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Schwarzer E, Skorokhod O. Post-Translational Modifications of Proteins of Malaria Parasites during the Life Cycle. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:6145. [PMID: 38892332 PMCID: PMC11173270 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25116145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2024] [Revised: 05/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Post-translational modifications (PTMs) are essential for regulating protein functions, influencing various fundamental processes in eukaryotes. These include, but are not limited to, cell signaling, protein trafficking, the epigenetic control of gene expression, and control of the cell cycle, as well as cell proliferation, differentiation, and interactions between cells. In this review, we discuss protein PTMs that play a key role in the malaria parasite biology and its pathogenesis. Phosphorylation, acetylation, methylation, lipidation and lipoxidation, glycosylation, ubiquitination and sumoylation, nitrosylation and glutathionylation, all of which occur in malarial parasites, are reviewed. We provide information regarding the biological significance of these modifications along all phases of the complex life cycle of Plasmodium spp. Importantly, not only the parasite, but also the host and vector protein PTMs are often crucial for parasite growth and development. In addition to metabolic regulations, protein PTMs can result in epitopes that are able to elicit both innate and adaptive immune responses of the host or vector. We discuss some existing and prospective results from antimalarial drug discovery trials that target various PTM-related processes in the parasite or host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelin Schwarzer
- Department of Oncology, University of Turin, Via Santena 5 bis, 10126 Turin, Italy;
| | - Oleksii Skorokhod
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Via Accademia Albertina, 13, 10123 Turin, Italy
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Irfan I, Uddin A, Jain R, Gupta A, Gupta S, Napoleon JV, Hussain A, Alajmi MF, Joshi MC, Hasan P, Kumar P, Abid M, Singh S. Biological evaluation of novel side chain containing CQTrICh-analogs as antimalarials and their development as PfCDPK1 kinase inhibitors. Heliyon 2024; 10:e25077. [PMID: 38327451 PMCID: PMC10847618 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e25077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024] Open
Abstract
The rapid emergence of resistance to existing frontline antimalarial drugs emphasizes a need for the development of target-oriented molecules with novel modes of action. Given the importance of a plant-like Calcium-Dependent Protein Kinase 1 (PfCDPK1) as a stand-alone multistage signalling regulator of P. falciparum, we designed and synthesized 7-chloroquinoline-indole-chalcones tethered with a triazole (CQTrICh-analogs 7 (a-s) and 9) directed towards PfCDPK1. This was accomplished by reacting substituted 1-phenyl-3-(1-(prop-2-yn-1-yl)-1H-indol-3-yl) prop-2-en-1-one and 1-(prop-2-yn-1-yl)-1H-indole-3-carbaldehyde with 4-azido-7-chloroquinoline, respectively via a 'click' reaction. The selected CQTrICh-analogs: 7l and 7r inhibited the growth of chloroquine-sensitive 3D7 strain and -resistant RKL-9 isolate of Plasmodium falciparum, with IC50 values of 2.4 μM & 1.8 μM (7l), and 3.5 μM & 2.7 μM (7r), respectively, and showed no apparent hemolytic activity and cytotoxicity in mammalian cells. Intra-erythrocytic progression studies revealed that the active hybrids: 7l and 7r are effective against the mature stages of the parasite. 7l and 7r were found to stably interact with the catalytically active ATP-binding pocket of PfCDPK1 via energetically favourable H-bonds. The interaction was confirmed in vitro by microscale thermophoresis and kinase assays, which demonstrated that the active hybrids interact with PfCDPK1 and inhibit its kinase activity which is presumably responsible for the parasite growth inhibition. Interestingly, 7l and 7r showed no inhibitory effect on the human kinases, indicating their selectivity for the parasite kinase. We report the antiplasmodial potential of novel kinase-targeting bio-conjugates, a step towards developing pan-kinase inhibitors which is a prerequisite for multistage anti-malarial protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iram Irfan
- Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, 110025, India
| | - Amad Uddin
- Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, 110025, India
- Special Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Ravi Jain
- Special Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Aashima Gupta
- Special Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Sonal Gupta
- Special Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | | | - Afzal Hussain
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed F. Alajmi
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mukesh C. Joshi
- Department of Chemistry, Kirori Mal College, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India
| | - Phool Hasan
- Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, 110025, India
| | - Purnendu Kumar
- Special Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Mohammad Abid
- Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, 110025, India
| | - Shailja Singh
- Special Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
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Omorou R, Delabie B, Lavoignat A, Chaker V, Bonnot G, Traore K, Bienvenu AL, Picot S. Nanoparticle tracking analysis of natural hemozoin from Plasmodium parasites. Acta Trop 2024; 250:107105. [PMID: 38135133 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2023.107105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hemozoin is a byproduct of hemoglobin digestion crucial for parasite survival. It forms crystals that can be of interest as drug targets or biomarkers of malaria infection. However, hemozoin has long been considered as an amorphous crystal of simple morphology. Studying the consequences of biomineralization of this crystal during the parasite growth may provide more comprehensive evidence of its role during malaria. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to investigate the interest of nanoparticles tracker analysis for measuring the concentration and size of hemozoin particles produced from different parasite sources and conditions. METHODS Hemozoin was extracted from several clones of Plasmodium falciparum both asexual and sexual parasites. Hemozoin was also extracted from blood samples of malaria patients and from saliva of asymptomatic malaria carriers. Nanoparticles tracking analysis (NTA) was performed to assess the size and concentration of hemozoin. RESULTS NTA data showed variation in hemozoin concentration, size, and crystal clusters between parasite clones, species, and stages. Among parasite clones, hemozoin concentration ranged from 131 to 2663 particles/infected red blood cell (iRBC) and size ranged from 149.6 ± 6.3 nm to 234.8 ± 40.1 nm. The mean size was lower for Plasmodium vivax (176 ± 79.2 nm) than for Plasmodium falciparum (254.8 ± 74.0 nm). Sexual NF54 parasites showed a 7.5-fold higher concentration of hemozoin particles (28.7 particles/iRBC) compared to asexual parasites (3.8 particles/iRBC). In addition, the mean hemozoin size also increased by approximately 60 % for sexual parasites. Compared to in vitro cultures of parasites, blood samples showed low hemozoin concentrations. CONCLUSIONS This study highlights the potential of NTA as a useful method for analyzing hemozoin, demonstrating its ability to provide detailed information on hemozoin characterization. However, further research is needed to adapt the NTA for hemozoin analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roukayatou Omorou
- Malaria Research Unit, UMR 5246 CNRS-INSA-CPE, University Lyon1, University Lyon, Villeurbanne 69100, France.
| | - Blanche Delabie
- Malaria Research Unit, UMR 5246 CNRS-INSA-CPE, University Lyon1, University Lyon, Villeurbanne 69100, France
| | - Adeline Lavoignat
- Malaria Research Unit, UMR 5246 CNRS-INSA-CPE, University Lyon1, University Lyon, Villeurbanne 69100, France
| | - Victorien Chaker
- Malaria Research Unit, UMR 5246 CNRS-INSA-CPE, University Lyon1, University Lyon, Villeurbanne 69100, France
| | - Guillaume Bonnot
- Malaria Research Unit, UMR 5246 CNRS-INSA-CPE, University Lyon1, University Lyon, Villeurbanne 69100, France
| | - Karim Traore
- Malaria Research and Training Center, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies, Bamako, Mali
| | - Anne-Lise Bienvenu
- Malaria Research Unit, UMR 5246 CNRS-INSA-CPE, University Lyon1, University Lyon, Villeurbanne 69100, France; Service Pharmacie, Groupement Hospitalier Nord, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon 69004, France
| | - Stephane Picot
- Malaria Research Unit, UMR 5246 CNRS-INSA-CPE, University Lyon1, University Lyon, Villeurbanne 69100, France; Institute of Parasitology and Medical Mycology, Hôpital de la Croix-Rousse, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon 69004, France
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Schats R. Developing an archaeology of malaria. A critical review of current approaches and a discussion on ways forward. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PALEOPATHOLOGY 2023; 41:32-42. [PMID: 36930997 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpp.2023.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This paper presents the current state of the art in the investigation of past malaria by providing an extensive review of previous studies and identifying research possibilities for the future. MATERIALS All previous research on the detection of malaria in human skeletal material using macroscopic and biomolecular approaches is considered. METHODS The approaches and methods used by scholars and the results they obtained are evaluated and the limitations discussed. RESULTS There is a link between malaria and porous lesions with significantly higher prevalence in malaria-endemic areas, however, they are not pathognomonic or specific for malaria. Malaria can be identified using biomolecular techniques, yet, to date there is no completely satisfactory method that is able to consistently diagnose the disease. CONCLUSIONS Using macroscopic and biomolecular techniques, malaria can be investigated in past populations and the impact of the disease studied. Yet, this is not a straightforward process and the use of multiple lines of evidence is necessary to obtain the best results. SIGNIFICANCE The extensive discussion on ways malaria can and cannot be identified in past populations and the suggestions for new approaches provide a steppingstone for future research into this debilitating, global disease. LIMITATIONS Malaria is a difficult disease to study archaeologically and successful identification depends on many intrinsic and extrinsic factors. SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER RESEARCH More large-scale spatial analyses of porous lesions as well as targeting different tissues or molecules for biomolecular identification may improve the archaeological understanding of malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Schats
- Leiden University, Faculty of Archaeology, Laboratory for Human Osteoarchaeology, Einsteinweg 2, 2333CC Leiden, the Netherlands.
