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Basalamah F, Dilogo IH, Raharjo SB, Mansyur M, Siregar NC, Ibrahim N, Setianto BY, Yuniadi Y. TBX3 transfection and nodal signal pathway inhibition promote differentiation of adipose mesenchymal stem cell to cardiac pacemaker-like cells. Stem Cell Res Ther 2024; 15:148. [PMID: 38778426 PMCID: PMC11112768 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-024-03760-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are known as one of the best candidate cells to produce cardiac pacemaker-like cells (CPLCs). Upregulation of TBX3 transcription factor and inhibition of the nodal signal pathway have a significant role in the formation of cardiac pacemaker cells such as sinoatrial and atrioventricular nodes, which initiate the heartbeat and control the rhythm of heart contractions. This study aimed to confirm the effects of transfection of TBX3 transcription factor and inhibition of the nodal signal pathway on differentiating adipose-derived MSCs (AD-MSCs) to CPLCs. AD-MSCs were characterized using flow cytometry and three-lineage differentiation staining. METHODS The transfection of TBX3 plasmid was carried out using lipofectamine, and inhibition of the nodal signal pathway was done using the small-molecule SB431542. The morphology of the cells was observed using a light microscope. Pacemaker-specific markers, including TBX3, Cx30, HCN4, HCN1, HCN3, and KCNN4, were evaluated using the qRT-PCR method. For protein level, TBX3 and Cx30 were evaluated using ELISA and immunofluorescence staining. The electrophysiology of cells was evaluated using a patch clamp. RESULTS The TBX3 expression in the TBX3, SM, and TBX + SM groups significantly higher (p < 0.05) compared to the control group and cardiomyocytes. The expression of Cx40 and Cx43 genes were lower in TBX3, SM, TBX + SM groups. In contrast, Cx30 gene showed higher expression in TBX3 group. The expression HCN1, HCN3, and HCN4 genes are higher in TBX3 group. CONCLUSION The transfection of TBX3 and inhibition of the nodal signal pathway by small-molecule SB431542 enhanced differentiation of AD-MSCs to CPLCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faris Basalamah
- Doctoral Program in Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, 10430, Indonesia
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, University Muhammadiyah Jakarta, Banten, 15419, Indonesia
| | - Ismail Hadisoebroto Dilogo
- Department of Orthopedic and Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia-Dr Cipto Mangunkusumo National General Hospital, Jakarta, 10430, Indonesia
- Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering Research Cluster, Indonesia Medical Education and Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, 10430, Indonesia
- Stem Cell Medical Technology Integrated Service Unit, Dr Cipto Mangunkusumo National General Hospital, Jakarta, 10430, Indonesia
| | - Sunu Budhi Raharjo
- Department of Cardiology and Vascular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia-National Heart Center Harapan Kita, Jakarta, 10430, Indonesia
| | - Muchtaruddin Mansyur
- Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, 10430, Indonesia
| | - Nuryati Chairani Siregar
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, 10430, Indonesia
| | - Nurhadi Ibrahim
- Department of Medical Physiology and Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, 10430, Indonesia
- Neuroscience and Brain Development Research Cluster, Indonesian Medical Education and Researsch Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, 10430, Indonesia
| | - Budi Yuli Setianto
- Department of Cardiology and Vascular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Nursing, Universitas Gajah Mada, Yogyakarta, 55281, Indonesia
| | - Yoga Yuniadi
- Department of Cardiology and Vascular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia-National Heart Center Harapan Kita, Jakarta, 10430, Indonesia.
- Department of Cardiology and Vascular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia-RS Jantung Dan Pembuluh Darah Harapan Kita, Jakarta, 10420, Indonesia.
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Jain A, Jain R, Jain SK. Assessment of Lactobacillus rhamnosus mediated protection against arsenic-induced toxicity in zebrafish: a qPCR-based analysis of Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes groups and embryonic development. Arch Microbiol 2023; 205:316. [PMID: 37608161 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-023-03647-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2023] [Revised: 07/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
Arsenic poses a significant health risk worldwide, impacting the gut microbiota, reproductive health, and development. To address this issue, a cost-effective method like probiotic supplementation could be beneficial. However, the interplay between arsenic toxicity, probiotics, gut microbiota, and maternal transcript modulation remains unexplored. This study investigates the impact of Lactobacillus rhamnosus (L. rhamnosus) DSM 20021 on the proportions of Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes, as well as its effects on embryonic development in zebrafish induced by arsenic trioxide (As2O3). Adult zebrafish were exposed to both high and environmentally relevant concentrations of As2O3 (10, 50, and 500 ppb) for 1, 6, and 12 weeks. qPCR analysis revealed increased proportions of Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes in all As2O3-exposed and As2O3 + L. rhamnosus-exposed groups, while no significant changes were observed in groups exposed only to L. rhamnosus DSM 20021. The larvae, exposed to 500 ppb of As2O3 for 12 weeks, exhibited low growth, decreased survival rates, and morphological deformities. However, these adverse effects were reversed upon exposure to only L. rhamnosus DSM 20021. Furthermore, the expression of DVR1 and ABCC5, which are involved in defense against xenobiotics and embryo development, decreased significantly in As2O3 (500 ppb) and As2O3 (500 ppb) + L. rhamnosus-exposed groups, whereas ameliorative effects were observed in only L. rhamnosus DSM 20021-exposed groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Jain
- Department of Biotechnology, Dr. Harisingh Gour University, Sagar, 470003, M.P., India
| | - Roshni Jain
- Department of Biotechnology, Dr. Harisingh Gour University, Sagar, 470003, M.P., India
| | - Subodh Kumar Jain
- Department of Zoology, Dr. Harisingh Gour University, Sagar, 470003, M.P., India.
