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Nivolumab for recurrent or metastatic head and neck cancer patients with non-squamous cell carcinoma and/or a primary subsite excluded from CheckMate141, a retrospective study. Oral Oncol 2022; 130:105932. [DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2022.105932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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2
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Novel Therapies Boosting T Cell Immunity in Epstein Barr Virus-Associated Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21124292. [PMID: 32560253 PMCID: PMC7352617 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21124292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a malignant tumour of the head and neck affecting localised regions of the world, with the highest rates described in Southeast Asia, Northern Africa, and Greenland. Its high morbidity rate is linked to both late-stage diagnosis and unresponsiveness to conventional anti-cancer treatments. Multiple aetiological factors have been described including environmental factors, genetics, and viral factors (Epstein Barr Virus, EBV), making NPC treatment that much more complex. The most common forms of NPCs are those that originate from the epithelial tissue lining the nasopharynx and are often linked to EBV infection. Indeed, they represent 75–95% of NPCs in the low-risk populations and almost 100% of NPCs in high-risk populations. Although conventional surgery has been improved with nasopharyngectomy’s being carried out using more sophisticated surgical equipment for better tumour resection, recent findings in the tumour microenvironment have led to novel treatment options including immunotherapies and photodynamic therapy, able to target the tumour and improve the immune system. This review provides an update on the disease’s aetiology and the future of NPC treatments with a focus on therapies activating T cell immunity.
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Constructing TC-1-GLUC-LMP2 Model Tumor Cells to Evaluate the Anti-Tumor Effects of LMP2-Related Vaccines. Viruses 2018; 10:v10040145. [PMID: 29570629 PMCID: PMC5923439 DOI: 10.3390/v10040145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Revised: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is related to a variety of malignant tumors, and its encoded protein, latent membrane protein 2 (LMP2), is an effective target antigen that is widely used to construct vector vaccines. However, the model cells carrying LMP2 have still not been established to assess the oncolytic effect of LMP2-related vaccines at present. In this study, TC-1-GLUC-LMP2 tumor cells were constructed as target cells to evaluate the anti-tumor effects of LMP2-assosiated vaccines. The results showed that both LMP2 and Gaussia luciferase (GLuc) genes could be detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) in TC-1-GLUC-LMP2 cells. Western blot results showed that the LMP2 and Gaussia luciferase proteins were stably expressed in tumor cells for at least 30 generations. We mixed 5 × 104 LMP2-specific mouse splenic lymphocytes with 5 × 103 TC-1-GLUC-LMP2 target cells and found that the target cells were killed as the specific killing effect was obviously enhanced by the increased quantities of LMP2-peptide stimulated spleens. Furthermore, the tumor cells could not be observed in the mice inoculated TC-1-GLUC-LMP2 cells after being immunized with vaccine-LMP2, while the vaccine-NULL immunized mice showed that tumor volume gradually grew with increased inoculation time. These results indicated that the TC-1-GLUC-LMP2 cells stably expressing LMP2 and GLuc produced tumors in mice, and that the LMP2-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) effectively killed the cells in vitro and in vivo, suggesting that TC-1-GLUC-LMP2 cells can be used as model cells to assess the immune and antitumor effects of LMP2-related vaccines.