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Sousa CC, Dziwornu GA, Quadros HC, Araujo-Neto JH, Chibale K, Moreira DRM. Antimalarial Pyrido[1,2- a]benzimidazoles Exert Strong Parasiticidal Effects by Achieving High Cellular Uptake and Suppressing Heme Detoxification. ACS Infect Dis 2022; 8:1700-1710. [PMID: 35848708 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.2c00326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Pyrido[1,2-a]benzimidazoles (PBIs) are synthetic antiplasmodium agents with potent activity and are structurally differentiated from benchmark antimalarials. To study the cellular uptake of PBIs and understand the underlying phenotype of their antiplasmodium activity, their antiparasitic activities were examined in chloroquine (CQ)-susceptible and CQ-resistant Plasmodium falciparum in vitro. Moreover, drug uptake and heme detoxification suppression were examined in Plasmodium berghei-infected mice. The in vitro potency of PBIs is comparable to most 4-aminoquinolines. They have a speed of action in vitro that is superior to that of atovaquone and an ability to kill rings and trophozoites. The antiparasitic effects observed for the PBIs in cell culture and in infected mice are similar in terms of potency and efficacy and are comparable to CQ but with the added advantage of demonstrating equipotency against both CQ susceptible and resistant parasite strains. PBIs have a high rate of uptake by parasite cells and, conversely, a limited rate of uptake by host cells. The mechanism of cellular uptake of the PBIs differs from the ion-trap mechanism typically observed for 4-aminoquinolines, although they share key structural features. The high cellular uptake, attractive parasiticidal profile, and susceptibility of resistant strains to PBIs are desirable characteristics for new antimalarial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline C Sousa
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Salvador, 40296-710 Bahia, Brazil
| | - Godwin Akpeko Dziwornu
- South African Medical Research Council Drug Discovery and Development Research Unit, Department of Chemistry and Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | - Helenita C Quadros
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Salvador, 40296-710 Bahia, Brazil
| | | | - Kelly Chibale
- South African Medical Research Council Drug Discovery and Development Research Unit, Department of Chemistry and Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | - Diogo R M Moreira
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Salvador, 40296-710 Bahia, Brazil
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Giacometti M, Monticelli M, Piola M, Milesi F, Coppadoro L, Giuliani E, Jacchetti E, Raimondi MT, Ferrari G, Antinori S, Fiore GB, Bertacco R. On-chip magnetophoretic capture in a model of malaria-infected red blood cells. Biotechnol Bioeng 2022; 119:1129-1141. [PMID: 34984673 PMCID: PMC9306751 DOI: 10.1002/bit.28030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The search for new rapid diagnostic tests for malaria is a priority for developing an efficient strategy to fight this endemic disease, which affects more than 3 billion people worldwide. In this paper, we characterize systematically an easy-to-operate lab-on-chip, designed for the magnetophoretic capture of malaria-infected red blood cells. The method relies on the positive magnetic susceptibility of infected red blood cells with respect to blood plasma. A matrix of nickel posts fabricated in a silicon chip placed face down is aimed at attracting infected cells, while healthy cells sediment on a glass slide under the action of gravity. Using a model of infected red blood cells, i.e. erythrocytes with methaemoglobin, we obtained a capture efficiency of about 70% after 10 minutes in static conditions. By proper agitation, the capture efficiency reached 85% after just 5 minutes. Sample preparation requires only a 1:10 volume dilution of whole blood, previously treated with heparin, in a phosphate buffered solution. Nonspecific attraction of untreated red blood cells was not observed in the same time interval. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Giacometti
- Department of Electronics, Information and Bioengineering, Politecnico di Milano, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - M Monticelli
- Department of Physics, Politecnico di Milano, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - M Piola
- Department of Electronics, Information and Bioengineering, Politecnico di Milano, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - F Milesi
- Department of Physics, Politecnico di Milano, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - L Coppadoro
- Department of Electronics, Information and Bioengineering, Politecnico di Milano, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - E Giuliani
- Department of Electronics, Information and Bioengineering, Politecnico di Milano, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - E Jacchetti
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "G. Natta", Politecnico di Milano, 20133, Milano, Italy.,Interuniversity Center for the promotion of the 3Rs principles in teaching and research, 56122, Pisa, Italy
| | - M T Raimondi
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "G. Natta", Politecnico di Milano, 20133, Milano, Italy.,Interuniversity Center for the promotion of the 3Rs principles in teaching and research, 56122, Pisa, Italy
| | - G Ferrari
- Department of Electronics, Information and Bioengineering, Politecnico di Milano, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - S Antinori
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences "Luigi Sacco", Università degli Studi di Milano, 20157, Milano, Italy
| | - G B Fiore
- Department of Electronics, Information and Bioengineering, Politecnico di Milano, 20133, Milano, Italy.,Interuniversity Center for the promotion of the 3Rs principles in teaching and research, 56122, Pisa, Italy
| | - R Bertacco
- Department of Physics, Politecnico di Milano, 20133, Milano, Italy.,IFN-CNR, c/o Politecnico di Milano, 20133, Milano, Italy
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The Role of the Iron Protoporphyrins Heme and Hematin in the Antimalarial Activity of Endoperoxide Drugs. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15010060. [PMID: 35056117 PMCID: PMC8779033 DOI: 10.3390/ph15010060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Plasmodium has evolved to regulate the levels and oxidative states of iron protoporphyrin IX (Fe-PPIX). Antimalarial endoperoxides such as 1,2,4-trioxane artemisinin and 1,2,4-trioxolane arterolane undergo a bioreductive activation step mediated by heme (FeII-PPIX) but not by hematin (FeIII-PPIX), leading to the generation of a radical species. This can alkylate proteins vital for parasite survival and alkylate heme into hematin–drug adducts. Heme alkylation is abundant and accompanied by interconversion from the ferrous to the ferric state, which may induce an imbalance in the iron redox homeostasis. In addition to this, hematin–artemisinin adducts antagonize the spontaneous biomineralization of hematin into hemozoin crystals, differing strikingly from artemisinins, which do not directly suppress hematin biomineralization. These hematin–drug adducts, despite being devoid of the peroxide bond required for radical-induced alkylation, are powerful antiplasmodial agents. This review addresses our current understanding of Fe-PPIX as a bioreductive activator and molecular target. A compelling pharmacological model is that by alkylating heme, endoperoxide drugs can cause an imbalance in the iron homeostasis and that the hematin–drug adducts formed have strong cytocidal effects by possibly reproducing some of the toxifying effects of free Fe-PPIX. The antiplasmodial phenotype and the mode of action of hematin–drug adducts open new possibilities for reconciliating the mechanism of endoperoxide drugs and for malaria intervention.
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Studies of Potency and Efficacy of an Optimized Artemisinin-Quinoline Hybrid against Multiple Stages of the Plasmodium Life Cycle. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14111129. [PMID: 34832911 PMCID: PMC8620906 DOI: 10.3390/ph14111129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A recently developed artemisinin-quinoline hybrid, named 163A, has been shown to display potent activity against the asexual blood stage of Plasmodium, the malaria parasite. In this study, we determined its in vitro cytotoxicity to mammalian cells, its potency to suppress P. berghei hepatic infection and to decrease the viability of P. falciparum gametocytes, in addition to determining whether the drug exhibits efficacy of a P. berghei infection in mice. This hybrid compound has a low level of cytotoxicity to mammalian cells and, conversely, a high level of selectivity. It is potent in the prevention of hepatic stage development as well as in killing gametocytes, denoting a potential blockage of malaria transmission. The hybrid presents a potent inhibitory activity for beta-hematin crystal formation, in which subsequent assays revealed that its endoperoxide component undergoes bioactivation by reductive reaction with ferrous heme towards the formation of heme-drug adducts; in parallel, the 7-chloroquinoline component has binding affinity for ferric hemin. Both structural components of the hybrid co-operate to enhance the inhibition of beta-hematin, and this bitopic ligand property is essential for arresting the growth of asexual blood parasites. We demonstrated the in vivo efficacy of the hybrid as an erythrocytic schizonticide agent in comparison to a chloroquine/artemisinin combination therapy. Collectively, the findings suggest that the bitopic property of the hybrid is highly operative on heme detoxification suppression, and this provides compelling evidence for explaining the action of the hybrid on the asexual blood stage. For sporozoite and gametocyte stages, the hybrid conserves the potency typically observed for endoperoxide drugs, and this is possibly achieved due to the redox chemistry of endoperoxide components with ferrous heme.
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9
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Asad M, Yamaryo-Botté Y, Hossain ME, Thakur V, Jain S, Datta G, Botté CY, Mohmmed A. An essential vesicular-trafficking phospholipase mediates neutral lipid synthesis and contributes to hemozoin formation in Plasmodium falciparum. BMC Biol 2021; 19:159. [PMID: 34380472 PMCID: PMC8359613 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-021-01042-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Plasmodium falciparum is the pathogen responsible for the most devastating form of human malaria. As it replicates asexually in the erythrocytes of its human host, the parasite feeds on haemoglobin uptaken from these cells. Heme, a toxic by-product of haemoglobin utilization by the parasite, is neutralized into inert hemozoin in the food vacuole of the parasite. Lipid homeostasis and phospholipid metabolism are crucial for this process, as well as for the parasite’s survival and propagation within the host. P. falciparum harbours a uniquely large family of phospholipases, which are suggested to play key roles in lipid metabolism and utilization. Results Here, we show that one of the parasite phospholipase (P. falciparum lysophospholipase, PfLPL1) plays an essential role in lipid homeostasis linked with the haemoglobin degradation and heme conversion pathway. Fluorescence tagging showed that the PfLPL1 in infected blood cells localizes to dynamic vesicular structures that traffic from the host-parasite interface at the parasite periphery, through the cytosol, to get incorporated into a large vesicular lipid rich body next to the food-vacuole. PfLPL1 is shown to harbour enzymatic activity to catabolize phospholipids, and its transient downregulation in the parasite caused a significant reduction of neutral lipids in the food vacuole-associated lipid bodies. This hindered the conversion of heme, originating from host haemoglobin, into the hemozoin, and disrupted the parasite development cycle and parasite growth. Detailed lipidomic analyses of inducible knock-down parasites deciphered the functional role of PfLPL1 in generation of neutral lipid through recycling of phospholipids. Further, exogenous fatty-acids were able to complement downregulation of PfLPL1 to rescue the parasite growth as well as restore hemozoin levels. Conclusions We found that the transient downregulation of PfLPL1 in the parasite disrupted lipid homeostasis and caused a reduction in neutral lipids essentially required for heme to hemozoin conversion. Our study suggests a crucial link between phospholipid catabolism and generation of neutral lipids (TAGs) with the host haemoglobin degradation pathway. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12915-021-01042-z.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Asad
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, 110 067, India
| | - Yoshiki Yamaryo-Botté
- ApicoLipid Team, Institute for Advanced Biosciences, CNRS UMR5309, Université Grenoble Alpes, INSERM U1209, Grenoble, France
| | - Mohammad E Hossain
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, 110 067, India
| | - Vandana Thakur
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, 110 067, India
| | - Shaifali Jain
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, 110 067, India
| | - Gaurav Datta
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, 110 067, India
| | - Cyrille Y Botté
- ApicoLipid Team, Institute for Advanced Biosciences, CNRS UMR5309, Université Grenoble Alpes, INSERM U1209, Grenoble, France
| | - Asif Mohmmed
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, 110 067, India.
