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Greenwold MJ, Merritt K, Richardson TL, Dudycha JL. A three-genome ultraconserved element phylogeny of cryptophytes. Protist 2023; 174:125994. [PMID: 37935085 DOI: 10.1016/j.protis.2023.125994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
Cryptophytes are single celled protists found in all aquatic environments. They are composed of a heterotrophic genus, Goniomonas, and a largely autotrophic group comprising many genera. Cryptophytes evolved through secondary endosymbiosis between a host eukaryotic heterotroph and a symbiont red alga. This merger resulted in a four-genome system that includes the nuclear and mitochondrial genomes from the host and a second nuclear genome (nucleomorph) and plastid genome inherited from the symbiont. Here, we make use of different genomes (with potentially distinct evolutionary histories) to perform a phylogenomic study of the early history of cryptophytes. Using ultraconserved elements from the host nuclear genome and symbiont nucleomorph and plastid genomes, we produce a three-genome phylogeny of 91 strains of cryptophytes. Our phylogenetic analyses find that that there are three major cryptophyte clades: Clade 1 comprises Chroomonas and Hemiselmis species, Clade 2, a taxonomically rich clade, comprises at least twelve genera, and Clade 3, comprises the heterotrophic Goniomonas species. Each of these major clades include both freshwater and marine species, but subclades within these clades differ in degrees of niche conservatism. Finally, we discuss priorities for taxonomic revision to Cryptophyceae based on previous studies and in light of these phylogenomic analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Greenwold
- Biology Department, University of Texas at Tyler, 3900 University Blvd., Tyler, TX, 75799, USA.
| | - Kristiaän Merritt
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, 715 Sumter St., Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Tammi L Richardson
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, 715 Sumter St., Columbia, SC 29208, USA; School of the Earth, Ocean, and Environment, University of South Carolina, 715 Sumter St., Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Jeffry L Dudycha
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, 715 Sumter St., Columbia, SC 29208, USA
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2
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Nikulin VY, Nikulin AY, Gontcharov AA, Bagmet VB, Abdullin SR. Oogamochlamys kurilensis sp. nov. (Chlorophyta, Volvocales) from the Soils of Iturup Island (Sakhalin Region, Russia). PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:3350. [PMID: 37836090 PMCID: PMC10574126 DOI: 10.3390/plants12193350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 09/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
A strain of oogamous biflagellate green alga was isolated during a study on soil algal diversity in the Russian Far East (Sakhalin Region, Iturup Island) and examined using an integrative approach. Phylogenetic analyses, based on the SSU rDNA gene, resolved the new strain as a part of the RL clade (sensu Watanabe and Nakada) within Oogamochlamydinia (Volvocales, Chlorophyceae). The strain was similar to members of the genus Oogamochlamys (parietal and massive cup-shaped chloroplasts; two apical contractile vacuoles), but was, however, distinguished from them based on the size and shape of the mature vegetative cells, the flagellar length, the presence of only one pyrenoid in both the mature vegetative cells and the zoospores, the anterior nucleus position, and the spermatozoids' shape. Although a concept of the genus Oogamochlamys has been compromised in recent phylogenetic analysis based on the SSU rDNA sequence data and its likely affinity to anisogamous Chlamydomonas allensworthii, we described the strain from Iturup Island as Oogamochlamys kurilensis sp. nov.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vyacheslav Yu. Nikulin
- Federal Scientific Center of the East Asia Terrestrial Biodiversity, Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 159, 100-Letia Vladivostoka Prospect, Vladivostok 690022, Russia; (A.A.G.); (V.B.B.); (S.R.A.)
| | - Arthur Yu. Nikulin
- Federal Scientific Center of the East Asia Terrestrial Biodiversity, Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 159, 100-Letia Vladivostoka Prospect, Vladivostok 690022, Russia; (A.A.G.); (V.B.B.); (S.R.A.)
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3
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Peltomaa E, Asikainen H, Blomster J, Pakkanen H, Rigaud C, Salmi P, Taipale S. Phytoplankton group identification with chemotaxonomic biomarkers: In combination they do better. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2023; 209:113624. [PMID: 36871900 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2023.113624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Chemotaxonomic biomarkers are needed to monitor and evaluate the nutritional quality of phytoplankton communities. The biomolecules produced by different phytoplankton species do not always follow genetic phylogeny. Therefore, we analyzed fatty acids, sterols, and carotenoids from 57 freshwater phytoplankton strains to evaluate the usability of these biomolecules as chemotaxonomic biomarkers. We found 29 fatty acids, 34 sterols, and 26 carotenoids in our samples. The strains were grouped into cryptomonads, cyanobacteria, diatoms, dinoflagellates, golden algae, green algae, and raphidophytes, and the phytoplankton group explained 61%, 54%, and 89% of the variability of fatty acids, sterols, and carotenoids, respectively. Fatty acid and carotenoid profiles distinguished most phytoplankton groups, but not flawlessly. For example, fatty acids could not distinguish golden algae and cryptomonads, whereas carotenoids did not separate diatoms and golden algae. The sterol composition was heterogeneous but seemed to be useful for distinguishing different genera within a phytoplankton group. The chemotaxonomy biomarkers yielded optimal genetic phylogeny when the fatty acids, sterols, and carotenoids were used together in multivariate statistical analysis. Our results suggest that the accuracy of phytoplankton composition modeling could be enhanced by combining these three biomolecule groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Peltomaa
- Department of Forest Sciences, Latokartanonkaari 7, FI-00014, University of Helsinki, Finland.
| | - H Asikainen
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, Survontie 9 C, FI-40014, University of Jyväskylä, Finland.
| | - J Blomster
- Ecosystems and Environment Research Group, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Viikinkaari 1, FI-00014, University of Helsinki, Finland.
| | - H Pakkanen
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, Survontie 9 C, FI-40014, University of Jyväskylä, Finland.
| | - C Rigaud
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, Survontie 9 C, FI-40014, University of Jyväskylä, Finland.
| | - P Salmi
- Spectral Imaging Laboratory, Faculty of Information Technology, Mattilanniemi 2, FI-40014, University of Jyväskylä, Finland.
| | - S Taipale
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, Survontie 9 C, FI-40014, University of Jyväskylä, Finland.
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Mendes CRB, Costa RR, Ferreira A, Jesus B, Tavano VM, Dotto TS, Leal MC, Kerr R, Islabão CA, Franco ADODR, Mata MM, Garcia CAE, Secchi ER. Cryptophytes: An emerging algal group in the rapidly changing Antarctic Peninsula marine environments. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2023; 29:1791-1808. [PMID: 36656050 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The western Antarctic Peninsula (WAP) is a climatically sensitive region where foundational changes at the basis of the food web have been recorded; cryptophytes are gradually outgrowing diatoms together with a decreased size spectrum of the phytoplankton community. Based on a 11-year (2008-2018) in-situ dataset, we demonstrate a strong coupling between biomass accumulation of cryptophytes, summer upper ocean stability, and the mixed layer depth. Our results shed light on the environmental conditions favoring the cryptophyte success in coastal regions of the WAP, especially during situations of shallower mixed layers associated with lower diatom biomass, which evidences a clear competition or niche segregation between diatoms and cryptophytes. We also unravel the cryptophyte photo-physiological niche by exploring its capacity to thrive under high light stress normally found in confined stratified upper layers. Such conditions are becoming more frequent in the Antarctic coastal waters and will likely have significant future implications at various levels of the marine food web. The competitive advantage of cryptophytes in environments with significant light level fluctuations was supported by laboratory experiments that revealed a high flexibility of cryptophytes to grow in different light conditions driven by a fast photo-regulating response. All tested physiological parameters support the hypothesis that cryptophytes are highly flexible regarding their growing light conditions and extremely efficient in rapidly photo-regulating changes to environmental light levels. This plasticity would give them a competitive advantage in exploiting an ecological niche where light levels fluctuate quickly. These findings provide new insights on niche separation between diatoms and cryptophytes, which is vital for a thorough understanding of the WAP marine ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Rafael Borges Mendes
- Laboratório de Fitoplâncton e Microorganismos Marinhos, Instituto de Oceanografia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande (FURG), Rio Grande do Sul, Rio Grande, Brazil
- Laboratório de Estudo dos Oceanos e Clima, Instituto de Oceanografia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande (FURG), Rio Grande do Sul, Rio Grande, Brazil
| | - Raul Rodrigo Costa
- Laboratório de Fitoplâncton e Microorganismos Marinhos, Instituto de Oceanografia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande (FURG), Rio Grande do Sul, Rio Grande, Brazil
- Laboratório de Estudo dos Oceanos e Clima, Instituto de Oceanografia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande (FURG), Rio Grande do Sul, Rio Grande, Brazil
| | - Afonso Ferreira
- Laboratório de Fitoplâncton e Microorganismos Marinhos, Instituto de Oceanografia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande (FURG), Rio Grande do Sul, Rio Grande, Brazil
- Faculdade de Ciências, MARE - Centro de Ciências do Mar e do Ambiente, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Bruno Jesus
- Laboratoire Mer Molécules Santé, Faculté des Sciences et des Techniques, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Virginia Maria Tavano
- Laboratório de Fitoplâncton e Microorganismos Marinhos, Instituto de Oceanografia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande (FURG), Rio Grande do Sul, Rio Grande, Brazil
- Laboratório de Estudo dos Oceanos e Clima, Instituto de Oceanografia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande (FURG), Rio Grande do Sul, Rio Grande, Brazil
| | - Tiago Segabinazzi Dotto
- Centre for Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Miguel Costa Leal
- Departamento de Biologia, ECOMARE, CESAM - Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Universidade de Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Rodrigo Kerr
- Laboratório de Estudo dos Oceanos e Clima, Instituto de Oceanografia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande (FURG), Rio Grande do Sul, Rio Grande, Brazil
| | - Carolina Antuarte Islabão
- Laboratório de Fitoplâncton e Microorganismos Marinhos, Instituto de Oceanografia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande (FURG), Rio Grande do Sul, Rio Grande, Brazil