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Lin MC, Lin YC, Chen ST, Young TH, Lou PJ. Therapeutic vaccine targeting Epstein-Barr virus latent protein, LMP1, suppresses LMP1-expressing tumor growth and metastasis in vivo. BMC Cancer 2017; 17:18. [PMID: 28056887 PMCID: PMC5216543 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-016-3027-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In endemic area, nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) tumor cells harbor EBV latent infection and expresses viral antigens such as EBNA1, LMP1 and LMP2. In this study, we established a NPC-mimicry animal model and assessed the therapeutic potential of LMP1 vaccine. Methods Animal models were established by injection of LMP1-expressing TC-1 cells in C57BL6/J mice subcutaneously or through tail veins. pcDNA3.1 empty vector or LMP1/pcDNA3.1 vaccine was delivered by a helium-driven gene gun. Effectiveness of vaccine was evaluated by measuring the tumor size and numbers of metastatic lung nodules. Circulating cytokines were evaluated by ELISArray. Populations of activated cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) and LMP1-specific T lymphocytes were evaluated by flow cytometry with CD8/CD107a double staining and interferon-γ ELISPOT assay, respectively. Results LMP1 vaccine significantly suppressed tumor growth (n = 3) and metastasis (n = 4) in vivo. When vaccinated before tumor challenge, all mice in vaccine group were tumor-free, whereas all mice in the control group developed tumors within 2 weeks after tumor challenge (n = 10). Cytokine ELISArray revealed elevation of a panel of proinflammatory cytokines in mice receiving LMP1 vaccine. Flow cytometry and interferon-γ ELISPOT assay revealed that LMP1 vaccine induced larger populations of activated CTLs and LMP1-specific T lymphocytes. Conclusions This pre-clinical study provides a promising result that LMP1 vaccine suppresses LMP1-expressing tumor growth and metastasis in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Chun Lin
- Department of Otolaryngology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Hsin-Chu Branch, No. 25, Lane 442, Sec. 1, Jingguo Road, Hsinchu City, 300, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, No. 1, Sec. 1, Jen-Ai Road, Taipei, 100, Taiwan
| | - Yong-Chong Lin
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine and College of Engineering, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 1, Jen-Ai Road, Taipei, 100, Taiwan
| | - Syue-Ting Chen
- Graduate Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, No. 1, Sec. 1, Jen-Ai Road, Taipei, 100, Taiwan
| | - Tai-Horng Young
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine and College of Engineering, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 1, Jen-Ai Road, Taipei, 100, Taiwan.
| | - Pei-Jen Lou
- Graduate Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, No. 1, Sec. 1, Jen-Ai Road, Taipei, 100, Taiwan. .,Department of Otolaryngology, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, No. 7, Chung-Shan South Road, Taipei, 100, Taiwan.
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EBV-specific T-cell immunity in pediatric solid organ graft recipients with posttransplantation lymphoproliferative disease. Transplantation 2013; 95:247-55. [PMID: 23222899 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0b013e318279968d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Posttransplantation lymphoproliferative disease (PTLD) is an often Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-associated mainly malignant complication after transplantation. We present data on EBV-specific T cells in children treated with rituximab with or without chemotherapy on the pediatric PTLD Pilot 2005 protocol. METHODS Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were isolated from 16 pediatric patients with PTLD, 4 transplanted children with EBV reactivation, and 18 healthy controls. EBV-specific T cells were quantified by flow cytometric detection of intracellular interferon-γ after stimulation with autologous EBV-transformed lymphoblastoid cell lines and correlated with EBV load in peripheral blood. RESULTS At diagnosis, PTLD patients had similar numbers of EBV-specific CD4 and CD8 T cells as healthy EBV-positive controls. EBV-specific T cells tended to be lower in early PTLD compared with late PTLD. During treatment with rituximab, CD4 and/or CD8 EBV-specific T cells increased in most patients, possibly reflecting restored immunocompetence due to a reduction of immunosuppression as well as antigenic stimulation by cross-presentation of EBV antigen from destroyed B cells. However, this increase did not predict response to rituximab or chemotherapy. EBV load and circulating B cells became undetectable in most patients during rituximab therapy. B-cell recovery after treatment was accompanied by redetection of EBV in peripheral blood, which was controlled by T-cell responses in 11 of 11 evaluable cases. CONCLUSIONS In pediatric PTLD patients, pretreatment EBV-specific T-cell numbers are in the range of healthy controls. These cells increased on reduction of immunosuppression and treatment with rituximab. Recurrence of EBV viremia during complete remission is matched by strong T-cell responses.
