-EAB), an asthma model: Upon disease induction sPLA2 expression and production of the broncho-constricting CysLTs are elevated, whereas cPLA2 expression and the broncho-dilating PGE2 production are suppressed. These were reversed upon disease amelioration by treatment with an sPLA2 inhibitor. However, studies in mice reported the involvement of both sPLA2 and cPLA2 in EAB induction. Objectives To examine the relevance of mouse and rat models to understanding asthma pathophysiology. Methods OVA-EAB was induced in mice using the same methodology applied in rats. Disease and biochemical markers in mice were compared with those in rats. Results As in rats, EAB in mice was associated with increased mRNA of sPLA2, specifically sPLA2gX, in the lungs, and production of the broncho-constricting eicosanoids CysLTs, PGD2 and TBX2 in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL). In contrast, EAB in mice was associated also with elevated cPLA2 mRNA and PGE2 production. Yet, treatment with an sPLA2 inhibitor ameliorated the EAB concomitantly with reverting the expression of both cPLA2 and sPLA2, and eicosanoid production. Conclusions In both mice and rats sPLA2 is pivotal in OVA-induced EAB. Yet, amelioration of asthma markers in mouse models, and human tissues, was observed also upon cPLA2 inhibition. It is plausible that airway conditions, involving multiple cell types and organs, require the combined action of more than one, essential, PLA2s.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Arachidonate 5-Lipoxygenase/immunology
- Arachidonate 5-Lipoxygenase/metabolism
- Arginase/genetics
- Arginase/immunology
- Arginase/metabolism
- Asthma/genetics
- Asthma/immunology
- Asthma/metabolism
- Blotting, Western
- Bronchitis/genetics
- Bronchitis/immunology
- Bronchitis/metabolism
- Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid/chemistry
- Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid/immunology
- Chitinases/genetics
- Chitinases/immunology
- Chitinases/metabolism
- Cysteine/immunology
- Cysteine/metabolism
- Dinoprostone/immunology
- Dinoprostone/metabolism
- Disease Models, Animal
- Female
- Group X Phospholipases A2/genetics
- Group X Phospholipases A2/immunology
- Group X Phospholipases A2/metabolism
- Humans
- Leukotrienes/immunology
- Leukotrienes/metabolism
- Lung/immunology
- Lung/metabolism
- Lung/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Ovalbumin/immunology
- Phospholipases A2, Cytosolic/genetics
- Phospholipases A2, Cytosolic/immunology
- Phospholipases A2, Cytosolic/metabolism
- Phospholipases A2, Secretory/genetics
- Phospholipases A2, Secretory/immunology
- Phospholipases A2, Secretory/metabolism
- Prostaglandin D2/immunology
- Prostaglandin D2/metabolism
- Rats
- Receptors, Leukotriene/immunology
- Receptors, Leukotriene/metabolism
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- T-Box Domain Proteins/immunology
- T-Box Domain Proteins/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Rufayda Mruwat
- Department of Biochemistry, Hebrew University Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Saul Yedgar
- Department of Biochemistry, Hebrew University Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
- * E-mail:
| | - Iris Lavon
- Department of Neurology, Hadassah University Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Amiram Ariel
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Miron Krimsky
- Department of Neurology, Hadassah University Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel
- Pediatric Department, Hadassah University Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - David Shoseyov
- Pediatric Department, Hadassah University Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel
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Ben Bacha A, Abid I. Secretory phospholipase A2 in dromedary tears: a host defense against staphylococci and other gram-positive bacteria. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2013; 169:1858-69. [PMID: 23344945 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-013-0113-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2012] [Accepted: 01/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The best known physiologic function of secreted phospholipase A2 (sPLA2) group IIA (sPLA2-IIA) is defense against bacterial infection through hydrolytic degradation of bacterial membrane phospholipids. In fact, sPLA2-IIA effectively kills Gram-positive bacteria and to a lesser extent Gram-negative bacteria and is considered a major component of the eye's innate immune defense system. The antibacterial properties of sPLA2 have been demonstrated in rabbit and human tears. In this report, we have analyzed the bactericidal activity of dromedary tears and the subsequently purified sPLA2 on several Gram-positive bacteria. Our results showed that the sPLA2 displays a potent bactericidal activity against all the tested bacteria particularly against the Staphylococcus strains when tested in the ionic environment of tears. There is a synergic action of the sPLA2 with lysozyme when added to the bacteria culture prior to sPLA2. Interestingly, lysozyme purified from dromedary tears showed a significant bactericidal activity against Listeria monocytogene and Staphylococcus epidermidis, whereas the one purified from human tears displayed no activity against these two strains. We have also demonstrated that Ca(2+) is crucial for the activity of dromedary tear sPLA2 and to a less extent Mg(2+) ions. Given the presence of sPLA2 in tears and intestinal secretions, this enzyme may play a substantial role in innate mucosal and systemic bactericidal defenses against Gram-positive bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abir Ben Bacha
- Biochemistry Department, Science College, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
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19
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Dan P, Rosenblat G, Yedgar S. Phospholipase A2 activities in skin physiology and pathology. Eur J Pharmacol 2012; 691:1-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2012.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2011] [Revised: 06/21/2012] [Accepted: 07/02/2012] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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20
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Karkabounas A, Kitsiouli E, Nakos G, Lekka M. HPLC-fluorimetric assay of phospholipase A2. Application to biological samples with high protein content and various reaction conditions. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2011; 879:1557-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2011.03.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2010] [Revised: 02/15/2011] [Accepted: 03/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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21
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de Alvarenga E, Silva S, Barosa L, Demuner A, Parreira A, Ribeiro R, Marcussi S, Ferreira J, Resende R, Granjeiro P, Silva J, Soares A, Marangoni S, Da Silva S. Synthesis and evaluation of sesquiterpene lactone inhibitors of phospholipase A2 from Bothrops jararacussu. Toxicon 2011; 57:100-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2010.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2010] [Revised: 10/18/2010] [Accepted: 10/19/2010] [Indexed: 09/30/2022]