| | - Andréa de Oliveira da Rocha Franco
- Laboratório de Fitoplâncton e Microorganismos Marinhos, Instituto de Oceanografia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande (FURG), Rio Grande do Sul, Rio Grande, Brazil
| | - Mauricio M Mata
- Laboratório de Estudo dos Oceanos e Clima, Instituto de Oceanografia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande (FURG), Rio Grande do Sul, Rio Grande, Brazil
| | - Carlos Alberto Eiras Garcia
- Laboratório de Estudo dos Oceanos e Clima, Instituto de Oceanografia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande (FURG), Rio Grande do Sul, Rio Grande, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Resende Secchi
- Laboratório de Ecologia e Conservação da Megafauna Marinha, Instituto de Oceanografia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande (FURG), Rio Grande do Sul, Rio Grande, Brazil
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6
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Magalhães K, Santos AL, Vaulot D, Oliveira MC. Hemiselmis aquamarina sp. nov. (Cryptomonadales, Cryptophyceae), A Cryptophyte with A Novel Phycobiliprotein Type (Cr-PC 564). Protist 2021; 172:125832. [PMID: 34597847 DOI: 10.1016/j.protis.2021.125832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Cryptophytes are a small group of photosynthetic biflagellate organisms distributed worldwide in fresh, brackish and marine waters. Although members of this class are easily distinguished from other groups, species identification is difficult and studies concerning their diversity are scarce. Two strains of an undescribed Hemiselmis species were isolated from the marine waters off Brazil and Japan. Analyses of morphology, phycobiliprotein spectral characterization, molecular phylogeny and ITS2 secondary structure comparisons were performed to assist the identification. The morphological features of Hemiselmis aquamarina sp. nov. matches that of other species from the same genus, but it has a new type of phycocyanin. Molecular phylogeny and ITS2 secondary structure support H. aquamarina as a distinct species. Furthermore, phylogenetic inferences indicate H. aquamarina as closely related to H. tepida, H. andersenii and H. rufescens. Currently, all Hemiselmis species have been described from the Northern Hemisphere and most from the subtropical region. H. aquamarina is the first species of this genus described from the South Atlantic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karoline Magalhães
- Laboratório de Algas Marinhas Edison José de Paula, Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua do Matão, 277, 05508-090, Butantã, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Adriana Lopes Santos
- Asian School of the Environment, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Daniel Vaulot
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, UMR 7144, ECOMAP Team Station Biologique de Roscoff, Roscoff, France; Asian School of the Environment, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Mariana Cabral Oliveira
- Laboratório de Algas Marinhas Edison José de Paula, Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua do Matão, 277, 05508-090, Butantã, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Hall C, Camilli S, Dwaah H, Kornegay B, Lacy C, Hill MS, Hill AL. Freshwater sponge hosts and their green algae symbionts: a tractable model to understand intracellular symbiosis. PeerJ 2021; 9:e10654. [PMID: 33614268 PMCID: PMC7882143 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.10654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In many freshwater habitats, green algae form intracellular symbioses with a variety of heterotrophic host taxa including several species of freshwater sponge. These sponges perform important ecological roles in their habitats, and the poriferan:green algae partnerships offers unique opportunities to study the evolutionary origins and ecological persistence of endosymbioses. We examined the association between Ephydatia muelleri and its chlorophyte partner to identify features of host cellular and genetic responses to the presence of intracellular algal partners. Chlorella-like green algal symbionts were isolated from field-collected adult E. muelleri tissue harboring algae. The sponge-derived algae were successfully cultured and subsequently used to reinfect aposymbiotic E. muelleri tissue. We used confocal microscopy to follow the fate of the sponge-derived algae after inoculating algae-free E. muelleri grown from gemmules to show temporal patterns of symbiont location within host tissue. We also infected aposymbiotic E. muelleri with sponge-derived algae, and performed RNASeq to study differential expression patterns in the host relative to symbiotic states. We compare and contrast our findings with work in other systems (e.g., endosymbiotic Hydra) to explore possible conserved evolutionary pathways that may lead to stable mutualistic endosymbioses. Our work demonstrates that freshwater sponges offer many tractable qualities to study features of intracellular occupancy and thus meet criteria desired for a model system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelsea Hall
- Biology, University of Richmond, Richmond, VA, United States of America.,Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Sara Camilli
- Biology, University of Richmond, Richmond, VA, United States of America.,Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, United States of America
| | - Henry Dwaah
- Biology, University of Richmond, Richmond, VA, United States of America
| | - Benjamin Kornegay
- Biology, University of Richmond, Richmond, VA, United States of America
| | - Christie Lacy
- Biology, University of Richmond, Richmond, VA, United States of America
| | - Malcolm S Hill
- Biology, University of Richmond, Richmond, VA, United States of America.,Biology, Bates College, Lewiston, ME, United States of America
| | - April L Hill
- Biology, University of Richmond, Richmond, VA, United States of America.,Biology, Bates College, Lewiston, ME, United States of America
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Díaz PA, Fernández-Pena C, Pérez-Santos I, Baldrich Á, Díaz M, Rodríguez F. Dinophysis Ehrenberg (Dinophyceae) in Southern Chile harbours red cryptophyte plastids from Rhodomonas/Storeatula clade. HARMFUL ALGAE 2020; 99:101907. [PMID: 33218433 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2020.101907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Photosynthetic species of the dinoflagellate genus Dinophysis are known to retain temporary cryptophyte plastids of the Teleaulax/Plagioselmis/Geminigera clade after feeding the ciliate Mesodinium rubrum. In the present study, partial plastid 23S rDNA sequences were retrieved in Southern Chilean waters from oceanic (Los Lagos region), and fjord systems (Aysén region), in single cells of Dinophysis and accompanying organisms (the heliozoan Actinophrys cf. sol and tintinnid ciliates), identified by means of morphological discrimination under the light microscope. All plastid 23S rDNA sequences (n = 23) from Dinophysis spp. (Dinophysis acuta, D. caudata, D. tripos and D. subcircularis) belonged to cryptophytes from clade V (Rhinomonas, Rhodomonas and Storeatula), although they could not be identified at genus level. Moreover, five plastid sequences obtained from heliozoans (Actinophryida, tentatively identified as Actinophrys cf. sol), and tintinnid ciliates, grouped together with those cryptophyte sequences. In contrast, two additional sequences from tintinnids belonged to other taxa (chlorophytes and cyanobacteria). Overall, the present study represents the first time that red cryptophyte plastids outside of the Teleaulax/Plagioselmis/Geminigera clade dominate in wild photosynthetic Dinophysis spp. These findings suggest that either Dinophysis spp. are able to feed on other ciliate prey than Mesodinium and/or that cryptophyte plastids from clade V prevail in members of the M. rubrum species complex in the studied area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricio A Díaz
- Centro i~mar, Universidad de Los Lagos, Casilla 557, Puerto Montt, Chile; CeBiB, Universidad de Los Lagos, Casilla 557, Puerto Montt, Chile.
| | - Concepción Fernández-Pena
- Centro Oceanográfico de A Coruña, (IEO), Paseo Marítimo Alcalde Francisco Vázquez, 10, Coruña 15001, Spain
| | - Iván Pérez-Santos
- Centro i~mar, Universidad de Los Lagos, Casilla 557, Puerto Montt, Chile; Centro de Investigación Oceanográfica COPAS Sur-Austral, Campus Concepción, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción 4030000, Chile
| | - Ángela Baldrich
- Centro i~mar, Universidad de Los Lagos, Casilla 557, Puerto Montt, Chile; Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias, mención Manejo y Conservación de Recursos Naturales, Universidad de Los Lagos, Puerto Montt, Chile
| | - Manuel Díaz
- Programa de Investigación Pesquera & Instituto de Acuicultura, Universidad Austral de Chile, Sede Puerto Montt, Chile
| | - Francisco Rodríguez
- Centro Oceanográfico de Vigo, Instituto Español de Oceanografía (IEO), Subida a Radio Faro 50, Vigo 36390, Spain
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Sommer V, Mikhailyuk T, Glaser K, Karsten U. Uncovering Unique Green Algae and Cyanobacteria Isolated from Biocrusts in Highly Saline Potash Tailing Pile Habitats, Using an Integrative Approach. Microorganisms 2020; 8:E1667. [PMID: 33121104 PMCID: PMC7692164 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8111667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Potash tailing piles caused by fertilizer production shape their surroundings because of the associated salt impact. A previous study in these environments addressed the functional community "biocrust" comprising various micro- and macro-organisms inhabiting the soil surface. In that previous study, biocrust microalgae and cyanobacteria were isolated and morphologically identified amongst an ecological discussion. However, morphological species identification maybe is difficult because of phenotypic plasticity, which might lead to misidentifications. The present study revisited the earlier species list using an integrative approach, including molecular methods. Seventy-six strains were sequenced using the markers small subunit (SSU) rRNA gene and internal transcribed spacer (ITS). Phylogenetic analyses confirmed some morphologically identified species. However, several other strains could only be identified at the genus level. This indicates a high proportion of possibly unknown taxa, underlined by the low congruence of the previous morphological identifications to our results. In general, the integrative approach resulted in more precise species identifications and should be considered as an extension of the previous morphological species list. The majority of taxa found were common in saline habitats, whereas some were more likely to occur in nonsaline environments. Consequently, biocrusts in saline environments of potash tailing piles contain unique microalgae and cyanobacteria that will possibly reveal several new taxa in more detailed future studies and, hence, provide new data on the biodiversity, as well as new candidates for applied research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Sommer
- Institute for Biological Sciences, Applied Ecology and Phycology, University of Rostock, 18059 Rostock, Germany; (V.S.); (K.G.)
- upi UmweltProjekt Ingenieursgesellschaft mbH, 39576 Stendal, Germany
| | - Tatiana Mikhailyuk
- National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, M.G. Kholodny Institute of Botany, 01601 Kyiv, Ukraine;
| | - Karin Glaser
- Institute for Biological Sciences, Applied Ecology and Phycology, University of Rostock, 18059 Rostock, Germany; (V.S.); (K.G.)
| | - Ulf Karsten
- Institute for Biological Sciences, Applied Ecology and Phycology, University of Rostock, 18059 Rostock, Germany; (V.S.); (K.G.)
