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Subedi L, Pandey P, Khadka B, Shim JH, Cho SS, Kweon S, Byun Y, Kim KT, Park JW. Enhancement of the anticancer effect of atorvastatin-loaded nanoemulsions by improving oral absorption via multivalent intestinal transporter-targeting lipids. Drug Deliv 2022; 29:3397-3413. [DOI: 10.1080/10717544.2022.2149896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Laxman Subedi
- Department of Biomedicine, Health & Life Convergence Sciences, BK21 Four, Biomedical and Healthcare Research Institute, Mokpo National University, Jeonnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Prashant Pandey
- Department of Biomedicine, Health & Life Convergence Sciences, BK21 Four, Biomedical and Healthcare Research Institute, Mokpo National University, Jeonnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Bikram Khadka
- Department of Biomedicine, Health & Life Convergence Sciences, BK21 Four, Biomedical and Healthcare Research Institute, Mokpo National University, Jeonnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Hyun Shim
- Department of Biomedicine, Health & Life Convergence Sciences, BK21 Four, Biomedical and Healthcare Research Institute, Mokpo National University, Jeonnam, Republic of Korea
- College of Pharmacy and Natural Medicine Research Institute, Mokpo National University, Jeonnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Sik Cho
- Department of Biomedicine, Health & Life Convergence Sciences, BK21 Four, Biomedical and Healthcare Research Institute, Mokpo National University, Jeonnam, Republic of Korea
- College of Pharmacy and Natural Medicine Research Institute, Mokpo National University, Jeonnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Seho Kweon
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Science, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngro Byun
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Science, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki-Taek Kim
- Department of Biomedicine, Health & Life Convergence Sciences, BK21 Four, Biomedical and Healthcare Research Institute, Mokpo National University, Jeonnam, Republic of Korea
- College of Pharmacy and Natural Medicine Research Institute, Mokpo National University, Jeonnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Woo Park
- Department of Biomedicine, Health & Life Convergence Sciences, BK21 Four, Biomedical and Healthcare Research Institute, Mokpo National University, Jeonnam, Republic of Korea
- College of Pharmacy and Natural Medicine Research Institute, Mokpo National University, Jeonnam, Republic of Korea
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2
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Chandrasekar S, Kuipa S, Vargas AI, Ignatova T, Rotkin SV, Jedlicka SS. Cell cycle-dependent endocytosis of DNA-wrapped single-walled carbon nanotubes by neural progenitor cells. BIOPHYSICAL REPORTS 2022; 2:100061. [PMID: 36425331 PMCID: PMC9680777 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpr.2022.100061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
While exposure of C17.2 neural progenitor cells (NPCs) to nanomolar concentrations of carbon nanotubes (NTs) yields evidence of cellular substructure reorganization and alteration of cell division and differentiation, the mechanisms of NT entry are not understood. This study examines the entry modes of (GT)20 DNA-wrapped single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) into NPCs. Several endocytic mechanisms were examined for responsibility in nanomaterial uptake and connections to alterations in cell development via cell-cycle regulation. Chemical cell-cycle arrest agents were used to synchronize NPCs in early G1, late G1/S, and G2/M phases at rates (>80%) aligned with previously documented levels of synchrony for stem cells. Synchronization led to the highest reduction in SWCNT internalization during the G1/S transition of the cell cycle. Concurrently, known inhibitors of endocytosis were used to gain control over established endocytic machineries (receptor-mediated endocytosis (RME), macropinocytosis (MP), and clathrin-independent endocytosis (CIE)), which resulted in a decrease in uptake of SWCNTs across the board in comparison with the control. The outcome implicated RME as the primary mechanism of uptake while suggesting that other endocytic mechanisms, though still fractionally responsible, are not central to SWCNT uptake and can be supplemented by RME when compromised. Thereby, endocytosis of nanomaterials was shown to have a dependency on cell-cycle progression in NPCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swetha Chandrasekar
- Department of Bioengineering, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania
| | - Sophia Kuipa
- Department of Bioengineering, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania
| | - Ana I. Vargas
- Department of Bioengineering, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania
| | - Tetyana Ignatova
- Joint School of Nanoscience and Nanoengineering, The University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina
| | - Slava V. Rotkin
- Department of Engineering Science & Mechanics, Materials Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, Millennium Science Complex, University Park, Pennsylvania
| | - Sabrina S. Jedlicka
- Department of Bioengineering, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania
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3
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Rottlerin Stimulates Exosome/Microvesicle Release via the Increase of Ceramide Levels Mediated by Ampk in an In Vitro Model of Intracellular Lipid Accumulation. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10061316. [PMID: 35740338 PMCID: PMC9219951 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10061316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes/microvesicles originate from multivesicular bodies that allow the secretion of endolysosome components out of the cell. In the present work, we investigated the effects of rottlerin, a polyphenol, on exosome/microvesicle secretion in a model of intracellular lipid trafficking impairment, and elucidated the mechanism of action. In a model of lipid trafficking impairment in C6 glia cells, rottlerin increased ceramide levels, while decreasing hexosylceramide content. This was accompanied by increased exosome/microvesicle secretion, thereby reducing the concentration of lipids in the endolysosomal compartment. The reduction of hexosylceramide levels by rottlerin was attributed to the increase of β-glucosidase (glucosylceramidase) activity, and the effects of rottlerin were abrogated by β-glucosidase inhibitors such as isofagomine D-tartrate and AMP-deoxynojirimycin. Moreover, treatment with ML-266, a potent activator of the β-glucosidase enzyme, recapitulated the effects of rottlerin on the sphingolipid profile and exosome/microvesicle secretion. Finally, inhibition of AMPK (AMP-activated protein kinase) using compound C prevented both exosome/microvesicle secretion and the elimination of endolysosome lipids, which were promoted by rottlerin. The results showed that the decrease in intracellular lipid deposition induced by rottlerin was mediated by β-glucosidase activation and exosome/microvesicle release via the AMPK pathway. Rottlerin consumption could represent an additional health benefit in lysosomal deposition diseases.
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Lasunción MA, Martínez-Botas J, Martín-Sánchez C, Busto R, Gómez-Coronado D. Cell cycle dependence on the mevalonate pathway: Role of cholesterol and non-sterol isoprenoids. Biochem Pharmacol 2021; 196:114623. [PMID: 34052188 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2021.114623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The mevalonate pathway is responsible for the synthesis of isoprenoids, including sterols and other metabolites that are essential for diverse biological functions. Cholesterol, the main sterol in mammals, and non-sterol isoprenoids are in high demand by rapidly dividing cells. As evidence of its importance, many cell signaling pathways converge on the mevalonate pathway and these include those involved in proliferation, tumor-promotion, and tumor-suppression. As well as being a fundamental building block of cell membranes, cholesterol plays a key role in maintaining their lipid organization and biophysical properties, and it is crucial for the function of proteins located in the plasma membrane. Importantly, cholesterol and other mevalonate derivatives are essential for cell cycle progression, and their deficiency blocks different steps in the cycle. Furthermore, the accumulation of non-isoprenoid mevalonate derivatives can cause DNA replication stress. Identification of the mechanisms underlying the effects of cholesterol and other mevalonate derivatives on cell cycle progression may be useful in the search for new inhibitors, or the repurposing of preexisting cholesterol biosynthesis inhibitors to target cancer cell division. In this review, we discuss the dependence of cell division on an active mevalonate pathway and the role of different mevalonate derivatives in cell cycle progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel A Lasunción
- Servicio de Bioquímica-Investigación, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, IRyCIS, Madrid, Spain; CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Spain.
| | - Javier Martínez-Botas
- Servicio de Bioquímica-Investigación, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, IRyCIS, Madrid, Spain; CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Spain
| | - Covadonga Martín-Sánchez
- Servicio de Bioquímica-Investigación, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, IRyCIS, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rebeca Busto
- Servicio de Bioquímica-Investigación, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, IRyCIS, Madrid, Spain; CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Spain
| | - Diego Gómez-Coronado
- Servicio de Bioquímica-Investigación, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, IRyCIS, Madrid, Spain; CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Spain.
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5
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Jiang T, Zhang G, Lou Z. Role of the Sterol Regulatory Element Binding Protein Pathway in Tumorigenesis. Front Oncol 2020; 10:1788. [PMID: 33014877 PMCID: PMC7506081 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.01788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2019] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic changes are a major feature of tumors, including various metabolic forms, such as energy, lipid, and amino acid metabolism. Sterol regulatory element binding proteins (SREBPs) are important modules in regulating lipid metabolism and play an essential role in metabolic diseases. In the previous decades, the regulatory range of SREBPs has been markedly expanded. It was found that SREBPs also played a critical role in tumor development. SREBPs are involved in energy supply, lipid supply, immune environment and inflammatory environment shaping in tumor cells, and as a protective umbrella to support the malignant proliferation of tumor cells. Natural medicine and traditional Chinese medicine, as an important part of drug therapy, demonstrates the multifaceted effects of SREBPs regulation. This review summarizes the core processes in the involvement of SREBPs in tumors and provides a comprehensive understanding of the pathways through which natural drugs target the SREBP pathway and regulate tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Jiang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Guangji Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhaohuan Lou
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
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Razgonova MP, Zakharenko AM, Golokhvast KS, Thanasoula M, Sarandi E, Nikolouzakis K, Fragkiadaki P, Tsoukalas D, Spandidos DA, Tsatsakis A. Telomerase and telomeres in aging theory and chronographic aging theory (Review). Mol Med Rep 2020; 22:1679-1694. [PMID: 32705188 PMCID: PMC7411297 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2020.11274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The current review focuses on the connection of telomerase and telomeres with aging. In this review, we describe the changes in telomerase and telomere length (TEL) during development, their role in carcinogenesis processes, and the consequences of reduced telomerase activity. More specifically, the connection of TEL in peripheral blood cells with the development of aging‑associated diseases is discussed. The review provides systematic data on the role of telomerase in mitochondria, the biology of telomeres in stem cells, as well as the consequences of the forced expression of telomerase (telomerization) in human cells. Additionally, it presents the effects of chronic stress exposure on telomerase activity, the effect of TEL on fertility, and the effect of nutraceutical supplements on TEL. Finally, a comparative review of the chronographic theory of aging, presented by Olovnikov is provided based on currently available scientific research on telomere, telomerase activity, and the nature of aging by multicellular organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayya P. Razgonova
- N.I. Vavilov All-Russian Institute of Plant Genetic Resources, 190000 Saint-Petersburg, Russia
- Far Eastern Federal University, 690950 Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Alexander M. Zakharenko
- N.I. Vavilov All-Russian Institute of Plant Genetic Resources, 190000 Saint-Petersburg, Russia
- Far Eastern Federal University, 690950 Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Kirill S. Golokhvast
- N.I. Vavilov All-Russian Institute of Plant Genetic Resources, 190000 Saint-Petersburg, Russia
- Far Eastern Federal University, 690950 Vladivostok, Russia
- Pacific Geographical Institute, Far Eastern Branch of The Russian Academy of Sciences, 690041 Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Maria Thanasoula
- Metabolomic Μedicine, Health Clinics for Autoimmune and Chronic Diseases, 10674 Athens, Greece
| | - Evangelia Sarandi
- Metabolomic Μedicine, Health Clinics for Autoimmune and Chronic Diseases, 10674 Athens, Greece
| | | | - Persefoni Fragkiadaki
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Medical School, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Greece
- Spin-Off Toxplus S.A., 71601 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Dimitris Tsoukalas
- Metabolomic Μedicine, Health Clinics for Autoimmune and Chronic Diseases, 10674 Athens, Greece
| | - Demetrios A. Spandidos
- Laboratory of Clinical Virology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion 71003, Greece
| | - Aristidis Tsatsakis
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Medical School, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Greece
- Spin-Off Toxplus S.A., 71601 Heraklion, Greece
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7
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Curcumin stimulates exosome/microvesicle release in an in vitro model of intracellular lipid accumulation by increasing ceramide synthesis. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2020; 1865:158638. [PMID: 31988047 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2020.158638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Curcumin, a hydrophobic polyphenol found in the rhizome of Curcuma longa, has been shown to reduce intracellular lipid accumulation in mouse models of lysosomal storage diseases such as Niemann-Pick type C. Exosomes are small extracellular vesicles secreted by cells in response to changes in intracellular ceramide composition. Curcumin can induce exosome/microvesicle release in cellular models of lipid deposition; however, the mechanism by which curcumin stimulates this release is unknown. In a model of lipid trafficking impairment in C6 glia cells, we show that curcumin stimulated ceramide synthesis by increasing the intracellular concentration of ceramide-dihydroceramide. Ceramide overload increased exosome/microvesicle secretion 10-fold, thereby reducing the concentration of lipids in the endolysosomal compartment. These effects were blocked by inhibitors of serine palmitoyltransferase (myriocin) and ceramide synthase (fumonisin B1). It is concluded that the decrease in intracellular lipid deposition induced by curcumin is mediated by increased ceramide synthesis and exosome/microvesicle release. This action may represent an additional health benefit of curcumin.