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22
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Folmer F, Jaspars M, Schumacher M, Dicato M, Diederich M. Marine natural products targeting phospholipases A2. Biochem Pharmacol 2010; 80:1793-800. [PMID: 20833149 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2010.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2010] [Revised: 08/25/2010] [Accepted: 08/27/2010] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Phospholipases A(2) (PLA(2)s) form a family of enzymes catalyzing the hydrolysis of membrane phospholipids into arachidonic acid, which is the major precursor of pro-inflammatory eicosanoids. As a result, PLA(2)s have been considered as potential targets in anti-inflammatory drug discovery. Marine natural products are a rich source of bioactive compounds, including PLA(2) inhibitors. Here, we review the properties of marine PLA(2) inhibitors identified since the first discovery of PLA(2) inhibitory activity in the marine natural product manoalide in the mid 1980s.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence Folmer
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire du Cancer, Fondation de Recherche Cancer et Sang, Hôpital Kirchberg, 9 Rue Edward Steichen, L-2540 Luxembourg, Luxembourg
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23
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Human monocyte differentiation stage affects response to arachidonic acid. Cell Immunol 2010; 264:61-70. [PMID: 20537616 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2010.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2009] [Revised: 04/22/2010] [Accepted: 04/28/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
AA-induced cell death mechanisms acting on human monocytes and monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM), U937 promonocytes and PMA-differentiated U937 cells were studied. Arachidonic acid induced apoptosis and necrosis in monocytes and U937 cells but only apoptosis in MDM and U937D cells. AA increased both types of death in Mycobacterium tuberculosis-infected cells and increased the percentage of TNFalpha+ cells and reduced IL-10+ cells. Experiments blocking these cytokines indicated that AA-mediated death was TNFalpha- and IL-10-independent. The differences in AA-mediated cell death could be explained by high ROS, calpain and sPLA-2 production and activity in monocytes. Blocking sPLA-2 in monocytes and treatment with antioxidants favored M. tuberculosis control whereas AA enhanced M. tuberculosis growth in MDM. Such evidence suggested that AA-modulated effector mechanisms depend on mononuclear phagocytes' differentiation stage.
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24
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Pardeike J, Müller RH. Nanosuspensions: A promising formulation for the new phospholipase A2 inhibitor PX-18. Int J Pharm 2010; 391:322-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2010.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2010] [Revised: 03/01/2010] [Accepted: 03/02/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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25
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Teke M, Onal S, Kilinç A, Telefoncu A. Immobilization of Phospholipase A2on Porous Glass and Its Application for Lowering Serum Cholesterol Concentration. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 31:467-78. [PMID: 14672420 DOI: 10.1081/bio-120025417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Phospholipase A2 (PLA2; EC 3.1.1.4) is a lipolytic enzyme that hydrolysis the ester bond in sn-2 position of phospholipids. In this work, the PLA2 from hog pancreas was covalently coupled to porous glass. The properties of free and immobilized enzyme were also investigated and compared. The optimum pH and temperature were found as 8.5 and 50 degrees C, respectively for both free and immobilized enzyme. The immobilized enzyme had good properties that potential for medical application is considerable. Its use in lowering plasma cholesterol concentrations in blood samples was also demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Teke
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Ege University, Bornova-Izmir, Turkey.
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26
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sPhospholipase A(2) is inhibited by anthocyanidins. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2009; 116:1071-7. [PMID: 19649692 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-009-0268-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2009] [Accepted: 07/10/2009] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies suggest that nutritional antioxidants may reduce the incidence of neurodegenerative disorders and age-related cognitive decline. Specifically, protection against oxidative stress and inflammation has served as a rationale for promoting diets rich in vegetables and fruits. The present study addresses secretory phospholipase A(2) (sPLA(2)) as a novel candidate effector of neuroprotection conferred by anthocyanins and anthocyanidins. Using a photometric assay, 15 compounds were screened for their ability to inhibit PLA(2). Of these, cyanidin, malvidin, peonidin, petunidin, and delphinidin achieved K(i) values <or=18 microM, suggesting a modulatory role for berry polyphenols in phospholipid metabolism.
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27
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Synthesis and evaluation of nitrostyrene derivative compounds, new snake venom phospholipase A2 inhibitors. Toxicon 2008; 51:1467-78. [PMID: 18471841 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2008.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2008] [Revised: 03/19/2008] [Accepted: 03/20/2008] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Several nitrostyrene derivatives were synthesized and their inhibitive activities on phospholipase A(2) (PLA(2)) from Bothrops jararacussu venom were evaluated. Some compounds were very efficient as inhibition agents against edema-inducing, enzymatic and myotoxic activities. Data revealed that the size of the substitute and substitution position in the nitrostyrene moiety had important influence on the inhibition capacities. The enzymatic kinetic studies show that the nitrostyrene derivatives compounds inhibit PLA(2) in a non-competitive manner. The electronic, molecular and topologic parameters were calculated using ab initio quantum calculations (density functional theory-DFT) and analyzed by chemometric methods (principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA)) in order to build models able to establish relationships between the electronic features and the structure-activity presented by the target compound. Compounds with the nitro group in the ortho, meta and para position (compounds 2-4) on the aromatic ring were more efficient in the inhibition of PLA(2) activity in all tests. These results indicate that the influence of the nitro group in the aromatic ring is, in fact, important. In addition, quantum chemistry calculations show that compounds with a higher capacity of inhibiting PLA(2) present lower values of highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) energy and polarizability, suggesting the formation of a charge-transferring complex between the nitrostyrene compounds and PLA(2).