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10
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Giacometti M, Milesi F, Coppadoro PL, Rizzo A, Fagiani F, Rinaldi C, Cantoni M, Petti D, Albisetti E, Sampietro M, Ciardo M, Siciliano G, Alano P, Lemen B, Bombe J, Nwaha Toukam MT, Tina PF, Gismondo MR, Corbellino M, Grande R, Fiore GB, Ferrari G, Antinori S, Bertacco R. A Lab-On-chip Tool for Rapid, Quantitative, and Stage-selective Diagnosis of Malaria. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2021; 8:2004101. [PMID: 34306971 PMCID: PMC8292881 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202004101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Malaria remains the most important mosquito-borne infectious disease worldwide, with 229 million new cases and 409.000 deaths in 2019. The infection is caused by a protozoan parasite which attacks red blood cells by feeding on hemoglobin and transforming it into hemozoin. Despite the WHO recommendation of prompt malaria diagnosis, the quality of microscopy-based diagnosis is frequently inadequate while rapid diagnostic tests based on antigens are not quantitative and still affected by non-negligible false negative/positive results. PCR-based methods are highly performant but still not widely used in endemic areas. Here, a diagnostic tool (TMek), based on the paramagnetic properties of hemozoin nanocrystals in infected red blood cells (i-RBCs), is reported on. Exploiting the competition between gravity and magnetic forces, i-RBCs in a whole blood specimen are sorted and electrically detected in a microchip. The amplitude and time evolution of the electrical signal allow for the quantification of i-RBCs (in the range 10-105 i-RBC µL-1) and the distinction of the infection stage. A preliminary validation study on 75 patients with clinical suspect of malaria shows on-field operability, without false negative and a few false positive results. These findings indicate the potential of TMek as a quantitative, stage-selective, rapid test for malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Giacometti
- Department of Electronics Information and BioengineeringPolitecnico di MilanoPiazza Leonardo da Vinci 32Milano20133Italy
| | - Francesca Milesi
- Department of PhysicsPolitecnico di MilanoPiazza Leonardo da Vinci 32Milano20133Italy
| | - Pietro Lorenzo Coppadoro
- Department of Electronics Information and BioengineeringPolitecnico di MilanoPiazza Leonardo da Vinci 32Milano20133Italy
| | - Alberto Rizzo
- Specialità di Microbiologia e Virologia Università degli Studi di MilanoMilanoItaly
| | - Federico Fagiani
- Department of PhysicsPolitecnico di MilanoPiazza Leonardo da Vinci 32Milano20133Italy
| | - Christian Rinaldi
- Department of PhysicsPolitecnico di MilanoPiazza Leonardo da Vinci 32Milano20133Italy
| | - Matteo Cantoni
- Department of PhysicsPolitecnico di MilanoPiazza Leonardo da Vinci 32Milano20133Italy
| | - Daniela Petti
- Department of PhysicsPolitecnico di MilanoPiazza Leonardo da Vinci 32Milano20133Italy
| | - Edoardo Albisetti
- Department of PhysicsPolitecnico di MilanoPiazza Leonardo da Vinci 32Milano20133Italy
| | - Marco Sampietro
- Department of Electronics Information and BioengineeringPolitecnico di MilanoPiazza Leonardo da Vinci 32Milano20133Italy
| | - Mariagrazia Ciardo
- Dipartimento di Malattie InfettiveIstituto Superiore di SanitàViale Regina Elena n.299Roma00161Italy
| | - Giulia Siciliano
- Dipartimento di Malattie InfettiveIstituto Superiore di SanitàViale Regina Elena n.299Roma00161Italy
| | - Pietro Alano
- Dipartimento di Malattie InfettiveIstituto Superiore di SanitàViale Regina Elena n.299Roma00161Italy
| | | | | | | | | | - Maria Rita Gismondo
- UOC Microbiologia ClinicaVirologia e Diagnostica Bioemergenza – Sacco teaching Hospital ASST FBF Saccovia GB GrassiMilano74‐20157Italy
| | - Mario Corbellino
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences “Luigi Sacco”University of Milanovia GB GrassiMilano74‐20157Italy
| | - Romualdo Grande
- UOC Microbiologia ClinicaVirologia e Diagnostica Bioemergenza – Sacco teaching Hospital ASST FBF Saccovia GB GrassiMilano74‐20157Italy
| | - Gianfranco Beniamino Fiore
- Department of Electronics Information and BioengineeringPolitecnico di MilanoPiazza Leonardo da Vinci 32Milano20133Italy
| | - Giorgio Ferrari
- Department of Electronics Information and BioengineeringPolitecnico di MilanoPiazza Leonardo da Vinci 32Milano20133Italy
| | - Spinello Antinori
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences “Luigi Sacco”University of Milanovia GB GrassiMilano74‐20157Italy
| | - Riccardo Bertacco
- Department of PhysicsPolitecnico di MilanoPiazza Leonardo da Vinci 32Milano20133Italy
- CNR‐IFNInstitute for Photonics and NanotechnologiesPiazza Leonardo da Vinci 32Milano20133Italy
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11
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Abstract
Respiratory distress (RD) is a complication of severe malaria associated with a particularly high risk for death in African children infected with the parasite Plasmodium falciparum. The pathophysiology underlying RD remains poorly understood, and the condition is managed supportively. Respiratory distress in severe malaria is associated with high mortality, but its pathogenesis remains unclear. The malaria pigment hemozoin (HZ) is abundant in target organs of severe malaria, including the lungs, and is known to be a potent innate immune activator of phagocytes. We hypothesized that HZ might also stimulate lung epithelial activation and thereby potentiate lung inflammation. We show here that airway epithelium stimulated with HZ undergoes global transcriptional reprogramming and changes in cell surface protein expression that comprise an epithelial activation phenotype. Proinflammatory signaling is induced, and key cytoadherence molecules are upregulated, including several associated with severe malaria, such as CD36 and ICAM1. Epithelial and extracellular matrix remodeling pathways are transformed, including induction of key metalloproteases and modulation of epithelial junctions. The overall program induced by HZ serves to promote inflammation and neutrophil transmigration, and is recapitulated in a murine model of HZ-induced acute pneumonitis. Together, our data demonstrate a direct role for hemozoin in stimulating epithelial activation that could potentiate lung inflammation in malaria.
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12
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Bucşan AN, Williamson KC. Setting the stage: The initial immune response to blood-stage parasites. Virulence 2020; 11:88-103. [PMID: 31900030 PMCID: PMC6961725 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2019.1708053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Individuals growing up in malaria endemic areas gradually develop protection against clinical malaria and passive transfer experiments in humans have demonstrated that this protection is mediated in part by protective antibodies. However, neither the target antigens, specific effector mechanisms, nor the role of continual parasite exposure have been elucidated, which complicates vaccine development. Progress has been made in defining the innate signaling pathways activated by parasite components, including DNA, RNA, hemozoin, and phospholipids, which initiate the immune response and will be the focus of this review. The challenge that remains within the field is to understand the role of these early responses in the development of protective adaptive responses that clear iRBC and block merozoite invasion so that optimal vaccines and therapeutics may be produced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison N. Bucşan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Kim C. Williamson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
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13
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Joshi MC, Egan TJ. Quinoline Containing Side-chain Antimalarial Analogs: Recent Advances and Therapeutic Application. Curr Top Med Chem 2020; 20:617-697. [DOI: 10.2174/1568026620666200127141550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Revised: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The side-chains of quinoline antimalarial agents are the major concern of focus to build
novel and efficaciaous bioactive and clinical antimalarials. Bioative antimalarial analogs may play a
critical role in pH trapping in the food vacuole of RBC’s with the help of fragmented amino acid, thus
lead to β-hematin inhibition. Here, the authors tried to summarize a useful, comprehensive compilation
of side-chain modified ACQs along with their synthesis, biophysical and therapeutic applications etc.
of potent antiplasmodial agents and therefore, opening the door towards the potential clinical status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mukesh C. Joshi
- Department of Chemistry, Motilal Nehru College, Benito Juarez Marg, South Campus, University of Delhi, New Delhi- 110021, India
| | - Timothy J. Egan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
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14
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Joshua PE, Okoro IJ, Ekpo DE, Okagu IU, Ogugua VN. Methanol extract of Erythrina senegalensis leaves (MEES) ameliorates Plasmodium berghei-ANKA 65-parasitised aberrations in mice. ALL LIFE 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/26895293.2020.1718777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Parker Elijah Joshua
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
| | - Ikechukwu Jacob Okoro
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
| | - Daniel Emmanuel Ekpo
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
| | - Innocent Uzochukwu Okagu
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
| | - Victor Nwadiogu Ogugua
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
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15
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Enechi OC, Amah CC, Okagu IU, Ononiwu CP, Azidiegwu VC, Ugwuoke EO, Onoh AP, Ndukwe EE. Methanol extracts of Fagara zanthoxyloides leaves possess antimalarial effects and normalizes haematological and biochemical status of Plasmodium berghei-passaged mice. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2019. [PMID: 31500475 PMCID: PMC6746293 DOI: 10.1080/13880209.2019.1656753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Context: The resistance of Plasmodium species to many available antimalarials calls for a continuous search for newer antimalarial agents. One possible source of new antimalarials is from natural sources such as Fagara zanthoxyloides Lam (Rutaceae), a medicinal plant used traditionally for treating malaria in South-Eastern Nigeria, Uganda and Asia. Objectives: To investigate the application of methanol extracts of F. zanthoxyloides in combating malaria infection and its associated disorders. Materials and methods: Methanol extracts of F. zanthoxyloides leaves (MEFZ) were evaluated for in vivo antimalarial activity. MEFZ at doses of 200, 400, and 600 mg/kg/d were administered orally for 4 consecutive days (days 0-4) to P. berghei-infected mice. The possible ameliorative effects of MEFZ on malaria-associated organ malfunctions were also assessed. Results: At 200, 400 and 600 mg/kg b.w., respectively, MEFZ produced 82.37% and 68.39%, 84.84%, and 90.75%, 95.95% and 92.67% chemosuppression and inhibition of P. berghei, respectively, comparable to 98.67% and 97.29% by combisunate, a standard antimalarial. The IC50 of MEFZ was estimated to be 235.23 mg/kg b.w. Similarly, treatment of parasitized mice with MEFZ significantly restored the malaria-modified haematological and biochemical status of the parasitized-MEFZ-treated mice compared with parasitized-untreated mice. MEFZ was tolerable up to 5000 mg/kg b.w dose; hence, the LD50 is above 5000 mg/kg b.w. Discussion and conclusions: The results of this curative assay demonstrated that MEFZ has antimalarial effects and normalized haematological and biochemical aberrations generated by malaria. The isolation of the antimalarial principles in MEFZ is warranted; they could be lead molecules for the development of new antimalarials.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Innocent Uzochukwu Okagu
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
- CONTACT Innocent Uzochukwu Okagu Medical Parasitology, Toxicology and Drug Discovery Unit, Department of Biochemistry, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
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16
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Highly Sensitive and Rapid Characterization of the Development of Synchronized Blood Stage Malaria Parasites Via Magneto-Optical Hemozoin Quantification. Biomolecules 2019; 9:biom9100579. [PMID: 31591333 PMCID: PMC6843464 DOI: 10.3390/biom9100579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The rotating-crystal magneto-optical diagnostic (RMOD) technique was developed as a sensitive and rapid platform for malaria diagnosis. Herein, we report a detailed in vivo assessment of the synchronized Plasmodium vinckei lentum strain blood-stage infections by the RMOD method and comparing the results to the unsynchronized Plasmodium yoelii 17X-NL (non-lethal) infections. Furthermore, we assess the hemozoin production and clearance dynamics in chloroquine-treated compared to untreated self-resolving infections by RMOD. The findings of the study suggest that the RMOD signal is directly proportional to the hemozoin content and closely follows the actual parasitemia level. The lack of long-term accumulation of hemozoin in peripheral blood implies a dynamic equilibrium between the hemozoin production rate of the parasites and the immune system’s clearing mechanism. Using parasites with synchronous blood stage cycle, which resemble human malaria parasite infections with Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax, we are demonstrating that the RMOD detects both hemozoin production and clearance rates with high sensitivity and temporal resolution. Thus, RMOD technique offers a quantitative tool to follow the maturation of the malaria parasites even on sub-cycle timescales.