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van den Hoff J, Bell E, Whittock L. Dimorphism in the Antarctic cryptophyte Geminigera cryophila (Cryptophyceae). JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY 2020; 56:1028-1038. [PMID: 32289881 DOI: 10.1111/jpy.13004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A pink to red-pigmented cryptophyte of undetermined taxonomic affinity was isolated and cloned from two seasonally ice-covered. meromictic, saline Antarctic aquatic environments: Bayly Bay (BB) and Ace Lake (AL). The clones shared a number of morphological and ultrastructural similarities with other cryptomonad genera, which confounded identification by light and electron microscopy. Cellular pigments extracted from the AL clone showed an absorption maximum corresponding to the biliprotein Cr-phycoerythrin 545, thus narrowing its potential taxonomic affinities. Partial 18S SSU ribosomal gene sequences were isolated from both the AL and the BB cryptomonads' nuclear rDNA, whereas PCR-amplified and their molecular phylogenies inferred from the subject sequences. Our results, and the results of another study that used our prepublished sequence data, invariably resolved both clones as very close matches with the Antarctic cryptophyte, Geminigera cryophila. When combined, the morphological, chemical, and molecular evidence suggested that both of our cryptophyte clones were a cryptomorph of the G. cryophila campylomorph. Slight differences between the AL and BB nuclear tree reconstructions suggested divergent microevolution following long-term isolation of the AL population from the surrounding marine ecosystem. This study provides further compelling evidence that certain Cryptophyceae engage in a life-history strategy, which includes alternating morphologically distinct cell-types (dimorphism); cell-types which without molecular analyses could be mistaken as novel taxa.
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Affiliation(s)
- John van den Hoff
- Australian Antarctic Division, 203 Channel Highway, Kingston, Tas, 7050, Australia
| | - Elanor Bell
- Australian Antarctic Division, 203 Channel Highway, Kingston, Tas, 7050, Australia
| | - Lucy Whittock
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tas, 7001, Australia
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Biodiversity of Algae and Cyanobacteria in Biological Soil Crusts Collected Along a Climatic Gradient in Chile Using an Integrative Approach. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8071047. [PMID: 32674483 PMCID: PMC7409284 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8071047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Biocrusts are associations of various prokaryotic and eukaryotic microorganisms in the top millimeters of soil, which can be found in every climate zone on Earth. They stabilize soils and introduce carbon and nitrogen into this compartment. The worldwide occurrence of biocrusts was proven by numerous studies in Europe, Africa, Asia and North America, leaving South America understudied. Using an integrative approach, which combines morphological and molecular characters (small subunit rRNA and ITS region), we examined the diversity of key biocrust photosynthetic organisms at four sites along the latitudinal climate gradient in Chile. The most northern study site was located in the Atacama Desert (arid climate), followed by open shrubland (semiarid climate), a dry forest region (Mediterranean climate) and a mixed broad leaved-coniferous forest (temperate climate) in the south. The lowest species richness was recorded in the desert (18 species), whereas the highest species richness was observed in the Mediterranean zone (40 species). Desert biocrusts were composed exclusively of single-celled Chlorophyta algae, followed by cyanobacteria. Chlorophyta, Streptophyta and cyanobacteria dominated semiarid biocrusts, whereas Mediterranean and temperate Chilean biocrusts were composed mostly of Chlorophyta, Streptophyta and Ochrophyta. Our investigation of Chilean biocrust suggests high biodiversity of South American biocrust phototrophs.
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Mikhailyuk T, Holzinger A, Tsarenko P, Glaser K, Demchenko E, Karsten U. Dictyosphaerium-like morphotype in terrestrial algae: what is Xerochlorella (Trebouxiophyceae, Chlorophyta)? 1. JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY 2020; 56:671-686. [PMID: 31994728 PMCID: PMC7317402 DOI: 10.1111/jpy.12974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/31/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Several strains of terrestrial algae isolated from biological soil crusts in Germany and Ukraine were identified by morphological methods as the widely distributed species Dictyosphaerium minutum (=Dictyosphaerium chlorelloides). Investigation of the phylogeny showed their position unexpectedly outside of Chlorellaceae (Trebouxiophyceae) and distantly from Chlorella chlorelloides, to which this taxon was attributed after revision of the genus Chlorella based on an integrative approach. SSU rRNA phylogeny determined the position of our strains inside a clade recently described as a new genus of the cryptic alga Xerochlorella olmiae isolated from desert biological soil crusts in the United States. Investigation of the morphology of the authentic strain of X. olmiae showed Dictyosphaerium-like morphology, as well as some other characters, common for our strains and morphospecies D. minutum. The latter alga was described as terrestrial and subsequently united with the earlier described aquatic representative D. chlorelloides because of their similar morphology. The revision of Chlorella mentioned above provided only one aquatic strain (D. chlorelloides), which determined its position in the genus. But terrestrial strains of the morphospecies were not investigated phylogenetically. Our study showed that the terrestrial D. minutum is not related to the morphologically similar D. chlorelloides (=Chlorella chlorelloides, Chlorellaceae), and instead represented a separate lineage in the Trebouxiophyceae, recently described as genus Xerochlorella. Therefore, revision of Xerochlorella is proposed, including nomenclatural combinations, epitypifications, and emendations of two species: X. minuta and X. dichotoma. New characters of the genus based on investigation of morphology and ultrastructure were determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Mikhailyuk
- M.G. Kholodny Institute of BotanyNational Academy of Sciences of UkraineTereschenkivska Str. 2Kyiv01004Ukraine
| | - Andreas Holzinger
- Functional Plant BiologyDepartment of BotanyUniversity of InnsbruckSternwartestrasse 15A‐6020InnsbruckAustria
| | - Petro Tsarenko
- M.G. Kholodny Institute of BotanyNational Academy of Sciences of UkraineTereschenkivska Str. 2Kyiv01004Ukraine
| | - Karin Glaser
- Applied Ecology and PhycologyInstitute of Biological SciencesUniversity of RostockAlbert‐Einstein‐Strasse 3D‐18059RostockGermany
| | - Eduard Demchenko
- M.G. Kholodny Institute of BotanyNational Academy of Sciences of UkraineTereschenkivska Str. 2Kyiv01004Ukraine
| | - Ulf Karsten
- Applied Ecology and PhycologyInstitute of Biological SciencesUniversity of RostockAlbert‐Einstein‐Strasse 3D‐18059RostockGermany
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Greenwold MJ, Cunningham BR, Lachenmyer EM, Pullman JM, Richardson TL, Dudycha JL. Diversification of light capture ability was accompanied by the evolution of phycobiliproteins in cryptophyte algae. Proc Biol Sci 2020; 286:20190655. [PMID: 31088271 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2019.0655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Evolutionary biologists have long sought to identify phenotypic traits whose evolution enhances an organism's performance in its environment. Diversification of traits related to resource acquisition can occur owing to spatial or temporal resource heterogeneity. We examined the ability to capture light in the Cryptophyta, a phylum of single-celled eukaryotic algae with diverse photosynthetic pigments, to better understand how acquisition of an abiotic resource may be associated with diversification. Cryptophytes originated through secondary endosymbiosis between an unknown eukaryotic host and a red algal symbiont. This merger resulted in distinctive pigment-protein complexes, the cryptophyte phycobiliproteins, which are the products of genes from both ancestors. These novel complexes may have facilitated diversification across environments where the spectrum of light available for photosynthesis varies widely. We measured light capture and pigments under controlled conditions in a phenotypically and phylogenetically diverse collection of cryptophytes. Using phylogenetic comparative methods, we found that phycobiliprotein characteristics were evolutionarily associated with diversification of light capture in cryptophytes, while non-phycobiliprotein pigments were not. Furthermore, phycobiliproteins were evolutionarily labile with repeated transitions and reversals. Thus, the endosymbiotic origin of cryptophyte phycobiliproteins provided an evolutionary spark that drove diversification of light capture, the resource that is the foundation of photosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Greenwold
- 1 Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina , Columbia, SC 29208 , USA
| | - Brady R Cunningham
- 2 School of the Earth, Ocean, and Environment, University of South Carolina , Columbia, SC 29208 , USA
| | - Eric M Lachenmyer
- 2 School of the Earth, Ocean, and Environment, University of South Carolina , Columbia, SC 29208 , USA
| | - John Michael Pullman
- 1 Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina , Columbia, SC 29208 , USA
| | - Tammi L Richardson
- 1 Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina , Columbia, SC 29208 , USA.,2 School of the Earth, Ocean, and Environment, University of South Carolina , Columbia, SC 29208 , USA
| | - Jeffry L Dudycha
- 1 Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina , Columbia, SC 29208 , USA
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Hess S, Eme L, Roger AJ, Simpson AGB. A natural toroidal microswimmer with a rotary eukaryotic flagellum. Nat Microbiol 2019; 4:1620-1626. [DOI: 10.1038/s41564-019-0478-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Cunningham BR, Greenwold MJ, Lachenmyer EM, Heidenreich KM, Davis AC, Dudycha JL, Richardson TL. Light capture and pigment diversity in marine and freshwater cryptophytes. JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY 2019; 55:552-564. [PMID: 30468692 DOI: 10.1111/jpy.12816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Phenotypic traits associated with light capture and phylogenetic relationships were characterized in 34 strains of diversely pigmented marine and freshwater cryptophytes. Nuclear SSU and partial LSU rDNA sequence data from 33 of these strains plus an additional 66 strains produced a concatenated rooted maximum likelihood tree that classified the strains into 7 distinct clades. Molecular and phenotypic data together support: (i) the reclassification of Cryptomonas irregularis NIES 698 to the genus Rhodomonas, (ii) revision of phycobiliprotein (PBP) diversity within the genus Hemiselmis to include cryptophyte phycocyanin (Cr-PC) 569, (iii) the inclusion of previously unidentified strain CCMP 2293 into the genus Falcomonas, even though it contains cryptophyte phycoerythrin 545 (Cr-PE 545), and (iv) the inclusion of previously unidentified strain CCMP 3175, which contains Cr-PE 545, in a clade with PC-containing Chroomonas species. A discriminant analysis-based model of group membership correctly predicted 70.6% of the clades using three traits: PBP concentration · cell-1 , the wavelength of PBP maximal absorption, and habitat. Non-PBP pigments (alloxanthin, chl-a, chl-c2 , α-carotene) did not contribute significantly to group classification, indicating the potential plasticity of these pigments and the evolutionary conservation of the PBPs. Pigment data showed evidence of trade-offs in investments in PBPs vs. chlorophylls (a +c2 ).