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28
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Jordan JR, Moore EE, Sarin EL, Damle SS, Kashuk SB, Silliman CC, Banerjee A. Arachidonic acid in postshock mesenteric lymph induces pulmonary synthesis of leukotriene B4. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2008; 104:1161-6. [PMID: 18276905 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00022.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenteric lymph is the mechanistic link between splanchnic hypoperfusion and acute lung injury (ALI), but the culprit mediator(s) remains elusive. Previous work has shown that administration of a phospholipase A(2) (PLA(2)) inhibitor attenuated postshock ALI and also identified a non-ionic lipid within the postshock mesenteric lymph (PSML) responsible for polymorphonuclear neutrophil (PMN) priming. Consequently, we hypothesized that gut-derived leukotriene B(4) (LTB(4)) is a key mediator in the pathogenesis of ALI. Trauma/hemorrhagic shock (T/HS) was induced in male Sprague-Dawley rats and the mesenteric duct cannulated for lymph collection/diversion. PSML, arachidonic acid (AA), and a LTB(4) receptor antagonist were added to PMNs in vitro. LC/MS/MS was employed to identify bioactive lipids in PSML and the lungs. T/HS increased AA in PSML and increased LTB(4) and PMNs in the lung. Lymph diversion decreased lung LTB(4) by 75% and PMNs by 40%. PSML stimulated PMN priming (11.56 +/- 1.25 vs. 3.95 +/- 0.29 nmol O(2)(-)/min; 3.75 x 10(5) cells/ml; P < 0.01) that was attenuated by LTB(4) receptor blockade (2.64 +/- 0.58; P < 0.01). AA stimulated PMNs to produce LTB(4), and AA-induced PMN priming was attenuated by LTB(4) receptor antagonism. Collectively, these data indicate that splanchnic ischemia/reperfusion activates gut PLA(2)-mediated release of AA into the lymph where it is delivered to the lungs, provoking LTB(4) production and subsequent PMN-mediated lung injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janeen R Jordan
- Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, CO, USA
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29
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Souza AD, Rodrigues-Filho E, Souza AQ, Pereira JO, Calgarotto AK, Maso V, Marangoni S, Da Silva SL. Koninginins, phospholipase A2 inhibitors from endophytic fungus Trichoderma koningii. Toxicon 2008; 51:240-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2007.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2007] [Revised: 09/18/2007] [Accepted: 09/25/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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30
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Lee SH, Lee JG, Kim JR, Baek SH. Toll-like receptor 9-mediated cytosolic phospholipase A2 activation regulates expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2007; 364:996-1001. [PMID: 18273445 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2007.10.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2007] [Accepted: 10/19/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Although CpG containing DNA is an important regulator of innate immune responses via toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9), excessive activation of this receptor is detrimental to the host. Here, we show that cytosolic phospholipase A(2) (cPLA(2)) activation is important for TLR9-mediated inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression. Activation of TLR9 signaling by CpG induces iNOS expression and NO production. Inhibition of TLR9 blocked the iNOS expression and NO production. The CpG also stimulates cPLA(2)-hydrolyzed arachidonic acid (AA) release. Inhibition of cPLA(2) activity by inhibitor attenuated the iNOS expression by CpG response. Additionally, knockdown of cPLA(2) protein by miRNA also suppressed the CpG-induced iNOS expression. Furthermore, the CpG rapidly phosphorylates three MAPKs and Akt. A potent inhibitor for p38 MAPK or Akt blocked the CpG-induced AA release and iNOS expression. These results suggest that TLR9 activation stimulates cPLA(2) activity via p38 or Akt pathways and mediates iNOS expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun-Hye Lee
- Aging-associated Vascular Disease Research Center, Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Yeungnam University, 317-1 Daemyung-5 Dong, Daegu 705-717, South Korea
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31
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Brake JM, Abbott NL. Coupling of the orientations of thermotropic liquid crystals to protein binding events at lipid-decorated interfaces. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2007; 23:8497-507. [PMID: 17595119 DOI: 10.1021/la0634286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
We report a study of the interactions of proteins with monolayers of phospholipids (D/L-alpha-dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine and L-alpha-dilauroyl phosphatidylcholine) spontaneously assembled at an interface between an aqueous phase and a 20-microm-thick film of a nematic liquid crystal (4'-pentyl-4-cyanobiphenyl). Because the orientation of the liquid crystal is coupled to the organization of the lipids, specific interactions between phospholipase A2 and the lipids (binding and/or hydrolysis) that lead to reorganization of the lipids are optically reported (using polarized light) as dynamic orientational transitions in the liquid crystal. In contrast, nonspecific interactions between proteins such as albumin, lysozyme, and cytochrome-c and the lipid-laden interface of the liquid crystal are not reported as orientational transitions in the liquid crystals. Concurrent epifluorescence and polarized light imaging of labeled lipids and proteins at the aqueous-liquid crystal interface demonstrate that spatially patterned orientations of the liquid crystals observed during specific binding of phospholipase A2 to the interface, as well as during the subsequent hydrolysis of lipids by phospholipase A2, reflect the lateral organization (micrometer-sized domains) of the proteins and lipids, respectively, at the aqueous-liquid crystal interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey M Brake
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1415 Engineering Drive, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
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32
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Ibrahim S, Calzada C, Pruneta-Deloche V, Lagarde M, Ponsin G. The transfer of VLDL-associated phospholipids to activated platelets depends upon cytosolic phospholipase A2 activity. J Lipid Res 2007; 48:1533-8. [PMID: 17456899 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m600480-jlr200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously reported that VLDL could transfer phospholipids (PLs) to activated platelets. To identify the metabolic pathway involved in this process, the transfer of radiolabeled PLs from VLDL (200 microM PL) to platelets (2 x 10(8)/ml) was measured after incubations of 1 h at 37 degrees C, with or without thrombin (0.1 U/ml) or LPL (500 ng/ml), in the presence of various inhibitors, including aspirin, a cyclooxygenase inhibitor (300 microM); esculetin, a 12-lipoxygenase inhibitor (20 microM); methyl-arachidonyl-fluorophosphonate (MAFP), a phospholipase A(2) (PLA(2)) inhibitor (100 microM); 1,2-bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid tetrakis (acetoxymethyl) ester (BAPTA-AM), a Ca(2+) chelator (20 microM); bromoenol lactone (BEL), a Ca(2+)- independent phospholipase A(2) (iPLA(2)) inhibitor (100 nM); and 1-[6-[[17beta-3-methoxyestra-1,3,5(10)-trien-17-yl-]amino]hexyl]1H-pyrrole-2,5-dione (U73122), a phospholipase C (PLC) inhibitor (20 microM). Aspirin and esculetin had no effect, showing that PL transfer was not dependent upon cyclooxygenase or lipoxygenase pathways. The transfer of PL was inhibited by MAFP, U73122, and BAPTA-AM. Although MAFP inhibited both cytosolic phospholipase A(2) (cPLA(2)) and iPLA(2), only cPLA(2) is a calcium-dependent enzyme. Because calcium mobilization is favored by PLC and inhibited by BAPTA-AM, the transfer of PL from VLDL to platelets appeared to result from a cPLA(2)-dependent process. The inhibition of iPLA(2) by BEL had no effect on PL transfers.