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17
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Patel SK, Rajora N, Kumar S, Sahu A, Kochar SK, Krishna CM, Srivastava S. Rapid Discrimination of Malaria- and Dengue-Infected Patients Sera Using Raman Spectroscopy. Anal Chem 2019; 91:7054-7062. [PMID: 31033270 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b05907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Malaria and dengue have overlapping clinical symptoms and are prevalent in the same geographic region (tropical and subtropical), hence precise diagnosis is challenging. The high mortality rate associated with both malaria and dengue could be attributed to "false", "delayed", or "missed" diagnosis. The present study thus aims to stratify malaria and dengue using Raman spectroscopy (RS). In total, 130 human sera were analyzed for model development and double-blinded testing. Principal components linear discriminant analysis (PC-LDA) of acquired RS-spectra could classify malaria and dengue with a minor overlap of 16.7%. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis of test samples showed sensitivity/specificity of 0.9529 for malaria vs healthy controls (HC) and 0.9584 for dengue vs HC. The Raman findings were complemented by mass spectroscopy (MS)-based metabolite analysis of 8 individuals, each from malaria, dengue, and HC. Several of the metabolites, including amino acids, cell-free DNA, creatinine, and bilirubin, assigned for the predominant RS-bands were also identified by MS and showed similar trends. Our data clearly indicates that RS-based serum analysis using a microprobe has immense potential for early, accurate, and automated detection and discrimination of malaria and dengue, and in the future, it could be extrapolated in field-settings combined with hand-held RS. Further, this approach might be extended to diagnose other closely related infections with similar clinical manifestations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandip K Patel
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering , Indian Institute of Technology Bombay , Powai , Mumbai 400076 , India
| | - Nishant Rajora
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering , Indian Institute of Technology Bombay , Powai , Mumbai 400076 , India
| | - Saurabh Kumar
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering , Indian Institute of Technology Bombay , Powai , Mumbai 400076 , India
| | - Aditi Sahu
- Chilakapati Lab, ACTREC , Tata Memorial Center , Kharghar, Navi Mumbai 410210 , India
| | - Sanjay K Kochar
- Department of Medicine, Malaria Research Center , S.P. Medical College , Bikaner 334003 , India
| | - C Murali Krishna
- Chilakapati Lab, ACTREC , Tata Memorial Center , Kharghar, Navi Mumbai 410210 , India
| | - Sanjeeva Srivastava
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering , Indian Institute of Technology Bombay , Powai , Mumbai 400076 , India
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18
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Prediction Model for Antimalarial Activities of Hemozoin Inhibitors by Using Physicochemical Properties. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2018; 62:AAC.02424-17. [PMID: 29439979 DOI: 10.1128/aac.02424-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The rapid spread of strains of malaria parasites that are resistant to several drugs has threatened global malaria control. Hence, the aim of this study was to predict the antimalarial activity of chemical compounds that possess anti-hemozoin-formation activity as a new means of antimalarial drug discovery. After the initial in vitro anti-hemozoin-formation high-throughput screening (HTS) of 9,600 compounds, a total of 224 hit compounds were identified as hemozoin inhibitors. These 224 compounds were tested for in vitro erythrocytic antimalarial activity at 10 μM by using chloroquine-mefloquine-sensitive Plasmodium falciparum strain 3D7A. Two independent experiments were conducted. The physicochemical properties of the active compounds were extracted from the ChemSpider and SciFinder databases. We analyzed the extracted data by using Bayesian model averaging (BMA). Our findings revealed that lower numbers of S atoms; lower distribution coefficient (log D) values at pH 3, 4, and 5; and higher predicted distribution coefficient (ACD log D) values at pH 7.4 had significant associations with antimalarial activity among compounds that possess anti-hemozoin-formation activity. The BMA model revealed an accuracy of 91.23%. We report new prediction models containing physicochemical properties that shed light on effective chemical groups for synthetic antimalarial compounds and help with in silico screening for novel antimalarial drugs.
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19
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Burnett JL, Carns JL, Richards-Kortum R. Towards a needle-free diagnosis of malaria: in vivo identification and classification of red and white blood cells containing haemozoin. Malar J 2017; 16:447. [PMID: 29115957 PMCID: PMC5678583 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-017-2096-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Optical detection of circulating haemozoin has been suggested as a needle free method to diagnose malaria using in vivo microscopy. Haemozoin is generated within infected red blood cells by the malaria parasite, serving as a highly specific, endogenous biomarker of malaria. However, phagocytosis of haemozoin by white blood cells which persist after the infection is resolved presents the potential for false positive diagnosis; therefore, the focus of this work is to identify a feature of the haemozoin signal to discriminate between infected red blood cells and haemozoin-containing white blood cells. Methods Conventional brightfield microscopy of thin film blood smears was used to analyse haemozoin absorbance signal in vitro. Cell type and parasite maturity were morphologically determined using colocalized DAPI staining. The ability of features to discriminate between infected red blood cells and haemozoin-containing white blood cells was evaluated using images of smears from subjects infected with two species of Plasmodium, Plasmodium yoelii and Plasmodium falciparum. Discriminating features identified by blood smear microscopy were characterized in vivo in P. yoelii-infected mice. Results Two features of the haemozoin signal, haemozoin diameter and normalized intensity difference, were identified as potential parameters to differentiate infected red blood cells and haemozoin-containing white blood cells. Classification performance was evaluated using the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve, with area under the curve values of 0.89 for the diameter parameter and 0.85 for the intensity parameter when assessed in P. yoelii samples. Similar results were obtained from P. falciparum blood smears, showing an AUC of 0.93 or greater for both classification features. For in vivo investigations, the intensity-based metric was the best classifier, with an AUC of 0.91. Conclusions This work demonstrates that size and intensity features of haemozoin absorbance signal collected by in vivo microscopy are effective classification metrics to discriminate infected red blood cells from haemozoin-containing white blood cells. This reduces the potential for false positive results associated with optical imaging strategies for in vivo diagnosis of malaria based on the endogenous biomarker haemozoin. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12936-017-2096-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Burnett
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, TX, 77005, USA.