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3
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Concha ML, Reig G. Origin, form and function of extraembryonic structures in teleost fishes. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2022; 377:20210264. [PMID: 36252221 PMCID: PMC9574637 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2021.0264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Teleost eggs have evolved a highly derived early developmental pattern within vertebrates as a result of the meroblastic cleavage pattern, giving rise to a polar stratified architecture containing a large acellular yolk and a small cellular blastoderm on top. Besides the acellular yolk, the teleost-specific yolk syncytial layer (YSL) and the superficial epithelial enveloping layer are recognized as extraembryonic structures that play critical roles throughout embryonic development. They provide enriched microenvironments in which molecular feedback loops, cellular interactions and mechanical signals emerge to sculpt, among other things, embryonic patterning along the dorsoventral and left-right axes, mesendodermal specification and the execution of morphogenetic movements in the early embryo and during organogenesis. An emerging concept points to a critical role of extraembryonic structures in reinforcing early genetic and morphogenetic programmes in reciprocal coordination with the embryonic blastoderm, providing the necessary boundary conditions for development to proceed. In addition, the role of the enveloping cell layer in providing mechanical, osmotic and immunological protection during early stages of development, and the autonomous nutritional support provided by the yolk and YSL, have probably been key aspects that have enabled the massive radiation of teleosts to colonize every ecological niche on the Earth. This article is part of the theme issue 'Extraembryonic tissues: exploring concepts, definitions and functions across the animal kingdom'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel L. Concha
- Integrative Biology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBM), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile
- Biomedical Neuroscience Institute (BNI), Santiago 8380453, Chile
- Center for Geroscience, Brain Health and Metabolism (GERO), Santiago 7800003, Chile
| | - Germán Reig
- Escuela de Tecnología Médica y del Centro Integrativo de Biología y Química Aplicada (CIBQA), Universidad Bernardo O’Higgins, Santiago 7800003, Chile
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4
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Zhou JJ, Pham PD, Han H, Wang W, Cho KWY. Foxh1 engages in chromatin regulation revealed by protein interactome analyses. Dev Growth Differ 2022; 64:297-305. [PMID: 35848281 PMCID: PMC9474667 DOI: 10.1111/dgd.12799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Early embryonic cell fates are specified through coordinated integration of transcription factor activities and epigenetic states of the genome. Foxh1 is a key maternal transcription factor controlling the mesendodermal gene regulatory program. Proteomic interactome analyses using FOXH1 as a bait in mouse embryonic stem cells revealed that FOXH1 interacts with PRC2 subunits and HDAC1. Foxh1 physically interacts with Hdac1, and confers transcriptional repression of mesendodermal genes in Xenopus ectoderm. Our findings reveal a central role of Foxh1 in coordinating the chromatin states of the Xenopus embryonic genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeff Jiajing Zhou
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Paula Duyen Pham
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Han Han
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Wenqi Wang
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Ken W Y Cho
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.,Center for Complex Biological Systems, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
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5
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Bogoch Y, Jamieson-Lucy A, Vejnar CE, Levy K, Giraldez AJ, Mullins MC, Elkouby YM. Stage Specific Transcriptomic Analysis and Database for Zebrafish Oogenesis. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:826892. [PMID: 35733854 PMCID: PMC9207522 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.826892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Oogenesis produces functional eggs and is essential for fertility, embryonic development, and reproduction. The zebrafish ovary is an excellent model to study oogenesis in vertebrates, and recent studies have identified multiple regulators in oocyte development through forward genetic screens, as well as reverse genetics by CRISPR mutagenesis. However, many developmental steps in oogenesis, in zebrafish and other species, remain poorly understood, and their underlying mechanisms are unknown. Here, we take a genomic approach to systematically uncover biological activities throughout oogenesis. We performed transcriptomic analysis on five stages of oogenesis, from the onset of oocyte differentiation through Stage III, which precedes oocyte maturation. These transcriptomes revealed thousands of differentially expressed genes across stages of oogenesis. We analyzed trends of gene expression dynamics along oogenesis, as well as their expression in pair-wise comparisons between stages. We determined their functionally enriched terms, identifying uniquely characteristic biological activities in each stage. These data identified two prominent developmental phases in oocyte differentiation and traced the accumulation of maternally deposited embryonic regulator transcripts in the developing oocyte. Our analysis provides the first molecular description for oogenesis in zebrafish, which we deposit online as a resource for the community. Further, the presence of multiple gene paralogs in zebrafish, and the exclusive curation by many bioinformatic tools of the single paralogs present in humans, challenge zebrafish genomic analyses. We offer an approach for converting zebrafish gene name nomenclature to the human nomenclature for supporting genomic analyses generally in zebrafish. Altogether, our work provides a valuable resource as a first step to uncover oogenesis mechanisms and candidate regulators and track accumulating transcripts of maternal regulators of embryonic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoel Bogoch
- Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, Hebrew University of Jerusalem Faculty of Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel
- Institute for Biomedical Research, Israel-Canada, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Allison Jamieson-Lucy
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | | | - Karine Levy
- Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, Hebrew University of Jerusalem Faculty of Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel
- Institute for Biomedical Research, Israel-Canada, Jerusalem, Israel
| | | | - Mary C. Mullins
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Yaniv M. Elkouby
- Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, Hebrew University of Jerusalem Faculty of Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel
- Institute for Biomedical Research, Israel-Canada, Jerusalem, Israel
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Yadav ML, Ranjan P, Das P, Jain D, Kumar A, Mohapatra B. Implication of rare genetic variants of NODAL and ACVR1B in congenital heart disease patients from Indian population. Exp Cell Res 2021; 409:112869. [PMID: 34666056 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2021.112869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
NODAL signaling plays an essential role in vertebrate embryonic patterning and heart development. Accumulating evidences suggest that genetic mutations in TGF-β/NODAL signaling pathway can cause congenital heart disease in humans. To investigate the implication of NODAL signaling in isolated cardiovascular malformation, we have screened 300 non-syndromic CHD cases and 200 controls for NODAL and ACVR1B by Sanger sequencing and identified two rare missense (c.152C > T; p.P51L and c.981 T > A; p.D327E) variants in NODAL and a novel missense variant c.1035G > A; p.M345I in ACVR1B. All these variants are absent in 200 controls. Three-dimensional protein-modelling demonstrates that both p.P51L and p.D327E variations of NODAL and p.M345I mutation of ACVR1B, affect the tertiary structure of respective proteins. Variants of NODAL (p.P51L and p.D327E) and ACVR1B (p.M345I), significantly reduce the transactivation of AR3-Luc, (CAGA)12-Luc and (SBE)4-Luc promoters. Moreover, qRT-PCR results have also deciphered a reduction in the expression of cardiac-enriched transcription factors namely Gata4, Nkx2-5, and Tbx5 in both the mutants of NODAL. Decreased expression of, Gata4, Nkx2-5, Tbx5, and lefty is observed in p.M345I mutant of ACVR1B as well. Additionally, reduced phosphorylation of SMAD2/3 in response to these variants, suggests impaired NODAL signaling and possibly responsible for defective cell fate decision and differentiation of cardiomyocytes leading to CHD phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manohar Lal Yadav
- Cytogenetics Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Prashant Ranjan
- Center of Genetic Disorders, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Parimal Das
- Center of Genetic Disorders, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Dharmendra Jain
- Department of Cardiology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ashok Kumar
- Department of Pediatrics, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Bhagyalaxmi Mohapatra
- Cytogenetics Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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7
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Kumar V, Park S, Lee U, Kim J. The Organizer and Its Signaling in Embryonic Development. J Dev Biol 2021; 9:jdb9040047. [PMID: 34842722 PMCID: PMC8628936 DOI: 10.3390/jdb9040047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Germ layer specification and axis formation are crucial events in embryonic development. The Spemann organizer regulates the early developmental processes by multiple regulatory mechanisms. This review focuses on the responsive signaling in organizer formation and how the organizer orchestrates the germ layer specification in vertebrates. Accumulated evidence indicates that the organizer influences embryonic development by dual signaling. Two parallel processes, the migration of the organizer’s cells, followed by the transcriptional activation/deactivation of target genes, and the diffusion of secreting molecules, collectively direct the early development. Finally, we take an in-depth look at active signaling that originates from the organizer and involves germ layer specification and patterning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Cell Differentiation and Aging, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea;
| | - Soochul Park
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sookmyung Women’s University, Seoul 04310, Korea;
| | - Unjoo Lee
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea
- Correspondence: (U.L.); (J.K.); Tel.: +82-33-248-2544 (J.K.); Fax: +82-33-244-8425 (J.K.)
| | - Jaebong Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Cell Differentiation and Aging, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea;
- Correspondence: (U.L.); (J.K.); Tel.: +82-33-248-2544 (J.K.); Fax: +82-33-244-8425 (J.K.)