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Encapsulation of Lovastatin in Zein Nanoparticles Exhibits Enhanced Apoptotic Activity in HepG2 Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20225788. [PMID: 31752085 PMCID: PMC6888474 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20225788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Revised: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Research on statins highlights their potent cytotoxicity against cancer cells and their potential for cancer prevention. The aim of the current study was to examine whether loading lovastatin (LVS) in zein (ZN) nanoparticles (NPs) would potentiate the anti-proliferative effects of LVS and enhance its proliferation-inhibiting activity in HepG2 cells. LVS-ZN NPs were prepared and showed excellent characteristics, with respect to their particle size, zeta potential, diffusion, and entrapment efficiency. In addition, they showed the most potent anti-proliferative activity against HepG2 cells. ZN alone showed an observable anti-proliferative that was significantly higher than that of raw LVS. Furthermore, LVS uptake by HepG2 cells was greatly enhanced by the formulation in ZN. A cell cycle analysis indicated that LVS induced a significant cell accumulation in the G2/M and pre-G phases. In this regard, the LVS-ZN NPs exhibited the highest potency. The accumulation in the pre-G phase indicated an enhanced pro-apoptotic activity of the prepared formula. The cells incubated with the LVS-ZN NPs showed the highest percentage of cells with annexin-V positive staining. In addition, the same incubations showed the highest content of caspase-3 enzyme in comparison to raw LVS or ZN. Thus, the loading of LVS in ZN nanoparticles enhances its anti-proliferative activity against HepG2 cells, which is attributed, at least partly, to the enhanced cellular uptake and the induction of apoptosis.
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Revilla G, Pons MDP, Baila-Rueda L, García-León A, Santos D, Cenarro A, Magalhaes M, Blanco RM, Moral A, Ignacio Pérez J, Sabé G, González C, Fuste V, Lerma E, Faria MDS, de Leiva A, Corcoy R, Carles Escolà-Gil J, Mato E. Cholesterol and 27-hydroxycholesterol promote thyroid carcinoma aggressiveness. Sci Rep 2019; 9:10260. [PMID: 31311983 PMCID: PMC6635382 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-46727-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Cholesterol mediates its proliferative and metastatic effects via the metabolite 27-hydroxycholesterol (27-HC), at least in breast and endometrial cancer. We determined the serum lipoprotein profile, intratumoral cholesterol and 27-HC levels in a cohort of patients with well-differentiated papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC; low/intermediate and high risk), advanced thyroid cancers (poorly differentiated, PDTC and anaplastic thyroid carcinoma, ATC) and benign thyroid tumors, as well as the expression of genes involved in cholesterol metabolism. We investigated the gene expression profile, cellular proliferation, and migration in Nthy-ori 3.1 and CAL-62 cell lines loaded with human low-density lipoprotein (LDL). Patients with more aggressive tumors (high-risk PTC and PDTC/ATC) showed a decrease in blood LDL cholesterol and apolipoprotein B. These changes were associated with an increase in the expression of the thyroid’s LDL receptor, whereas 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase and 25-hydroxycholesterol 7-alpha-hydroxylase were downregulated, with an intratumoral increase of the 27-HC metabolite. Furthermore, LDL promoted proliferation in both the Nthy-ori 3.1 and CAL-62 thyroid cellular models, but only in ATC cells was its cellular migration increased significantly. We conclude that cholesterol and intratumoral accumulation of 27-HC promote the aggressive behavior process of PTC. Targeting cholesterol metabolism could be a new therapeutic strategy in thyroid tumors with poor prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Revilla
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques (IIB) Sant Pau, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain.,Departament de Bioquímica, Biologia Molecular i Biomedicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Monica de Pablo Pons
- Department of Endocrinology-EDUAB-HSP, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain.,Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques (IIB) Sant Pau, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lucía Baila-Rueda
- Unidad Clínica y de Investigación en Lípidos y Arteriosclerosis, Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IIS Aragón), Zaragoza, Spain.,CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, CIBERCV, Madrid, Spain
| | - Annabel García-León
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques (IIB) Sant Pau, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
| | - David Santos
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques (IIB) Sant Pau, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain.,CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas, CIBERDEM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Cenarro
- CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, CIBERCV, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marcelo Magalhaes
- Service of Endocrinology, Clinical Research Center (CEPEC), Hospital of the Federal University of Maranhão (HUUFMA), São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil
| | - R M Blanco
- CIBER Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina, CIBER-BBN, Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio Moral
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques (IIB) Sant Pau, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of General Surgery-Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain.,Medicine Department, Autonomous University of Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - José Ignacio Pérez
- Department of General Surgery-Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gerard Sabé
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques (IIB) Sant Pau, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cintia González
- Department of Endocrinology-EDUAB-HSP, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain.,CIBER Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina, CIBER-BBN, Madrid, Spain
| | - Victoria Fuste
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques (IIB) Sant Pau, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Anatomic Pathology-Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, UAB, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Enrique Lerma
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques (IIB) Sant Pau, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Anatomic Pathology-Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, UAB, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Manuel Dos Santos Faria
- Service of Endocrinology, Clinical Research Center (CEPEC), Hospital of the Federal University of Maranhão (HUUFMA), São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil
| | - Alberto de Leiva
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques (IIB) Sant Pau, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain.,CIBER Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina, CIBER-BBN, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rosa Corcoy
- Department of Endocrinology-EDUAB-HSP, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain.,CIBER Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina, CIBER-BBN, Madrid, Spain.,Medicine Department, Autonomous University of Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joan Carles Escolà-Gil
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques (IIB) Sant Pau, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain. .,Departament de Bioquímica, Biologia Molecular i Biomedicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain. .,CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas, CIBERDEM, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Eugenia Mato
- Department of Endocrinology-EDUAB-HSP, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain. .,CIBER Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina, CIBER-BBN, Madrid, Spain.
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10
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Revilla G, Corcoy R, Moral A, Escolà-Gil JC, Mato E. Cross-Talk between Inflammatory Mediators and the Epithelial Mesenchymal Transition Process in the Development of Thyroid Carcinoma. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20102466. [PMID: 31109060 PMCID: PMC6566886 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20102466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Revised: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
There is strong association between inflammatory processes and their main metabolic mediators, such as leptin, adiponectin secretion, and low/high-density lipoproteins, with the cancer risk and aggressive behavior of solid tumors. In this scenario, cancer cells (CCs) and cancer stem cells (CSCs) have important roles. These cellular populations, which come from differentiated cells and progenitor stem cells, have increased metabolic requirements when it comes to maintaining or expanding the tumors, and they serve as links to some inflammatory mediators. Although the molecular mechanisms that are involved in these associations remain unclear, the two following cellular pathways have been suggested: 1) the mesenchymal-epithelial transition (MET) process, which permits the differentiation of adult stem cells throughout the acquisition of cell polarity and the adhesion to epithelia, as well to new cellular lineages (CSCs); and, 2) a reverse process, termed the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), where, in pathophysiological conditions (tissue injury, inflammatory process, and oxidative stress), the differentiated cells can acquire a multipotent stem cell-like phenotype. The molecular mechanisms that regulate both EMT and MET are complex and poorly understood. Especially, in the thyroid gland, little is known regarding MET/EMT and the role of CCs or CSCs, providing an exciting, new area of knowledge to be investigated. This article reviews the progress to date in research on the role of inflammatory mediators and metabolic reprogramming during the carcinogenesis process of the thyroid gland and the EMT pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Revilla
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques (IIB) Sant Pau, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau (HSCSP), 08041 Barcelona, Spain.
- Departament de Bioquímica, Biologia Molecular i Biomedicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Rosa Corcoy
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau (HSCSP), 08025 Barcelona, Spain.
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), 28029 Madrid, Spain.
- Departament de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Antonio Moral
- Department of General Surgery-Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau (HSCSP), 08025 Barcelona, Spain.
- Departament de Cirugia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Joan Carles Escolà-Gil
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques (IIB) Sant Pau, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau (HSCSP), 08041 Barcelona, Spain.
- Departament de Bioquímica, Biologia Molecular i Biomedicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Barcelona, Spain.
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), 28029 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Eugenia Mato
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau (HSCSP), 08025 Barcelona, Spain.
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), 28029 Madrid, Spain.