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33
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Wacklin HP, Tiberg F, Fragneto G, Thomas RK. Distribution of reaction products in phospholipase A2 hydrolysis. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2007; 1768:1036-49. [PMID: 17355873 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2006.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2006] [Revised: 09/20/2006] [Accepted: 10/30/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We have monitored the composition of supported phospholipid bilayers during phospholipase A(2) hydrolysis using specular neutron reflection and ellipsometry. Porcine pancreatic PLA(2) shows a long lag phase of several hours during which the enzyme binds to the bilayer surface, but only 5+/-3% of the lipids react before the onset of rapid hydrolysis. The amount of PLA(2), which resides in a 21+/-1 A thick layer at the water-bilayer interface, as well as its depth of penetration into the membrane, increase during the lag phase, the length of which is also proportional to the enzyme concentration. Hydrolysis of a single-chain deuterium labelled d(31)-POPC reveals for the first time that there is a significant asymmetry in the distribution of the reaction products between the membrane and the aqueous environment. The lyso-lipid leaves the membrane while the number of PLA(2) molecules bound to the interface increases with increasing fatty acid content. These results constitute the first direct measurement of the membrane structure and composition, including the location and amount of the enzyme during hydrolysis. These are discussed in terms of a model of fatty-acid mediated activation of PLA(2).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna P Wacklin
- Oxford University, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QZ, UK.
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34
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Parker SK, Curtin KM, Vasil ML. Purification and characterization of mycobacterial phospholipase A: an activity associated with mycobacterial cutinase. J Bacteriol 2007; 189:4153-60. [PMID: 17416658 PMCID: PMC1913378 DOI: 10.1128/jb.01909-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe mycobacterial phospholipase A activity (MPLA) and, using reverse genetics, have associated this activity with putative mycobacterial cutinase. PLAs, which hydrolyze fatty acids on phospholipids, play a significant role in human inflammatory states and disease pathogenesis. In prokaryotes, the recognition of their role in virulence is more recent. Cutinases are serine esterases whose primary substrate is cutin, the waxy exterior layer of plants. Mycobacterium tuberculosis has maintained seven putative cutinases, though it should not encounter cutin; we demonstrate that known cutinases and MPLA cleave phospholipids in a PLA-type manner and also hydrolyze Tween. We analyzed cutinase motifs in mycobacteria and found the motif very prevalent. All mycobacteria tested had MPLA activity. These studies suggest an alternative use for putative cutinases by the M. tuberculosis group that is likely related to MPLA activity and lipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah K Parker
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
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35
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Shi C, Zhao X, Wang X, Zhao L, Andersson R. Potential effects of PKC or protease inhibitors on acute pancreatitis-induced tissue injury in rats. Vascul Pharmacol 2007; 46:406-11. [PMID: 17347056 DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2007.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2007] [Accepted: 04/20/2006] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute pancreatitis (AP) is still one of the severe diseases, that cause the development of multiple organ dysfunction with a high mortality. Effective therapies for AP are still limited, mainly due to unclear mechanisms by which AP initiates both pancreatic and extrapancreatic organ injury. METHODS Protease inhibitors (aprotinin, pefabloc, trypsin inhibitor) and PKC inhibitors (polymyxin B, staurosporine) were administrated 30 min before induction of AP in rats. To investigate the pancreatic, systemic and lung inflammatory response and injury, plasma IL-6 and IL-10, pancreatic and pulmonary myeloperoxidase (MPO) levels, pancreatic protease activity and phospholipase A(2) (PLA(2)) activity in ascites were measured 3 and 6 h after AP induction. RESULTS Pretreatment with protease inhibitors significantly prevented from AP-increased plasma levels of IL-10, pancreatic and pulmonary levels of MPO, pancreatic protease activity and the catalytic activity of PLA(2) in ascites. PKC inhibitors significantly reduced pancreatic and pulmonary levels of MPO and pancreatic protease activity. CONCLUSION Inhibition of proteases in AP may be helpful in ameliorating the inflammatory reaction in both pancreatic and extrapancreatic tissues, where neutrophil involvement may be regulated by PKC and proteases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changbin Shi
- Department of Surgery, Clinical Sciences, Lund University Hospital, SE-221 85 Lund, Sweden
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Fuchs SM, Heinemann C, Schliemann-Willers S, Härtl H, Fluhr JW, Elsner P. Assessment of anti-inflammatory activity of Poria cocos in sodium lauryl sulphate-induced irritant contact dermatitis. Skin Res Technol 2007; 12:223-7. [PMID: 17026651 DOI: 10.1111/j.0909-752x.2006.00168.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In the present study, we evaluated the anti-inflammatory activity of Poria cocos (PoCo) on experimentally induced irritant contact dermatitis (ICD) in a repeated sodium lauryl sulphate (SLS) irritation model. METHODS The anti-irritative effect of PoCo was evaluated with a visual score and quantified by non-invasive bioengineering methods, namely chromametry and transepidermal water loss. Three concentrations of PoCo in base cream DAC (amphiphilic emollient; German pharmacopoeia) were tested in a 4-day repetitive irritation test using SLS. RESULTS A statistically significant anti-inflammatory activity was observed for PoCo by all three methods when applied in parallel to the induction period of ICD. Application of PoCo after induction of ICD once a day for 5 days, starting just at the end of 4 days, was without any effect. CONCLUSION An anti-inflammatory efficacy of PoCo on the elicitation phase of the ICD induced by repeated SLS test could be observed and quantified by three independent, non-invasive biophysical assessment parameters. This effect can be explained by its influence on pro-inflammatory enzymes, namely phospholipase A2.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Fuchs
- Department of Dermatology, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany