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8
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Jiang Y, Chen C, Randolph LN, Ye S, Zhang X, Bao X, Lian XL. Generation of pancreatic progenitors from human pluripotent stem cells by small molecules. Stem Cell Reports 2021; 16:2395-2409. [PMID: 34450037 PMCID: PMC8452541 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2021.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC)-derived pancreatic progenitors (PPs) provide promising cell therapies for type 1 diabetes. Current PP differentiation requires a high amount of Activin A during the definitive endoderm (DE) stage, making it economically difficult for commercial ventures. Here we identify a dose-dependent role for Wnt signaling in controlling DE differentiation without Activin A. While high-level Wnt activation induces mesodermal formation, low-level Wnt activation by a small-molecule inhibitor of glycogen synthase kinase 3 is sufficient for DE differentiation, yielding SOX17+FOXA2+ DE cells. BMP inhibition further enhances this DE differentiation, generating over 87% DE cells. These DE cells could be further differentiated into PPs and functional β cells. RNA-sequencing analysis of PP differentiation from hPSCs revealed expected transcriptome dynamics and new gene regulators during our small-molecule PP differentiation protocol. Overall, we established a robust growth-factor-free protocol for generating DE and PP cells, facilitating scalable production of pancreatic cells for regenerative applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqian Jiang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Chuanxin Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Lauren N Randolph
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Songtao Ye
- Department of Chemistry, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Xin Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Xiaoping Bao
- Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Xiaojun Lance Lian
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
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9
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Pasqua M, Di Gesù R, Chinnici CM, Conaldi PG, Francipane MG. Generation of Hepatobiliary Cell Lineages from Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells: Applications in Disease Modeling and Drug Screening. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:8227. [PMID: 34360991 PMCID: PMC8348238 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22158227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The possibility to reproduce key tissue functions in vitro from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) is offering an incredible opportunity to gain better insight into biological mechanisms underlying development and disease, and a tool for the rapid screening of drug candidates. This review attempts to summarize recent strategies for specification of iPSCs towards hepatobiliary lineages -hepatocytes and cholangiocytes-and their use as platforms for disease modeling and drug testing. The application of different tissue-engineering methods to promote accurate and reliable readouts is discussed. Space is given to open questions, including to what extent these novel systems can be informative. Potential pathways for improvement are finally suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattia Pasqua
- Fondazione Ri.MED, 90133 Palermo, Italy; (M.P.); (R.D.G.); (C.M.C.)
| | - Roberto Di Gesù
- Fondazione Ri.MED, 90133 Palermo, Italy; (M.P.); (R.D.G.); (C.M.C.)
| | - Cinzia Maria Chinnici
- Fondazione Ri.MED, 90133 Palermo, Italy; (M.P.); (R.D.G.); (C.M.C.)
- Dipartimento della Ricerca, IRCCS ISMETT, 90127 Palermo, Italy;
| | | | - Maria Giovanna Francipane
- Fondazione Ri.MED, 90133 Palermo, Italy; (M.P.); (R.D.G.); (C.M.C.)
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
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10
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Hasanpour S, Eagderi S, Poorbagher H, Angrand PO, Hasanpour M, Lashkarbolok M. The effect of Activin pathway modulation on the expression of both pluripotency and differentiation markers during early zebrafish development compared with other vertebrates. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY PART B-MOLECULAR AND DEVELOPMENTAL EVOLUTION 2021; 336:562-575. [PMID: 34254429 DOI: 10.1002/jez.b.23070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Revised: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Activin-like factors control many developmental processes, including pluripotency maintenance and differentiation. Although Activin-like factors' action in mesendoderm induction has been demonstrated in zebrafish, their involvement in preserving the stemness remains unknown. To investigate the role of maternal Activin-like factors, their effects were promoted or blocked using synthetic human Activin A or SB-431542 treatments respectively until the maternal to zygotic transition. To study the role of zygotic Activin-like factors, SB-431542 treatment was also applied after the maternal to zygotic transition. The effect of the pharmacological modulations of the Activin/Smad pathway was then studied on the mRNA expressions of the ndr1, ndr2, tbxta (no tail/ntl) as the differentiation index, mych, nanog, and oct4 (pou5f3) as the pluripotency markers of the zebrafish embryonic cells as well as sox17 as a definitive endoderm marker. Expression of the target genes was measured at the 16-cell, 256-cell, 1K-cell, oblong, dome, and shield stages using the real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). Activation of the maternal Activin signaling pathway led to an increase in zygotic expression of the tbxta, particularly marked at the oblong stage. In other words, promotion of the maternal Activin/Smad pathway induced differentiation by advancing the major peaks of ndr1 and nanog, thereby eliciting tbxta expression. Whereas suppression of the maternal or zygotic Activin/Smad pathway sustained the pluripotency by preventing the major peaks of ndr1 and nanog as well as tbxta encoding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaghayegh Hasanpour
- Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran.,Development and Biosystematic Lab., Department of Fisheries and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran
| | - Soheil Eagderi
- Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran
| | - Hadi Poorbagher
- Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran
| | - Pierre-Olivier Angrand
- Univ Lille, CNRS UMR 9020, Inserm UMR-S 1277, CHU Lille, Centre Oscar Lambret, UMR Canther-Cancer Heterogeneity, Plasticity and Resistance to Therapies, Lille, France
| | - Mohammad Hasanpour
- Department of Neurosurgery, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Lashkarbolok
- Department of Radiology, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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11
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Tran TQ, Kioussi C. Pitx genes in development and disease. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 78:4921-4938. [PMID: 33844046 PMCID: PMC11073205 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-021-03833-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Homeobox genes encode sequence-specific transcription factors (SSTFs) that recognize specific DNA sequences and regulate organogenesis in all eukaryotes. They are essential in specifying spatial and temporal cell identity and as a result, their mutations often cause severe developmental defects. Pitx genes belong to the PRD class of the highly evolutionary conserved homeobox genes in all animals. Vertebrates possess three Pitx paralogs, Pitx1, Pitx2, and Pitx3 while non-vertebrates have only one Pitx gene. The ancient role of regulating left-right (LR) asymmetry is conserved while new functions emerge to afford more complex body plan and functionalities. In mouse, Pitx1 regulates hindlimb tissue patterning and pituitary development. Pitx2 is essential for the development of the oral cavity and abdominal wall while regulates the formation and symmetry of other organs including pituitary, heart, gut, lung among others by controlling growth control genes upon activation of the Wnt/ß-catenin signaling pathway. Pitx3 is essential for lens development and migration and survival of the dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra. Pitx gene mutations are linked to various congenital defects and cancers in humans. Pitx gene family has the potential to offer a new approach in regenerative medicine and aid in identifying new drug targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thai Q Tran
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| | - Chrissa Kioussi
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA.