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Środa-Pomianek K, Michalak K, Palko-Łabuz A, Uryga A, Świątek P, Majkowski M, Wesołowska O. The Combined Use of Phenothiazines and Statins Strongly Affects Doxorubicin-Resistance, Apoptosis, and Cox-2 Activity in Colon Cancer Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20040955. [PMID: 30813251 PMCID: PMC6412564 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20040955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Revised: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Since none of the multidrug resistance (MDR) modulators tested so far found their way into clinic, a novel approach to overcome the MDR of cancer cells has been proposed. The combined use of two MDR modulators of dissimilar mechanisms of action was suggested to benefit from the synergy between them. The effect of three phenothiazine derivatives that were used as single agents and in combination with simvastatin on cell growth, apoptosis induction, activity, and expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in doxorubicin-resistant colon cancer cells (LoVo/Dx) was investigated. Treatment of LoVo/Dx cells by phenothiazine derivatives combined with simvastatin resulted in an increase of doxorubicin cytotoxicity and its intracellular accumulation as compared to the treatment with phenothiazine derivatives that were used as single agents. Similarly, LoVo/Dx cells treated with two-component mixture of modulators showed the reduced expression of ABCB1 (P-glycoprotein) transporter and COX-2 enzyme, both on mRNA and protein level. Reduced expression of anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 protein and increased expression of pro-apoptotic Bax were also detected. Additionally, COX-2 activity was diminished, and caspase-3 activity was increased to a higher extent by phenothiazine derivative:simvastatin mixtures than by phenothiazine derivatives themselves. Therefore, the introduction of simvastatin strengthened the anti-MDR, anti-inflammatory, and pro-apoptotic properties of phenothiazines in LoVo/Dx cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamila Środa-Pomianek
- Department of Biophysics, Wroclaw Medical University, ul. Chalubinskiego 10, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Krystyna Michalak
- Department of Biophysics, Wroclaw Medical University, ul. Chalubinskiego 10, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Anna Palko-Łabuz
- Department of Biophysics, Wroclaw Medical University, ul. Chalubinskiego 10, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Anna Uryga
- Department of Biophysics, Wroclaw Medical University, ul. Chalubinskiego 10, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Piotr Świątek
- Department of Chemistry of Drugs, Wroclaw Medical University, ul. Borowska 211, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Michał Majkowski
- Confocal Microscopy Laboratory, Polish Center for Technology Development, ul. Stabłowicka 147, 54-066 Wrocław, Poland.
| | - Olga Wesołowska
- Department of Biophysics, Wroclaw Medical University, ul. Chalubinskiego 10, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland.
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12
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Sigma-2 Receptor/TMEM97 and PGRMC-1 Increase the Rate of Internalization of LDL by LDL Receptor through the Formation of a Ternary Complex. Sci Rep 2018; 8:16845. [PMID: 30443021 PMCID: PMC6238005 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-35430-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
CRISPR/Cas gene studies were conducted in HeLa cells where either PGRMC1, TMEM97 or both proteins were removed via gene editing. A series of radioligand binding studies, confocal microscopy studies, and internalization of radiolabeled or fluorescently tagged LDL particles were then conducted in these cells. The results indicate that PGRMC1 knockout (KO) did not reduce the density of binding sites for the sigma-2 receptor (σ2R) radioligands, [125I]RHM-4 or [3H]DTG, but a reduction in the receptor affinity of both radioligands was observed. TMEM97 KO resulted in a complete loss of binding of [125I]RHM-4 and a significant reduction in binding of [3H]DTG. TMEM97 KO and PGRMC1 KO resulted in an equal reduction in the rate of uptake of fluorescently-tagged or 3H-labeled LDL, and knocking out both proteins did not result in a further rate of reduction of LDL uptake. Confocal microscopy and Proximity Ligation Assay studies indicated a clear co-localization of LDLR, PGRMC1 and TMEM97. These data indicate that the formation of a ternary complex of LDLR-PGRMC1-TMEM97 is necessary for the rapid internalization of LDL by LDLR.
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13
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Fujiwara D, Tsubaki M, Takeda T, Tomonari Y, Koumoto YI, Sakaguchi K, Nishida S. Statins induce apoptosis through inhibition of Ras signaling pathways and enhancement of Bim and p27 expression in human hematopoietic tumor cells. Tumour Biol 2017; 39:1010428317734947. [PMID: 28990465 DOI: 10.1177/1010428317734947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, statins have been demonstrated to improve cancer-related mortality or prognosis in patients of various cancers. However, the details of the apoptosis-inducing mechanisms remain unknown. This study showed that the induction of apoptosis by statins in hematopoietic tumor cells is mediated by mitochondrial apoptotic signaling pathways, which are activated by the suppression of mevalonate or geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate biosynthesis. In addition, statins decreased the levels of phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 and mammalian target of rapamycin through suppressing Ras prenylation. Furthermore, inhibition of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 and mammalian target of rapamycin by statins induced Bim expression via inhibition of Bim phosphorylation and ubiquitination and cell-cycle arrest at G1 phase via enhancement of p27 expression. Moreover, combined treatment of U0126, a mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1/2 inhibitor, and rapamycin, a mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitor, induced Bim and p27 expressions. The present results suggested that statins induce apoptosis by decreasing the mitochondrial transmembrane potential, increasing the activation of caspase-9 and caspase-3, enhancing Bim expression, and inducing cell-cycle arrest at G1 phase through inhibition of Ras/extracellular signal-regulated kinase and Ras/mammalian target of rapamycin pathways. Therefore, our findings support the use of statins as potential anticancer agents or concomitant drugs of adjuvant therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daichiro Fujiwara
- 1 Division of Pharmacotherapy, School of Pharmacy, Kindai University, Higashi-Osaka, Japan.,2 Department of Pharmacy, Japanese Red Cross Society Wakayama Medical Center, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Masanobu Tsubaki
- 1 Division of Pharmacotherapy, School of Pharmacy, Kindai University, Higashi-Osaka, Japan
| | - Tomoya Takeda
- 1 Division of Pharmacotherapy, School of Pharmacy, Kindai University, Higashi-Osaka, Japan
| | - Yoshika Tomonari
- 1 Division of Pharmacotherapy, School of Pharmacy, Kindai University, Higashi-Osaka, Japan
| | - Yu-Ichi Koumoto
- 1 Division of Pharmacotherapy, School of Pharmacy, Kindai University, Higashi-Osaka, Japan
| | - Katsuhiko Sakaguchi
- 2 Department of Pharmacy, Japanese Red Cross Society Wakayama Medical Center, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Shozo Nishida
- 1 Division of Pharmacotherapy, School of Pharmacy, Kindai University, Higashi-Osaka, Japan
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14
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Smith WS, Baker EJ, Holmes SE, Koster G, Hunt AN, Johnston DA, Flavell SU, Flavell DJ. Membrane cholesterol is essential for triterpenoid saponin augmentation of a saporin-based immunotoxin directed against CD19 on human lymphoma cells. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2017; 1859:993-1007. [PMID: 28235471 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2017.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Revised: 02/16/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Triterpenoid saponins from Saponinum Album (SA) exert potent lytic effects on eukaryotic cell plasma membranes and, when used at sub-lytic concentrations, significantly augment the cytotoxicity of saporin-based immunotoxins (IT). To help elucidate the mechanism(s) behind these two phenomena we investigated the role of cholesterol to both. Human Daudi lymphoma cells were lipid deprived using a combination of three different approaches. Following treatment, the total cellular lipid content was analyzed by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) and plasma membrane (PM) cholesterol content measured using the lipophilic fluorescent probe NR12S. Maximal lipid deprivation of cells resulted in a complete loss of sensitivity to lysis by SA. Similarly augmentation of the anti-CD19 immunotoxin (IT) BU12-SAPORIN by SA was lost but without a concomitant loss of intrinsic IT cytotoxicity. The lytic activity of SA was restored following incubation of lipid deprived Daudi cells with Synthecol or LDL. The augmentative effect of SA on IT cytotoxicity for Daudi cells was restored following repletion of PM cholesterol levels with LDL. NR12S fluorescence and ESI-MS analysis of cellular lipids demonstrated that restoration of SA lytic activity by Synthecol was entirely due to increased PM cholesterol levels. Restoration of cellular and PM cholesterol levels by LDL also restored the augmentative effect of SA for IT, an effect associated with repletion of PM cholesterol with minor changes in some phospholipid species. These results indicate that the lytic and IT augmentative properties of SA are cholesterol-dependent in contrast to intrinsic IT cytotoxicity that is at least partially cholesterol independent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy S Smith
- The Simon Flavell Leukaemia Research Laboratory, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, Hampshire SO16 6YD, United Kingdom
| | - Ella J Baker
- The Simon Flavell Leukaemia Research Laboratory, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, Hampshire SO16 6YD, United Kingdom; Human Development and Health Academic Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Suzanne E Holmes
- The Simon Flavell Leukaemia Research Laboratory, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, Hampshire SO16 6YD, United Kingdom
| | - Grielof Koster
- NIHR Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, UHS, University of Southampton School of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom; Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Southampton School of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom
| | - Alan N Hunt
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Southampton School of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom
| | - David A Johnston
- Biomedical Imaging Unit, University of Southampton School of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom
| | - Sopsamorn U Flavell
- The Simon Flavell Leukaemia Research Laboratory, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, Hampshire SO16 6YD, United Kingdom
| | - David J Flavell
- The Simon Flavell Leukaemia Research Laboratory, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, Hampshire SO16 6YD, United Kingdom.