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Yedgar S, Cohen Y, Shoseyov D. Control of phospholipase A2 activities for the treatment of inflammatory conditions. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2006; 1761:1373-82. [PMID: 16978919 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2006.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2006] [Accepted: 08/01/2006] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Phospholipase-A2 (PLA2) enzymes hydrolyze cell membrane phospholipids to produce arachidonic acid (AA) and lyso-phospholipids (LysoPL), playing a key role in the production of inflammatory lipid mediators, mainly eicosanoids. They are therefore considered pro-inflammatory enzymes and their inhibition has long been recognized as a desirable therapeutic target. However, attempts to develop suitable PLA2 inhibitors for the treatment of inflammatory diseases have yet to succeed. This is due to their functional and structural diversity, and their homeostatic and even anti-inflammatory roles in certain circumstances. In the present review we outline the diversity and functions of PLA2 isoforms, and their interplay in the induction and inhibition of inflammatory processes, with emphasis on discussing approaches for therapeutic manipulation of PLA2 activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saul Yedgar
- Department of Biochemistry, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem 91120, Israel.
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Issa AY, Volate SR, Wargovich MJ. The role of phytochemicals in inhibition of cancer and inflammation: New directions and perspectives. J Food Compost Anal 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2006.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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El Alwani M, Wu BX, Obeid LM, Hannun YA. Bioactive sphingolipids in the modulation of the inflammatory response. Pharmacol Ther 2006; 112:171-83. [PMID: 16759708 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2006.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2006] [Accepted: 04/06/2006] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation is viewed as a protective response against insults to the organism. It involves the recruitment of many cell types and the production of various inflammatory mediators in attempts to contain and reverse the insult. However, inflammation can lead to irreversible tissue destruction by itself and, therefore, can represent a disease state that causes significant morbidity and mortality. Understanding the molecular mechanisms controlling the inflammatory response is essential to formulate therapeutic strategies for the treatment of inflammatory conditions. In fact, substantial research has unveiled important aspects of the inflammatory machinery, both at the cellular and molecular levels. Recently, sphingolipids (SLs) have emerged as signaling molecules that regulate many cell functions, and ample evidence emphasizes their role in the regulation of inflammatory responses. Here, we review the role of bioactive SL as regulators and mediators of inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mazen El Alwani
- Department of Medicine, Division of General Internal Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
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Murakami MT, Gabdoulkhakov A, Genov N, Cintra ACO, Betzel C, Arni RK. Insights into metal ion binding in phospholipases A2: ultra high-resolution crystal structures of an acidic phospholipase A2 in the Ca2+ free and bound states. Biochimie 2006; 88:543-9. [PMID: 16376474 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2005.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2005] [Revised: 07/25/2005] [Accepted: 10/28/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The electrophile Ca(2+) is an essential multifunctional co-factor in the phospholipase A(2) mediated hydrolysis of phospholipids. Crystal structures of an acidic phospholipase A(2) from the venom of Bothrops jararacussu have been determined both in the Ca(2+) free and bound states at 0.97 and 1.60 A resolutions, respectively. In the Ca(2+) bound state, the Ca(2+) ion is penta-coordinated by a distorted pyramidal cage of oxygen and nitrogen atoms that is significantly different to that observed in structures of other Group I/II phospholipases A(2). In the absence of Ca(2+), a water molecule occupies the position of the Ca(2+) ion and the side chain of Asp49 and the calcium-binding loop adopts a different conformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M T Murakami
- Department of Physics, IBILCE/UNESP, Cristovão Colombo 2265, São José do Rio Preto, SP 15054-000, Brazil
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41
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Huang C, Zhou L, Liu Y, Lai L. A continuous fluorescence assay for phospholipase A2 with nontagged lipid. Anal Biochem 2006; 351:11-7. [PMID: 16510113 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2006.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2005] [Revised: 12/30/2005] [Accepted: 01/04/2006] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Human nonpancreatic secreted phospholipase A2 (hnps PLA2) is considered to be an important drug target for antiinflammation therapy. We have established a new fluorescence assay by using 1-anilinonaphthalene-8-sulfonate (ANS) as an interfacial probe for hydrophobic environment detection. The fitted apparent k(cat)/K(m) of hnps PLA2 is 0.0181 +/- 0.0005 RFU/microMs. Tests on known synthesized inhibitor gave IC50 values similar to those from isotope-labeled assay. Because ANS is a commonly used probe for hydrophobic environment detection that needs no modification in the current assay, this strategy may be widely applicable for interfacial catalytic reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changkang Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Stable and Unstable Species, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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Shoseyov D, Bibi H, Offer S, Schwob O, Krimsky M, Kleiman M, Yedgar S. Treatment of ovalbumin-induced experimental allergic bronchitis in rats by inhaled inhibitor of secretory phospholipase A(2). Thorax 2005; 60:747-53. [PMID: 15994250 PMCID: PMC1747528 DOI: 10.1136/thx.2005.043695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The pathophysiology of asthma involves the action of inflammatory/allergic lipid mediators formed following membrane phospholipid hydrolysis by phospholipase A(2) (PLA(2)). Cysteinyl leukotrienes are considered potent inducers of bronchoconstriction and airway remodelling. Ovalbumin (OVA) induced bronchoconstriction in rats is associated with increased secretory PLA(2) (sPLA(2)) activation and cysteinyl leukotriene production, together with suppression of cytosolic PLA(2) and prostaglandin E(2). These processes are reversed when the animals are pretreated systemically