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12
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Sasai N, Kadoya M, Ong Lee Chen A. Neural induction: Historical views and application to pluripotent stem cells. Dev Growth Differ 2021; 63:26-37. [PMID: 33289091 DOI: 10.1111/dgd.12703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Embryonic stem (ES) cells are a useful experimental material to recapitulate the differentiation steps of early embryos, which are usually invisible and inaccessible from outside of the body, especially in mammals. ES cells have greatly facilitated the analyses of gene expression profiles and cell characteristics. In addition, understanding the mechanisms during neural differentiation is important for clinical purposes, such as developing new therapeutic methods or regenerative medicine. As neurons have very limited regenerative ability, neurodegenerative diseases are usually intractable, and patients suffer from the disease throughout their lifetimes. The functional cells generated from ES cells in vitro could replace degenerative areas by transplantation. In this review, we will first demonstrate the historical views and widely accepted concepts regarding the molecular mechanisms of neural induction and positional information to produce the specific types of neurons in model animals. Next, we will describe how these concepts have recently been applied to the research in the establishment of the methodology of neural differentiation from mammalian ES cells. Finally, we will focus on examples of the applications of differentiation systems to clinical purposes. Overall, the discussion will focus on how historical developmental studies are applied to state-of-the-art stem cell research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriaki Sasai
- Developmental Biomedical Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Japan
| | - Minori Kadoya
- Developmental Biomedical Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Japan
| | - Agnes Ong Lee Chen
- Developmental Biomedical Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Japan
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13
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Tian L, Gao J, Garcia IM, Chen HJ, Castaldi A, Chen YW. Human pluripotent stem cell-derived lung organoids: Potential applications in development and disease modeling. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2020; 10:e399. [PMID: 33145915 DOI: 10.1002/wdev.399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The pulmonary system is comprised of two main compartments, airways and alveolar space. Their tissue and cellular complexity ensure lung function and protection from external agents, for example, virus. Two-dimensional (2D) in vitro systems and animal models have been largely employed to elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying human lung development, physiology, and pathogenesis. However, neither of these models accurately recapitulate the human lung environment and cellular crosstalk. More recently, human-derived three-dimensional (3D) models have been generated allowing for a deeper understanding of cell-to-cell communication. However, the availability and accessibility of primary human cell sources from which generate the 2D and 3D models may be limited. In the past few years, protocols have been developed to successfully employ human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) and differentiate them toward pulmonary fate in vitro. In the present review, we discuss the advantages and pitfalls of hPSC-derived lung 2D and 3D models, including the main characteristics and potentials for these models and their current and future applications for modeling development and diseases. Lung organoids currently represent the closest model to the human pulmonary system. We further focus on the applications of lung organoids for the study of human diseases such as pulmonary fibrosis, infectious diseases, and lung cancer. Finally, we discuss the present limitations and potential future applications of 3D lung organoids. This article is categorized under: Adult Stem Cells, Tissue Renewal, and Regeneration > Stem Cells and Disease Adult Stem Cells, Tissue Renewal, and Regeneration > Stem Cell Differentiation and Reversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Tian
- Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Hastings Center for Pulmonary Research, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Jinghui Gao
- Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Hastings Center for Pulmonary Research, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Irving M Garcia
- Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Hastings Center for Pulmonary Research, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Huanhuan Joyce Chen
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA.,Ben May department for Cancer Research, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Alessandra Castaldi
- Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Hastings Center for Pulmonary Research, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Ya-Wen Chen
- Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Hastings Center for Pulmonary Research, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
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14
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Moazzeni H, Khani M, Elahi E. Insights into the regulatory molecules involved in glaucoma pathogenesis. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS PART C-SEMINARS IN MEDICAL GENETICS 2020; 184:782-827. [PMID: 32935930 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.c.31833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 07/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Glaucoma is an important cause of irreversible blindness, characterized by optic nerve anomalies. Increased intraocular pressure (IOP) and aging are major risk factors. Retinal ganglion cells and trabecular meshwork cells are certainly involved in the etiology of glaucoma. Glaucoma is usually a complex disease, and various genes and functions may contribute to its etiology. Among these may be genes that encode regulatory molecules. In this review, regulatory molecules including 18 transcription factors (TFs), 195 microRNAs (miRNAs), 106 long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs), and two circular RNAs (circRNAs) that are reasonable candidates for having roles in glaucoma pathogenesis are described. The targets of the regulators are reported. Glaucoma-related features including apoptosis, stress responses, immune functions, ECM properties, IOP, and eye development are affected by the targeted genes. The targeted genes that are frequently targeted by multiple regulators most often affect apoptosis and the related features of cell death and cell survival. BCL2, CDKN1A, and TP53 are among the frequent targets of three types of glaucoma-relevant regulators, TFs, miRNAs, and lncRNAs. TP53 was itself identified as a glaucoma-relevant TF. Several of the glaucoma-relevant TFs are themselves among frequent targets of regulatory molecules, which is consistent with existence of a complex network involved in glaucoma pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamidreza Moazzeni
- School of Biology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Marzieh Khani
- School of Biology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Elahe Elahi
- School of Biology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
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15
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Rodrigues Sousa E, Zoni E, Karkampouna S, La Manna F, Gray PC, De Menna M, Kruithof-de Julio M. A Multidisciplinary Review of the Roles of Cripto in the Scientific Literature Through a Bibliometric Analysis of its Biological Roles. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12061480. [PMID: 32517087 PMCID: PMC7352664 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12061480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cripto is a small glycosylphosphatidylinisitol (GPI)-anchored and secreted oncofetal protein that plays important roles in regulating normal physiological processes, including stem cell differentiation, embryonal development, and tissue growth and remodeling, as well as pathological processes such as tumor initiation and progression. Cripto functions as a co-receptor for TGF-β ligands such as Nodal, GDF1, and GDF3. Soluble and secreted forms of Cripto also exhibit growth factor-like activity and activate SRC/MAPK/PI3K/AKT pathways. Glucose-Regulated Protein 78 kDa (GRP78) binds Cripto at the cell surface and has been shown to be required for Cripto signaling via both TGF-β and SRC/MAPK/PI3K/AKT pathways. To provide a comprehensive overview of the scientific literature related to Cripto, we performed, for the first time, a bibliometric analysis of the biological roles of Cripto as reported in the scientific literature covering the last 10 years. We present different fields of knowledge in comprehensive areas of research on Cripto, ranging from basic to translational research, using a keyword-driven approach. Our ultimate aim is to aid the scientific community in conducting targeted research by identifying areas where research has been conducted so far and, perhaps more importantly, where critical knowledge is still missing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Rodrigues Sousa
- Department for Biomedical Research, Urology Research Laboratory, University of Bern, 3008 Bern, Switzerland; (E.R.S.); (E.Z.); (S.K.); (F.L.M.); (M.D.M.)