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15
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Fan Y, Mok CKP, Chan MCW, Zhang Y, Nal B, Kien F, Bruzzone R, Sanyal S. Cell Cycle-independent Role of Cyclin D3 in Host Restriction of Influenza Virus Infection. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:5070-5088. [PMID: 28130444 PMCID: PMC5377818 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.776112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
To identify new host factors that modulate the replication of influenza A virus, we performed a yeast two-hybrid screen using the cytoplasmic tail of matrix protein 2 from the highly pathogenic H5N1 strain. The screen revealed a high-score interaction with cyclin D3, a key regulator of cell cycle early G1 phase. M2-cyclin D3 interaction was validated through GST pull-down and recapitulated in influenza A/WSN/33-infected cells. Knockdown of Ccnd3 by small interfering RNA significantly enhanced virus progeny titers in cell culture supernatants. Interestingly, the increase in virus production was due to cyclin D3 deficiency per se and not merely a consequence of cell cycle deregulation. A combined knockdown of Ccnd3 and Rb1, which rescued cell cycle progression into S phase, failed to normalize virus production. Infection by influenza A virus triggered redistribution of cyclin D3 from the nucleus to the cytoplasm, followed by its proteasomal degradation. When overexpressed in HEK 293T cells, cyclin D3 impaired binding of M2 with M1, which is essential for proper assembly of progeny virions, lending further support to its role as a putative restriction factor. Our study describes the identification and characterization of cyclin D3 as a novel interactor of influenza A virus M2 protein. We hypothesize that competitive inhibition of M1-M2 interaction by cyclin D3 impairs infectious virion formation and results in attenuated virus production. In addition, we provide mechanistic insights into the dynamic interplay of influenza virus with the host cell cycle machinery during infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Fan
- From the HKU-Pasteur Research Pole and.,Centre of Influenza Research, School of Public Health, LKS Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.,the Medical Research Council Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 4HN, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Chris Ka-Pun Mok
- From the HKU-Pasteur Research Pole and.,Centre of Influenza Research, School of Public Health, LKS Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Michael Chi Wai Chan
- Centre of Influenza Research, School of Public Health, LKS Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- From the HKU-Pasteur Research Pole and.,Centre of Influenza Research, School of Public Health, LKS Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.,the Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Béatrice Nal
- From the HKU-Pasteur Research Pole and.,Centre of Influenza Research, School of Public Health, LKS Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.,the Division of Biosciences, College of Health and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, London UB8 3PH, United Kingdom
| | - François Kien
- From the HKU-Pasteur Research Pole and.,Centre of Influenza Research, School of Public Health, LKS Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.,Ksilink, French-German Advanced Translational Center, Strasbourg 67000, France, and
| | - Roberto Bruzzone
- From the HKU-Pasteur Research Pole and .,Centre of Influenza Research, School of Public Health, LKS Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.,the Department of Cell Biology and Infection, Institut Pasteur, Paris Cedex 75015, France
| | - Sumana Sanyal
- From the HKU-Pasteur Research Pole and .,Centre of Influenza Research, School of Public Health, LKS Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
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16
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Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum is the port of entry for proteins into the secretory pathway and the site of synthesis for several important lipids, including cholesterol, triacylglycerol, and phospholipids. Protein production within the endoplasmic reticulum is tightly regulated by a cohort of resident machinery that coordinates the folding, modification, and deployment of secreted and integral membrane proteins. Proteins failing to attain their native conformation are degraded through the endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation (ERAD) pathway via a series of tightly coupled steps: substrate recognition, dislocation, and ubiquitin-dependent proteasomal destruction. The same ERAD machinery also controls the flux through various metabolic pathways by coupling the turnover of metabolic enzymes to the levels of key metabolites. We review the current understanding and biological significance of ERAD-mediated regulation of lipid metabolism in mammalian cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Stevenson
- Program in Metabolic Biology, Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720;
| | - Edmond Y Huang
- Program in Metabolic Biology, Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720;
| | - James A Olzmann
- Program in Metabolic Biology, Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720;
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17
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First-Generation Antipsychotic Haloperidol Alters the Functionality of the Late Endosomal/Lysosomal Compartment in Vitro. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:404. [PMID: 26999125 PMCID: PMC4813259 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17030404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Revised: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
First- and second-generation antipsychotics (FGAs and SGAs, respectively), have the ability to inhibit cholesterol biosynthesis and also to interrupt the intracellular cholesterol trafficking, interfering with low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-derived cholesterol egress from late endosomes/lysosomes. In the present work, we examined the effects of FGA haloperidol on the functionality of late endosomes/lysosomes in vitro. In HepG2 hepatocarcinoma cells incubated in the presence of 1,1'-dioctadecyl-3,3,3,3'-tetramethylindocarbocyanineperchlorate (DiI)-LDL, treatment with haloperidol caused the enlargement of organelles positive for late endosome markers lysosome-associated membrane protein 2 (LAMP-2) and LBPA (lysobisphosphatidic acid), which also showed increased content of both free-cholesterol and DiI derived from LDL. This indicates the accumulation of LDL-lipids in the late endosomal/lysosomal compartment caused by haloperidol. In contrast, LDL traffic through early endosomes and the Golgi apparatus appeared to be unaffected by the antipsychotic as the distribution of both early endosome antigen 1 (EEA1) and coatomer subunit β (β-COP) were not perturbed. Notably, treatment with haloperidol significantly increased the lysosomal pH and decreased the activities of lysosomal protease and β-d-galactosidase in a dose-dependent manner. We conclude that the alkalinization of the lysosomes' internal milieu induced by haloperidol affects lysosomal functionality.
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18
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Curcumin Mitigates the Intracellular Lipid Deposit Induced by Antipsychotics In Vitro. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0141829. [PMID: 26517556 PMCID: PMC4627744 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0141829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
SCOPE First- and second-generation antipsychotics (FGAs and SGAs, respectively), both inhibit cholesterol biosynthesis and impair the intracellular cholesterol trafficking, leading to lipid accumulation in the late endosome/lysosome compartment. In this study we examined if curcumin, a plant polyphenol that stimulates exosome release, can alleviate antipsychotic-induced intracellular lipid accumulation. METHODS HepG2 hepatocarcinoma cells were treated with antipsychotics or placebo and DiI-labelled LDL for 18 h and then exposed to curcumin for the last 2 h. Cells and media were collected separately and used for biochemical analyses, electron microscopy and immunocytochemistry. Exosomes were isolated from the incubation medium by ultracentrifugation. RESULTS Curcumin treatment reduced the number of heterolysosomes and shifted their subcellular localization to the periphery, as revealed by electron microscopy, and stimulated the release of lysosomal β-hexosaminidase and exosome markers flotillin-2 and CD63 into the media. The presence of DiI in exosomes released by cells preloaded with DiI-LDL demonstrated the endolysosomal origin of the microvesicles. Furthermore, curcumin increased the secretion of cholesterol as well as LDL-derived DiI and [3H]-cholesterol, in association with a decrease of intracellular lipids. Thus, the disruption of lipid trafficking induced by FGAs or SGAs can be relieved by curcumin treatment. This polyphenol, however, did not mitigate the reduction of cholesterol esterification induced by antipsychotics. CONCLUSION Curcumin stimulates exosome release to remove cholesterol (and presumably other lipids) accumulated within the endolysosomal compartment, thereby normalizing intracellular lipid homeostasis. This action may help minimize the adverse metabolic effects of antipsychotic treatment, which should now be evaluated in clinical trials.
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19
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Martín Sánchez C, Pérez Martín JM, Jin JS, Dávalos A, Zhang W, de la Peña G, Martínez-Botas J, Rodríguez-Acebes S, Suárez Y, Hazen MJ, Gómez-Coronado D, Busto R, Cheng YC, Lasunción MA. Disruption of the mevalonate pathway induces dNTP depletion and DNA damage. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2015; 1851:1240-53. [PMID: 26055626 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2015.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Revised: 05/23/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The mevalonate pathway is tightly linked to cell division. Mevalonate derived non-sterol isoprenoids and cholesterol are essential for cell cycle progression and mitosis completion respectively. In the present work, we studied the effects of fluoromevalonate, a competitive inhibitor of mevalonate diphosphate decarboxylase, on cell proliferation and cell cycle progression in both HL-60 and MOLT-4 cells. This enzyme catalyzes the synthesis of isopentenyl diphosphate, the first isoprenoid in the cholesterol biosynthesis pathway, consuming ATP at the same time. Inhibition of mevalonate diphosphate decarboxylase was followed by a rapid accumulation of mevalonate diphosphate and the reduction of ATP concentrations, while the cell content of cholesterol was barely affected. Strikingly, mevalonate diphosphate decarboxylase inhibition also resulted in the depletion of dNTP pools, which has never been reported before. These effects were accompanied by inhibition of cell proliferation and cell cycle arrest at S phase, together with the appearance of γ-H2AX foci and Chk1 activation. Inhibition of Chk1 in cells treated with fluoromevalonate resulted in premature entry into mitosis and massive cell death, indicating that the inhibition of mevalonate diphosphate decarboxylase triggered a DNA damage response. Notably, the supply of exogenously deoxyribonucleosides abolished γ-H2AX formation and prevented the effects of mevalonate diphosphate decarboxylase inhibition on DNA replication and cell growth. The results indicate that dNTP pool depletion caused by mevalonate diphosphate decarboxylase inhibition hampered DNA replication with subsequent DNA damage, which may have important consequences for replication stress and genomic instability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Covadonga Martín Sánchez
- Servicio de Bioquímica-Investigación, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, IRyCIS, 28034 Madrid, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Spain.
| | - José Manuel Pérez Martín
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Jong-Sik Jin
- Department of Pharmacology, Section of Medical Oncology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Department of Oriental Medicine Resources, College of Environmental & Bioresource Sciences, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Jeonbuk, Republic of Korea.
| | - Alberto Dávalos
- Laboratory of Functional Foods, IMDEA-Food, 28036 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Wei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau, China.
| | - Gema de la Peña
- Servicio de Bioquímica-Investigación, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, IRyCIS, 28034 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Javier Martínez-Botas
- Servicio de Bioquímica-Investigación, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, IRyCIS, 28034 Madrid, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Spain.
| | - Sara Rodríguez-Acebes
- DNA Replication Group, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), 28029 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Yajaira Suárez
- Program in Integrative Cell Signaling and Neurobiology of Metabolism, Section of Comparative Medicine, Department of Pathology and the Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
| | - María José Hazen
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Diego Gómez-Coronado
- Servicio de Bioquímica-Investigación, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, IRyCIS, 28034 Madrid, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Spain.
| | - Rebeca Busto
- Servicio de Bioquímica-Investigación, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, IRyCIS, 28034 Madrid, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Spain.
| | - Yung-Chi Cheng
- Department of Pharmacology, Section of Medical Oncology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
| | - Miguel A Lasunción
- Servicio de Bioquímica-Investigación, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, IRyCIS, 28034 Madrid, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Spain.
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20
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Rodriguez-Jorquera IA, Kroll KJ, Toor GS, Denslow ND. Transcriptional and physiological response of fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) exposed to urban waters entering into wildlife protected areas. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2015; 199:155-165. [PMID: 25656232 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2015.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2014] [Revised: 01/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/15/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The mission of protected areas is to conserve biodiversity and improve human welfare. To assess the effect of urban waters entering into protected areas, we performed 48-h whole-effluent exposures with fathead minnows, analyzing changes in steady state levels of mRNAs in the livers of exposed fish. Raw wastewater, treated city wastewater, and treated wastewater from a university were collected for exposures. All exposed fish showed altered mRNA levels of DNA damage-repair genes. Fish exposed to raw and treated wastewaters showed down-regulation of transcripts for key intermediates of cholesterol biosynthesis and elevated plasma cholesterol. The type of wastewater treatment influenced the response of gene transcription. Because of the relevance of some of the altered cellular pathways, we suggest that these effluents may cause deleterious effects on fish inside protected areas that receive these waters. Inclusion of research and mitigation efforts for this type of threat in protected areas management is advised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio A Rodriguez-Jorquera
- Interdisciplinary Ecology Program, School of Natural Resources and Environment, Soil and Water Science Department, University of Florida, USA; Department of Physiological Sciences, Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, University of Florida, Gainesville, USA
| | - Kevin J Kroll
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, University of Florida, Gainesville, USA
| | - Gurpal S Toor
- Soil & Water Quality Laboratory, Gulf Coast Research & Education Center, Institute of Food & Agricultural Sciences University of Florida, Wimauma, USA
| | - Nancy D Denslow
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, University of Florida, Gainesville, USA.