| | - Jennifer L Carns
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
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20
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Dilanian RA, Streltsov V, Coughlan HD, Quiney HM, Martin AV, Klonis N, Dogovski C, Boutet S, Messerschmidt M, Williams GJ, Williams S, Phillips NW, Nugent KA, Tilley L, Abbey B. Nanocrystallography measurements of early stage synthetic malaria pigment. J Appl Crystallogr 2017; 50:1533-1540. [PMID: 29021736 PMCID: PMC5627683 DOI: 10.1107/s1600576717012663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 09/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent availability of extremely intense, femtosecond X-ray free-electron laser (XFEL) sources has spurred the development of serial femtosecond nanocrystallography (SFX). Here, SFX is used to analyze nanoscale crystals of β-hematin, the synthetic form of hemozoin which is a waste by-product of the malaria parasite. This analysis reveals significant differences in β-hematin data collected during SFX and synchrotron crystallography experiments. To interpret these differences two possibilities are considered: structural differences between the nanocrystal and larger crystalline forms of β-hematin, and radiation damage. Simulation studies show that structural inhomogeneity appears at present to provide a better fit to the experimental data. If confirmed, these observations will have implications for designing compounds that inhibit hemozoin formation and suggest that, for some systems at least, additional information may be gained by comparing structures obtained from nanocrystals and macroscopic crystals of the same molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruben A. Dilanian
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, School of Physics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | | | - Hannah D. Coughlan
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Department of Chemistry and Physics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria 3086, Australia
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
- CSIRO Manufacturing Flagship, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Harry M. Quiney
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, School of Physics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Andrew V. Martin
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, School of Physics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Nectarios Klonis
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Con Dogovski
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Sébastien Boutet
- LiNAC Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | | | - Garth J. Williams
- Brookhaven National Laboratory, PO Box 5000, Upton, NY 11973-5000, USA
| | - Sophie Williams
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, School of Physics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Nicholas W. Phillips
- CSIRO, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Department of Chemistry and Physics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria 3086, Australia
| | - Keith A. Nugent
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Department of Chemistry and Physics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria 3086, Australia
| | - Leann Tilley
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Brian Abbey
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Department of Chemistry and Physics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria 3086, Australia
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21
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Visser BJ, de Vries SG, Vingerling R, Gritter M, Kroon D, Aguilar LC, Kraan RBJ, Wieten RW, Danion F, Sjouke B, Adegnika AA, Agnandji ST, Kremsner PG, Hänscheid T, Mens PF, van Vugt M, Grobusch MP. Serum Lipids and Lipoproteins During Uncomplicated Malaria: A Cohort Study in Lambaréné, Gabon. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2017; 96:1205-1214. [PMID: 28500816 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.16-0721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractThe serum lipid profile in malaria patients has been found to differ from that of healthy controls. We investigated serum lipid profile changes in malaria patients over time compared with patients with other febrile diseases. In total, 217 patients were included in the study (111 malaria patients and 106 symptomatic controls, defined as malaria-negative febrile patients). Serum lipid levels (mmol/L) were significantly lower in malaria patients compared with those with other febrile diseases (total cholesterol [TC] = 3.26 [standard deviation = 0.94] versus 3.97 [1.22; P < 0.001]; high-density lipoprotein cholesterol [HDL-C] = 0.43 [0.47] versus 1.05 [0.67; P < 0.001], low-density lipoprotein cholesterol [LDL-C] = 2.05 [0.76] versus 2.42 [0.90; P < 0.001]. Triglycerides (TGs) levels were higher in malaria patients (1.81 [1.02] versus 1.11 [0.82; P < 0.001]). No significant differences were found for apolipoprotein A1, apolipoprotein B, and lipoprotein(a). Cholesterol levels increased toward reference values on day 28 (TC = 3.26-3.98, P < 0.001; HDL-C = 0.43-0.96, P < 0.001; LDL-C = 2.05-2.60, P < 0.001). TG levels decreased from 1.81 on admission to 1.76 (day 3) and 0.88 (day 28; P = 0.130). Lipid profile changes were not correlated with parasitemia or Plasmodium falciparum histidine-rich protein 2 levels. This study confirms characteristic temporary lipid profile changes in malaria. Lipid profile changes demonstrated a good accuracy to discriminate between malaria and other febrile diseases (area under the curve = 0.80 (95% confidence interval = 0.742-0.863, P < 0.001). Several plausible hypotheses exist regarding the pathophysiology of lipid profile changes in malaria. Further studies to elucidate the precise pathways may lead to improved understanding of the underlying pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin J Visser
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Division of Internal Medicine, Center of Tropical Medicine and Travel Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné (CERMEL), Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Lambaréné, Gabon
| | - Sophia G de Vries
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné (CERMEL), Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Lambaréné, Gabon.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Division of Internal Medicine, Center of Tropical Medicine and Travel Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rieke Vingerling
- Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné (CERMEL), Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Lambaréné, Gabon.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Division of Internal Medicine, Center of Tropical Medicine and Travel Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Martin Gritter
- Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné (CERMEL), Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Lambaréné, Gabon.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Division of Internal Medicine, Center of Tropical Medicine and Travel Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Danielle Kroon
- Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné (CERMEL), Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Lambaréné, Gabon.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Division of Internal Medicine, Center of Tropical Medicine and Travel Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lídia Ciudad Aguilar
- Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné (CERMEL), Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Lambaréné, Gabon.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Division of Internal Medicine, Center of Tropical Medicine and Travel Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rik B J Kraan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Division of Internal Medicine, Center of Tropical Medicine and Travel Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rosanne W Wieten
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Division of Internal Medicine, Center of Tropical Medicine and Travel Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - François Danion
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Barbara Sjouke
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Division of Internal Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Akim A Adegnika
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné (CERMEL), Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Lambaréné, Gabon
| | - Selidji T Agnandji
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné (CERMEL), Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Lambaréné, Gabon
| | - Peter G Kremsner
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné (CERMEL), Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Lambaréné, Gabon
| | - Thomas Hänscheid
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular and Department of Microbiology, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Petra F Mens
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Michèle van Vugt
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Division of Internal Medicine, Center of Tropical Medicine and Travel Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Martin P Grobusch
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné (CERMEL), Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Lambaréné, Gabon.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Division of Internal Medicine, Center of Tropical Medicine and Travel Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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22
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High-Throughput Screening and Prediction Model Building for Novel Hemozoin Inhibitors Using Physicochemical Properties. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2017; 61:AAC.01607-16. [PMID: 27919903 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01607-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
It is essential to continue the search for novel antimalarial drugs due to the current spread of resistance against artemisinin by Plasmodium falciparum parasites. In this study, we developed in silico models to predict hemozoin inhibitors as a potential first-step screening for novel antimalarials. An in vitro colorimetric high-throughput screening assay of hemozoin formation was used to identify hemozoin inhibitors from 9,600 structurally diverse compounds. The physicochemical properties of positive hits and randomly selected compounds were extracted from the ChemSpider database; they were used for developing prediction models to predict hemozoin inhibitors using two different approaches, i.e., traditional multivariate logistic regression and Bayesian model averaging. Our results showed that a total of 224 positive-hit compounds exhibited the ability to inhibit hemozoin formation, with 50% inhibitory concentrations (IC50s) ranging from 3.1 μM to 199.5 μM. The best model according to traditional multivariate logistic regression included the three variables octanol-water partition coefficient, number of hydrogen bond donors, and number of atoms of hydrogen, while the best model according to Bayesian model averaging included the three variables octanol-water partition coefficient, number of hydrogen bond donors, and index of refraction. Both models had a good discriminatory power, with area under the curve values of 0.736 and 0.781 for the traditional multivariate model and Bayesian model averaging, respectively. In conclusion, the prediction models can be a new, useful, and cost-effective approach for the first screen of hemozoin inhibition-based antimalarial drug discovery.
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Liu M, Hassana S, Stiles JK. Heme-mediated apoptosis and fusion damage in BeWo trophoblast cells. Sci Rep 2016; 6:36193. [PMID: 27796349 PMCID: PMC5086917 DOI: 10.1038/srep36193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Placental malaria (PM) is a complication associated with malaria infection during pregnancy that often leads to abortion, premature delivery, intrauterine growth restriction and low birth weight. Increased levels of circulating free heme, a by-product of Plasmodium-damaged erythrocytes, is a major contributor to inflammation, tissue damage and loss of blood brain barrier integrity associated with fatal experimental cerebral malaria. However, the role of heme in PM remains unknown. Proliferation and apoptosis of trophoblasts and fusion of the mononucleated state to the syncytial state are of major importance to a successful pregnancy. In the present study, we examined the effects of heme on the viability and fusion of a trophoblast-derived cell line (BeWo). Results indicate that heme induces apoptosis in BeWo cells by activation of the STAT3/caspase-3/PARP signaling pathway. In the presence of forskolin, which triggers trophoblast fusion, heme inhibits BeWo cell fusion through activation of STAT3. Understanding the effects of free plasma heme in pregnant women either due to malaria, sickle cell disease or other hemolytic diseases, will enable identification of high-risk women and may lead to discovery of new drug targets against associated adverse pregnancy outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingli Liu
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Immunology, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30310, United States of America
| | - Salifu Hassana
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Immunology, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30310, United States of America
| | - Jonathan K. Stiles
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Immunology, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30310, United States of America
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Mohapatra S, Ghosh A, Singh R, Singh DP, Sharma B, Samantaray JC, Deb M, Gaind R. Hemozoin Pigment: An Important Tool for Low Parasitemic Malarial Diagnosis. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 2016; 54:393-7. [PMID: 27658589 PMCID: PMC5040090 DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2016.54.4.393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Revised: 06/12/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Low parasitemic condition in malaria remains a diagnostic challenge; as the available diagnostic methods failed to detect. Currently, hemozoin (Hz) pigment is gaining attention in the diagnosis of malaria. The major drawback is ease of detection of Hz in routine practice. A pilot study was conducted to evaluate the role of Hz pigment and to compare the performance of quantitative buffy coat assay (QBC) and PCR in such conditions. Clinically suspected cases of malaria were examined by both Giemsa stain and immunochromatographic test (ICT). Samples positive by ICT and negative by Giemsa stain were further examined by nested PCR targeting 18S rRNA and QBC for the presence of malaria parasites and pigments. Thirty blood samples fulfilled the inclusion criteria out of which 23 were Plasmodium vivax (Pv), 4 Plasmodium falciparum (Pf), and 3 mixed (Pv and Pf) by immunochromatographic test. Twenty-one out of 30 (70%) were positive by nested PCR in comparison to 25/30 (83%) by QBC. Samples containing both malaria parasites and Hz pigment by QBC completely showed concordance with the PCR result. However, 61% of total samples containing only Hz pigment were observed positive by PCR. Hz pigment remains an important tool for malaria diagnosis. Identification of leukocytes containing pigments by QBC not only indicates recent malarial infections but also puts light on severity of the disease. QBC assay is a rapid, highly sensitive, and cost-effective method to detect malaria parasites and Hz pigment especially in low parasitemic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarita Mohapatra
- Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Arnab Ghosh
- Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Ruchi Singh
- National Institute of Pathology, Safdarjung Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Bhawna Sharma
- Department of Microbiology, Vardhaman Mahavir Medical College and Safdarjung Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Manorama Deb
- Department of Microbiology, Vardhaman Mahavir Medical College and Safdarjung Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Rajni Gaind
- Department of Microbiology, Vardhaman Mahavir Medical College and Safdarjung Hospital, New Delhi, India
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van den Bogaart E, Mens PF, Adams ER, Grobusch MP, Schallig HDFH. Phagocytosis of hemozoin by RAW 264.7 cells, but not THP-1 cells, promotes infection by Leishmania donovani with a nitric oxide-independent mechanism. Parasitol Int 2016; 66:196-206. [PMID: 27623326 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2016.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2016] [Revised: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
During its intra-erythrocytic development, the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum synthesizes insoluble hemozoin (HZ) crystals that are released into the circulation upon rupture of parasitized red blood cells, and rapidly phagocytized by host mononuclear cells. Here, HZ persists undigested, causing functional impairment and possibly leading to increased host susceptibility to secondary infections. In patients with malaria and visceral leishmaniasis (VL) co-infections, HZ-loaded macrophages are likely to co-harbor Leishmania donovani parasites, but whether this might influence the course of the Leishmania infection is unknown. In this study, L. donovani amastigote growth was monitored in mouse RAW 264.7 macrophages and PMA-differentiated THP-1 cells previously exposed to increasing amounts of HZ or its synthetic analogue β-hematin (BH). Latex beads were used as a phagocytic control. Data demonstrate that phagocytosis of HZ and BH by RAW 264.7 cells promoted infection therein by L. donovani parasites in a dose-dependent fashion. Similar results were not observed when using THP-1 cells, despite a clear persistence of undigested heme up to 48h after phagocytosis. Conditioning with lipopolysaccharide (LPS)/interferon (IFN)-γ prior to Leishmania infection triggered the release in RAW 264.7 cells of nitric oxide (NO), a highly leishmanicidal metabolite. However, neither HZ nor BH pre-ingestion were able to inhibit NO production following stimulation with LPS/IFN-γ, suggesting that the HZ- and BH-promoting effect on L. donovani infection occurred with an NO-independent mechanism. In conclusion, these preliminary findings highlight a possible detrimental effect of HZ on the course of VL, warranting further investigation into the clinical relevance of the current models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika van den Bogaart
- Parasitology Unit, Department of Biomedical Research, Royal Tropical Institute (KIT), Meibergdreef 39, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Pètra F Mens
- Parasitology Unit, Department of Medical Microbiology, Academic Medical Center, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Center of Tropical Medicine and Travel Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases, Division of Internal Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Emily R Adams
- Department of Parasitology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Pl, Liverpool, Merseyside L3 5QA, United Kingdom
| | - Martin P Grobusch
- Center of Tropical Medicine and Travel Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases, Division of Internal Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Henk D F H Schallig
- Parasitology Unit, Department of Medical Microbiology, Academic Medical Center, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Lee MSJ, Igari Y, Tsukui T, Ishii KJ, Coban C. Current status of synthetic hemozoin adjuvant: A preliminary safety evaluation. Vaccine 2016; 34:2055-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.02.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2015] [Revised: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Towards ultrasensitive malaria diagnosis using surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy. Sci Rep 2016; 6:20177. [PMID: 26858127 PMCID: PMC4746575 DOI: 10.1038/srep20177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
We report two methods of surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) for hemozoin detection in malaria infected human blood. In the first method, silver nanoparticles were synthesized separately and then mixed with lysed blood; while in the second method, silver nanoparticles were synthesized directly inside the parasites of Plasmodium falciparum. It was observed that the first method yields a smaller variation in SERS measurements and stronger correlation between the estimated contribution of hemozoin and the parasitemia level, which is preferred for the quantification of the parasitemia level. In contrast, the second method yields a higher sensitivity to a low parasitemia level thus could be more effective in the early malaria diagnosis to determine whether a given blood sample is positive.