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Affiliation(s)
- Brady R Cunningham
- School of the Earth, Ocean & Environment, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, 29208, USA
| | - Matthew J Greenwold
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, 29208, USA
| | - Eric M Lachenmyer
- School of the Earth, Ocean & Environment, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, 29208, USA
| | - Kristin M Heidenreich
- School of the Earth, Ocean & Environment, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, 29208, USA
| | - Abigail C Davis
- School of the Earth, Ocean & Environment, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, 29208, USA
| | - Jeffry L Dudycha
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, 29208, USA
| | - Tammi L Richardson
- School of the Earth, Ocean & Environment, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, 29208, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, 29208, USA
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Usual alga from unusual habitats: Biodiversity of Klebsormidium (Klebsormidiophyceae, Streptophyta) from the phylogenetic superclade G isolated from biological soil crusts. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2018; 133:236-255. [PMID: 30576758 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2018.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Revised: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Seven new species and two varieties of Klebsormidium were described using an integrative approach on the base of 28 strains from the poorly studied phylogenetic superclade G. These strains originated from the unusual and exotic habitats (semi-deserts, semi-arid shrublands, Mediterranean shrub and deciduous vegetation, temperate Araucaria forests, peat bogs, dumps after coal mining, maritime sand dunes etc.) of four continents (Africa, South and North America, and Europe). Molecular phylogenies based on ITS-1,2, rbcL gene and concatenated dataset of ITS-1,2-rbcL, secondary structure of ITS-2, morphology, ecology and biogeography, micrographs and drawings of the investigated strains were assessed. Additionally, phylogeny and morphology of 18 Klebsormidium strains from other lineages isolated from the same localities (different vegetation types of Chile and maritime sand dunes of Germany) were investigated for the comparison with representatives of clade G. Clade G Klebsormidium is characterized by distant phylogenetic position from the other Klebsormidium lineages and prominent morphology: four-lobed chloroplasts and mostly short swollen cells in young culture, compact small pyrenoids, curved or disintegrated filaments, unusual elongation of cells in old culture, formation of specific cluster- and knot-like colonies on agar surface, especially prominent in strains isolated from desert regions, from which the group probably originated. Comparison of Klebsormidium diversity from different biogeographic regions showed that the representatives of clade G are common algae in regions of the southern hemisphere (South Africa and Chile) and rare representatives in terrestrial ecosystems of the northern hemisphere. Further investigation of mostly unstudied territories of the southern hemisphere could bring many surprises and discoveries, leading to a change of the present concept that Klebsormidium is cosmopolitan in distribution.
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Sausen N, Malavasi V, Melkonian M. Molecular phylogeny, systematics, and revision of the type species of Lobomonas, L. francei (Volvocales, Chlorophyta) and closely related taxa. JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY 2018; 54:198-214. [PMID: 29278416 DOI: 10.1111/jpy.12615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, three new strains of the rare volvocalean green alga Lobomonas were isolated from field-collected samples, one from Sardinia (Italy) and two from Argentina, and comparatively studied. The Sardinian and one of the Argentinian strains were identified as Lobomonas francei, the type species of the genus, whereas the second Argentinian strain corresponded to L. panduriformis. Two additional nominal species of Lobomonas from culture collections (L. rostrata and L. sphaerica) were included in the analysis and shown to be morphologically and molecularly identical to the L. francei strains. The presence, number, and shapes of cell wall lobes, the diagnostic criterion of Lobomonas, were shown to be highly variable depending on the chemical composition of the culture medium used. The analyses by SEM gave evidence that the cell wall lobes in Lobomonas originate at the junctions of adjacent cell wall plates by extrusion of gelatinous material. The four L. francei strains had identical nrRNA gene sequences and differed by only one or two substitutions in the ITS1 + ITS2 sequences. In the phylogenetic analyses, L. francei and L. panduriformis were sister taxa; however, another nominal Lobomonas species (L. monstruosa) did not belong to this genus. Lobomonas, together with taxa designated as Vitreochlamys, Tetraspora, and Paulschulzia, formed a monophyletic group that in the combined analyses was sister to the "Chlamydomonas/Volvox-clade." Based on these results, Lobomonas was revised, the diagnosis of the type species emended, a lectotype and an epitype designated, and several taxa synonymized with the type species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Sausen
- Botanical Institute, Cologne Biocenter, University of Cologne, Zülpicher Str. 47 b, Cologne, 50674, Germany
| | - Veronica Malavasi
- Interdepartmental Center of Environmental Science and Engineering (CINSA), University of Cagliari, Via San Giorgio 12, 09124, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Michael Melkonian
- Botanical Institute, Cologne Biocenter, University of Cologne, Zülpicher Str. 47 b, Cologne, 50674, Germany
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Mikhailyuk T, Lukešová A, Glaser K, Holzinger A, Obwegeser S, Nyporko S, Friedl T, Karsten U. New Taxa of Streptophyte Algae (Streptophyta) from Terrestrial Habitats Revealed Using an Integrative Approach. Protist 2018; 169:406-431. [PMID: 29860113 PMCID: PMC6071840 DOI: 10.1016/j.protis.2018.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Revised: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Two new genera (Streptosarcina and Streptofilum) and three new species (Streptosarcina arenaria, S. costaricana and Streptofilum capillatum) of streptophyte algae were detected in cultures isolated from terrestrial habitats of Europe and Central America and described using an integrative approach. Additionally, a strain isolated from soil in North America was identified as Hormidiella parvula and proposed as an epitype of this species. The molecular phylogeny based on 18S rRNA and rbcL genes, secondary structure of ITS-2, as well as the morphology of vegetative and reproductive stages, cell ultrastructure, ecology and distribution of the investigated strains were assessed. The new genus Streptosarcina forms a sister lineage to the genus Hormidiella (Klebsormidiophyceae). Streptosarcina is characterized by packet-like (sarcinoid) and filamentous thalli with true branching and a cell organization typical for Klebsormidiophyceae. Streptofilum forms a separate lineage within Streptophyta. This genus represents an easily disintegrating filamentous alga which exhibits a cell coverage of unique structure: layers of submicroscopic scales of piliform shape covering the plasmalemma and exfoliate inside the mucilage envelope surrounding cells. The implications of the discovery of the new taxa for understanding evolutionary tendencies in the Streptophyta, a group of great evolutionary interest, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Mikhailyuk
- M.G. Kholodny Institute of Botany, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Tereschenkivska Str. 2, Kyiv 01004, Ukraine.
| | - Alena Lukešová
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, v.v.i., Institute of Soil Biology, Na Sádkách 7, České Budějovice CZ-37005, Czech Republic
| | - Karin Glaser
- Applied Ecology and Phycology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 3, D-18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Andreas Holzinger
- Department of Botany, University of Innsbruck, Sternwartestrasse 15, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Sabrina Obwegeser
- Department of Botany, University of Innsbruck, Sternwartestrasse 15, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Svetlana Nyporko
- M.G. Kholodny Institute of Botany, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Tereschenkivska Str. 2, Kyiv 01004, Ukraine
| | - Thomas Friedl
- Experimental Phycology and Culture Collection of Algae, Georg-August University of Göttingen, Untere Karspüle 2, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ulf Karsten
- Applied Ecology and Phycology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 3, D-18059 Rostock, Germany
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Limardo AJ, Sudek S, Choi CJ, Poirier C, Rii YM, Blum M, Roth R, Goodenough U, Church MJ, Worden AZ. Quantitative biogeography of picoprasinophytes establishes ecotype distributions and significant contributions to marine phytoplankton. Environ Microbiol 2017; 19:3219-3234. [PMID: 28585420 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.13812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Revised: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Bathycoccus and Ostreococcus are broadly distributed marine picoprasinophyte algae. We enumerated small phytoplankton using flow cytometry and qPCR assays for phylogenetically distinct Bathycoccus clades BI and BII and Ostreococcus clades OI and OII. Among 259 photic-zone samples from transects and time-series, Ostreococcus maxima occurred in the North Pacific coastal upwelling for OI (36 713 ± 1485 copies ml-1 ) and the Kuroshio Front for OII (50 189 ± 561 copies ml-1 ) and the two overlapped only in frontal regions. The Bathycoccus overlapped more often with maxima along Line-P for BI (10 667 ± 1299 copies ml-1 ) and the tropical Atlantic for BII (4125 ± 339 copies ml-1 ). Only BII and OII were detected at warm oligotrophic sites, accounting for 34 ± 13% of 1589 ± 448 eukaryotic phytoplankton cells ml-1 (annual average) at Station ALOHA's deep chlorophyll maximum. Significant distributional and molecular differences lead us to propose that Bathycoccus clade BII represents a separate species which tolerates higher temperature oceanic conditions than Bathycoccus prasinos (BI). Morphological differences were not evident, but quick-freeze deep-etch electron microscopy provided insight into Bathycoccus scale formation. Our results highlight the importance of quantitative seasonal abundance data for inferring ecological distributions and demonstrate significant, differential picoprasinophyte contributions in mesotrophic and open-ocean waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander J Limardo
- Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, Moss Landing, CA, USA.,University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | - Sebastian Sudek
- Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, Moss Landing, CA, USA
| | - Chang Jae Choi
- Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, Moss Landing, CA, USA
| | - Camille Poirier
- Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, Moss Landing, CA, USA
| | | | - Marguerite Blum
- Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, Moss Landing, CA, USA
| | - Robyn Roth
- Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | | | | | - Alexandra Z Worden
- Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, Moss Landing, CA, USA.,University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
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Lee KH, Jeong HJ, Kwon JE, Kang HC, Kim JH, Jang SH, Park JY, Yoon EY, Kim JS. Mixotrophic ability of the phototrophic dinoflagellates Alexandrium andersonii, A. affine, and A. fraterculus. HARMFUL ALGAE 2016; 59:67-81. [PMID: 28073508 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2016.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Revised: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The dinoflagellate Alexandrium spp. have received much attention due to their harmful effects on diverse marine organisms, including commercially important species. For minimizing loss due to red tides or blooms of Alexandrium spp., it is very important to understand the eco-physiology of each Alexandrium species and to predict its population dynamics. Its trophic mode (i.e., exclusively autotrophic or mixotrophic) is one of the most critical parameters in establishing prediction models. However, among the 35 Alexandrium species so far described, only six Alexandrium species have been revealed to be mixotrophic. Thus, mixotrophic ability of the other Alexandrium species should be explored. In the present study, whether each of three Alexandrium species (A. andersonii, A. affine, and A. fraterculus) isolated from Korean waters has or lacks mixotrophic ability, was investigated. When diets of diverse algal prey, cyanobacteria, and bacteria sized micro-beads were provided, A. andersonii was able to feed on the prasinophyte Pyramimonas sp., the cryptophyte Teleaulax sp., and the dinoflagellate Heterocapsa rotundata, whereas neither A. affine nor A. fraterculus fed on any prey item. Moreover, mixotrophy elevated the growth rate of A. andersonii. The maximum mixotrophic growth rates of A. andersonii on Pyramimonas sp. under a 14:10h light/dark cycle of 20μEm-2s-1 was 0.432d-1, while the autotrophic growth rate was 0.243d-1. With increasing mean prey concentration, the ingestion rate of A. andersonii increased rapidly at prey concentrations <650ngCml-1 (ca. 16,240 cellsml-1), but became saturated at the higher prey concentrations. The maximum ingestion rate by A. andersonii of Pyramimonas sp. was 1.03ngC predator-1d-1 (25.6 cells predator-1d-1). This evidence suggests that the mixotrophic ability of A. andersonii should be taken into consideration in predicting the outbreak, persistence, and decline of its harmful algal blooms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung Ha Lee
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Hae Jin Jeong
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; Advanced Institutes of Convergence Technology, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 16229, Republic of Korea.