| | - Eugenio Zoni
- Department for Biomedical Research, Urology Research Laboratory, University of Bern, 3008 Bern, Switzerland; (E.R.S.); (E.Z.); (S.K.); (F.L.M.); (M.D.M.)
- Department of Urology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Sofia Karkampouna
- Department for Biomedical Research, Urology Research Laboratory, University of Bern, 3008 Bern, Switzerland; (E.R.S.); (E.Z.); (S.K.); (F.L.M.); (M.D.M.)
| | - Federico La Manna
- Department for Biomedical Research, Urology Research Laboratory, University of Bern, 3008 Bern, Switzerland; (E.R.S.); (E.Z.); (S.K.); (F.L.M.); (M.D.M.)
- Department of Urology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Marta De Menna
- Department for Biomedical Research, Urology Research Laboratory, University of Bern, 3008 Bern, Switzerland; (E.R.S.); (E.Z.); (S.K.); (F.L.M.); (M.D.M.)
| | - Marianna Kruithof-de Julio
- Department for Biomedical Research, Urology Research Laboratory, University of Bern, 3008 Bern, Switzerland; (E.R.S.); (E.Z.); (S.K.); (F.L.M.); (M.D.M.)
- Department of Urology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
- Correspondence:
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16
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Economou AD, Hill CS. Temporal dynamics in the formation and interpretation of Nodal and BMP morphogen gradients. Curr Top Dev Biol 2019; 137:363-389. [PMID: 32143749 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2019.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
One of the most powerful ideas in developmental biology has been that of the morphogen gradient. In the classical view, a signaling molecule is produced at a local source from where it diffuses, resulting in graded levels across the tissue. This gradient provides positional information, with thresholds in the level of the morphogen determining the position of different cell fates. While experimental studies have uncovered numerous potential morphogens in biological systems, it is becoming increasingly apparent that one important feature, not captured in the simple model, is the role of time in both the formation and interpretation of morphogen gradients. We will focus on two members of the transforming growth factor-β family that are known to play a vital role as morphogens in early vertebrate development: the Nodals and the bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs). Primarily drawing on the early zebrafish embryo, we will show how recent studies have demonstrated the importance of feedback and other interactions that evolve through time, in shaping morphogen gradients. We will further show how rather than simply reading out levels of a morphogen, the duration of ligand exposure can be a crucial determinant of how cells interpret morphogens, in particular through the unfolding of downstream transcriptional events and in their interactions with other pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew D Economou
- Developmental Signalling Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Caroline S Hill
- Developmental Signalling Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom.
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17
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Moazzeni H, Mirrahimi M, Moghadam A, Banaei-Esfahani A, Yazdani S, Elahi E. Identification of genes involved in glaucoma pathogenesis using combined network analysis and empirical studies. Hum Mol Genet 2019; 28:3637-3663. [PMID: 31518395 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddz222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Revised: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Glaucoma is a leading cause of blindness. We aimed in this study to identify genes that may make subtle and cumulative contributions to glaucoma pathogenesis. To this end, we identified molecular interactions and pathways that include transcription factors (TFs) FOXC1, PITX2, PAX6 and NFKB1 and various microRNAs including miR-204 known to have relevance to trabecular meshwork (TM) functions and/or glaucoma. TM tissue is involved in glaucoma pathogenesis. In-house microarray transcriptome results and data sources were used to identify target genes of the regulatory molecules. Bioinformatics analyses were done to filter TM and glaucoma relevant genes. These were submitted to network-creating softwares to define interactions, pathways and a network that would include the genes. The network was stringently scrutinized and minimized, then expanded by addition of microarray data and data on TF and microRNA-binding sites. Selected features of the network were confirmed by empirical studies such as dual luciferase assays, real-time PCR and western blot experiments and apoptosis assays. MYOC, WDR36, LTPBP2, RHOA, CYP1B1, OPA1, SPARC, MEIS2, PLEKHG5, RGS5, BBS5, ALDH1A1, NOMO2, CXCL6, FMNL2, ADAMTS5, CLOCK and DKK1 were among the genes included in the final network. Pathways identified included those that affect ECM properties, IOP, ciliary body functions, retinal ganglion cell viability, apoptosis, focal adhesion and oxidative stress response. The identification of many genes potentially involved in glaucoma pathology is consistent with its being a complex disease. The inclusion of several known glaucoma-related genes validates the approach used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamidreza Moazzeni
- School of Biology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehraban Mirrahimi
- School of Biology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abolfazl Moghadam
- School of Biology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Banaei-Esfahani
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shahin Yazdani
- Ophthalmic Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Elahe Elahi
- School of Biology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
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18
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Park DS, Kim K, Jang M, Choi SC. Role of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 as a potentiator of activin/nodal signaling pathway. BMB Rep 2018. [PMID: 30463640 PMCID: PMC6330939 DOI: 10.5483/bmbrep.2018.51.12.210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
DPP4 (dipeptidyl peptidase-4), a highly conserved transmembrane glycoprotein with an exo-peptidase activity, has been shown to contribute to glucose metabolism, immune regulation, signal transduction, and cell differentiation. Here, we show that DPP4 is involved in control of activin/nodal signaling in Xenopus early development. In support of this, gain of function of DPP4 augmented Smad2 phosphorylation as well as expression of target genes induced by activin or nodal signal. In addition, Dpp4 and Xnr1 showed synergistic effect on induction of ectopic dorsal body axis, when co-injected at suboptimal doses in early embryos. Conversely, saxagliptin, a DPP4 inhibitor repressed activin induction of Smad2 phosphorylation. Notably, overexpression of Dpp4 disrupted specification of dorsal body axis of embryo, leading to malformed phenotypes such as spina bifida and a shortened and dorsally bent axis. Together, these results suggest that DPP4 functions as a potentiator of activin/nodal signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Seok Park
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Korea
| | - Kyuhee Kim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Korea
| | - Minjoo Jang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Korea
| | - Sun-Cheol Choi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Korea
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19
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Analysis of novel domain-specific mutations in the zebrafish ndr2/cyclops gene generated using CRISPR-Cas9 RNPs. J Genet 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s12041-018-1033-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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20