with an extracellular cell impermeable sPLA(2) inhibitor which also suppresses the early allergic reaction to OVA challenge. In this study we examine the capacity of the sPLA(2) inhibitor to ameliorate inflammatory and allergic manifestations (early and late bronchoconstriction) of OVA induced allergic bronchitis in rats when the inhibitor was administered by inhalation to confine it to the airways. METHODS Rats sensitised with OVA were treated with the sPLA(2) inhibitor hyaluronic acid-linked phosphatidyl ethanolamine (HyPE). The rats were divided into four groups (n = 10 per group): (1) naïve controls (no sensitisation/no treatment); (2) positive controls (sensitisation + challenge with OVA inhalation and subcutaneous injection of 1 ml saline before each challenge; (3) sensitisation + challenge with OVA and HyPE inhalation before every challenge; and (4) sensitisation + challenge with OVA and treatment with subcutaneous dexamethasone (300 mug) before each challenge as a conventional reference. Another group received no treatment with HyPE during the sensitisation process but only before or after challenge of already sensitised rats. Pulmonary function was assessed and changes in the histology of the airways, levels of cysteinyl leukotrienes in BAL fluid, and the production of nitric oxide (No) and tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha) by BAL macrophages were determined. RESULTS Inhalation of HyPE markedly suppressed OVA induced early and late asthmatic reactions as expressed by bronchoconstriction, airway remodelling (histology), cysteinyl leukotriene level in BAL fluid, and production of TNFalpha and NO by BAL macrophages. OVA induced bronchoconstriction in sensitised non-pretreated rats was also inhibited by inhalation of HyPE either before or after the challenge. CONCLUSIONS These findings confirm the pivotal role of sPLA(2) in the pathophysiology of both the immediate allergic response and the inflammatory asthmatic process. Control of airway sPLA(2) may be a new therapeutic approach to the treatment of asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Shoseyov
- Department of Biochemistry, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel 91120
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Grewal S, Herbert SP, Ponnambalam S, Walker JH. Cytosolic phospholipase A2-alpha and cyclooxygenase-2 localize to intracellular membranes of EA.hy.926 endothelial cells that are distinct from the endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi apparatus. FEBS J 2005; 272:1278-90. [PMID: 15720401 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2005.04565.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Cytosolic phospholipase A2-alpha (cPLA2-alpha) is a calcium-activated enzyme that plays an important role in agonist-induced arachidonic acid release. In endothelial cells, free arachidonic acid can be converted subsequently into prostacyclin, a potent vasodilator and inhibitor of platelet activation, through the action of cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes. Here we study the relocation of cPLA2-alpha in human EA.hy.926 endothelial cells following stimulation with the calcium-mobilizing agonist, A23187. Relocation of cPLA2-alpha was seen to be highly cell specific, and in EA.hy.926 cells occurred primarily to intracellular structures resembling the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and Golgi. In addition, relocation to both the inner and outer surfaces of the nuclear membrane was observed. Colocalization studies with markers for these subcellular organelles, however, showed colocalization of cPLA2-alpha with nuclear membrane markers but not with ER or Golgi markers, suggesting that the relocation of cPLA2-alpha occurs to sites that are separate from these organelles. Colocalization with annexin V was also observed at the nuclear envelope, however, little overlap with staining patterns for the potential cPLA2-alpha interacting proteins, annexin I, vimentin, p11 or actin, was seen in this cell type. In contrast, cPLA2-alpha was seen to partially colocalize specifically with the COX-2 isoform at the ER-resembling structures, but not with COX-1. These studies suggest that cPLA2-alpha and COX-2 may function together at a distinct and novel compartment for eicosanoid signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seema Grewal
- School of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Leeds, UK
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Andresen TL, Jensen SS, Jørgensen K. Advanced strategies in liposomal cancer therapy: problems and prospects of active and tumor specific drug release. Prog Lipid Res 2005; 44:68-97. [PMID: 15748655 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2004.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 400] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Tumor specific drug delivery has become increasingly interesting in cancer therapy, as the use of chemotherapeutics is often limited due to severe side effects. Conventional drug delivery systems have shown low efficiency and a continuous search for more advanced drug delivery principles is therefore of great importance. In the first part of this review, we present current strategies in the drug delivery field, focusing on site-specific triggered drug release from liposomes in cancerous tissue. Currently marketed drug delivery systems lack the ability to actively release the carried drug and rely on passive diffusion or slow non-specific degradation of the liposomal carrier. To obtain elevated tumor-to-normal tissue drug ratios, it is important to develop drug delivery strategies where the liposomal carriers are actively degraded specifically in the tumor tissue. Many promising strategies have emerged ranging from externally triggered light- and thermosensitive liposomes to receptor targeted, pH- and enzymatically triggered liposomes relying on an endogenous trigger mechanism in the cancerous tissue. However, even though several of these strategies were introduced three decades ago, none of them have yet led to marketed drugs and are still far from achieving this goal. The most advanced and prospective technologies are probably the prodrug strategies where non-toxic drugs are carried and activated specifically in the malignant tissue by overexpressed enzymes. In the second part of this paper, we review our own work, exploiting secretory phospholipase A2 as a site-specific trigger and prodrug activator in cancer therapy. We present novel prodrug lipids together with biophysical investigations of liposome systems, constituted by these new lipids and demonstrate their degradability by secretory phospholipase A2. We furthermore give examples of the biological performance of the enzymatically degradable liposomes as advanced drug delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas L Andresen
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Building 207, DK-2800 Lyngby, Denmark.