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Hemozoin Detection for Human Malaria Diagnosis Investigated in Rodent Models: How Similar Is Similar? Trends Parasitol 2015; 32:94-96. [PMID: 26704075 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2015.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Revised: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 11/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
New malaria diagnostic methods based on hemozoin (Hz) detection have been reported recently and were investigated in rodent models. These models are likely to produce unduly favorable results compared to the reality of Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Thus, for malaria diagnostics, results from rodent malaria experiments must be interpreted with caution.
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Deroost K, Pham TT, Opdenakker G, Van den Steen PE. The immunological balance between host and parasite in malaria. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2015; 40:208-57. [PMID: 26657789 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuv046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Coevolution of humans and malaria parasites has generated an intricate balance between the immune system of the host and virulence factors of the parasite, equilibrating maximal parasite transmission with limited host damage. Focusing on the blood stage of the disease, we discuss how the balance between anti-parasite immunity versus immunomodulatory and evasion mechanisms of the parasite may result in parasite clearance or chronic infection without major symptoms, whereas imbalances characterized by excessive parasite growth, exaggerated immune reactions or a combination of both cause severe pathology and death, which is detrimental for both parasite and host. A thorough understanding of the immunological balance of malaria and its relation to other physiological balances in the body is of crucial importance for developing effective interventions to reduce malaria-related morbidity and to diminish fatal outcomes due to severe complications. Therefore, we discuss in this review the detailed mechanisms of anti-malarial immunity, parasite virulence factors including immune evasion mechanisms and pathogenesis. Furthermore, we propose a comprehensive classification of malaria complications according to the different types of imbalances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrien Deroost
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium The Francis Crick Institute, Mill Hill Laboratory, London, NW71AA, UK
| | - Thao-Thy Pham
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ghislain Opdenakker
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Philippe E Van den Steen
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
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Hobro AJ, Pavillon N, Fujita K, Ozkan M, Coban C, Smith NI. Label-free Raman imaging of the macrophage response to the malaria pigment hemozoin. Analyst 2015; 140:2350-9. [PMID: 25646175 DOI: 10.1039/c4an01850h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Hemozoin, the 'malaria pigment', is engulfed by phagocytic cells, such as macrophages, during malaria infection. This biocrystalline substance is difficult to degrade and often accumulates in phagocytes. The macrophage response to hemozoin relates to the severity of the disease and the potential for malaria-related disease complications. In this study we have used Raman spectroscopy as a label-free method to investigate the biochemical changes occurring in macrophages during the first few hours of hemozoin uptake. We found a number of distinct spectral groups, spectrally or spatially related to the presence of the hemozoin inside the cell. Intracellular hemozoin was spectrally identical to extracellular hemozoin, regardless of the location in the cell. A small proportion of hemozoin was found to be associated with lipid-based components, consistent with the uptake of hemozoin into vesicles such as phagosomes and lysosomes. The spatial distribution of the hemozoin was observed to be inhomogeneous, and its presence largely excluded that of proteins and lipids, demonstrating that cells were not able to break down the biocrystals on the time scales studied here. These results show that Raman imaging can be used to answer some of the open questions regarding the role of hemozoin in the immune response. How different combinations of hemozoin and other molecules are treated by macrophages, whether hemozoin can be broken down by the cell, and more importantly, which co-factors or products are involved in the subsequent cell reaction are the expected issues to be elucidated by this technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison J Hobro
- Biophotonics Laboratory, Immunology Frontier Research Center (IFReC), Osaka University, 3-1 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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Burnett JL, Carns JL, Richards-Kortum R. In vivo microscopy of hemozoin: towards a needle free diagnostic for malaria. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2015; 6:3462-74. [PMID: 26417515 PMCID: PMC4574671 DOI: 10.1364/boe.6.003462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Revised: 08/01/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Clinical diagnosis of malaria suffers from poor specificity leading to overtreatment with antimalarial medications. Alternatives, like blood smear microscopy or antigen-based tests, require a blood sample. We investigate in vivo microscopy as a needle-free malaria diagnostic. Two optical signatures, birefringence and absorbance, of the endogenous malaria by-product hemozoin were evaluated as in vivo optical biomarkers. Hemozoin birefringence was difficult to detect in highly scattering tissue; however, hemozoin absorbance was observed in increasingly complex biological environments and detectable over a clinically-relevant range of parasitemia in vivo in a P. yoelii-infected mouse model of malaria.
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32
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Ali ME, Oppeneer PM. Unraveling the Electronic Structure, Spin States, Optical and Vibrational Spectra of Malaria Pigment. Chemistry 2015; 21:8544-53. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201406208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Zamboni DS, Lima-Junior DS. Inflammasomes in host response to protozoan parasites. Immunol Rev 2015; 265:156-71. [DOI: 10.1111/imr.12291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dario S. Zamboni
- Department of Cell Biology; School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto; University of São Paulo; Ribeirão Preto Brazil
| | - Djalma S. Lima-Junior
- Department of Cell Biology; School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto; University of São Paulo; Ribeirão Preto Brazil
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Rebelo M, Tempera C, Bispo C, Andrade C, Gardner R, Shapiro HM, Hänscheid T. Light depolarization measurements in malaria: A new job for an old friend. Cytometry A 2015; 87:437-45. [PMID: 25808846 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.22659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2014] [Revised: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 02/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The use of flow cytometry in malaria research has increased over the last decade. Most approaches use nucleic acid stains to detect parasite DNA and RNA and require complex multi-color, multi-parameter analysis to reliably detect infected red blood cells (iRBCs). We recently described a novel and simpler approach to parasite detection based on flow cytometric measurement of scattered light depolarization caused by hemozoin (Hz), a pigment formed by parasite digestion of hemoglobin in iRBCs. Depolarization measurement by flow cytometry was described in 1987; however, patent issues restricted its use to a single manufacturer's hematology analyzers until 2009. Although we recently demonstrated that depolarization measurement of Hz, easily implemented on a bench top flow cytometer (Cyflow), provided useful information for malaria work, doubts regarding its application and utility remain in both the flow cytometry and malaria communities, at least in part because instrument manufacturers do not offer the option of measuring depolarized scatter. Under such circumstances, providing other researchers with guidance as to how to do this seemed to offer the most expeditious way to resolve the issue. We accordingly examined how several commercially available flow cytometers (CyFlow SL, MoFLo, Attune and Accuri C6) could be modified to detect depolarization due to the presence of free Hz on solution, or of Hz in leukocytes or erythrocytes from rodent or human blood. All were readily adapted, with substantially equivalent results obtained with lasers emitting over a wide wavelength range. Other instruments now available may also be modifiable for Hz measurement. Cytometric detection of Hz using depolarization is useful to study different aspects of malaria. Adding additional parameters, such as DNA content and base composition and RNA content, can demonstrably provide improved accuracy and sensitivity of parasite detection and characterization, allowing malaria researchers and eventually clinicians to benefit from cytometric technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Rebelo
- Molecular Microbiology and Infection Unit, Instituto De Medicina Molecular, Faculdade De Medicina, Lisbon, Portugal
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35
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Gómez-Pérez GP, van Bruggen R, Grobusch MP, Dobaño C. Plasmodium falciparum malaria and invasive bacterial co-infection in young African children: the dysfunctional spleen hypothesis. Malar J 2014; 13:335. [PMID: 25158979 PMCID: PMC4161853 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2875-13-335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2014] [Accepted: 08/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Children with recent or acute malaria episodes are at increased risk of invasive bacterial infections (IBI). However, the exact nature of the malaria-IBI association is still unclear. Young children have an age-related spleen immunologic immaturity, mainly due to the still ongoing development of the marginal zone (MZ) B cell subset. By mounting a rapid antibody response against encapsulated bacteria, these cells are critical for the defence against highly pathogenic microorganisms that do not elicit classical T cell-dependent responses. There is increasing evidence that the anatomy of the spleen becomes disorganized during malaria infection, with complete dissolution of the MZ and apoptosis of MZ B cells. Correspondingly, a reduction in the frequency of the peripheral equivalent of the MZ B cells has been found in malaria endemic areas. A remarkable similarity exists in IBI susceptibility between African children with malaria and hyposplenic or splenectomized patients. However, studies specifically assessing the immune function of the spleen in controlling bacterial infections in young children with malaria are scarce. Here, it is hypothesized that Plasmodium falciparum malaria infection constitutes a detrimental factor in the still immature spleen function of young children, resulting in a factually hyposplenic state during malaria episodes, putting children with malaria at a high risk to develop life-threatening bacterial infections. Studies to confirm or reject this hypothesis are greatly needed, as well as the development of affordable and feasible tools to assess the immune spleen function against encapsulated bacteria in children with malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gloria P Gómez-Pérez
- Barcelona Centre for International Health Research (CRESIB, Hospital Clínic-Universitat de Barcelona), Barcelona 08036, Spain.