| | - Ji Eun Kwon
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Chang Kang
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hye Kim
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Se Hyeon Jang
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Yeon Park
- Advanced Institutes of Convergence Technology, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 16229, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Young Yoon
- Advanced Institutes of Convergence Technology, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 16229, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Seong Kim
- Water and Eco-Bio Corporation, Kunsan National University, Kunsan 54150, Republic of Korea
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Grossmann L, Bock C, Schweikert M, Boenigk J. Small but Manifold - Hidden Diversity in "Spumella-like Flagellates". J Eukaryot Microbiol 2016; 63:419-39. [PMID: 26662881 PMCID: PMC5066751 DOI: 10.1111/jeu.12287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2014] [Revised: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Colourless, nonscaled chrysophytes comprise morphologically similar or even indistinguishable flagellates which are important bacterivors in water and soil crucial for ecosystem functioning. However, phylogenetic analyses indicate a multiple origin of such colourless, nonscaled flagellate lineages. These flagellates are often referred to as “Spumella‐like flagellates” in ecological and biogeographic studies. Although this denomination reflects an assumed polyphyly, it obscures the phylogenetic and taxonomic diversity of this important flagellate group and, thus, hinders progress in lineage‐ and taxon‐specific ecological surveys. The smallest representatives of colourless chrysophytes have been addressed in very few taxonomic studies although they are among the dominant flagellates in field communities. To overcome the blurred picture and set the field for further investigation in biogeography and ecology of the organisms in question, we studied a set of strains of specifically small, colourless, nonscaled chrysomonad flagellates by means of electron microscopy and molecular analyses. They were isolated by a filtration‐acclimatisation approach focusing on flagellates of around 5 μm. We present the phylogenetic position of eight different lineages on both the ordinal and the generic level. Accordingly, we describe the new genera Apoikiospumella, Chromulinospumella, Segregatospumella, Cornospumella and Acrispumella Boenigk et Grossmann n. g. and different species within them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Grossmann
- Department of Biodiversity, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstrasse 5, 45141, Essen, Germany
| | - Christina Bock
- Department of Biodiversity, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstrasse 5, 45141, Essen, Germany
| | - Michael Schweikert
- Department of Zoology, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70550, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Jens Boenigk
- Department of Biodiversity, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstrasse 5, 45141, Essen, Germany
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Chong J, Jackson C, Kim JI, Yoon HS, Reyes-Prieto A. Molecular markers from different genomic compartments reveal cryptic diversity within glaucophyte species. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2014; 76:181-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2014.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2013] [Revised: 03/14/2014] [Accepted: 03/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Fernandes LF, Hubbard KA, Richlen ML, Smith J, Bates SS, Ehrman J, Léger C, Mafra LL, Kulis D, Quilliam M, Libera K, McCauley L, Anderson DM. Diversity and toxicity of the diatom Pseudo-nitzschia Peragallo in the Gulf of Maine, Northwestern Atlantic Ocean. DEEP-SEA RESEARCH. PART II, TOPICAL STUDIES IN OCEANOGRAPHY 2014; 103:139-162. [PMID: 25143669 PMCID: PMC4133141 DOI: 10.1016/j.dsr2.2013.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Multiple species in the toxic marine diatom genus Pseudo-nitzschia have been identified in the Northwestern Atlantic region encompassing the Gulf of Maine (GOM), including the Bay of Fundy (BOF). To gain further knowledge of the taxonomic composition and toxicity of species in this region, Pseudo-nitzschia isolates (n=146) were isolated from samples collected during research cruises that provided broad spatial coverage across the GOM and the southern New England shelf, herein referred to as the GOM region, during 2007-2008. Isolates, and cells in field material collected at 38 stations, were identified using electron microscopy (EM). Eight species (P. americana, P. fraudulenta, P. subpacifica, P. heimii, P. pungens, P. seriata, P. delicatissima and P. turgidula), and a novel form, Pseudo-nitzschia sp. GOM, were identified. Species identity was confirmed by sequencing the large subunit of the ribosomal rDNA (28S) and the internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) for six species (36 isolates). Phylogenetic analyses (including neighbor joining, maximum parsimony, and maximum likelihood estimates and ITS2 secondary structure analysis) and morphometric data supported the placement of P. sp. GOM in a novel clade that includes morphologically and genetically similar isolates from Australia and Spain and is genetically most similar to P. pseudodelicatissima and P. cuspidata. Seven species (46 isolates) were grown in nutrient-replete batch culture and aliquots consisting of cells and growth medium were screened by Biosense ASP ELISA to measure total domoic acid (DA) produced (intracellular + extracellular); P. americana and P. heimii were excluded from all toxin analyses as they did not persist in culture long enough for testing. All 46 isolates screened produced DA in culture and total DA varied among species (e.g., 0.04 to 320 ng ml-1 for P. pungens and P. sp. GOM isolates, respectively) and among isolates of the same species (e.g., 0.24 - 320 ng ml-1 for P. sp. GOM). The 15 most toxic isolates corresponded to P. seriata, P. sp. GOM and P. pungens, and fg DA cell-1 was determined for whole cultures (cells and medium) using ELISA and liquid chromatography (LC) with fluorescence detection (FLD); for seven isolates, toxin levels were also estimated using LC - with mass spectrometry and ultraviolet absorbance detection. Pseudo-nitzschia seriata was the most toxic species (up to 3,500 fg cell-1) and was observed in the GOM region during all cruises (i.e., during the months of April, May, June and October). Pseudo-nitzschia sp. GOM, observed only during September and October 2007, was less toxic (19 - 380 fg cell-1) than P. seriata but more toxic than P. pungens var. pungens (0. 4 fg cell-1). Quantitation of DA indicated that concentrations measured by LC and ELISA were positively and significantly correlated; the lower detection limit of the ELISA permitted quantification of toxicity in isolates that were found to be nontoxic with LC methods. The confirmation of at least seven toxic species and the broad spatial and temporal distribution of toxic Pseudo-nitzschia spp. have significant implications for the regional management of nearshore and offshore shellfisheries resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciano F Fernandes
- Universidade Federal do Paraná, Centro Politécnico, Department of Botany, Curitiba, Paraná, CEP 81531-990, Brazil
| | - Katherine A Hubbard
- Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Department of Biology, MS-32, Woods Hole, MA 02536, USA ; Fish and Wildlife Research Institute, Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, 100 8 Ave SE, St. Petersburg, FL, 33701, USA
| | - Mindy L Richlen
- Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Department of Biology, MS-32, Woods Hole, MA 02536, USA
| | - Juliette Smith
- Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Department of Biology, MS-32, Woods Hole, MA 02536, USA
| | - Stephen S Bates
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Gulf Fisheries Centre, 343 av. Université, Moncton, NB, E1C 9B6, Canada
| | - James Ehrman
- Digital Microscopy Facility, Mount Allison University, Sackville, NB, E4L 1G7, Canada
| | - Claude Léger
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Gulf Fisheries Centre, 343 av. Université, Moncton, NB, E1C 9B6, Canada
| | - Luiz L Mafra
- Universidade Federal do Paraná, Center for Marine Studies, Pontal do Paraná, PR, 83255-976, Brazil
| | - David Kulis
- Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Department of Biology, MS-32, Woods Hole, MA 02536, USA
| | - Michael Quilliam
- National Research Council of Canada, Biotoxin Metrology, Measurement Science and Standards, 1411 Oxford Street, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 3Z1, Canada
| | - Katie Libera
- Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Department of Biology, MS-32, Woods Hole, MA 02536, USA
| | - Linda McCauley
- Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Department of Biology, MS-32, Woods Hole, MA 02536, USA
| | - Donald M Anderson
- Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Department of Biology, MS-32, Woods Hole, MA 02536, USA
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The Mystery of Clade X: Orciraptor gen. nov. and Viridiraptor gen. nov. are Highly Specialised, Algivorous Amoeboflagellates (Glissomonadida, Cercozoa). Protist 2013; 164:706-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.protis.2013.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2013] [Revised: 07/17/2013] [Accepted: 07/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Ultrastructure and Molecular Phylogeny of the Cryptomonad Goniomonas avonlea sp. nov. Protist 2013; 164:160-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.protis.2012.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2012] [Revised: 09/02/2012] [Accepted: 10/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Hidden genetic diversity in the green alga Spirogyra (Zygnematophyceae, Streptophyta). BMC Evol Biol 2012; 12:77. [PMID: 22655677 PMCID: PMC3527229 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2148-12-77] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2012] [Accepted: 05/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The unbranched filamentous green alga Spirogyra (Streptophyta, Zygnemataceae) is easily recognizable based on its vegetative morphology, which shows one to several spiral chloroplasts. This simple structure falsely points to a low genetic diversity: Spirogyra is commonly excluded from phylogenetic analyses because the genus is known as a long-branch taxon caused by a high evolutionary rate. Results We focused on this genetic diversity and sequenced 130 Spirogyra small subunit nuclear ribosomal DNA (SSU rDNA) strands of different origin. The resulting SSU rDNA sequences were used for phylogenetic analyses using complex evolutionary models (posterior probability, maximum likelihood, neighbor joining, and maximum parsimony methods). The sequences were between 1672 and 1779 nucleotides long. Sequence comparisons revealed 53 individual clones, but our results still support monophyly of the genus. Our data set did not contain a single slow-evolving taxon that would have been placed on a shorter branch compared to the remaining sequences. Out of 130 accessions analyzed, 72 showed a secondary loss of the 1506 group I intron, which formed a long-branched group within the genus. The phylogenetic relationship to the genus Spirotaenia was not resolved satisfactorily. The genetic distance within the genus Spirogyra exceeded the distances measured within any other genus of the remaining Zygnemataceae included in this study. Conclusion Overall, we define eight distinct clades of Spirogyra, one of them including the genus Sirogonium. A large number of non-homoplasious synapomorphies (NHS; 114 NHS in total) was found for Spirogyra (41 NHS) and for each clade (totaling 73 NHS). This emphasizes the high genetic diversity of this genus and the distance to the remaining Zygnematophyceae.