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Turner AN, Andersen RS, Bookout IE, Brashear LN, Davis JC, Gahan DM, Davis JC, Gotham JP, Hijaz BA, Kaushik AS, Mcgill JB, Miller VL, Moseley ZP, Nowell CL, Patel RK, Rodgers MC, Patel RK, Shihab YA, Walker AP, Glover SR, Foster SD, Challa AK. Analysis of novel domain-specific mutations in the zebrafish ndr2/ cyclops gene generated using CRISPR-Cas9 RNPs. J Genet 2018. [PMID: 30555080 DOI: 10.1101/277715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Nodal-related protein (ndr2) is amember of the transforming growth factor type β superfamily of factors and is required for ventral midline patterning of the embryonic central nervous system in zebrafish. In humans, mutations in the gene encoding nodal cause holoprosencephaly and heterotaxy. Mutations in the ndr2 gene in the zebrafish (Danio rerio) lead to similar phenotypes, including loss of the medial floor plate, severe deficits in ventral forebrain development and cyclopia. Alleles of the ndr2 gene have been useful in studying patterning of ventral structures of the central nervous system. Fifteen different ndr2 alleles have been reported in zebrafish, of which eight were generated using chemical mutagenesis, four were radiation-induced and the remaining alleles were obtained via random insertion, gene targeting (TALEN) or unknown methods. Therefore, most mutation sites were random and could not be predicted a priori. Using the CRISPR-Cas9 system from Streptococcus pyogenes, we targeted distinct regions in all three exons of zebrafish ndr2 and observed cyclopia in the injected (G0) embryos.We show that the use of sgRNA-Cas9 ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complexes can cause penetrant cyclopic phenotypes in injected (G0) embryos. Targeted polymerase chain reaction amplicon analysis using Sanger sequencing showed that most of the alleles had small indels resulting in frameshifts. The sequence information correlates with the loss of ndr2 activity. In this study, we validate multiple CRISPR targets using an in vitro nuclease assay and in vivo analysis using embryos. We describe one specific mutant allele resulting in the loss of conserved terminal cysteine-coding sequences. This study is another demonstration of the utility of the CRISPR-Cas9 system in generating domain-specific mutations and provides further insights into the structure-function of the ndr2 gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley N Turner
- Department of Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
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21
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Li J, Wang Z, Ren L, Fan L, Liu W, Jiang Y, Lau HK, Liu R, Wang Q. Antagonistic interaction between Nodal and insulin modulates pancreatic β-cell proliferation and survival. Cell Commun Signal 2018; 16:79. [PMID: 30409165 PMCID: PMC6225724 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-018-0288-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Insulin signaling pathway in β-cell is essential to promote β-cells proliferation and survival, while Nodal–ALK7–Smad3 signaling involves β-cells apoptosis. We attempted to address inter-relationship between Nodal and insulin in modulating β-cell proliferation and apoptosis. Methods Using INS-1 β-cells and isolated rat islets, we examined the effects of Nodal, insulin, or the two combined on β-cell proliferation and/or apoptosis. Results The β-cells under high-glucose or palmitate conditions showed significant up-regulation of Nodal expression and activation of its downstream signaling pathway resulted in increased cleaved caspase-3. Insulin treatment led to significantly attenuated Nodal-induced cell apoptotic pathway. Similar results were found in directly Nodal-treated β-cell that insulin could partially block Nodal-induced up-regulation of ALK7–Smad3–caspase-3 signaling pathways with significantly attenuated β-cell apoptosis. Interestingly, we found that insulin-induced Akt activation and downstream molecules including GSK-3β, β-catenin and ERK1/2 was significantly attenuated by the co-treatment with Nodal, resulted in decreased cell proliferation. Furthermore, Nodal decreased glucose-evoked calcium influx and played a negative role during glucose-stimulated insulin secretion in the β-cells. Immunocytochemistry studies showed that Nodal treatment translocated Smad3 from cytosol mostly to the nucleus; however, co-treatment with insulin significantly decreased Smad3 nuclear localization. Co-immunoprecipitation experiments showed a directly interaction between Smad3 and Akt, and this interaction was enhanced by co-treatment with insulin. Conclusions Our data suggest that the antagonistic interaction between Nodal and insulin has a role in the regulation of β-cell mass and secretion. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12964-018-0288-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junfeng Li
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Endocrinology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhihong Wang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Liwei Ren
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Linling Fan
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenjuan Liu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yaojing Jiang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Harry K Lau
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science of St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Physiology and Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rui Liu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qinghua Wang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China. .,Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science of St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. .,Department of Physiology and Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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22
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Li Y, Zhong W, Zhu M, Hu S, Su X. Nodal regulates bladder cancer cell migration and invasion via the ALK/Smad signaling pathway. Onco Targets Ther 2018; 11:6589-6597. [PMID: 30323631 PMCID: PMC6178944 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s177514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Bladder cancer is the most common malignant tumor of the urinary tract. We aimed to explore the biological role and molecular mechanism of Nodal in bladder cancer. Materials and methods The expression of Nodal in bladder cancer tissues and cells was determined by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. The effect of silencing of Nodal on cell proliferation, clone formation, and migration and invasion was evaluated by MTT cell proliferation assay, colony formation, and transwell assays, respectively. Western blot analysis was employed to detect the expression of proliferation- and invasion-related proteins and proteins involved in ALK/Smad signaling. Results We found that the expression of Nodal was significantly increased in bladder cancer tissues and cell lines. Downregulation of Nodal effectively weakened cell proliferation, clone formation, and cell migration and invasion abilities. The protein expression levels of CDC6, E-cadherin, MMP-2, and MMP-9 were also altered by downregulation of Nodal. Knockdown of Nodal also blocked the expression of ALK4, ALK7, Smad2, and Smad4, which are involved in ALK/Smad signaling. Additionally, the ALK4/7 receptor blocker SB431542 reversed the promotive effects of Nodal overexpression on bladder cancer cell proliferation, migration, and invasion. Conclusion Our study indicated that Nodal functions as an oncogene by regulating cell proliferation, migration, and invasion in bladder cancer via the ALK/Smad signaling pathway, thereby providing novel insights into its role in bladder cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youkong Li
- Department of Urology, Jingzhou Central Hospital and The Second Clinical Medical College, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434020, People's Republic of China,
| | - Wen Zhong
- Department of Endocrine, Jingzhou Central Hospital and The Second Clinical Medical College, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434020, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Zhu
- Department of Urology, Jingzhou Central Hospital and The Second Clinical Medical College, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434020, People's Republic of China,
| | - Shengguo Hu
- Department of Urology, Jingzhou Central Hospital and The Second Clinical Medical College, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434020, People's Republic of China,