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Landreville S, Coulombe S, Carrier P, Gelb MH, Guérin SL, Salesse C. Expression of phospholipases A2 and C in human corneal epithelial cells. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2004; 45:3997-4003. [PMID: 15505048 PMCID: PMC2424249 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.04-0084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To achieve a better understanding of the involvement of phospholipases in the inflammation and wound-healing processes in human corneal epithelial cells (HCECs), expression of phospholipase A2s (PLA2s) and phospholipase Cs (PLCs) was examined in the human corneal epithelium. METHODS Specific primers were designed for RT-PCR amplification of the known secreted (s)PLA2, cytosolic (c)PLA2, and PLC mRNAs. Corresponding PCR products were cloned and the DNA sequenced. Immunofluorescence of flatmounted corneal sections and Western blot analyses were used to detect the PLA2s and PLCs expressed by HCECs. RESULTS The mRNAs for the following phospholipases were detected by RT-PCR in the HCECs: sPLA2GIII, -GX, and -GXIIA; cPLA2alpha and -gamma; PLCbeta1, -beta2, -beta3, -beta4, -gamma1, -gamma2, -delta1, -delta3, -delta4, and -epsilon. Immunofluorescence analyses conducted on corneal epithelium cryosections and Western blot on freshly isolated HCECs demonstrated the presence of sPLA2GIII, -GX, and -GXIIA; cPLA2alpha and -gamma; and PLCbeta2, -beta3, -gamma1, -gamma2, and -delta3. CONCLUSIONS Many phospholipase isoforms are expressed by HCECs and may play a major role in signal transduction (PLCs) as well as in the release of precursors of potent mediators of inflammation, such as leukotrienes and prostaglandins (PLA2s). Moreover, the sPLA2s expressed by the corneal epithelium could be involved in the normal antibacterial activity in the tears and in wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solange Landreville
- Unité de Recherche en Ophtalmologie, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec (CHUQ), Pavillon du Centre Hospitalier de l’Université Laval (CHUL), Faculté de Médecine
| | - Stéphanie Coulombe
- Unité de Recherche en Ophtalmologie, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec (CHUQ), Pavillon du Centre Hospitalier de l’Université Laval (CHUL), Faculté de Médecine
| | - Patrick Carrier
- Laboratoire d’Organogenèse Expérimentale, Centre Hospitalier Affilié Universitaire, Pavillon Saint-Sacrement, Université Laval, Sainte-Foy, Québec, Canada
| | - Michael H. Gelb
- Departments of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Sylvain L. Guérin
- Centre de Recherche en Oncologie et Endocrinologie Moléculaire, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec (CHUQ), Pavillon du Centre Hospitalier de l’Université Laval (CHUL), Faculté de Médecine
| | - Christian Salesse
- Unité de Recherche en Ophtalmologie, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec (CHUQ), Pavillon du Centre Hospitalier de l’Université Laval (CHUL), Faculté de Médecine
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Offer S, Yedgar S, Schwob O, Krimsky M, Bibi H, Eliraz A, Madar Z, Shoseyov D. Negative feedback between secretory and cytosolic phospholipase A2 and their opposing roles in ovalbumin-induced bronchoconstriction in rats. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2004; 288:L523-9. [PMID: 15557087 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00199.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Phospholipase A2 (PLA2) hydrolyzes cell membrane phospholipids (PL) to produce arachidonic acid and lyso-PL. The PLA2 enzymes include the secretory (sPLA2) and cytosolic (cPLA2) isoforms, which are assumed to act synergistically in production of eicosanoids that are involved in inflammatory processes. However, growing evidence raises the possibility that in airways and asthma-related inflammatory cells (eosinophils, basophils), the production of the bronchoconstrictor cysteinyl leukotrienes (CysLT) is linked exclusively to sPLA2, whereas the bronchodilator prostaglandin PGE2 is produced by cPLA2. It has been further reported that the capacity of airway epithelial cells to produce CysLT is inversely proportional to PGE2 production. This seems to suggest that sPLA2 and cPLA2 play opposing roles in asthma pathophysiology and the possibility of a negative feedback between the two isoenzymes. To test this hypothesis, we examined the effect of a cell-impermeable extracellular sPLA2 inhibitor on bronchoconstriction and PLA2 expression in rats with ovalbumin (OVA)-induced asthma. It was found that OVA-induced bronchoconstriction was associated with elevation of lung sPLA2 expression and CysLT production, concomitantly with suppression of cPLA2 expression and PGE2 production. These were reversed by treatment with the sPLA2 inhibitor, resulting in amelioration of bronchoconstriction and reduced CysLT production and sPLA2 expression, concomitantly with enhanced PGE2 production and cPLA2 expression. This study demonstrates, for the first time in vivo, a negative feedback between sPLA2 and cPLA2 and assigns opposing roles for these enzymes in asthma pathophysiology: sPLA2 activation induces production of the bronchoconstrictor CysLT and suppresses cPLA2 expression and the subsequent production of the bronchodilator PGE2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarit Offer
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, The Hebrew University, Rehovat, Jerusalem
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Rajendra W, Armugam A, Jeyaseelan K. Toxins in anti-nociception and anti-inflammation. Toxicon 2004; 44:1-17. [PMID: 15225557 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2004.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2003] [Revised: 04/05/2004] [Accepted: 04/08/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The use of toxins as novel molecular probes to study the structure-function relationship of ion-channels and receptors as well as potential therapeutics in the treatment of wide variety of diseases is well documented. The high specificity and selectivity of these toxins have attracted a great deal of interest as candidates for drug development. This review highlights the involvement of the proteins and peptide toxins as well as non-proteinaceous compounds derived from both venomous and non-venomous animals, in anti-nociception and anti-inflammation. The possible mechanisms of these potential therapeutic agents and possible clinical applications in the treatment of pain and inflammation are also summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wudayagiri Rajendra
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 8, Medical Drive, Singapore, Singapore 117597