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6
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Smith C, Khanna R. Epstein?Barr virus-associated malignancies: pathobiology and emerging therapeutic options. MICROBIOLOGY AUSTRALIA 2013. [DOI: 10.1071/ma13041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
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7
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Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Immunotherapy: Current Strategies and Perspectives. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-5947-7_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Huo Q, Zhang N, Yang Q. Epstein-Barr virus infection and sporadic breast cancer risk: a meta-analysis. PLoS One 2012; 7:e31656. [PMID: 22363698 PMCID: PMC3283657 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0031656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2011] [Accepted: 01/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A large number of epidemiological studies have evaluated the association between Epstein-Barr virus infection and breast carcinoma risk but results have been inconsistent. Methodology Research using the polymerase chain reaction technique for detecting the Epstein-Barr virus was selected; 24 studies and 1535 cases were reviewed. Information on the study populations, sample types, publication calendar period and histological types of breast carcinoma were collected. An unconditional logistic regression model was used to analyze potential parameters related to the Epstein-Barr virus prevalence. A Kappa test was used to evaluate the consistency in detecting different Epstein-Barr virus DNA regions. Nine studies that included control groups and 1045 breast cancer cases were adopted in this meta-analysis. Conclusions We found that 29.32% of the patients with breast carcinoma were infected with the Epstein-Barr virus. The prevalence of Epstein-Barr was highest in Asia (35.25%) and lowest in the USA (18.27%). Statistical analysis revealed a trend that showed lobular breast carcinoma might have the strongest association with Epstein-Barr virus infection. This meta-analysis showed a significant increase in breast malignancy risk in patients testing positive for the Epstein-Barr virus (OR = 6.29, 95% CI = 2.13–18.59). This result suggests that an Epstein-Barr virus infection is statistically associated with increased breast carcinoma risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Huo
- Department of Breast Surgery, School of Medicine, Shandong University, Qilu Hospital, Ji'nan, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Ning Zhang
- Department of Breast Surgery, School of Medicine, Shandong University, Qilu Hospital, Ji'nan, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Qifeng Yang
- Department of Breast Surgery, School of Medicine, Shandong University, Qilu Hospital, Ji'nan, Shandong, People's Republic of China
- * E-mail:
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Dendritic cells loaded with tumor B cells elicit broad immunity against murine gammaherpesvirus 68 but fail to prevent long-term latency. J Virol 2010; 84:8975-9. [PMID: 20592077 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00571-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
It is still unknown whether a noninfectious gammaherpesvirus vaccine is able to prevent or reduce virus persistence. This led us to use dendritic cells loaded with tumor B cells as a vaccine approach for the murine gammaherpesvirus 68 (gammaHV68) model of infection. Dendritic cells loaded with UV-irradiated latently infected tumor B cells induce broad, strong, and long-lasting immunity against gammaHV68. Dendritic cell vaccination prevents the enlargement of lymph nodes and severely limits acute infection and early latency but does not prevent gammaHV68 from establishing long-term latency. Our findings support the concept that attenuated viruses may be the best vaccine option for preventing gammaherpesvirus persistence.
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10
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Abstract
Early-stage nasopharyngeal carcinoma (T1-2a;N0;M0) represents a small proportion of nasopharyngeal tumors. Radiotherapy alone is the current treatment approach for this tumor and the emerging role of new radiotherapy techniques will hopefully further improve the treatment outcome for these patients. The vast majority of patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma is diagnosed with locally advanced disease. Concomitant chemoradiotherapy is now acknowledged as being a standard treatment option, even though it induces a considerable incidence of acute mucosal and hematologic toxicity. The issue of adding adjuvant chemotherapy is somewhat more controversial. Similarly, the role of neoadjuvant chemotherapy before concomitant chemoradiotherapy is a matter of interest. In patients with recurrent/metastatic nasopharyngeal carcinoma the prognosis is generally grim, as platinum-based chemotherapy results in a 50-70% response rate and in a median survival time of 11 months. Several trials have been performed on this subset of patients with both cytotoxic and biologic agents, but the results have not been particularly encouraging thus far. Epstein-Barr virus is associated with the vast majority of nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Concentrations of plasma Epstein-Barr virus DNA have been associated with treatment outcome in the clinic. Immunotherapy is generally well tolerated and can sometimes elicit significant immune response, which possibly induces clinical benefit in some patients.