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Laza-Martínez A. URGORRI COMPLANATUS GEN. ET SP. NOV. (CRYPTOPHYCEAE), A RED-TIDE-FORMING SPECIES IN BRACKISH WATERS(1). JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY 2012; 48:423-435. [PMID: 27009732 DOI: 10.1111/j.1529-8817.2012.01130.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The morphology, ultrastructure, phylogeny, and ecology of a new red-tide-forming cryptomonad, Urgorri complanatus Laza-Martínez gen. et sp. nov., is described. U. complanatus has been collected in southwestern European estuaries, blooming in the inner reaches of several of them. The estuarine character of the species is also supported by its in vitro salinity preferences, showing a maximum growth rate at 10 psu. U. complanatus is a distinctive species and can be easily distinguished by LM from other known brackish and marine species. Cells are dorsoventrally flattened. The plastid has two anterior lobes. One pyrenoid is located in each of the lobes, and a third one on the posterior part. Thylakoids are arranged in pairs and do not penetrate pyrenoids. The plastid is reddish due to the presence of the phycoerythrin Cr-PE545. An orange discoidal eyespot lies beneath the nucleus, in the posterior ventral face of the plastid. A long furrow runs from the vestibulum, and a gullet is lacking. The periplast is composed of an inner sheet. The nuclear 18S rDNA based molecular analysis reveals U. complanatus is not related to any of the main cryptomonad lineages. Based on ultrastructural and pigment data, the most probable relatives are those merged under the family Geminigeraceae. Its lack of derived characters, together with the presence of characters proposed in previous studies to be primitive, suggests Urgorri could be considered representative of the cryptophycean ancestral character state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aitor Laza-Martínez
- Phytoplankton Laboratory, Plant Biology and Ecology Department, Science and Technology Faculty, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48940 Leioa, Spain
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Shedding light on vampires: the phylogeny of vampyrellid amoebae revisited. PLoS One 2012; 7:e31165. [PMID: 22355342 PMCID: PMC3280292 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0031165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2011] [Accepted: 01/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
With the advent of molecular phylogenetic techniques the polyphyly of naked filose amoebae has been proven. They are interspersed in several supergroups of eukaryotes and most of them already found their place within the tree of life. Although the ‘vampire amoebae’ have attracted interest since the middle of the 19th century, the phylogenetic position and even the monophyly of this traditional group are still uncertain. In this study clonal co-cultures of eight algivorous vampyrellid amoebae and the respective food algae were established. Culture material was characterized morphologically and a molecular phylogeny was inferred using SSU rDNA sequence comparisons. We found that the limnetic, algivorous vampyrellid amoebae investigated in this study belong to a major clade within the Endomyxa Cavalier-Smith, 2002 (Cercozoa), grouping together with a few soil-dwelling taxa. They split into two robust clades, one containing species of the genus Vampyrella Cienkowski, 1865, the other containing the genus Leptophrys Hertwig & Lesser, 1874, together with terrestrial members. Supported by morphological data these clades are designated as the two families Vampyrellidae Zopf, 1885, and Leptophryidae fam. nov. Furthermore the order Vampyrellida West, 1901 was revised and now corresponds to the major vampyrellid clade within the Endomyxa, comprising the Vampyrellidae and Leptophryidae as well as several environmental sequences. In the light of the presented phylogenetic analyses morphological and ecological aspects, the feeding strategy and nutritional specialization within the vampyrellid amoebae are discussed.
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Krienitz L, Bock C, Nozaki H, Wolf M. SSU rRNA GENE PHYLOGENY OF MORPHOSPECIES AFFILIATED TO THE BIOASSAY ALGA "SELENASTRUM CAPRICORNUTUM" RECOVERED THE POLYPHYLETIC ORIGIN OF CRESCENT-SHAPED CHLOROPHYTA(1). JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY 2011; 47:880-893. [PMID: 27020023 DOI: 10.1111/j.1529-8817.2011.01010.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The generic concept of coccoid green algae exhibiting a crescent-shaped morphotype is evaluated using SSU rRNA gene sequence analyses and light and electron microscopical observations. These common chlorophytes evolved polyphyletically in 10 different clades of the Chlorophyceae and three clades of the Trebouxiophyceae. Six clades are assigned to known genera of Selenastraceae: Kirchneriella, Nephrochlamys, Raphidocelis, Rhombocystis, Selenastrum, and Tetranephris. Four other clades, named following their present genus designation as Ankistrodesmus-like I and II and Monoraphidium-like I and II, require further investigation. One crescent-shaped morphotype, which evolved within the Trebouxiophyceae, is designated as Neocystis mucosa sp. nov. The other two lineages containing trebouxiophycean algae with this morphotype are the Elliptochloris and the Watanabea clades. The taxonomic placement of the widely used bioassay strain "Selenastrum capricornutum" NIVA-CHL 1 in the genus Raphidocelis (species name Raphidocelis subcapitata) is indicated by molecular data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lothar Krienitz
- Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Alte Fischerhütte 2, D-16775 Stechlin-Neuglobsow, GermanyDepartment of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, JapanDepartment of Bioinformatics, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Christina Bock
- Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Alte Fischerhütte 2, D-16775 Stechlin-Neuglobsow, GermanyDepartment of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, JapanDepartment of Bioinformatics, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Hisayoshi Nozaki
- Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Alte Fischerhütte 2, D-16775 Stechlin-Neuglobsow, GermanyDepartment of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, JapanDepartment of Bioinformatics, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Wolf
- Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Alte Fischerhütte 2, D-16775 Stechlin-Neuglobsow, GermanyDepartment of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, JapanDepartment of Bioinformatics, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
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Phylogenetic position of Coronastrum ellipsoideum and description of Parachlorella hussii sp. nov. Biologia (Bratisl) 2011. [DOI: 10.2478/s11756-011-0056-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Bock C, Pröschold T, Krienitz L. UPDATING THE GENUS DICTYOSPHAERIUM AND DESCRIPTION OF MUCIDOSPHAERIUM GEN. NOV. (TREBOUXIOPHYCEAE) BASED ON MORPHOLOGICAL AND MOLECULAR DATA 1. JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY 2011; 47:638-652. [PMID: 27021993 DOI: 10.1111/j.1529-8817.2011.00989.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Recent molecular analyses of Dictyosphaerium strains revealed a polyphyletic origin of this morphotype within the Chlorellaceae. The type species Dictyosphaerium ehrenbergianum Nägeli formed an independent lineage within the Parachlorella clade, assigning the genus to this clade. Our study focused on three different Dictyosphaerium species to resolve the phylogenetic position of remaining species. We used combined analyses of morphology; molecular data based on SSU and internally transcribed spacer region (ITS) rRNA sequences; and the comparison of the secondary structure of the SSU, ITS-1, and ITS-2 for species and generic delineation. The phylogenetic analyses revealed two lineages without generic assignment and two distinct clades of Dictyosphaerium-like strains within the Parachlorella clade. One clade comprises the lineages with the epitype strain of D. ehrenbergianum Nägeli and two additional lineages that are described as new species (Dictyosphaerium libertatis sp. nov. and Dictyosphaerium lacustre sp. nov.). An emendation of the genus Dictyosphaerium is proposed. The second clade comprises the species Dictyosphaerium sphagnale Hindák and Dictyosphaerium pulchellum H. C. Wood. On the basis of phylogenetic analyses, complementary base changes, and morphology, we describe Mucidosphaerium gen. nov with the four species Mucidosphaerium sphagnale comb. nov., Mucidosphaerium pulchellum comb. nov., Mucidosphaerium palustre sp. nov., and Mucidosphaerium planctonicum sp. nov.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Bock
- Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Alte Fischerhütte 2, D-16775 Stechlin-Neuglobsow, GermanyCulture Collection of Algae and Protozoa, Scottish Association for Marine Science, Dunstaffnage Marine Laboratory, Dunbeg by Oban, Argyll PA37 1QA, UKLeibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Alte Fischerhütte 2, D-16775 Stechlin-Neuglobsow, Germany
| | - Thomas Pröschold
- Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Alte Fischerhütte 2, D-16775 Stechlin-Neuglobsow, GermanyCulture Collection of Algae and Protozoa, Scottish Association for Marine Science, Dunstaffnage Marine Laboratory, Dunbeg by Oban, Argyll PA37 1QA, UKLeibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Alte Fischerhütte 2, D-16775 Stechlin-Neuglobsow, Germany
| | - Lothar Krienitz
- Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Alte Fischerhütte 2, D-16775 Stechlin-Neuglobsow, GermanyCulture Collection of Algae and Protozoa, Scottish Association for Marine Science, Dunstaffnage Marine Laboratory, Dunbeg by Oban, Argyll PA37 1QA, UKLeibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Alte Fischerhütte 2, D-16775 Stechlin-Neuglobsow, Germany
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High-level congruence of Myrionecta rubra prey and Dinophysis species plastid identities as revealed by genetic analyses of isolates from Japanese coastal waters. Appl Environ Microbiol 2010; 76:2791-8. [PMID: 20305031 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02566-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We analyzed cryptophyte nucleomorph 18S rRNA gene sequences retained in natural Myrionecta rubra cells and plastid 16S rRNA gene and psbA sequences retained in natural cells of several Dinophysis species collected from Japanese coastal waters. A total of 715 nucleomorph sequences obtained from 134 M. rubra cells and 564 plastid 16S rRNA gene and 355 psbA sequences from 71 Dinophysis cells were determined. Almost all sequences in M. rubra and Dinophysis spp. were identical to those of Teleaulax amphioxeia, suggesting that M. rubra in Japanese coastal waters preferentially ingest T. amphioxeia. The remaining sequences were closely related to those of Geminigera cryophila and Teleaulax acuta. Interestingly, 37 plastid 16S rRNA gene sequences, which were different from T. amphioxeia and amplified from Dinophysis acuminata and Dinophysis norvegica cells, were identical to the sequence of a D. acuminata cell found in the Greenland Sea, suggesting that a widely distributed and unknown cryptophyte species is also preyed upon by M. rubra and subsequently sequestered by Dinophysis. To confirm the reliability of molecular identification of the cryptophyte Teleaulax species detected from M. rubra and Dinophysis cells, the nucleomorph and plastid genes of Teleaulax species isolated from seawaters were also analyzed. Of 19 isolates, 16 and 3 clonal strains were identified as T. amphioxeia and T. acuta, respectively, and no sequence variation was confirmed within species. T. amphioxeia is probably the primary source of prey for M. rubra in Japanese coastal waters. An unknown cryptophyte may serve as an additional source, depending on localities and seasons.