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Shapiro HM, Apte SH, Chojnowski GM, Hänscheid T, Rebelo M, Grimberg BT. Cytometry in malaria--a practical replacement for microscopy? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; Chapter 11:11.20.1-11.20.23. [PMID: 23835802 DOI: 10.1002/0471142956.cy1120s65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Malaria, caused by protozoan Plasmodium parasites, kills ~800,000 people each year. Exact figures are uncertain because presumptive diagnoses are often made without identifying parasites in patients' blood either by microscopy, using Giemsa's century-old stain, or by simpler tests that are ultimately dependent on microscopy for quality control. Microscopy itself relies on trained observers' ability to detect subtle morphological features of parasitized red blood cells, only a few of which may be present on a slide. Quantitative and objective flow cytometric measurements of cellular constituents such as DNA, RNA, and the malaria pigment hemozoin are now useful in research in malaria biology and pharmacology, and can provide more reliable identification of parasite species and developmental stages and better detection of low-density parasitemia than could microscopy. The same measurements can now be implemented in much smaller, simpler, cheaper imaging cytometers, potentially providing a more accurate and precise diagnostic modality.
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Tyberghein A, Deroost K, Schwarzer E, Arese P, Van den Steen PE. Immunopathological effects of malaria pigment or hemozoin and other crystals. Biofactors 2014; 40:59-78. [PMID: 23907956 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2013] [Revised: 05/01/2013] [Accepted: 05/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Blood-stage malaria parasites produce insoluble hemozoin (Hz) crystals that are released in the blood circulation upon schizont rupture. In general, endogenous crystal formation or inhalation of crystalline materials is often associated with pathology. As the immune system responds differently to crystalline particles than to soluble molecules, in this review, the properties, immunological recognition, and pathogenic responses of Hz are discussed, and compared with two other major pathogenic crystals, monosodium urate (MSU) and asbestos. Because of the size and shape of MSU crystals and asbestos fibers, phagolysosomal formation is inefficient and often results in leakage of lysosomal content in the cell cytoplasm and/or in the extracellular environment with subsequent cell damage and cell death. Phagolysosomal formation after Hz ingestion is normal, but Hz remains stored inside these cells for months or even longer without any detectable degradation. Nonetheless, the different types of crystals are recognized by similar immune receptors, involving Toll-like receptors, the inflammasome, antibodies, and/or complement factors, and through similar signaling cascades, they activate both proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory immune responses that contribute to inflammation-associated pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariane Tyberghein
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Visser BJ, Wieten RW, Nagel IM, Grobusch MP. Serum lipids and lipoproteins in malaria--a systematic review and meta-analysis. Malar J 2013; 12:442. [PMID: 24314058 PMCID: PMC4029227 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2875-12-442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2013] [Accepted: 12/04/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Serum lipid profile changes have been observed during malaria infection. The underlying biological mechanisms remain unclear. The aim of this paper is to provide an overview on those serum lipid profile changes, and to discuss possible underlying biological mechanisms and the role of lipids in malaria pathogenesis. METHODS A systematic review and meta-analysis to determine lipid profile changes during malaria was conducted, following PRISMA guidelines. Without language restrictions, Medline/PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Web of Science, LILACS, Biosis Previews and the African Index Medicus were searched for studies published up to 11 July, 2013, that measured serum lipid parameters in malaria patients. Also, major trial registries were searched. Mean differences in lipid profile parameters were combined in fixed and random effects meta-analysis, with a separate analysis for different groups of controls (healthy, other febrile illnesses or very low parasitaemia). These parameters were also compared between severe malaria and uncomplicated malaria. Funnel plots were used to test for publication bias. RESULTS Of 2,518 studies reviewed, 42 met the criteria for inclusion in the qualitative analysis, and of these, 15 reported the necessary data for inclusion in the meta-analysis for cholesterol; nine for high-density lipoprotein (HDL), eight for low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and nine for triglycerides, respectively. Total cholesterol, HDL and LDL concentrations were lower in malaria and other febrile diseases compared to healthy controls. The decline was more pronounced and statistically significant during malaria compared to other febrile diseases. These results were consistent across included studies. Triglycerides were raised compared to healthy controls, but not statistically significant when compared to symptomatic controls. CONCLUSIONS This meta-analysis suggests that the observed lipid profile changes are characteristic for malaria. Although a definite link with the pathogenesis of malaria cannot yet be demonstrated, plausible hypotheses of biological mechanisms involving host lipid alterations and the pathogenesis of malaria exist. An increased research effort to elucidate the precise pathways is warranted, since this could lead to better understanding of malaria pathophysiology and consequently to novel treatment approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Martin P Grobusch
- Centre of Tropical Medicine and Travel Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, PO Box 226601100 DD, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Abstract
Iron is an essential nutrient for both humans and pathogenic microbes. Because of its ability to exist in one of two oxidation states, iron is an ideal redox catalyst for diverse cellular processes including respiration and DNA replication. However, the redox potential of iron also contributes to its toxicity; thus, iron concentration and distribution must be carefully controlled. Given the absolute requirement for iron by virtually all human pathogens, an important facet of the innate immune system is to limit iron availability to invading microbes in a process termed nutritional immunity. Successful human pathogens must therefore possess mechanisms to circumvent nutritional immunity in order to cause disease. In this review, we discuss regulation of iron metabolism in the setting of infection and delineate strategies used by human pathogens to overcome iron-withholding defenses.
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Affiliation(s)
- James E Cassat
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37237, USA
| | - Eric P Skaar
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, & Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
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In vitro antimalarial activity, β-haematin inhibition and structure–activity relationships in a series of quinoline triazoles. Eur J Med Chem 2013; 69:338-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2013.08.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2013] [Revised: 08/19/2013] [Accepted: 08/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Boura M, Frita R, Góis A, Carvalho T, Hänscheid T. The hemozoin conundrum: is malaria pigment immune-activating, inhibiting, or simply a bystander? Trends Parasitol 2013; 29:469-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2013.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2013] [Revised: 07/09/2013] [Accepted: 07/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Malaria pigment crystals as magnetic micro-rotors: key for high-sensitivity diagnosis. Sci Rep 2013; 3:1431. [PMID: 23478535 PMCID: PMC3594758 DOI: 10.1038/srep01431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2012] [Accepted: 02/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The need to develop new methods for the high-sensitivity diagnosis of malaria has initiated a global activity in medical and interdisciplinary sciences. Most of the diverse variety of emerging techniques are based on research-grade instruments, sophisticated reagent-based assays or rely on expertise. Here, we suggest an alternative optical methodology with an easy-to-use and cost-effective instrumentation based on unique properties of malaria pigment reported previously and determined quantitatively in the present study. Malaria pigment, also called hemozoin, is an insoluble microcrystalline form of heme. These crystallites show remarkable magnetic and optical anisotropy distinctly from any other components of blood. As a consequence, they can simultaneously act as magnetically driven micro-rotors and spinning polarizers in suspensions. These properties can gain importance not only in malaria diagnosis and therapies, where hemozoin is considered as drug target or immune modulator, but also in the magnetic manipulation of cells and tissues on the microscopic scale.