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Masmoudi A, Toumi N, Khanfir A, Kallel-Slimi L, Daoud J, Karray H, Frikha M. Epstein-Barr virus-targeted immunotherapy for nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Cancer Treat Rev 2007; 33:499-505. [PMID: 17544585 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2007.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2007] [Revised: 04/04/2007] [Accepted: 04/08/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is constantly present in undifferentiated and poorly-differentiated nasopharyngeal cancer. Thus, tumour-associated viral antigens are potential targets for immunotherapy. Recently, both preclinical and early clinical studies have shown that various strategies can enhance EBV-specific immunity. Moreover, significant anti-tumour effect has been observed, and was generally correlated with biological response. The present review discusses the rational for EBV-targeted immunotherapy and summarises the latest developments in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amine Masmoudi
- Department of Medical Oncology, Habib Bourguiba Hospital, Sfax 3029, Tunisia.
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12
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Pan Y, Zhang J, Zhou L, Zuo J, Zeng Y. In vitro anti-tumor immune response induced by dendritic cells transfected with EBV-LMP2 recombinant adenovirus. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2006; 347:551-7. [PMID: 16842756 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2006.05.214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2006] [Accepted: 05/31/2006] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-associated nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a high-incidence tumor in southern China. Latent membrane proteins 2 (LMP2) is a subdominant antigen of EBV. The present study was to develop a dendritic cells (DCs)-based cancer vaccine (rAd-LMP2-DC) and to study its biological characteristics and its immune functions. Our results showed that LMP2 gene transfer did not alter the typical morphology of mature DC, and the representative phenotypes of mature DC (CD80, CD83, and CD86) were highly expressed in rAd-LMP2-DCs. The expression of LMP2 in rAd-LPM2-DCs was about 84.54%, which suggested efficient gene transfer. Transfected DCs markedly increased antigen-specific T-cell proliferation. The specific cytotoxicity against NPC cell was significantly higher than that in controls (p < 0.05), and enhanced with increased stimulations by transfected DCs. In addition, phenotypic analysis demonstrated that the LMP2-specific CTLs consisted of both CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells. These results showed that development of DC-based vaccine by transfection with malignancy-associated virus antigens could elicit potent CTL response and provide a potential strategy of immunotherapy for EBV-associated NPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Pan
- Department of Onco-pathology and the Key Immunopathology Laboratory of Guangdong Province, Shantou University Medical College, China
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13
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Burns DM, Crawford DH. Epstein–Barr virus-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocytes for adoptive immunotherapy of post-transplant lymphoproliferative disease. Blood Rev 2004; 18:193-209. [PMID: 15183903 DOI: 10.1016/j.blre.2003.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Post-transplant lymphoproliferative disease (PTLD) refers to a collection of clinically and pathologically diverse tumours associated with iatrogenic immunosuppression following transplantation. In most cases, tumourigenesis results from a deficit in Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) activity that leads to uncontrolled EBV-driven outgrowth of latently infected B-lymphocytes. Conventional treatment for PTLD typically involves a reduction in immunosuppression, but this approach is frequently unsuccessful and mortality remains high. An alternative, adoptive immunotherapy, involving the administration of EBV-specific CTLs cultured in vitro has been developed with the aim of selectively reconstituting EBV-directed immunity and effecting targeted tumour destruction. This approach has been the subject of several clinical studies, and these provide encouraging evidence of its clinical efficacy. This review presents an overview of the pathogenesis of PTLD and examines current progress in the use of adoptive immunotherapy for its treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Burns
- Basic and Clinical Virology Laboratory, Section of Medical Microbiology, University of Edinburgh, R(D)VS, Summerhall, Edinburgh EH9 1QH, UK.