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MARTIN-CERECEDA MERCEDES, ROBERTS EMILYC, WOOTTON EMMAC, BONACCORSO ELISA, DYAL PATRICIA, GUINEA ALMUDENA, ROGERS DALE, WRIGHT CHRISJ, NOVARINO GIANFRANCO. Morphology, Ultrastructure, and Small Subunit rDNA Phylogeny of the Marine Heterotrophic FlagellateGoniomonasaff.amphinema. J Eukaryot Microbiol 2010; 57:159-70. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1550-7408.2009.00449.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Chen M, Chen F, Yu Y, Ji J, Kong F. Genetic diversity of eukaryotic microorganisms in Lake Taihu, a large shallow subtropical lake in china. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2008; 56:572-583. [PMID: 18368437 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-008-9377-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2007] [Revised: 01/25/2008] [Accepted: 02/11/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the genetic diversity of eukaryotic microorganisms (0.8-20 microm) by sequencing cloned 18S rRNA genes in six genetic libraries constructed from six locations in Lake Taihu, a large shallow subtropical lake in China. Genetic libraries of eukaryotic ribosomal RNA were screened by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis, and one clone representative of each RFLP pattern was partially sequenced. A total of 528 clones were clustered into 165 RFLP patterns and finally into 131 operational taxonomic unit (OTUs). Phylogenetic analysis revealed that each library included many unique OTUs, as well as members of distantly related phylogenetic groups. A majority of the clones were from alveolates, stramenopiles, cercozoa, cryptophytes, chlorophytes, and fungi, with members of choanoflagellida, euglenida, centroheliozoa, ancyromonadidae, ichthyosporea, and kathablepharid representing a minor fraction of the library. Six OTUs (15 clones) were not related to any known eukaryotic group. Canonical correspondence analysis suggested that the differences in eukaryotic microorganism community composition of in the six regions were partially related to trophic status, sediment resuspension, and top-down regulation by metazooplankton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meijun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography & Limnology, Chinese Academy of Science, Nanjing, 210008, China
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Sanchez-Puerta MV, Delwiche CF. A HYPOTHESIS FOR PLASTID EVOLUTION IN CHROMALVEOLATES(1). JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY 2008; 44:1097-1107. [PMID: 27041706 DOI: 10.1111/j.1529-8817.2008.00559.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Four eukaryotic lineages, namely, haptophytes, alveolates, cryptophytes, and heterokonts, contain in most cases photosynthetic and nonphotosynthetic members-the photosynthetic ones with secondary plastids with chl c as the main photosynthetic pigment. These four photosynthetic lineages were grouped together on the basis of their pigmentation and called chromalveolates, which is usually understood to imply loss of plastids in the nonphotosynthetic members. Despite the ecological and economic importance of this group of organisms, the phylogenetic relationships among these algae are only partially understood, and the so-called chromalveolate hypothesis is very controversial. This review evaluates the evidence for and against this grouping and summarizes the present understanding of chromalveolate evolution. We also describe a testable hypothesis that is intended to accommodate current knowledge based on plastid and nuclear genomic data, discuss the implications of this model, and comment on areas that require further examination.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Virginia Sanchez-Puerta
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, 1001 E 3rd St., Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USADepartment of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland College Park, College Park, Maryland 20742-5815, USA
| | - Charles F Delwiche
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, 1001 E 3rd St., Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USADepartment of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland College Park, College Park, Maryland 20742-5815, USA
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Hoef-Emden K. MOLECULAR PHYLOGENY OF PHYCOCYANIN-CONTAINING CRYPTOPHYTES: EVOLUTION OF BILIPROTEINS AND GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION(1). JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY 2008; 44:985-993. [PMID: 27041617 DOI: 10.1111/j.1529-8817.2008.00530.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Of 34 strains assigned to the cryptophyte genera Chroomonas Hansg., Hemiselmis Parke, and Komma D. R. A. Hill, distribution patterns of biliproteins, habitats, and sampling sites across a phylogenetic tree have been examined. The combined data set assembled from nuclear SSU rDNA, partial nuclear LSU rDNA, and nucleomorph SSU rDNA sequences comprised 4,083 positions and yielded an almost completely resolved tree. Spectrophotometry of the biliproteins and mapping of the different types of biliproteins onto the phylogenetic tree unveiled a complex evolutionary history. Different from other cryptophyte clades, the types of biliproteins were not generally congruent with clades or subclades of the genera Chroomonas (paraphyletic, phycocyanins [PCs] 645 or 630), Hemiselmis (PCs 612, 630 or phycoerythrin [PE] 555), and Komma (PC 645). At least one putative character reversal took place in the genus Chroomonas. Several changes in biliproteins have been found in the genus Hemiselmis, including two new biliprotein variants that probably originated by slight modifications from PC 612 and PE 555, respectively (PC 577 and PE 545/555). Freshwater and marine/brackish taxa were intermingled across the tree without displaying a specific pattern. In four terminal clades, genetically identical strains have been found to occur both in Europe and in the USA. The Chroomonas/Hemiselmis/Komma clade proved to be the most diverse of all cryptophyte clades concerning types of biliproteins and distribution of clades across marine or freshwater habitats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Hoef-Emden
- University of Cologne, Botanical Institute, Gyrhofstr. 15, 50931 Cologne, Germany
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Lane CE, Archibald JM. NEW MARINE MEMBERS OF THE GENUS HEMISELMIS (CRYPTOMONADALES, CRYPTOPHYCEAE)(1). JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY 2008; 44:439-450. [PMID: 27041199 DOI: 10.1111/j.1529-8817.2008.00486.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Cryptomonads are a ubiquitous and diverse assemblage of aquatic flagellates. The relatively obscure genus Hemiselmis includes some of the smallest of these cells. This genus contained only two species until 1967, when Butcher described seven new marine species mainly on the basis of observations with the light microscope. However, from these seven taxa, only H. amylifera and H. oculata were validly published. Additionally, the features Butcher used to distinguish species have since been questioned, and the taxonomy within Hemiselmis has remained clouded due to the difficulty in unambiguously applying his classification and validating many of his species. As a result, marine strains are often placed into one of three species-H. rufescens Parke, H. virescens Droop, or the invalid H. brunnescens Butcher-based on cell color alone. Here we applied microscopic and molecular tools to 13 publicly available Hemiselmis strains in an effort to clarify species boundaries. SEM failed to provide sufficient morphological variation to distinguish species of Hemiselmis, and results from LM did not correlate with clades found using both molecular phylogenetic and nucleomorph genome karyotype analysis, indicating a high degree of morphological plasticity within species. On the basis of molecular characters and collection geography we recognize four new marine species of Hemiselmis-H. cryptochromatica sp. nov., H. andersenii sp. nov., H. pacifica sp. nov., and H. tepida sp. nov.-from the waters around North America.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher E Lane
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - John M Archibald
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
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Abstract
The cryptomonads and chlorarachniophytes are two unicellular algal lineages with complex cellular structures and fascinating evolutionary histories. Both groups acquired their photosynthetic abilities through the assimilation of eukaryotic endosymbionts. As a result, they possess two distinct cytosolic compartments and four genomes--two nuclear genomes, an endosymbiont-derived plastid genome and a mitochondrial genome derived from the host cell. Like mitochondrial and plastid genomes, the genome of the endosymbiont nucleus, or 'nucleomorph', of cryptomonad and chlorarachniophyte cells has been greatly reduced through the combined effects of gene loss and intracellular gene transfer. This article focuses on the structure, function, origin and evolution of cryptomonad and chlorarachniophyte nucleomorph genomes in light of recent comparisons of genome sequence data from both groups. It is now possible to speculate on the reasons that nucleomorphs persist in cryptomonads and chlorarachniophytes but have been lost in all other algae with plastids of secondary endosymbiotic origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M Archibald
- The Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, Program in Evolutionary Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3H 1X5, Canada.
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Šlapeta J, Moreira D, López-García P. The extent of protist diversity: insights from molecular ecology of freshwater eukaryotes. Proc Biol Sci 2006; 272:2073-81. [PMID: 16191619 PMCID: PMC1559898 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2005.3195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Classical studies on protist diversity of freshwater environments worldwide have led to the idea that most species of microbial eukaryotes are known. One exemplary case would be constituted by the ciliates, which have been claimed to encompass a few thousands of ubiquitous species, most of them already described. Recently, molecular methods have revealed an unsuspected protist diversity, especially in oceanic as well as some extreme environments, suggesting the occurrence of a hidden diversity of eukaryotic lineages. In order to test if this holds also for freshwater environments, we have carried out a molecular survey of small subunit ribosomal RNA genes in water and sediment samples of two ponds, one oxic and another suboxic, from the same geographic area. Our results show that protist diversity is very high. The majority of phylotypes affiliated within a few well established eukaryotic kingdoms or phyla, including alveolates, cryptophytes, heterokonts, Cercozoa, Centroheliozoa and haptophytes, although a few sequences did not display a clear taxonomic affiliation. The diversity of sequences within groups was very large, particularly that of ciliates, and a number of them were very divergent from known species, which could define new intra-phylum groups. This suggests that, contrary to current ideas, the diversity of freshwater protists is far from being completely described.