| | - Xiaokang Su
- Department of Urology, Jingzhou Central Hospital and The Second Clinical Medical College, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434020, People's Republic of China,
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23
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Teegala S, Chauhan R, Lei E, Weinstein DC. Tbx2 is required for the suppression of mesendoderm during early Xenopus development. Dev Dyn 2018; 247:903-913. [PMID: 29633424 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Revised: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND T-box family proteins are DNA-binding transcriptional regulators that play crucial roles during germ layer formation in the early vertebrate embryo. Well-characterized members of this family, including the transcriptional activators Brachyury and VegT, are essential for the proper formation of mesoderm and endoderm, respectively. To date, T-box proteins have not been shown to play a role in the promotion of the third primary germ layer, ectoderm. RESULTS Here, we report that the T-box factor Tbx2 is both sufficient and necessary for ectodermal differentiation in the frog Xenopus laevis. Tbx2 is expressed zygotically in the presumptive ectoderm, during blastula and gastrula stages. Ectopic expression of Tbx2 represses mesoderm and endoderm, while loss of Tbx2 leads to inappropriate expression of mesoderm- and endoderm-specific genes in the region fated to give rise to ectoderm. Misexpression of Tbx2 also promotes neural tissue in animal cap explants, suggesting that Tbx2 plays a role in both the establishment of ectodermal fate and its dorsoventral patterning. CONCLUSIONS Our studies demonstrate that Tbx2 functions as a transcriptional repressor during germ layer formation, and suggest that this activity is mediated in part through repression of target genes that are stimulated, in the mesendoderm, by transactivating T-box proteins. Taken together, our results point to a critical role for Tbx2 in limiting the potency of blastula-stage progenitor cells during vertebrate germ layer differentiation. Developmental Dynamics 247:903-913, 2018. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sushma Teegala
- Department of Biology, The Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York.,Department of Biology, Queens College, City University of New York, Flushing, New York
| | - Riddhi Chauhan
- Department of Biology, Queens College, City University of New York, Flushing, New York
| | - Emily Lei
- Department of Biology, Queens College, City University of New York, Flushing, New York
| | - Daniel C Weinstein
- Department of Biology, Queens College, City University of New York, Flushing, New York
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24
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Kalyan A, Carneiro BA, Chandra S, Kaplan J, Chae YK, Matsangou M, Hendrix MJC, Giles F. Nodal Signaling as a Developmental Therapeutics Target in Oncology. Mol Cancer Ther 2018; 16:787-792. [PMID: 28468864 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-16-0215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Revised: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment is a vital feature of oncogenesis and tumor progression. There are several parallels between cancer cells and early developmental stem cells, including their plasticity and signaling mechanisms. In early fetal development, Nodal is expressed for endodermal and mesodermal differentiation. This expression has been shown reemerge in the setting of epithelial cancers, such as breast and melanoma. High Nodal expression correlates to an aggressive tumor grade in these malignancies. Nodal signal begins with its interaction with its coreceptor, Cripto-1, leading to activation of Smad2/Smad3 and ultimately downstream transcription and translation. Lefty is the natural inhibitor of Nodal and controls Nodal signaling during fetal development. However, cancer cells lack the presence of Lefty, thus leading to uncontrolled tumor growth. Given this understanding, inhibition of the Nodal pathway offers a new novel therapeutic target in oncology. Mol Cancer Ther; 16(5); 787-92. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aparna Kalyan
- Developmental Therapeutics Program, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Olson Pavilion, Chicago, Illinois. .,Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Benedito A Carneiro
- Developmental Therapeutics Program, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Olson Pavilion, Chicago, Illinois.,Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Sunandana Chandra
- Developmental Therapeutics Program, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Olson Pavilion, Chicago, Illinois.,Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Jason Kaplan
- Developmental Therapeutics Program, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Olson Pavilion, Chicago, Illinois.,Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Young Kwang Chae
- Developmental Therapeutics Program, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Olson Pavilion, Chicago, Illinois.,Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Maria Matsangou
- Developmental Therapeutics Program, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Olson Pavilion, Chicago, Illinois.,Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Mary J C Hendrix
- Developmental Therapeutics Program, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Olson Pavilion, Chicago, Illinois.,Cancer Biology and Epigenomics Program, Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute, Anne and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Francis Giles
- Developmental Therapeutics Program, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Olson Pavilion, Chicago, Illinois.,Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
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25
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Montague TG, Schier AF. Vg1-Nodal heterodimers are the endogenous inducers of mesendoderm. eLife 2017; 6:28183. [PMID: 29140251 PMCID: PMC5745085 DOI: 10.7554/elife.28183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Nodal is considered the key inducer of mesendoderm in vertebrate embryos and embryonic stem cells. Other TGF-beta-related signals, such as Vg1/Dvr1/Gdf3, have also been implicated in this process but their roles have been unclear or controversial. Here we report that zebrafish embryos without maternally provided vg1 fail to form endoderm and head and trunk mesoderm, and closely resemble nodal loss-of-function mutants. Although Nodal is processed and secreted without Vg1, it requires Vg1 for its endogenous activity. Conversely, Vg1 is unprocessed and resides in the endoplasmic reticulum without Nodal, and is only secreted, processed and active in the presence of Nodal. Co-expression of Nodal and Vg1 results in heterodimer formation and mesendoderm induction. Thus, mesendoderm induction relies on the combination of two TGF-beta-related signals: maternal and ubiquitous Vg1, and zygotic and localized Nodal. Modeling reveals that the pool of maternal Vg1 enables rapid signaling at low concentrations of zygotic Nodal. All animals begin life as just one cell – a fertilized egg. In order to make a recognizable adult, each embryo needs to make the three types of tissue that will eventually form all of the organs: endoderm, which will form the internal organs; mesoderm, which will form the muscle and bones; and ectoderm, which will generate the skin and nervous system. All vertebrates – animals with backbones like fish and humans – use the so-called Nodal signaling pathway to make the endoderm and mesoderm. Nodal is a signaling molecule that binds to receptors on the surface of cells. If Nodal binds to a receptor on a cell, it instructs that cell to become endoderm or mesoderm. As such, Nodal is critical for vertebrate life. However, there has been a 30-year debate in the field of developmental biology about whether a protein called Vg1, which has a similar molecular structure as Nodal, plays a role in the early development of vertebrates. Zebrafish are often used to study animal development, and Montague and Schier decided to test whether these fish need the gene for Vg1 (also known as Gdf3) by deleting it using a genome editing technique called CRISPR/Cas9. It turns out that female zebrafish can survive without this gene. Yet, when the offspring of these females do not inherit the instructions to make Vg1 from their mothers, they fail to form the endoderm and mesoderm. This means that the embryos do not have hearts, blood or other internal organs, and they die within three days. Two other groups of researchers have independently reported similar results. The findings reveal that Vg1 is critical for the Nodal signaling pathway to work in zebrafish. Montague and Schier then showed that, in this pathway, Nodal does not activate its receptors on its own. Instead, Nodal must interact with Vg1, and it is this Nodal-Vg1 complex that activates receptors, and instructs cells to become endoderm and mesoderm. Scientists currently use the Nodal signaling pathway to induce human embryonic stem cells growing in the laboratory to become mesoderm and endoderm. As such, these new findings could ultimately help researchers to grow tissues and organs for human patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tessa G Montague