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Deroost K, Tyberghein A, Lays N, Noppen S, Schwarzer E, Vanstreels E, Komuta M, Prato M, Lin JW, Pamplona A, Janse CJ, Arese P, Roskams T, Daelemans D, Opdenakker G, Van den Steen PE. Hemozoin Induces Lung Inflammation and Correlates with Malaria-Associated Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2013; 48:589-600. [DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2012-0450oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Rebelo M, Sousa C, Shapiro HM, Mota MM, Grobusch MP, Hänscheid T. A novel flow cytometric hemozoin detection assay for real-time sensitivity testing of Plasmodium falciparum. PLoS One 2013; 8:e61606. [PMID: 23637865 PMCID: PMC3634823 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0061606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2012] [Accepted: 03/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Resistance of Plasmodium falciparum to almost all antimalarial drugs, including the first-line treatment with artemisinins, has been described, representing an obvious threat to malaria control. In vitro antimalarial sensitivity testing is crucial to detect and monitor drug resistance. Current assays have been successfully used to detect drug effects on parasites. However, they have some limitations, such as the use of radioactive or expensive reagents or long incubation times. Here we describe a novel assay to detect antimalarial drug effects, based on flow cytometric detection of hemozoin (Hz), which is rapid and does not require any additional reagents. Hz is an optimal parasite maturation indicator since its amount increases as the parasite matures. Due to its physical property of birefringence, Hz depolarizes light, hence it can be detected using optical methods such as flow cytometry. A common flow cytometer was adapted to detect light depolarization caused by Hz. Synchronized in vitro cultures of P. falciparum were incubated for 48 hours with several antimalarial drugs. Analysis of depolarizing events, corresponding to parasitized red blood cells containing Hz, allowed the detection of parasite maturation. Moreover, chloroquine resistance and the inhibitory effect of all antimalarial drugs tested, except for pyrimethamine, could be determined as early as 18 to 24 hours of incubation. At 24 hours incubation, 50% inhibitory concentrations (IC50) were comparable to previously reported values. These results indicate that the reagent-free, real-time Hz detection assay could become a novel assay for the detection of drug effects on Plasmodium falciparum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Rebelo
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné - CERMEL, Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Lambaréné, Gabon
| | - Claudia Sousa
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Howard M. Shapiro
- The Center for Microbial Cytometry, West Newton, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Maria M. Mota
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Martin P. Grobusch
- Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné - CERMEL, Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Lambaréné, Gabon
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Centre for Tropical and Travel Medicine, Amsterdam Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Thomas Hänscheid
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné - CERMEL, Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Lambaréné, Gabon
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van Santen S, de Mast Q, Swinkels DW, van der Ven AJAM. The iron link between malaria and invasive non-typhoid Salmonella infections. Trends Parasitol 2013; 29:220-7. [PMID: 23601932 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2013.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2013] [Revised: 03/11/2013] [Accepted: 03/12/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies have demonstrated an association between malaria and invasive non-typhoid Salmonella (NTS) infections, especially in children. We explore the role of iron as a possible cofactor in this association. Malarial disease, among others, is associated with enhanced erythrophagocytosis and inflammation, which increases the iron content of macrophages and thereby also the survival of Salmonella spp. within macrophages. Whether iron supplementation programs augment the risk of invasive NTS infections in malaria-endemic regions is an important global health issue that still needs to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne van Santen
- Department of General Internal Medicine, Nijmegen Institute for International Health (456), Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 8, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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da Silva GNS, Maria NRG, Schuck DC, Cruz LN, de Moraes MS, Nakabashi M, Graebin C, Gosmann G, Garcia CRS, Gnoatto SCB. Two series of new semisynthetic triterpene derivatives: differences in anti-malarial activity, cytotoxicity and mechanism of action. Malar J 2013; 12:89. [PMID: 23497003 PMCID: PMC3616855 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2875-12-89] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2012] [Accepted: 03/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The discovery and development of anti-malarial compounds of plant origin and semisynthetic derivatives thereof, such as quinine (QN) and chloroquine (CQ), has highlighted the importance of these compounds in the treatment of malaria. Ursolic acid analogues bearing an acetyl group at C-3 have demonstrated significant anti-malarial activity. With this in mind, two new series of betulinic acid (BA) and ursolic acid (UA) derivatives with ester groups at C-3 were synthesized in an attempt to improve anti-malarial activity, reduce cytotoxicity, and search for new targets. In vitro activity against CQ-sensitive Plasmodium falciparum 3D7 and an evaluation of cytotoxicity in a mammalian cell line (HEK293T) are reported. Furthermore, two possible mechanisms of action of anti-malarial compounds have been evaluated: effects on mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) and inhibition of β-haematin formation. RESULTS Among the 18 derivatives synthesized, those having shorter side chains were most effective against CQ-sensitive P. falciparum 3D7, and were non-cytotoxic. These derivatives were three to five times more active than BA and UA. A DiOC(6)(3) ΔΨm assay showed that mitochondria are not involved in their mechanism of action. Inhibition of β-haematin formation by the active derivatives was weaker than with CQ. Compounds of the BA series were generally more active against P. falciparum 3D7 than those of the UA series. CONCLUSIONS Three new anti-malarial prototypes were obtained from natural sources through an easy and relatively inexpensive synthesis. They represent an alternative for new lead compounds for anti-malarial chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gloria NS da Silva
- Phytochemistry and Organic Synthesis Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, 90610-000, Brazil
- Plasmodium Molecular and Cellular Biology Laboratory, Department of Physiology, São Paulo University, São Paulo, 05508-900, Brazil
| | - Nicole RG Maria
- Phytochemistry and Organic Synthesis Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, 90610-000, Brazil
| | - Desirée C Schuck
- Plasmodium Molecular and Cellular Biology Laboratory, Department of Physiology, São Paulo University, São Paulo, 05508-900, Brazil
| | - Laura N Cruz
- Plasmodium Molecular and Cellular Biology Laboratory, Department of Physiology, São Paulo University, São Paulo, 05508-900, Brazil
| | - Miriam S de Moraes
- Plasmodium Molecular and Cellular Biology Laboratory, Department of Physiology, São Paulo University, São Paulo, 05508-900, Brazil
| | - Myna Nakabashi
- Plasmodium Molecular and Cellular Biology Laboratory, Department of Physiology, São Paulo University, São Paulo, 05508-900, Brazil
| | - Cedric Graebin
- Department of Chemistry, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, Seropedica, 23897/000, Brazil
| | - Grace Gosmann
- Phytochemistry and Organic Synthesis Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, 90610-000, Brazil
| | - Célia RS Garcia
- Plasmodium Molecular and Cellular Biology Laboratory, Department of Physiology, São Paulo University, São Paulo, 05508-900, Brazil
| | - Simone CB Gnoatto
- Phytochemistry and Organic Synthesis Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, 90610-000, Brazil
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Kim W, Ozdemir SK, Zhu J, Faraz M, Coban C, Yang L. Detection and size measurement of individual hemozoin nanocrystals in aquatic environment using a whispering gallery mode resonator. OPTICS EXPRESS 2012; 20:29426-29446. [PMID: 23388770 DOI: 10.1364/oe.20.029426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
We, for the first time, report the detection and the size measurement of single nanoparticles (i.e. polystyrene) in aquatic environment using mode splitting in a whispering gallery mode (WGM) optical resonator, namely a microtoroid resonator. Using this method we achieved detecting and measuring individual synthetic hemozoin nanocrystals--a hemoglobin degradation by-product of malarial parasites--dispersed in a solution or in air. The results of size measurement in solution and in air agree with each other and with those obtained using scanning electron microscope and dynamic light scattering. Moreover, we compare the sensing capabilities of the degenerate (single resonance) and non-degenerate (split mode, doublet) operation regimes of the WGM resonator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woosung Kim
- Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA.
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Willmann M, Ahmed A, Siner A, Wong IT, Woon LC, Singh B, Krishna S, Cox-Singh J. Laboratory markers of disease severity in Plasmodium knowlesi infection: a case control study. Malar J 2012; 11:363. [PMID: 23110615 PMCID: PMC3533741 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2875-11-363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2012] [Accepted: 10/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Plasmodium knowlesi malaria causes severe disease in up to 10% of cases in Malaysian Borneo and has a mortality rate of 1 - 2%. However, laboratory markers with the ability to identify patients at risk of developing complications have not yet been assessed as they have for other species of Plasmodium. Methods A case control study was undertaken in two hospitals in Sarikei and Sibu, Malaysian Borneo. One hundred and ten patients with uncomplicated (n = 93) and severe (n = 17) P. knowlesi malaria were studied. Standardized pigment-containing neutrophil (PCN) count, parasite density and platelet counts were determined and analysed by logistic regression and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis. Results The PCN count was strongly associated with risk of disease severity. Patients with high parasite density (≥ 35,000/μl) or with thrombocytopaenia (≤ 45,000/μl) were also more likely to develop complications (odds ratio (OR) = 9.93 and OR = 5.27, respectively). The PCN count yielded the highest area under the ROC curve (AUC) estimate among all markers of severity (AUC = 0.8561, 95% confidence interval: 0.7328, 0.9794). However, the difference between all parameter AUC estimates was not statistically significant (Wald test, p = 0.73). Conclusion Counting PCN is labour-intensive and not superior in predicting severity over parasitaemia and platelet counts. Parasite and platelet counts are simpler tests with an acceptable degree of precision. Any adult patient diagnosed with P. knowlesi malaria and having a parasite count ≥35,000/μl or ≥1% or a platelet count ≤45,000/μl can be regarded at risk of developing complications and should be managed according to current WHO guidelines for the treatment of severe malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Willmann
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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Cunnington AJ, Njie M, Correa S, Takem EN, Riley EM, Walther M. Prolonged neutrophil dysfunction after Plasmodium falciparum malaria is related to hemolysis and heme oxygenase-1 induction. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 189:5336-46. [PMID: 23100518 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1201028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
It is not known why people are more susceptible to bacterial infections such as nontyphoid Salmonella during and after a malaria infection, but in mice, malarial hemolysis impairs resistance to nontyphoid Salmonella by impairing the neutrophil oxidative burst. This acquired neutrophil dysfunction is a consequence of induction of the cytoprotective, heme-degrading enzyme heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) in neutrophil progenitors in bone marrow. In this study, we assessed whether neutrophil dysfunction occurs in humans with malaria and how this relates to hemolysis. We evaluated neutrophil function in 58 Gambian children with Plasmodium falciparum malaria [55 (95%) with uncomplicated disease] and examined associations with erythrocyte count, haptoglobin, hemopexin, plasma heme, expression of receptors for heme uptake, and HO-1 induction. Malaria caused the appearance of a dominant population of neutrophils with reduced oxidative burst activity, which gradually normalized over 8 wk of follow-up. The degree of neutrophil impairment correlated significantly with markers of hemolysis and HO-1 induction. HO-1 expression was increased in blood during acute malaria, but at a cellular level HO-1 expression was modulated by changes in surface expression of the haptoglobin receptor (CD163). These findings demonstrate that neutrophil dysfunction occurs in P. falciparum malaria and support the relevance of the mechanistic studies in mice. Furthermore, they suggest the presence of a regulatory pathway to limit HO-1 induction by hemolysis in the context of infection and indicate new targets for therapeutic intervention to abrogate the susceptibility to bacterial infection in the context of hemolysis in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aubrey J Cunnington
- Department of Immunology and Infection, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom.
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Ambele MA, Egan TJ. Neutral lipids associated with haemozoin mediate efficient and rapid β-haematin formation at physiological pH, temperature and ionic composition. Malar J 2012; 11:337. [PMID: 23043460 PMCID: PMC3479076 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2875-11-337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2012] [Accepted: 10/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The malaria parasite disposes of host-derived ferrihaem (iron(III)protoporphyrin IX, Fe(III)PPIX) by conversion to crystalline haemozoin in close association with neutral lipids. Lipids mediate synthetic haemozoin (β-haematin) formation very efficiently. However, the effect on reaction rates of concentrations of lipid, Fe(III)PPIX and physiologically relevant ions and biomolecules are unknown. Methods Lipid emulsions containing Fe(III)PPIX were prepared in aqueous medium (pH 4.8, 37°C) to mediate β-haematin formation. The reaction was quenched at various times and free Fe(III)PPIX measured colorimetrically as a pyridine complex and the kinetics and yields analysed. Products were also characterized by FTIR, TEM and electron diffraction. Autofluorescence was also used to monitor β-haematin formation by confocal microscopy. Results At fixed Fe(III)PPIX concentration, β-haematin yields remained constant with decreasing lipid concentration until a cut-off ratio was reached whereupon efficiency decreased dramatically. For the haemozoin-associated neutral lipid blend (NLB) and monopalmitoylglycerol (MPG), this occurred below a lipid/Fe(III)PPIX (L/H) ratio of 0.54. Rate constants were found to increase with L/H ratio above the cut-off. At 16 μM MPG, Fe(III)PPIX concentration could be raised until the L/H ratio reached the same ratio before a sudden decline in yield was observed. MPG-mediated β-haematin formation was relatively insensitive to biologically relevant cations (Na+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+), or anions (H2PO4−, HCO3−, ATP, 2,3-diphosphoglycerate, glutathione). Confocal microscopy demonstrated β-haematin formation occurs in association with the lipid particles. Conclusions Kinetics of β-haematin formation have shown that haemozoin-associated neutral lipids alone are capable of mediating β-haematin formation at adequate rates under physiologically realistic conditions of ion concentrations to account for haemozoin formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melvin A Ambele
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Private Bag, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
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