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Krueger C, Schneck JP, Oelke M. Quality and quantity: new strategies to improve immunotherapy of cancer. Trends Mol Med 2004; 10:205-8. [PMID: 15121045 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2004.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Adoptive immunotherapy is a promising approach for the treatment of infectious diseases and cancer. Several lines of research are currently focusing on the development of different technologies to facilitate the induction and expansion of antigen-specific T cells. Here, we discuss two current articles that affect the field of adoptive immunotherapy. One article describes the engineering of artificial antigen-presenting cells, which promise to replace the cumbersome dendritic-cell approach for the in vitro generation of large numbers of antigen-specific T cells. The second development is a description of a new technique for the detection of functionally active antigen-specific T cells, which will enhance the ability to control the quality of the T cells to be used in adoptive immunotherapy. Together, these exciting findings will advance the field of immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Krueger
- Department of Pathology & Medicine, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
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15
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Glaser SL, Hsu JL, Gulley ML. Epstein-Barr Virus and Breast Cancer: State of the Evidence for Viral Carcinogenesis. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2004. [DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.688.13.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
As the etiology and progression of breast cancer remain incompletely understood, novel routes of disease pathogenesis are important to consider. Viral pathogens have not been much explored, but recent interest has focused on Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). Studies of an association of this ubiquitous herpesvirus with breast cancer have had notably inconsistent results, marked by varying EBV presence (from 0% to 50% of tumors) and the absence of certain viral characteristics found in other EBV-related malignancies. The research has been plagued by the technical challenges of localizing EBV to tumor cells and by a tendency to overlook epidemiological cofactors, shown in all other EBV-related cancers to impact the EBV association. Breast cancer studies to date have used several viral detection methods of varying or uncertain sensitivity and specificity; most have involved small and/or poorly characterized case series and paid insufficient attention to epidemiological cofactors relevant to breast cancer and to EBV-related malignancies. Given these limitations and the established complexity of the connection of EBV with other cancers, a definitive judgment regarding the presence of this virus in breast cancer cannot yet be rendered. Recent advances in laboratory methodologies should help overcome the challenges of EBV detection in breast cancers. Further research is warranted, given the potential for an EBV association to inform not only breast cancer etiology but also early detection, treatment, and prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joe L. Hsu
- 2Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, California
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16
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Duraiswamy J, Bharadwaj M, Tellam J, Connolly G, Cooper L, Moss D, Thomson S, Yotnda P, Khanna R. Induction of therapeutic T-cell responses to subdominant tumor-associated viral oncogene after immunization with replication-incompetent polyepitope adenovirus vaccine. Cancer Res 2004; 64:1483-9. [PMID: 14973049 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-03-2196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The EBV-encoded latent membrane proteins (LMP1 and LMP2), which are expressed in various EBV-associated malignancies have been proposed as a potential target for CTL-based therapy. However, the precursor frequency for LMP-specific CTL is generally low, and immunotherapy based on these antigens is often compromised by the poor immunogenicity and potential threat from their oncogenic potential. Here we have developed a replication- incompetent adenoviral vaccine that encodes multiple HLA class I-restricted CTL epitopes from LMP1 and LMP2 as a polyepitope. Immunization with this polyepitope vaccine consistently generated strong LMP-specific CTL responses in HLA A2/K(b) mice, which can be readily detected by both ex vivo and in vivo T-cell assays. Furthermore, a human CTL response to LMP antigens can be rapidly expanded after stimulation with this recombinant polyepitope vector. These expanded T cells displayed strong lysis of autologous target cells sensitized with LMP1 and/or LMP2 CTL epitopes. More importantly, this adenoviral vaccine was also successfully used to reverse the outgrowth of LMP1-expressing tumors in HLA A2/K(b) mice. These studies demonstrate that a replication-incompetent adenovirus polyepitope vaccine is an excellent tool for the induction of a protective CTL response directed toward multiple LMP CTL epitopes restricted through common HLA class I alleles prevalent in different ethnic groups where EBV-associated malignancies are endemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaikumar Duraiswamy