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21
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Abstract
Whereas resting T cells, which have low metabolic requirements, use oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) to maximize their generation of ATP, activated T cells, similar to tumor cells, shift metabolic activity to aerobic glycolysis, which also fuels mevalonate metabolism. Both sterol and nonsterol derivatives of mevalonate affect T cell function. The intracellular availability of sterols, which is dynamically regulated by different classes of transcription factors, represents a metabolic checkpoint that modulates T cell responses. The electron carrier ubiquinone, which is modified with an isoprenoid membrane anchor, plays a pivotal role in OXPHOS, which supports the proliferation of T cells. Isoprenylation also mediates the plasma membrane attachment of the Ras, Rho, and Rab guanosine triphosphatases, which are involved in T cell immunological synapse formation, migration, proliferation, and cytotoxic effector responses. Finally, multiple phosphorylated mevalonate derivatives can act as danger signals for innate-like γδ T cells, thus contributing to the immune surveillance of stress, pathogens, and tumors. We highlight the importance of the mevalonate pathway in the metabolic reprogramming of effector and regulatory T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Thurnher
- Immunotherapy Unit, Department of Urology, Medical University of Innsbruck and Oncotyrol, K1 Center for Personalized Cancer Medicine, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Georg Gruenbacher
- Immunotherapy Unit, Department of Urology, Medical University of Innsbruck and Oncotyrol, K1 Center for Personalized Cancer Medicine, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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22
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Canfrán-Duque A, Pastor Ó, Quintana-Portillo R, Lerma M, de la Peña G, Martín-Hidalgo A, Fernández-Hernando C, Lasunción MA, Busto R. Curcumin promotes exosomes/microvesicles secretion that attenuates lysosomal cholesterol traffic impairment. Mol Nutr Food Res 2013; 58:687-97. [DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201300350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2013] [Revised: 09/10/2013] [Accepted: 09/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Canfrán-Duque
- Servicio de Bioquímica-Investigación; Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal; Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRyCIS); Madrid Spain
| | - Óscar Pastor
- Servicio de Bioquímica-Clínica; Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal; IRyCIS; Madrid Spain
| | - Rocío Quintana-Portillo
- Servicio de Bioquímica-Investigación; Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal; Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRyCIS); Madrid Spain
| | - Milagros Lerma
- Servicio de Bioquímica-Clínica; Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal; IRyCIS; Madrid Spain
| | - Gema de la Peña
- Servicio de Bioquímica-Investigación; Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal; Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRyCIS); Madrid Spain
| | - Antonia Martín-Hidalgo
- Servicio de Bioquímica-Investigación; Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal; Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRyCIS); Madrid Spain
- CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn); ISCIII; Spain
| | - Carlos Fernández-Hernando
- Marc and Ruti Bell Vascular Biology and Disease Program; Leon H. Charney Division of Cardiology; Departments of Medicine and Cell Biology; New York University School of Medicine; New York NY USA
| | - Miguel A. Lasunción
- Servicio de Bioquímica-Investigación; Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal; Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRyCIS); Madrid Spain
- CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn); ISCIII; Spain
| | - Rebeca Busto
- Servicio de Bioquímica-Investigación; Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal; Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRyCIS); Madrid Spain
- CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn); ISCIII; Spain
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23
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Gabitova L, Gorin A, Astsaturov I. Molecular pathways: sterols and receptor signaling in cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2013; 20:28-34. [PMID: 24158702 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-13-0122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Accelerated cholesterol and lipid metabolism are the hallmarks of cancer and contribute to malignant transformation due to the obligatory requirement for cholesterol for the function of eukaryotic membranes. To build new membranes and maintain active signaling, cancer cells depend on high intensity of endogenous cholesterol biosynthesis and uptake of lipid particles. This metabolic dependency of cancer cells on cholesterol and other lipids is tightly regulated by the cholesterol homeostasis network, including (i) sterol response element-binding proteins (SREBP), master transcriptional regulators of cholesterol and fatty acid pathway genes; (ii) nuclear sterol receptors (liver X receptors, LXR), which coordinate growth with the availability of cholesterol; and (iii) lipid particle receptors, such as low-density lipid particle (LDL) receptor, providing exogenous sterol and lipids to cancer cells. In addition, activity of oncogenic receptors, such as MUC1 or EGFR, accelerates sterol uptake and biosynthesis. Therefore, a general strategy of reducing the cholesterol pool in cancer cells is challenged by the highly efficient feedback loops compensating for a blockade at a single point in the cholesterol homeostatic network. Besides the well-established structural role of cholesterol in membranes, recent studies have uncovered potent biologic activities of certain cholesterol metabolic precursors and its oxidized derivatives, oxysterols. The former, meiosis-activating sterols, exert effects on trafficking and signaling of oncogenic EGF receptor (EGFR). Cholesterol epoxides, the highly active products of cholesterol oxidation, are being neutralized by the distal sterol pathway enzymes, emopamyl-binding protein (EBP) and dehydrocholesterol-7 reductase (DHCR7). These recently discovered "moonlighting" activities of the cholesterol pathway genes and metabolites expand our understanding of the uniquely conserved roles these sterol molecules play in the regulation of cellular proliferation and in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linara Gabitova
- Authors' Affiliations: Program in Developmental Therapeutics, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Kazan Federal University, Republic of Tatarstan, Russia
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Singh P, Saxena R, Srinivas G, Pande G, Chattopadhyay A. Cholesterol biosynthesis and homeostasis in regulation of the cell cycle. PLoS One 2013; 8:e58833. [PMID: 23554937 PMCID: PMC3598952 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0058833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2013] [Accepted: 02/06/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The cell cycle is a ubiquitous, multi-step process that is essential for growth and proliferation of cells. The role of membrane lipids in cell cycle regulation is not explored well, although a large number of cytoplasmic and nuclear regulators have been identified. We focus in this work on the role of membrane cholesterol in cell cycle regulation. In particular, we have explored the stringency of the requirement of cholesterol in the regulation of cell cycle progression. For this purpose, we utilized distal and proximal inhibitors of cholesterol biosynthesis, and monitored their effect on cell cycle progression. We show that cholesterol content increases in S phase and inhibition of cholesterol biosynthesis results in cell cycle arrest in G1 phase under certain conditions. Interestingly, G1 arrest mediated by cholesterol biosynthesis inhibitors could be reversed upon metabolic replenishment of cholesterol. Importantly, our results show that the requirement of cholesterol for G1 to S transition is absolute, and even immediate biosynthetic precursors of cholesterol, differing with cholesterol merely in a double bond, could not replace cholesterol for reversing the cell cycle arrest. These results are useful in the context of diseases, such as cancer and Alzheimer’s disease, that are associated with impaired cholesterol biosynthesis and homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pushpendra Singh
- Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Hyderabad, India
| | - Roopali Saxena
- Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Hyderabad, India
| | - Gunda Srinivas
- Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Hyderabad, India
| | - Gopal Pande
- Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Hyderabad, India
- * E-mail: (AC); (GP)
| | - Amitabha Chattopadhyay
- Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Hyderabad, India
- * E-mail: (AC); (GP)
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25
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Canfrán-Duque A, Casado ME, Pastor O, Sánchez-Wandelmer J, de la Peña G, Lerma M, Mariscal P, Bracher F, Lasunción MA, Busto R. Atypical antipsychotics alter cholesterol and fatty acid metabolism in vitro. J Lipid Res 2012; 54:310-24. [PMID: 23175778 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m026948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Haloperidol, a typical antipsychotic, has been shown to inhibit cholesterol biosynthesis by affecting Δ(7)-reductase, Δ(8,7)-isomerase, and Δ(14)-reductase activities, which results in the accumulation of different sterol intermediates. In the present work, we investigated the effects of atypical or second-generation antipsychotics (SGA), such as clozapine, risperidone, and ziprasidone, on intracellular lipid metabolism in different cell lines. All the SGAs tested inhibited cholesterol biosynthesis. Ziprasidone and risperidone had the same targets as haloperidol at inhibiting cholesterol biosynthesis, although with different relative activities (ziprasidone > haloperidol > risperidone). In contrast, clozapine mainly affected Δ(24)-reductase and Δ(8,7)-isomerase activities. These amphiphilic drugs also interfered with the LDL-derived cholesterol egress from the endosome/lysosome compartment, thus further reducing the cholesterol content in the endoplasmic reticulum. This triggered a homeostatic response with the stimulation of sterol regulatory element-binding protein (SREBP)-regulated gene expression. Treatment with SGAs also increased the synthesis of complex lipids (phospholipids and triacylglycerides). Once the antipsychotics were removed from the medium, a rebound in the cholesterol biosynthesis rate was detected, and the complex-lipid synthesis further increased. In this condition, apolipoprotein B secretion was also stimulated as demonstrated in HepG2 cells. These effects of SGAs on lipid homeostasis may be relevant in the metabolic side effects of antipsychotics, especially hypertriglyceridemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Canfrán-Duque
- Servicio de Bioquímica-Investigación, Hospital Ramón y Cajal, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain
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26
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Daimiel L, Vargas T, Ramírez de Molina A. Nutritional genomics for the characterization of the effect of bioactive molecules in lipid metabolism and related pathways. Electrophoresis 2012; 33:2266-89. [PMID: 22887150 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201200084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease and cancer are the main causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Thus, investigators have focused their efforts on gaining insight into understanding the mechanisms involved in the development and evolution of these diseases. In the past decade, and with the contribution of the -omics technologies, strong evidence has supported an essential role of gene-nutrient interactions in these processes, pointing at natural bioactive molecules as promising complementary agents that are useful in preventing or mitigating these diseases. In addition, alterations in lipid metabolism have recently gained strong interest since they have been described as a common event required for the progression of both diseases. In the present review, we give an overview of lipid metabolism, mainly focusing on lipoprotein metabolism and the mechanisms controlling lipid homeostasis. In addition, we review the modulation of lipid metabolism by bioactive molecules, highlighting their potential use as therapeutic agents in preventing, and treating chronic diseases such as cardiovascular disease and cancer. Finally, we report the usefulness of the -omics technologies in nutritional research, focusing on recent findings, within nutritional genomics, in the interaction of bioactive components from foods with several genes that are involved in the development and progression of these diseases.