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Marin B, Nowack ECM, Melkonian M. A plastid in the making: evidence for a second primary endosymbiosis. Protist 2005; 156:425-32. [PMID: 16310747 DOI: 10.1016/j.protis.2005.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2005] [Accepted: 09/14/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
One of the major steps in the evolution of life was the origin of photosynthesis in nucleated cells underpinning the evolution of plants. It is well accepted that this evolutionary process was initiated when a photosynthetic bacterium (a cyanobacterium) was taken up by a colorless host cell, probably more than a billion years ago, and transformed into a photosynthetic organelle (a plastid) during a process known as primary endosymbiosis. Here, we use sequence comparisons and phylogenetic analyses of the prokaryotic rDNA operon to show that the thecate, filose amoeba Paulinella chromatophora Lauterborn obtained its photosynthetic organelles by a similar but more recent process, which involved a different cyanobacterium, indicating that the evolution of photosynthetic organelles from cyanobacteria was not a unique event, as is commonly believed, but may be an ongoing process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birger Marin
- Botanisches Institut, Lehrstuhl I, Universität zu Köln, Gyrhofstrasse 15, 50931 Köln, Germany.
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Bachvaroff TR, Sanchez Puerta MV, Delwiche CF. Chlorophyll c–Containing Plastid Relationships Based on Analyses of a Multigene Data Set with All Four Chromalveolate Lineages. Mol Biol Evol 2005; 22:1772-82. [PMID: 15917498 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msi172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The chlorophyll c-containing algae comprise four major lineages: dinoflagellates, haptophytes, heterokonts, and cryptophytes. These four lineages have sometimes been grouped together based on their pigmentation, but cytological and rRNA data had suggested that they were not a monophyletic lineage. Some molecular data support monophyly of the plastids, while other plastid and host data suggest different relationships. It is uncontroversial that these groups have all acquired plastids from another eukaryote, probably from the red algal lineage, in a secondary endosymbiotic event, but the number and sequence of such event(s) remain controversial. Understanding chlorophyll c-containing plastid relationships is a first step towards determining the number of endosymbiotic events within the chromalveolates. We report here phylogenetic analyses using 10 plastid genes with representatives of all four chromalveolate lineages. This is the first organellar genome-scale analysis to include both haptophytes and dinoflagellates. Concatenated analyses support the monophyly of the chlorophyll c-containing plastids and suggest that cryptophyte plastids are the basal member of the chlorophyll c-containing plastid lineage. The gene psbA, which has at times been used for phylogenetic purposes, was found to differ from the other genes in its placement of the dinoflagellates and the haptophytes, and in its lack of support for monophyly of the green and red plastid lineages. Overall, the concatenated data are consistent with a single origin of chlorophyll c-containing plastids from red algae. However, these data cannot test several key hypothesis concerning chromalveolate host monophyly, and do not preclude the possibility of serial transfer of chlorophyll c-containing plastids among distantly related hosts.
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Hoef-Emden K. Multiple Independent Losses of Photosynthesis and Differing EvolutionaryRates in the Genus Cryptomonas (Cryptophyceae): Combined Phylogenetic Analyses of DNA Sequences of the Nuclear and the Nucleomorph Ribosomal Operons. J Mol Evol 2005; 60:183-95. [PMID: 15785847 DOI: 10.1007/s00239-004-0089-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2004] [Accepted: 07/29/2004] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
In this study, evidence for at least three independent losses of photosynthesis in the freshwater cryptophyte genus Cryptomonas is presented. The phylogeny of the genus was inferred by molecular phylogenetic analyses of the nuclear internal transcribed spacer 2 (nuclear ITS2), partial nuclear large subunit ribosomal DNA (LSU rDNA), and nucleomorph small subunit ribosomal DNA (SSU rDNA, NM). Both concatenated and single data sets were used. In all data sets, the colorless Cryptomonas strains formed three different lineages, always supported by high bootstrap values (maximum parsimony, neighbor joining and maximum likelihood) and posterior probabilities (Bayesian analyses). The three leukoplast-bearing lineages displayed differing degrees of accelerated evolutionary rates in nuclear and nucleomorph rDNA. Also an increase in A + T-content in highly variable regions of the nucleomorph SSU rDNA was observed in one of the leukoplast-bearing lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Hoef-Emden
- Botanisches Institut, Universität zu Köln, Lehrstuhl I, Albertus-Magnus-Platz, 50923 Köln, Germany.
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Janson S. Molecular evidence that plastids in the toxin-producing dinoflagellate genus Dinophysis originate from the free-living cryptophyte Teleaulax amphioxeia. Environ Microbiol 2004; 6:1102-6. [PMID: 15344936 DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-2920.2004.00646.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Some species of the dinoflagellate genus Dinophysis form red tides and are toxin producers with a great environmental impact. The dinoflagellates as a group display high plastid diversity. Several cases indicate that plastids have been replaced. In the case of the genus Dinophysis, the plastids show characteristics of a plastid originating from a cryptophyte. Recent molecular evidence showed that the plastid indeed originates from a cryptophyte, but the source could not be identified to species or genus level. The data presented here show that both a 799 bp region of the psbA gene and 1,221 bp region of the 16S rRNA gene from Dinophysis spp. are identical to the same loci in Teleaulax amphioxeia SCCAP K434. This strongly indicates that the plastid was acquired recently in Dinophysis and may be a so-called kleptoplastid, specifically originating from a species of Teleaulax.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Janson
- Department of Biology and Environmental Science, University of Kalmar, SE-391 82 Kalmar, Sweden.
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Hoef-Emden K, Melkonian M. Revision of the genus Cryptomonas (Cryptophyceae): a combination of molecular phylogeny and morphology provides insights into a long-hidden dimorphism. Protist 2004; 154:371-409. [PMID: 14658496 DOI: 10.1078/143446103322454130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Seventy-three strains of cryptophytes assigned to the genera Cryptomonas, Campylomonas or Chilomonas were studied by light microscopy, spectrophotometry and whole-mount electron microscopy. Twelve groups of strains were distinguished by light and whole mount electron microscopy using a combination of characters, mainly cell size, type of periplast and presence/absence and number of pyrenoids. However, characters previously used to distinguish Cryptomonas from Campylomonas (e.g. the type of periplast: polygonal periplast plates vs. a continuous periplast sheet) were found to occur together in dimorphic strains, indicating that periplast types relate to different life-history stages of a single taxon. To evaluate the taxonomic significance of the type of periplast and other characters previously used to distinguish genera and species, representatives of each strain group were subjected to molecular phylogenetic analyses using two nuclear ribosomal DNA regions (ITS2, partial LSU rDNA) and a nucleomorph ribosomal gene (SSU rDNA). The results of the phylogenetic study provide molecular evidence for a life history-dependent dimorphism in the genus Cryptomonas: the genus Campylomonas represents the alternate morph of Cryptomonas. Campylomonas and Chilomonas are reduced to synonyms of Cryptomonas, the genus Cryptomonas is revised and typified, two new species are described and six species are emended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Hoef-Emden
- Universität zu Köln, Botanisches Institut, Lehrstuhl I, Gyrhofstr. 15, 50931 Köln, Germany.
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Marin B, Palm A, Klingberg M, Melkonian M. Phylogeny and taxonomic revision of plastid-containing euglenophytes based on SSU rDNA sequence comparisons and synapomorphic signatures in the SSU rRNA secondary structure. Protist 2003; 154:99-145. [PMID: 12812373 DOI: 10.1078/143446103764928521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Sequence comparisons and a revised classification of the Euglenophyceae were based on 92 new SSU rDNA sequences obtained from strains of Euglena, Astasia, Phacus, Trachelomonas, Colacium, Cryptoglena, Lepocinclis, Eutreptia, Eutreptiella and Tetreutreptia. Sequence data also provided molecular signatures for taxa from genus to class level in the SSU rRNA secondary structure, revealed by a novel approach (search for non-homoplasious synapomorphies) and used for taxonomic diagnoses. Photosynthetic euglenoids and secondary heterotrophs formed a clade, designated as Euglenophyceae (emend.) with two orders: Euglenales and Eutreptiales. The mostly marine Eutreptiales (Eutreptia, Eutreptiella; not Distigma) comprised taxa with two or four emergent flagella (the quadriflagellate Tetreutreptia was integrated within Eutreptiella). The Euglenales (freshwater genera with < or = one emergent flagellum) formed nine clades and two individual branches (single strains); however, only two clades were congruent with traditional genera: Trachelomonas (incl. Strombomonas) and Colacium. Euglena was polyphyletic and diverged into four independent clades (intermixed with Astasia, Khawkinea and Lepocinclis) and two individual branches (e.g. E. polymorpha). Phacus was also subdivided into Phacus s. str. and two combined lineages (mixed with Lepocinclis spp. or Cryptoglena). In consequence, Euglena (s. str.), Phacus and other genera were emended and one lineage (mixed Phacus/Lepocinclis-clade) was recognized as the previously neglected genus Monomorphina Mereschkowsky (1877). The sister clade of Phacus s. str. (mixed Euglena/Lepocinclis-clade) was identified as Lepocinclis Perty (emended).
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Affiliation(s)
- Birger Marin
- Botanisches Institut, Lehrstuhl I, Universität zu Köln, Gyrhofstr. 15, D-50931 Köln, Germany.
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Takishita K, Koike K, Maruyama T, Ogata T. Molecular evidence for plastid robbery (Kleptoplastidy) in Dinophysis, a dinoflagellate causing diarrhetic shellfish poisoning. Protist 2002; 153:293-302. [PMID: 12389818 DOI: 10.1078/1434-4610-00106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The dinoflagellate genus Dinophysis contains species known to cause diarrhetic shellfish poisoning. Although most photosynthetic dinoflagellates have plastids with peridinin, photosynthetic Dinophysis species have cryptophyte-like plastids containing phycobilin rather than peridinin. We sequenced nuclear- and plastid-encoded SSU rDNA from three photosynthetic species of Dinophysis for phylogenetic analyses. In the tree of nuclear SSU rDNA, Dinophysis was a monophyletic group nested with peridinin-containing dinoflagellates. However, in the tree of plastid SSU rDNA, the Dinophysis plastid lineage was within the radiation of cryptophytes and was closely related to Geminigera cryophila. These analyses indicate that an ancestor of Dinophysis, which may have originally possessed peridinin-type plastid and lost it subsequently, adopted a new plastid from a cryptophyte. Unlike dinoflagellates with fully integrated plastids, the Dinophysis plastid SSU rDNA sequences were identical among the three species examined, while there were species-specific base substitutions in their nuclear SSU rDNA sequences. Queries of the DNA database showed that the plastid SSU rDNA sequence of Dinophysis is almost identical to that of an environmental DNA clone of a <10 pm sized plankter, possibly a cryptophyte and a likely source of the Dinophysis plastid. The present findings suggest that these Dinophysis species engulfed and temporarily retained plastids from a cryptophyte.
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