- Cooperative Research Centre for Vaccine Technology, Tumour Immunology Laboratory, Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Bancroft Centre, 300 Herston Road, Brisbane, QLD 4029, Australia
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17
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Abstract
Survivors of Hodgkin's lymphoma (HL) frequently have many years to experience the long-term toxicities of combined modality therapies. Also, a significant proportion of HL patients will relapse or have refractory disease, and less than half of these patients will respond to current salvage strategies. 30-50% of HL cases are Epstein-Barr virus associated (EBV-positive HL). The virus is localized to the malignant cells and is clonal. EBV-positive HL is more frequent in childhood, in older adults (>45 years) and in mixed cellularity cases. The survival of EBV-positive HL in the elderly and the immunosuppressed is particularly poor. Despite improvements in our understanding of EBV-positive HL, the true contribution of EBV to the pathogenesis of HL remains unknown. Increased knowledge of the virus' role in the basic biology of HL may generate novel therapeutic strategies for EBV-positive HL and the presence of EBV-latent antigens in the malignant HL cells may represent a target for cellular immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maher K Gandhi
- Department of Tumour Immunology, Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Herston, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
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19
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Santodonato L, D'Agostino G, Nisini R, Mariotti S, Monque DM, Spada M, Lattanzi L, Perrone MP, Andreotti M, Belardelli F, Ferrantini M. Monocyte-derived dendritic cells generated after a short-term culture with IFN-alpha and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor stimulate a potent Epstein-Barr virus-specific CD8+ T cell response. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2003; 170:5195-202. [PMID: 12734367 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.170.10.5195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Cellular immune responses are crucial for the control of EBV-associated lymphoproliferative diseases. To induce an anti-EBV cell-mediated immunity, we have used dendritic cells (DCs) generated by a 3-day culture of human CD14(+) monocytes in the presence of GM-CSF and type I IFN (IFN-DCs) and pulsed with peptides corresponding to CTL EBV epitopes. The functional activity of IFN-DCs was compared with that of APCs differentiated by culturing monocytes for 3 days with GM-CSF and IL-4 and indicated as IL-4-DCs. Stimulation of PBLs from EBV-seropositive donors with EBV peptide-pulsed autologous IFN-DCs resulted in a stronger expansion of specific T lymphocytes producing IFN-gamma with respect to stimulation with peptide-loaded IL-4-DCs, as assessed by ELISPOT assays. When purified CD8(+) T cells were cocultured with EBV peptide-pulsed IFN-DCs or IL-4-DCs, significantly higher levels of specific cytotoxic activity were observed in CD8(+) T cell cultures stimulated with IFN-DCs. Injection of peptide-pulsed IFN-DCs into SCID mice transplanted with autologous PBLs led to the recovery of a significantly greater number of EBV-specific human CD8(+) T cells from the spleen and the peritoneal cavity with respect to that recovered from mice injected with peptide-pulsed IL-4-DCs. Moreover, a significant delay in lymphoma development was observed when peptide-pulsed IFN-DCs were injected into SCID mice reconstituted with PBMCs endowed with a high capability of lymphoma induction, whereas injection of unpulsed IFN-DCs was ineffective. Our results indicate that IFN-DCs efficiently promote in vitro and in vivo the expansion of CD8(+) T lymphocytes acting as cytotoxic effectors against EBV-transformed cells.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/cytology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/transplantation
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/virology
- Cell Culture Techniques/methods
- Cell Division/immunology
- Cell Line, Transformed
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic
- Dendritic Cells/cytology
- Dendritic Cells/immunology
- Dendritic Cells/transplantation
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Female
- Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor/pharmacology
- Herpesvirus 4, Human/immunology
- Humans
- Immunologic Memory/immunology
- Injections, Intraperitoneal
- Interferon-alpha/pharmacology
- Lymphocyte Activation/immunology
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/immunology