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27
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Cirera-Salinas D, Pauta M, Allen RM, Salerno AG, Ramírez CM, Chamorro-Jorganes A, Wanschel AC, Lasuncion MA, Morales-Ruiz M, Suarez Y, Baldan Á, Esplugues E, Fernández-Hernando C. Mir-33 regulates cell proliferation and cell cycle progression. Cell Cycle 2012; 11:922-33. [PMID: 22333591 DOI: 10.4161/cc.11.5.19421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholesterol metabolism is tightly regulated at the cellular level and is essential for cellular growth. microRNAs (miRNAs), a class of noncoding RNAs, have emerged as critical regulators of gene expression, acting predominantly at posttranscriptional level. Recent work from our group and others has shown that hsa-miR-33a and hsa-miR-33b, miRNAs located within intronic sequences of the Srebp genes, regulate cholesterol and fatty acid metabolism in concert with their host genes. Here, we show that hsa-miR-33 family members modulate the expression of genes involved in cell cycle regulation and cell proliferation. MiR-33 inhibits the expression of the cyclin-dependent kinase 6 (CDK6) and cyclin D1 (CCND1), thereby reducing cell proliferation and cell cycle progression. Overexpression of miR-33 induces a significant G 1 cell cycle arrest in Huh7 and A549 cell lines. Most importantly, inhibition of miR-33 expression using 2'fluoro/methoxyethyl-modified (2'F/MOE-modified) phosphorothioate backbone antisense oligonucleotides improves liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy (PH) in mice, suggesting an important role for miR-33 in regulating hepatocyte proliferation during liver regeneration. Altogether, these results suggest that Srebp/miR-33 locus may cooperate to regulate cell proliferation, cell cycle progression and may also be relevant to human liver regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Cirera-Salinas
- Department of Medicine, Leon H. Charney Division of Cardiology and Cell Biology and Marc and Ruti Bell Vascular Biology and Disease Program, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
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28
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Subramanian G, Chaudhury P, Malu K, Fowler S, Manmode R, Gotur D, Zwerger M, Ryan D, Roberti R, Gaines P. Lamin B receptor regulates the growth and maturation of myeloid progenitors via its sterol reductase domain: implications for cholesterol biosynthesis in regulating myelopoiesis. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2012; 188:85-102. [PMID: 22140257 PMCID: PMC3244548 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1003804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Lamin B receptor (LBR) is a bifunctional nuclear membrane protein with N-terminal lamin B and chromatin-binding domains plus a C-terminal sterol Δ(14) reductase domain. LBR expression increases during neutrophil differentiation, and deficient expression disrupts neutrophil nuclear lobulation characteristic of Pelger-Huët anomaly. Thus, LBR plays a critical role in regulating myeloid differentiation, but how the two functional domains of LBR support this role is currently unclear. We previously identified abnormal proliferation and deficient functional maturation of promyelocytes (erythroid, myeloid, and lymphoid [EML]-derived promyelocytes) derived from EML-ic/ic cells, a myeloid model of ichthyosis (ic) bone marrow that lacks Lbr expression. In this study, we provide new evidence that cholesterol biosynthesis is important to myeloid cell growth and is supported by the sterol reductase domain of Lbr. Cholesterol biosynthesis inhibitors caused growth inhibition of EML cells that increased in EML-derived promyelocytes, whereas cells lacking Lbr exhibited complete growth arrest at both stages. Lipid production increased during wild-type neutrophil maturation, but ic/ic cells exhibited deficient levels of lipid and cholesterol production. Ectopic expression of a full-length Lbr in EML-ic/ic cells rescued both nuclear lobulation and growth arrest in cholesterol starvation conditions. Lipid production also was rescued, and a deficient respiratory burst was corrected. Expression of just the C-terminal sterol reductase domain of Lbr in ic/ic cells also improved each of these phenotypes. Our data support the conclusion that the sterol Δ(14) reductase domain of LBR plays a critical role in cholesterol biosynthesis and that this process is essential to both myeloid cell growth and functional maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gayathri Subramanian
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA, USA
| | - Pulkit Chaudhury
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA, USA
| | - Krishnakumar Malu
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA, USA
| | - Samantha Fowler
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA, USA
| | - Rahul Manmode
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA, USA
| | - Deepali Gotur
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA, USA
| | - Monika Zwerger
- Department of Molecular Genetics, German Cancer Research Center, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - David Ryan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA, USA
| | - Rita Roberti
- Department of Internal Medicine, Laboratory of Biochemistry, University of Perugia, via del Giochetto, 06122 Perugia, Italy
| | - Peter Gaines
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA, USA
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29
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Murtola TJ, Syvälä H, Pennanen P, Bläuer M, Solakivi T, Ylikomi T, Tammela TL. Comparative effects of high and low-dose simvastatin on prostate epithelial cells: The role of LDL. Eur J Pharmacol 2011; 673:96-100. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2011.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2011] [Revised: 10/03/2011] [Accepted: 10/11/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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30
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Abstract
Sterol metabolites are critical signaling molecules that regulate metabolism, development, and homeostasis. Oxysterols, bile acids (BAs), and steroids work primarily through cognate sterol-responsive nuclear hormone receptors to control these processes through feed-forward and feedback mechanisms. These signaling pathways are conserved from simple invertebrates to mammals. Indeed, results from various model organisms have yielded fundamental insights into cholesterol and BA homeostasis, lipid and glucose metabolism, protective mechanisms, tissue differentiation, development, reproduction, and even aging. Here, we review how sterols act through evolutionarily ancient mechanisms to control these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Wollam
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Huffington Center on Aging, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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31
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Polo MP, Crespo R, de Bravo MG. Geraniol and simvastatin show a synergistic effect on a human hepatocarcinoma cell line. Cell Biochem Funct 2011; 29:452-8. [PMID: 21735455 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.1772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2010] [Revised: 05/05/2011] [Accepted: 05/18/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Simvastatin is a competitive inhibitor of 3-hydroxymethylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase activity, whereas geraniol is a monoterpene with multiple pharmacologic effects on mevalonate metabolism. Both of them inhibit growth and proliferation of many cell lines. The present study was designed to determine the action of geraniol, in combination with simvastatin, by assessing their effects in vitro on human hepatocarcinoma cell line (Hep G2). The treatment of Hep G2 cells with concentrations of simvastatin or geraniol that did not inhibit cell proliferation (5 µmol·l⁻¹ of simvastatin and 50 µmol·l⁻¹ of geraniol) resulted in a significant inhibition of cell proliferation. We also examined the effect of simvastatin, geraniol and the combination of both on the biosynthesis of lipids from [¹⁴C]-acetate. Our results demonstrate that the combination of simvastatin and geraniol synergistically inhibited cholesterol biosynthesis and proliferation of Hep G2 cell line, contributing to a better understanding of the action of a component of essential oils targeting a complex metabolic pathway, which would improve the use of drugs or their combination in the fight against cancer and/or cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- M P Polo
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de La Plata (INIBIOLP), CONICET-UNLP, CCT-La Plata, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, La Plata, Argentina
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32
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Papadopoulos G, Delakas D, Nakopoulou L, Kassimatis T. Statins and prostate cancer: molecular and clinical aspects. Eur J Cancer 2011; 47:819-30. [PMID: 21354784 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2011.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2010] [Revised: 12/18/2010] [Accepted: 01/19/2011] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The field of the potential applications of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitors (statins) beyond their unambiguous cardiovascular beneficial effects is steadily increasing. In this regard, statins have also been shown to possess anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, antioxidant and growth inhibitory properties. Regarding their role in carcinogenesis, both preclinical and clinical studies report conflicting results. Intriguingly, accumulating evidence suggests that statins may relate to decreased prostate cancer incidence and recurrence risk. However, data from clinical studies seem to be still weak and are confounded by several factors. Nonetheless, preclinical data suggest that statins might exert a chemopreventive role against prostate cancer by inhibiting the proliferation and inducing apoptosis of prostate cancer cells and also inhibiting angiogenesis, inflammation and metastasis. Cholesterol lowering as well as statin pleiotropy through inhibition of the synthesis of isoprenoids have both been implicated in their anticancer properties. In this review, we discuss the preclinical and clinical evidence supporting the preventive or potentially harmful effects of statins on prostate tumourigenesis and conclude that statins should not be recommended for the prevention of prostate cancer development or progression based on the current data.
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33
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Favero GM, F Otuki M, Oliveira KA, Bohatch MS, Borelli P, Barros FE, Maria DA, Fernandes D, Bydlowski SP. Simvastatin impairs murine melanoma growth. Lipids Health Dis 2010; 9:142. [PMID: 21162733 PMCID: PMC3012033 DOI: 10.1186/1476-511x-9-142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2010] [Accepted: 12/16/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Statins induces cell cycle arrest, apoptosis, reduction of angiogenic factors, inhibition of the endothelial growth factor, impairing tissue adhesion and attenuation of the resistance mechanisms. The aim of this study was evaluate the anti-tumoral activity of simvastatin in a B16F10 melanoma-mouse model. Methods Melanoma cells were treated with different concentrations of simvastatin and assessed by viability methods. Melanoma cells (5 × 104) were implanted in two month old C57Bl6/J mice. Around 7 days after cells injection, the oral treatments were started with simvastatin (5 mg/kg/day, p.o.). Tumor size, hematological and biochemical analyses were evaluated. Results Simvastatin at a concentration of 0.8 μM, 1.2 μM and 1.6 μM had toxic effect. Concentration of 1.6 μM induced a massive death in the first 24 h of incubation. Simvastatin at 0.8 μM induces early cell cycle arrest in G0/G1, followed by increase of hypodiploidy. Tumor size were evaluated and the difference of treated group and control, after ten days, demonstrates that simvastatin inhibited the tumor expansion in 68%. Conclusion Simvastatin at 1.6 μM, presented cytototoxicity after 72 h of treatment, with an intense death. In vivo, simvastatin being potentially useful as an antiproliferative drug, with an impairment of growth after ten days.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovani M Favero
- State University of Ponta Grossa, Biological and Health Science Multidisciplinary Laboratory, Ponta Grossa, Brazil.
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Sánchez-Wandelmer J, Dávalos A, de la Peña G, Cano S, Giera M, Canfrán-Duque A, Bracher F, Martín-Hidalgo A, Fernández-Hernando C, Lasunción MA, Busto R. Haloperidol disrupts lipid rafts and impairs insulin signaling in SH-SY5Y cells. Neuroscience 2010; 167:143-53. [PMID: 20123000 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2010.01.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2009] [Revised: 01/13/2010] [Accepted: 01/25/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Haloperidol exerts its therapeutic effects basically by acting on dopamine receptors. We previously reported that haloperidol inhibits cholesterol biosynthesis in cultured cells. In the present work we investigated its effects on lipid-raft composition and functionality. In both neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y and promyelocytic HL-60 human cell lines, haloperidol inhibited cholesterol biosynthesis resulting in a decrease of the cell cholesterol content and the accumulation of different sterol intermediates (7-dehydrocholesterol, zymostenol and cholesta-8,14-dien-3beta-ol) depending on the dose of the drug. As a consequence, the cholesterol content in lipid rafts was greatly reduced, and several pre-cholesterol sterols, particularly cholesta-8,14-dien-3beta-ol, were incorporated into the cell membrane. This was accompanied by the disruption of lipid rafts, with redistribution of flotillin-1 and Fyn and the impairment of insulin-Akt signaling. Supplementing the medium with free cholesterol abrogated the effects of haloperidol on lipid-raft composition and functionality. LDL (low-density lipoprotein), a physiological vehicle of cholesterol in plasma, was much less effective in preventing the effects of haloperidol, which is attributed to the drug's inhibition of intracellular vesicular trafficking. These effects on cellular cholesterol homeostasis that ultimately result in the alteration of lipid-raft-dependent insulin signaling action may underlie some of the metabolic effects of this widely used antipsychotic.
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Desmosterol can replace cholesterol in sustaining cell proliferation and regulating the SREBP pathway in a sterol-Delta24-reductase-deficient cell line. Biochem J 2009; 420:305-15. [PMID: 19260826 DOI: 10.1042/bj20081909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Cholesterol homoeostasis is critical for cell viability and proliferation. The SREBP (sterol regulatory element-binding protein) pathway is crucial for the maintenance of cholesterol homoeostasis. This pathway is controlled by cholesterol and cholesterol-derived oxysterols. J774 cells cannot convert desmosterol into cholesterol, a defect resulting from the absence of mRNA for sterol-Delta24-reductase. Using J774 cells, we addressed the capacity of desmosterol to replace cholesterol in sustaining cell proliferation and regulating the SREBP pathway. J774 cells were able to grow indefinitely after the virtually total replacement of cholesterol by desmosterol (J774-D cells). Inhibition of sterol biosynthesis with lovastatin suppressed J774-D cell proliferation. Desmosterol prevented this effect, but its analogue, cholest-5,22-trans-dien-3beta-ol, did not. Addition of desmosterol inhibited processing of SREBP-1 and -2 and also reduced the expression of SREBP-targeted genes. As occurs in cholesterol-containing cells, 25-hydroxycholesterol was more potent than desmosterol or cholesterol in suppressing these processes. Moreover, desmosterol addition enhanced the expression of Abca1 and Srebf1c, two LXR (liver X receptor)-targeted genes. To test the ability of endogenously produced desmosterol to regulate gene expression, J774-D cells were pretreated with lovastatin to inhibit sterol biosynthesis. After removal of the inhibitor the expression of SREBP-targeted genes decreased and that of an LXR-targeted gene increased, reaching control levels. Our results demonstrate that the virtually complete replacement of cholesterol by desmosterol is compatible with cell growth and the functioning of the SREBP pathway. In these cells, desmosterol suppresses SREBP processing and targeted gene expression, and it is especially effective activating LXR-targeted genes.