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Darville T, Yedgar S, Krimsky M, Andrews CW, Jungas T, Ojcius DM. Protection against Chlamydia trachomatis infection in vitro and modulation of inflammatory response in vivo by membrane-bound glycosaminoglycans. Microbes Infect 2004; 6:369-76. [PMID: 15050964 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2003.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2003] [Accepted: 12/24/2003] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycans (GAG) efficiently inhibit adherence of several strains of Chlamydia trachomatis to cell lines in vitro, but none of the GAG have been able to inhibit infections in vivo. One possible cause for failure of GAG inhibition in vivo is the inability to deliver a sustained concentration of GAG at the mucosal surface. We tested the possibility of enhancing cell protection by increasing the cell-surface concentration of GAG using membrane-anchored GAG (MAG), composed of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE)-linked GAG. These lipid conjugates were originally designed as extracellular phospholipase A2 (PLA2) inhibitors and exhibit a dual effect: the lipid moiety incorporates into the cell membrane, interfering with the action of PLA2 on cell membranes, and the anchored GAG protects the cell membrane from exogenous inflammatory mediators. We tested the ability of MAG to block chlamydia infection in vitro and in vivo. The MAG blocked infection of epithelial cells in vitro when added to the cells at the same time or before infection, but not if added after the bacteria had already invaded the host cells. One of the MAG led to the production of aberrant Chlamydia vacuoles, suggesting it may inhibit intracellular PLA2 associated with development of the vacuole. Although the MAG did not inhibit vaginal infection of mice, they decreased significantly the level of secretion of the inflammatory cytokines TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma but had no effect on secretion of the neutrophil chemokine, macrophage inflammatory protein-2 (MIP-2). Acute and chronic inflammatory cell infiltrates were not altered by MAG treatment. These findings suggest that lipid conjugation of GAG could be used as a novel approach for increasing cell-surface concentrations of GAG. The inconclusive in vivo results might be due to the physical properties of the tested MAG or an insufficient application protocol, and their improvement might provide the desired inhibitory effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toni Darville
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 W. Markham, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA.
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Gilroy DW, Newson J, Sawmynaden P, Willoughby DA, Croxtall JD. A novel role for phospholipase A2 isoforms in the checkpoint control of acute inflammation. FASEB J 2004; 18:489-98. [PMID: 15003994 DOI: 10.1096/fj.03-0837com] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Acute inflammation can be considered in terms of a series of checkpoints where each phase of cellular influx, persistence, and clearance is controlled by endogenous stop and go signals. It is becoming increasingly apparent that in addition to initiating the inflammatory response, eicosanoids may also mediate resolution. This suggests there are two phases of arachidonic acid release: one at onset for the generation of proinflammatory eicosanoids and one at resolution for the synthesis of proresolving eicosanoids. What is unclear is the identity of the phospholipase (PLA2) isoforms involved in this biphasic release of arachidonic acid. We show here that type VI iPLA2 drives the onset of acute pleurisy through the synthesis of PGE2, LTB4, PAF, and IL-1beta. However, during resolution there is a switch to a sequential induction of first sPLA2 (types IIa and V) that mediates the release of PAF and lipoxin A4, which, in turn, are responsible for the subsequent induction of type IV cPLA2 that mediates the release of arachidonic acid for the synthesis of proresolving prostaglandins. This study is the first of its kind to address the respective roles of PLA2 isoforms in acute resolving inflammation and to identify type VI iPLA2 as a potentially selective target for the treatment of inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek W Gilroy
- Department of Experimental Pathology, William Harvey Research Institute, St. Bartholomew's & The Royal London School of Medicine and Dentistry, London.
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Grewal S, Smith J, Ponnambalam S, Walker J. Stimulation-dependent recruitment of cytosolic phospholipase A2-alpha to EA.hy.926 endothelial cell membranes leads to calcium-independent association. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 271:69-77. [PMID: 14686920 DOI: 10.1046/j.1432-1033.2003.03903.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Cytosolic phospholipase A2-alpha (cPLA2-alpha) is a calcium-activated enzyme involved in agonist-induced arachidonic acid release. In endothelial cells, free arachidonic acid is predominantly converted into prostacyclin, a potent vasodilator and inhibitor of platelet activation. As the rate-limiting step in prostacyclin production is the generation of free arachidonic acid by cPLA2-alpha, this enzyme has become an attractive pharmacological target and the focus of many studies. Following stimulation with calcium-mobilizing agonists, cPLA2-alpha translocates to intracellular phospholipid membranes via its C2 domain. In this study, the calcium-induced association of cPLA2-alpha with EA.hy.926 endothelial cell membranes was investigated. Subcellular fractionation and immunofluorescence studies showed that following stimulation with histamine, thrombin or the calcium ionophore A23187, cPLA2-alpha relocated to intracellular membranes. Treatment of A23187-stimulated cells with EGTA or BAPTA-AM demonstrated that a substantial pool of cPLA2-alpha remained associated with membrane fractions in a calcium-independent manner. Furthermore, immunofluorescence microscopy studies revealed that cells stimulated for periods of greater than 10 min showed a high proportion of calcium-independent membrane-associated cPLA2-alpha. Calcium-independent membrane association of cPLA2-alpha was not due to hydrophobic or cytoskeletal interactions. Finally, the recombinant C2 domain of cPLA2-alpha exhibited calcium-independent membrane binding to membranes isolated from A23187-stimulated cells but not those isolated from nonstimulated cells. These findings suggest that novel mechanisms involving accessory proteins at the target membrane play a role in the regulation of cPLA2-alpha. Such regulatory associations could enable the cell to discriminate between the varying levels of cytosolic calcium induced by different stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seema Grewal
- School of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, UK
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