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/prevention & control
- Mice
- Mice, SCID
- Monocytes/cytology
- Monocytes/immunology
- Peptide Fragments/administration & dosage
- Peptide Fragments/immunology
- Peptide Fragments/pharmacology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/virology
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Duraiswamy J, Sherritt M, Thomson S, Tellam J, Cooper L, Connolly G, Bharadwaj M, Khanna R. Therapeutic LMP1 polyepitope vaccine for EBV-associated Hodgkin disease and nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Blood 2003; 101:3150-6. [PMID: 12468425 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2002-10-3092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Development of an epitope-based vaccination strategy designed to enhance Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-specific CD8(+) cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) is increasingly being considered as a preferred approach for the treatment of EBV-associated relapsed Hodgkin disease (HD) and nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). EBV-encoded latent membrane proteins, LMP1 and LMP2, are the only target antigens available for therapeutic augmentation of CTL responses in patients with HD and NPC. Here, we describe preclinical studies using a recombinant poxvirus vaccine that encodes a polyepitope protein comprising 6 HLA A2-restricted epitopes derived from LMP1. Human cells infected with this recombinant polyepitope construct were efficiently recognized by LMP1-specific CTL lines from HLA A2 healthy individuals. Furthermore, immunization of HLA A2/K(b) mice with this polyepitope vaccine consistently generated strong LMP1-specific CTL responses to 5 of the 6 epitopes, which were readily detected by both ex vivo and in vitro assays. More important, this polyepitope vaccine successfully reversed the outgrowth of LMP1-expressing tumors in HLA A2/K(b) mice. These studies provide an important platform for the development of an LMP-based polyepitope vaccine as an immunotherapeutic tool for the treatment of EBV-associated HD and NPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaikumar Duraiswamy
- Cooperative Research Centre for Vaccine Technology, Tumour Immunology Laboratory, Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Australia
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Jenkins FJ, Rowe DT, Rinaldo CR. Herpesvirus infections in organ transplant recipients. CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC LABORATORY IMMUNOLOGY 2003; 10:1-7. [PMID: 12522031 PMCID: PMC145294 DOI: 10.1128/cdli.10.1.1-7.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Frank J Jenkins
- Department of Pathology and Infectious Diseases, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, USA.
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Ohga S, Nomura A, Takada H, Hara T. Immunological aspects of Epstein-Barr virus infection. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2002; 44:203-15. [PMID: 12467961 DOI: 10.1016/s1040-8428(02)00112-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a member of ubiquitous gamma herpes viruses, which primarily induces acute infectious mononucleosis (IM) or subclinical infection in susceptible subjects. The host reactions account for the clinical manifestation of IM. This virus also contributes to the development of lymphoid or epithelial malignancies. The outgrowth of EBV-infected B-cells is first controlled by interferon (IFN)-gamma and natural killer (NK) cells, and later by EBV-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CTL). To overcome the host responses and establish the persistent infection, EBV conducts the protean strategies of immune evasion. Several EBV genes modulate apoptotic signals and cytokine balances to persist B-cell infection without insulting the host. Uncontrolled lymphoproliferation occurs as EBV(+) B-cell lymphoproliferative disease (LPD)/lymphoma in AIDS, posttransplant, or primary immunodeficiency diseases (PID). On the other hand, EBV(+) T/NK cells are involved in EBV-associated hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (EBV-HLH) or chronic active EBV infection (CAEBV) in children having no underlying immunodeficiencies, and at times lead to the clonal evolution of T/NK-cell LPD/lymphomas. Recent advance in molecular techniques has enabled us to analyze the clonality of EBV-infected lymphocytes and to quantify the gene expression of EBV and cytokines. Dominant autocrine loop of T helper (Th) 2 and Th1 may exert in EBV(+) B-LPD and T-LPD, respectively. Intensive studies on the immunological interface between effector components and EBV(+) target cells will provide more information on clarifying the pathogenesis of EBV-associated lymphoid malignancies, as well as on exploiting the therapeutic and preventive strategies for the formidable EBV-associated disease in childhood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shouichi Ohga
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan.