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36
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Rodríguez-Acebes S, Cueva PDL, Ferruelo AJ, Fernández-Hernando C, Lasunción MA, Martínez-Botas J, Gómez-Coronado D. Dose-dependent dual effects of cholesterol and desmosterol on J774 macrophage proliferation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2008; 377:484-488. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2008.09.140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2008] [Accepted: 09/30/2008] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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37
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Bennati AM, Schiavoni G, Franken S, Piobbico D, Della Fazia MA, Caruso D, De Fabiani E, Benedetti L, Cusella De Angelis MG, Gieselmann V, Servillo G, Beccari T, Roberti R. Disruption of the gene encoding 3beta-hydroxysterol Delta-reductase (Tm7sf2) in mice does not impair cholesterol biosynthesis. FEBS J 2008; 275:5034-47. [PMID: 18785926 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2008.06637.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Tm7sf2 gene encodes 3beta-hydroxysterol Delta(14)-reductase (C14SR, DHCR14), an endoplasmic reticulum enzyme acting on Delta(14)-unsaturated sterol intermediates during the conversion of lanosterol to cholesterol. The C-terminal domain of lamin B receptor, a protein of the inner nuclear membrane mainly involved in heterochromatin organization, also possesses sterol Delta(14)-reductase activity. The subcellular localization suggests a primary role of C14SR in cholesterol biosynthesis. To investigate the role of C14SR and lamin B receptor as 3beta-hydroxysterol Delta(14)-reductases, Tm7sf2 knockout mice were generated and their biochemical characterization was performed. No Tm7sf2 mRNA was detected in the liver of knockout mice. Neither C14SR protein nor 3beta-hydroxysterol Delta(14)-reductase activity were detectable in liver microsomes of Tm7sf2((-/-)) mice, confirming the effectiveness of gene inactivation. C14SR protein and its enzymatic activity were about half of control levels in the liver of heterozygous mice. Normal cholesterol levels in liver membranes and in plasma indicated that, despite the lack of C14SR, Tm7sf2((-/-)) mice are able to perform cholesterol biosynthesis. Lamin B receptor 3beta-hydroxysterol Delta(14)-reductase activity determined in liver nuclei showed comparable values in wild-type and knockout mice. These results suggest that lamin B receptor, although residing in nuclear membranes, may contribute to cholesterol biosynthesis in Tm7sf2((-/-)) mice. Affymetrix microarray analysis of gene expression revealed that several genes involved in cell-cycle progression are downregulated in the liver of Tm7sf2((-/-)) mice, whereas genes involved in xenobiotic metabolism are upregulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna M Bennati
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Perugia, Italy
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38
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Bensinger SJ, Bradley MN, Joseph SB, Zelcer N, Janssen EM, Hausner MA, Shih R, Parks JS, Edwards PA, Jamieson BD, Tontonoz P. LXR signaling couples sterol metabolism to proliferation in the acquired immune response. Cell 2008; 134:97-111. [PMID: 18614014 PMCID: PMC2626438 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2008.04.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 529] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2007] [Revised: 02/26/2008] [Accepted: 04/21/2008] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cholesterol is essential for membrane synthesis; however, the mechanisms that link cellular lipid metabolism to proliferation are incompletely understood. We demonstrate here that cellular cholesterol levels in dividing T cells are maintained in part through reciprocal regulation of the LXR and SREBP transcriptional programs. T cell activation triggers induction of the oxysterol-metabolizing enzyme SULT2B1, consequent suppression of the LXR pathway for cholesterol transport, and promotion of the SREBP pathway for cholesterol synthesis. Ligation of LXR during T cell activation inhibits mitogen-driven expansion, whereas loss of LXRbeta confers a proliferative advantage. Inactivation of the sterol transporter ABCG1 uncouples LXR signaling from proliferation, directly linking sterol homeostasis to the antiproliferative action of LXR. Mice lacking LXRbeta exhibit lymphoid hyperplasia and enhanced responses to antigenic challenge, indicating that proper regulation of LXR-dependent sterol metabolism is important for immune responses. These results implicate LXR signaling in a metabolic checkpoint that modulates cell proliferation and immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven J Bensinger
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90049, USA
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Celec P, Behuliak M. The lack of non-steroid isoprenoids causes oxidative stress in patients with mevalonic aciduria. Med Hypotheses 2008; 70:938-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2007.08.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2007] [Accepted: 08/25/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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40
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Sánchez-Martín CC, Dávalos A, Martín-Sánchez C, de la Peña G, Fernández-Hernando C, Lasunción MA. Cholesterol Starvation Induces Differentiation of Human Leukemia HL-60 Cells. Cancer Res 2007; 67:3379-86. [PMID: 17409448 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-06-4093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Cholesterol metabolism is particularly active in malignant, proliferative cells, whereas cholesterol starvation has been shown to inhibit cell proliferation. Inhibition of enzymes involved in cholesterol biosynthesis at steps before the formation of 7-dehydrocholesterol has been shown to selectively affect cell cycle progression from G(2) phase in human promyelocytic HL-60 cells. In the present work, we explored whether cholesterol starvation by culture in cholesterol-free medium and treatment with different distal cholesterol biosynthesis inhibitors induces differentiation of HL-60 cells. Treatment with SKF 104976, an inhibitor of lanosterol 14-alpha demethylase, or with zaragozic acid, which inhibits squalene synthase, caused morphologic changes alongside respiratory burst activity and expression of cluster of differentiation antigen 11c (CD11c) but not cluster of differentiation antigen 14. These effects were comparable to those produced by all-trans retinoic acid, which induces HL-60 cells to differentiate following a granulocyte lineage. In contrast, they differed from those produced by vitamin D(3), which promotes monocyte differentiation. The specificity of the response was confirmed by addition of cholesterol to the culture medium. Treatment with PD 98059, an inhibitor of extracellular signal-regulated kinase, abolished both the activation of NADPH oxidase and the expression of the CD11c marker. In sharp contrast, BM 15766, which inhibits sterol Delta(7)-reductase, failed to induce differentiation or arrest cell proliferation. These results show that changes in the sterol composition may trigger a differentiation response and highlight the potential of cholesterol pathway inhibition as a possible tool for use in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina C Sánchez-Martín
- Servicio de Bioquímica-Investigación, Hospital Ramón y Cajal, and CIBER Fisología Obesidad y Nutrición (CB06/03), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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41
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Baulch-Brown C, Molloy TJ, Yeh SL, Ma D, Spencer A. Inhibitors of the mevalonate pathway as potential therapeutic agents in multiple myeloma. Leuk Res 2006; 31:341-52. [PMID: 16996129 DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2006.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2006] [Revised: 07/13/2006] [Accepted: 07/14/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Clinical studies have suggested that bisphosphonates may prolong the survival of sub-sets of myeloma patients. Newer nitrogen containing bisphosphonates such as zoledronate act, at least in part, by inhibiting farnesyl diphosphate synthase and subsequent protein prenylation, furthermore, limited data suggests that zoledronate exerts a direct anti-tumour effect against human myeloma cell lines. We therefore investigated the anti-myeloma potential of zoledronate in comparison to, and in combination with, two other inhibitors of the mevalonate pathway: the HMGCoA reductase inhibitor fluvastatin and the farnesyl transferase inhibitor SCH66336. We found that fluvastatin was able to inhibit the proliferation of myeloma cells more effectively than zoledronate or SCH66336 and that combinations of zoledronate and fluvastatin, but not zoledronate and SCH66336 acted synergistically. Our data indicated that the anti-proliferative effect of mevalonate pathway inhibitors is mediated principally via prevention of geranylgeranylation and is the result of both cell cycle arrest and apoptosis induction. Microarray and quantitative real-time PCR analyses further demonstrated that genes related to apoptosis, cell cycle control, and the mevalonate pathway were particularly affected by zoledronate and fluvastatin, and that some of these genetic effects were synergistic. We conclude that the mechanisms of geranylgeranylation inhibition mediated anti-myeloma effects warrant further evaluation and may provide novel targets for future therapeutic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy Baulch-Brown
- Myeloma Research Group, Department of Clinical Haematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Ground Floor, South Block, Alfred Hospital, Commercial Road, Melbourne, Vic. 3004, Australia
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Mori M, Li G, Abe I, Nakayama J, Guo Z, Sawashita J, Ugawa T, Nishizono S, Serikawa T, Higuchi K, Shumiya S. Lanosterol synthase mutations cause cholesterol deficiency-associated cataracts in the Shumiya cataract rat. J Clin Invest 2006; 116:395-404. [PMID: 16440058 PMCID: PMC1350995 DOI: 10.1172/jci20797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2003] [Accepted: 11/22/2005] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The Shumiya cataract rat (SCR) is a hereditary cataractous strain. It is thought that the continuous occurrence of poorly differentiated epithelial cells at the bow area of the lens forms the pathophysiological basis for cataract formation in SCRs. In this study, we attempted to identify the genes associated with cataract formation in SCRs by positional cloning. Genetic linkage analysis revealed the presence of a major cataract locus on chromosome 20 as well as a locus on chromosome 15 that partially suppressed cataract onset. Hypomorphic mutations were identified in genes for lanosterol synthase (Lss) on chromosome 20 and farnesyl diphosphate farnesyl transferase 1 (Fdft1) on chromosome 15, both of which function in the cholesterol biosynthesis pathway. A null mutation for Lss was also identified. Cataract onset was associated with the specific combination of Lss and Fdft1 mutant alleles that decreased cholesterol levels in cataractous lenses to about 57% of normal. Thus, cholesterol insufficiency may underlie the deficient proliferation of lens epithelial cells in SCRs, which results in the loss of homeostatic epithelial cell control of the underlying fiber cells and eventually leads to cataractogenesis. These findings may have some relevance to other types of cataracts, inborn defects of cholesterol synthesis, and the effects of cholesterol-lowering medication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayuki Mori
- Department of Aging Biology, Institute on Aging and Adaptation, Shinshu University Graduate School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan.
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43
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Waiczies S, Prozorovski T, Zipp F. Modulating T cell signaling cascades by HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/sita.200500058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Suárez Y, Fernández C, Ledo B, Martín M, Gómez-Coronado D, Lasunción MA. Sterol stringency of proliferation and cell cycle progression in human cells. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2005; 1734:203-13. [PMID: 15904877 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2005.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2005] [Revised: 02/15/2005] [Accepted: 02/15/2005] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Cholesterol is a major component of the plasma membrane in mammalian cells, where it acts as a modulator of bulk physical state and integrity. In addition to its structural role, cholesterol is essential for proliferation and other cell processes. The present study was undertaken to explore the stringency of the requirement for cholesterol as a regulator of proliferation and cell cycle progression. Comparisons were made between cholesterol and other sterol analogs that differ from cholesterol in three specific elements: the presence of a Delta5 double bond in ring B, the hydroxyl group at C-3, and the presence of an aliphatic side chain. The human leukemia cells HL-60 and MOLT-4 were cultured in cholesterol-free medium and treated with different sterols in the presence or absence of SKF 104976, a competitive inhibitor of lanosterol 14alpha-demethylase that allows the synthesis of isoprenoid derivatives but not cholesterol. Our results show that the beta-hydroxyl group at C-3 and the unsaturated bond at Delta5 are necessary for cell proliferation and cell cycle progression. The sterol analog 5alpha-cholestan-3beta-ol (dihydrocholesterol), which is saturated at Delta5 and has an A/B ring junction in the trans configuration, was also able to support cell growth. However, 5beta-cholestan-3beta-ol and 5beta-cholestan-3alpha-ol, both of which have an A/B ring junction in the cis configuration, were totally ineffective in supporting cell growth. Indeed, they produced an inhibition of cell proliferation and arrested the cell cycle specifically in the G2/M phase. These effects of 5beta-cholestanols were abrogated by cholesterol in a concentration-dependent manner. Moreover, 5beta-cholestanols potently inhibited cholesterol biosynthesis and transcription driven by the sterol response element. In addition to providing a description of the structural features of sterols associated with their supporting action on cell proliferation in mammalian cells, the present results demonstrate that selected cholesterol analogs may act as cytostatic agents, interrupting cell cycle progression specifically in the G2/M phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajaira Suárez
- Servicio de Bioquímica-Investigación, Hospital Ramón y Cajal, Ctra. de Colmenar, km 9, E-28034 Madrid, Spain
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Fernández C, Martín M, Gómez-Coronado D, Lasunción MA. Effects of distal cholesterol biosynthesis inhibitors on cell proliferation and cell cycle progression. J Lipid Res 2005; 46:920-9. [PMID: 15687348 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m400407-jlr200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholesterol is a major lipid component of the plasma membrane in animal cells. In addition to its structural requirement, cholesterol is essential in cell proliferation and other cell processes. The aim of the present study was to elucidate the stringency of the requirement for cholesterol as a regulator of proliferation and cell cycle progression, compared with other sterols of the cholesterol biosynthesis pathway. Human promyelocytic HL-60 cells were cultured in cholesterol-free medium and treated with different distal inhibitors of cholesterol biosynthesis (zaragozic acid, SKF 104976, SR 31747, BM 15766, and AY 9944), which allow the synthesis of isoprenoid derivatives and different sets of sterol intermediates, but not cholesterol. The results showed that only the inhibition of sterol Delta7-reductase was compatible with cell proliferation. Blocking cholesterol biosynthesis upstream of this enzyme resulted in the inhibition of cell proliferation and cell cycle arrest selectively in G2/M phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Fernández
- Servicio de Bioquímica-Investigación, Hospital Ramón y Cajal, 28034 Madrid, Spain
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46
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Fernández C, Lobo Md MDVT, Gómez-Coronado D, Lasunción MA. Cholesterol is essential for mitosis progression and its deficiency induces polyploid cell formation. Exp Cell Res 2004; 300:109-20. [PMID: 15383319 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2004.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2004] [Revised: 06/24/2004] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
As an essential component of mammalian cell membranes, cells require cholesterol for proliferation, which is either obtained from plasma lipoproteins or synthesized intracellularly from acetyl-CoA. In addition to cholesterol, other non-sterol mevalonate derivatives are necessary for DNA synthesis, such as the phosphorylated forms of isopentane, farnesol, geranylgeraniol, and dolichol. The aim of the present study was to elucidate the role of cholesterol in mitosis. For this, human leukemia cells (HL-60) were incubated in a cholesterol-free medium and treated with SKF 104976, which inhibits cholesterol biosynthesis by blocking sterol 14alpha-demethylase, and the expression of relevant cyclins in the different phases of the cell cycle was analyzed by flow cytometry. Prolonged cholesterol starvation induced the inhibition of cytokinesis and the formation of polyploid cells, which were multinucleated and had mitotic aberrations. Supplementing the medium with cholesterol completely abolished these effects, demonstrating they were specifically due to cholesterol deficiency. This is the first evidence that cholesterol is essential for mitosis completion and that, in the absence of cholesterol, the cells fail to undergo cytokinesis, entered G1 phase at higher DNA ploidy (tetraploidy), and then progressed through S (rereplication) into G2, generating polyploid cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Fernández
- Servicio de Bioquímica-Investigación, Hospital Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain
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47
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Montero MT, Matilla J, Gómez-Mampaso E, Lasunción MA. Geranylgeraniol regulates negatively caspase-1 autoprocessing: implication in the Th1 response against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2004; 173:4936-44. [PMID: 15470035 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.173.8.4936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Caspase-1 is a cysteine protease composed by two 20-kDa and two 10-kDa subunits that processes pro-IL-1beta and pro-IL-18 to their mature forms. This enzyme is present in cells as a latent zymogen that becomes active through a tightly regulated proteolytic cascade. Activation is initiated by the oligomerization of an adaptor molecule, or by the formation of a multiprotein complex named inflammasome. Negative regulation of caspase-1 activation is exerted by proteins that compete with the adaptor molecule or with the inflammasome formation. We previously reported that fluvastatin, an inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase, increases caspase-1 activity in PBMC. This effect was strengthened by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, rending an exacerbated IL-1beta, IL-18, and IFN-gamma production. Mevalonate, the product of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase, is a precursor for both nonsterol isoprenoid and sterol formation. In this study, we studied the involvement of mevalonate derivatives in the regulation of caspase-1 activation. Inhibition of sterol formation by SKF-104976 or haloperidol had no effect on IL-1beta release. However, the isoprenoid geranylgeraniol prevented both caspase-1 activation and the exacerbated IL production induced by fluvastatin. This isoprenoid significantly reduced the release of IL-18 and IFN-gamma by PBMC treated with mycobacteria, even in the absence of fluvastatin. In correlation with the increased caspase-1 activity, fluvastatin stimulated the proforms cleavage, enhancing the formation of active subunit p10. Geranylgeraniol not only prevented this effect, but induced proforms accumulation. Present results suggest that, once the proteolytic cascade is initiated, geranylgeraniol may exert an additional negative regulation on caspase-1 cleavage process.
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Affiliation(s)
- María T Montero
- Servicio de Bioquímica-Investigación, Hospital Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain.
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Campbell KM, Sabla GE, Bezerra JA. Transcriptional reprogramming in murine liver defines the physiologic consequences of biliary obstruction. J Hepatol 2004; 40:14-23. [PMID: 14672609 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2003.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS While the metabolic and histological responses to cholestasis are recognized, the consequences of impaired biliary flow on liver gene expression are largely undefined. We hypothesized that biliary obstruction results in transcriptional reprogramming that dictates the physiologic response. METHODS We determined global gene expression in murine livers 1-21 days following bile duct ligation. Total hepatic cRNA from experimental and sham mice was hybridized to Affymetrix gene chips. Gene expression data was analyzed by GeneSpring software and validated by Northern analysis. RESULTS We found 92 genes over-expressed > or =2-fold at one or more time points following bile duct ligation. Functional classification of these genes revealed the activation of three main biological processes in a sequential and time-restricted fashion. At day 1, genes involved in sterol metabolism were uniquely over-expressed, including HMG-CoA reductase, the rate-limiting enzyme of cholesterol biosynthesis. This was followed by an increased expression of growth-promoting genes at day 7, the time point coinciding with peak cholangiocyte proliferation. In later phases (days 14-21), the liver over-expressed genes encoding structural proteins and proteases. CONCLUSIONS Transcriptional reprogramming in the liver following biliary obstruction favors the activation of genes regulating metabolism, cell proliferation, and matrix remodeling in a time-restricted and sequential fashion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen M Campbell
- Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229-3039, USA
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Bellini MJ, Polo MP, de Alaniz MJT, de Bravo MG. Effect of simvastatin on the uptake and metabolic conversion of palmitic, dihomo-gamma-linoleic and alpha-linolenic acids in A549 cells. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2003; 69:351-7. [PMID: 14580370 DOI: 10.1016/s0952-3278(03)00149-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
It is well known that simvastatin affects cholesterol synthesis. Furthermore it inhibits growth and proliferation and perturbs fatty acid metabolism in some cell lines. We have studied the effects of simvastatin on the uptake and metabolism of exogenous fatty acid in the human lung adenocarcinoma A549 cells. Simvastatin inhibited the proliferation of A549, and caused an increment in phospholipid/cholesterol ratio due to an increment in phospholipid content without affecting cholesterol content. All the fatty acids were uptaken and metabolized in both control and treated cells. The conversion of palmitic, linoleic and dihomo-gamma-linoleic acids to their metabolites and products/precursor ratios for the desaturation and elongation reactions showed that simvastatin enhanced the Delta5 desaturation step and altered some elongating steps. The machinery for unsaturated fatty acid synthesis in A549 is quite sensitive to simvastatin and its effects could have important implication taking into account that highly unsaturated fatty acids are involved in the regulation of diverse cellular functions by themselves or through their metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Bellini
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioqui;micas de La Plata (INIBIOLP), CONICET-UNLP, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Calle 60 y 120, La Plata 1900, Argentina
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50
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Walter M, Davies JP, Ioannou YA. Telomerase immortalization upregulates Rab9 expression and restores LDL cholesterol egress from Niemann-Pick C1 late endosomes. J Lipid Res 2003; 44:243-53. [PMID: 12576506 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m200230-jlr200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Niemann-Pick C (NPC) disease is a rare recessive lipidosis marked by excessive accumulation of LDL-derived free cholesterol and glycosphingolipids in the late endosomal-lysosomal (E-L) system. Here we report that ectopic expression of human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTeRT) in human cells leads to an upregulation of the small GTPase Rab9 and its effector p40. Expression of hTeRT in NPC1 cells results in a correction of their cellular phenotype, including clearance of accumulated cholesterol from their E-L system. Specifically, in NPC1-TeRT cells, the transport of cholesterol from the E-L system to the plasma membrane is restored with a concomitant increase in cholesterol esterification. This effect is Rab9-specific since expression of Rab9 in untransformed NPC1 cells also leads to a reversal of their disease phenotype. These effects are also seen in normal TeRT-immortalized cells and it appears that TeRT expression leads to an increase in the transport of molecules, including cholesterol, from the E-L system, and may play a role in increasing cellular proliferation. These results suggest the existence of alternative endogenous therapeutic targets that can be modulated to reverse the NPC1 disease phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Walter
- Department of Human Genetics, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA
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