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Abstract
Two forms of acquired immunodeficiency have dominated the last quarter of the twentieth century and are responsible for the majority of lymphomas in the immunosuppressed: post-transplantation lymphoproliferative disorders (PTLD) and AIDS-related lymphomas (ARL). The central role of Epstein-Barr virus in PTLD has led to novel treatment strategies designed to enhance immunity to this virus both as prevention and therapy. This is achieved by reducing iatrogenic immunosuppression and adoptive immunotherapy with allogeneic cytotoxic T-lymphocytes. Improved immune function in HIV seropositive patients treated with highly active antiretroviral therapy appears to be reducing the relative risk of AIDS-related lymphoma. However, ARL will remain a frequent diagnosis with the rapidly rising incidence of HIV throughout the world. The clinical management requires expertise in both the lymphoma chemotherapy and the treatment of HIV, including antiretroviral therapy and opportunistic infection management. Modest improvements in survival have been achieved recently for ARL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Bower
- Department of Oncology, Chelsea & Westminster Hospital, Fulham Road, London, SW10 9NH, UK
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Chabay PA, De Matteo EN, Aversa L, Maglio S, Grinstein S, Preciado MV. Assessment of Epstein-Barr virus association with pediatric non-hodgkin lymphoma in immunocompetent and in immunocompromised patients in Argentina. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2002; 126:331-5. [PMID: 11860309 DOI: 10.5858/2002-126-0331-aoebva] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) has been classically associated with 3 malignancies, Burkitt lymphoma, B-cell lymphoproliferative syndromes, and nasopharyngeal carcinoma, and more recently with Hodgkin disease, T-cell lymphomas, and gastric and breast carcinomas, as well as with leiomyosarcoma and leiomyoma associated with immunosuppression. OBJECTIVE To compare EBV expression in Argentine tumor samples with those reported elsewhere, we analyzed EBV expression in an Argentine pediatric population with non-Hodgkin lymphoma and correlated these results with clinical course and outcome. METHODS We studied EBV presence by latent membrane protein-1 protein labeling by immunohistochemistry, by in situ hybridization, and by polymerase chain reaction for Epstein-Barr-encoded RNAs (EBERs) in formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded non-Hodgkin lymphoma tissue samples (collected retrospectively) from 32 pediatric patients at Ricardo Gutiérrez Children's Hospital from 1993 to 2000. RESULTS Eight out of the 32 (25%) non-Hodgkin lymphoma cases showed latent membrane protein-1 and EBERs by in situ hybridization positive staining in tumor cells. Among EBERs and latent membrane protein-1-positive cases, there were 5 immunocompromised patients, with either human immunodeficiency virus infection or primary immunodeficiency. The EBERs in situ hybridization results were confirmed by EBERs polymerase chain reaction in good-quality DNA from 11 samples, with 3 proving positive and 8 negative. CONCLUSIONS The association of EBV with non-Hodgkin lymphoma in the Argentine pediatric population was low (25%), and this figure rose to 100% when only the immunocompromised patients subgroup was considered, confirming that the virus is probably a cofactor in the lymphomagenesis of some but not all pediatric non-Hodgkin lymphoma. So far, no differences in clinical outcome are discernible between EBV-positive and EBV-negative non-Hodgkin lymphoma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola A Chabay
- Virology Laboratory, Ricardo Gutiérrez Children's Hospital, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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