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, United States
| | - Alexander F Schier
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, United States.,Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, United States.,Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, United States.,Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, United States.,FAS Center for Systems Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, United States
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26
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Calvanese L, Focà A, Sandomenico A, Focà G, Caporale A, Doti N, Iaccarino E, Leonardi A, D'Auria G, Ruvo M, Falcigno L. Structural insights into the interaction of a monoclonal antibody and Nodal peptides by STD-NMR spectroscopy. Bioorg Med Chem 2017; 25:6589-6596. [PMID: 29113739 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2017.10.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Revised: 10/05/2017] [Accepted: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Nodal is a growth factor expressed during early embryonic development, but reactivated in several advanced-stage cancers. Targeting of Nodal signaling, which occurs via the binding to Cripto-1 co-receptor, results in inhibition of cell aggressiveness and reduced tumor growth. The Nodal binding region to Cripto-1 was identified and targeted with a high affinity monoclonal antibody (3D1). By STD-NMR technique, we investigated the interaction of Nodal fragments with 3D1 with the aim to elucidate at atomic level the interaction surface. Data indicate with high accuracy the antibody-antigen contact atoms and confirm the information previously obtained by immune-enzymatic methods. Main residues contacted by 3D1 are P46, V47, E49 and E50, which belong to the Nodal loop involved in the interaction with the co-receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Calvanese
- CIRPeB, University of Naples Federico II, via Mezzocannone, 16, 80134 Napoli, Italy
| | - Annalia Focà
- Institute of Biostructures and Bioimaging, National Research Council, IBB-CNR, via Mezzocannone, 16, 80134 Napoli, Italy
| | - Annamaria Sandomenico
- CIRPeB, University of Naples Federico II, via Mezzocannone, 16, 80134 Napoli, Italy; Institute of Biostructures and Bioimaging, National Research Council, IBB-CNR, via Mezzocannone, 16, 80134 Napoli, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Focà
- Institute of Biostructures and Bioimaging, National Research Council, IBB-CNR, via Mezzocannone, 16, 80134 Napoli, Italy
| | - Andrea Caporale
- CIRPeB, University of Naples Federico II, via Mezzocannone, 16, 80134 Napoli, Italy
| | - Nunzianna Doti
- Institute of Biostructures and Bioimaging, National Research Council, IBB-CNR, via Mezzocannone, 16, 80134 Napoli, Italy
| | - Emanuela Iaccarino
- DISTABIF, Università degli Studi della Campania "Lugi Vanvitelli", via Vivaldi, 43, 80100 Caserta, Italy
| | - Antonio Leonardi
- Dept. Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università Federico II di Napoli, Naples, Italy
| | - Gabriella D'Auria
- CIRPeB, University of Naples Federico II, via Mezzocannone, 16, 80134 Napoli, Italy; Institute of Biostructures and Bioimaging, National Research Council, IBB-CNR, via Mezzocannone, 16, 80134 Napoli, Italy; Dept. of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, via Mezzocannone, 16, 80134 Napoli, Italy
| | - Menotti Ruvo
- CIRPeB, University of Naples Federico II, via Mezzocannone, 16, 80134 Napoli, Italy; Institute of Biostructures and Bioimaging, National Research Council, IBB-CNR, via Mezzocannone, 16, 80134 Napoli, Italy.
| | - Lucia Falcigno
- CIRPeB, University of Naples Federico II, via Mezzocannone, 16, 80134 Napoli, Italy; Institute of Biostructures and Bioimaging, National Research Council, IBB-CNR, via Mezzocannone, 16, 80134 Napoli, Italy; Dept. of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, via Mezzocannone, 16, 80134 Napoli, Italy.
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27
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Okuda A, Uranishi K, Suzuki A. Discovery of a new role for the p53 family in the onset of mesendodermal differentiation of embryonic stem cells. Stem Cell Investig 2017; 4:24. [PMID: 28447039 DOI: 10.21037/sci.2017.03.07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Akihiko Okuda
- Division of Developmental Biology, Research Center for Genomic Medicine, Saitama Medical University, 1397-1 Yamane Hidaka Saitama 350-1241, Japan
| | - Kousuke Uranishi
- Division of Developmental Biology, Research Center for Genomic Medicine, Saitama Medical University, 1397-1 Yamane Hidaka Saitama 350-1241, Japan
| | - Ayumu Suzuki
- Division of Developmental Biology, Research Center for Genomic Medicine, Saitama Medical University, 1397-1 Yamane Hidaka Saitama 350-1241, Japan
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28
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Charney RM, Forouzmand E, Cho JS, Cheung J, Paraiso KD, Yasuoka Y, Takahashi S, Taira M, Blitz IL, Xie X, Cho KWY. Foxh1 Occupies cis-Regulatory Modules Prior to Dynamic Transcription Factor Interactions Controlling the Mesendoderm Gene Program. Dev Cell 2017; 40:595-607.e4. [PMID: 28325473 PMCID: PMC5434453 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2017.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Revised: 12/24/2016] [Accepted: 02/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The interplay between transcription factors and chromatin dictates gene regulatory network activity. Germ layer specification is tightly coupled with zygotic gene activation and, in most metazoans, is dependent upon maternal factors. We explore the dynamic genome-wide interactions of Foxh1, a maternal transcription factor that mediates Nodal/TGF-β signaling, with cis-regulatory modules (CRMs) during mesendodermal specification. Foxh1 marks CRMs during cleavage stages and recruits the co-repressor Tle/Groucho in the early blastula. We highlight a population of CRMs that are continuously occupied by Foxh1 and show that they are marked by H3K4me1, Ep300, and Fox/Sox/Smad motifs, suggesting interplay between these factors in gene regulation. We also propose a molecular "hand-off" between maternal Foxh1 and zygotic Foxa at these CRMs to maintain enhancer activation. Our findings suggest that Foxh1 functions at the top of a hierarchy of interactions by marking developmental genes for activation, beginning with the onset of zygotic gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebekah M Charney
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, Ayala School of Biological Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Elmira Forouzmand
- Department of Computer Science, Donald Bren School of Information & Computer Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Jin Sun Cho
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, Ayala School of Biological Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Jessica Cheung
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, Ayala School of Biological Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Kitt D Paraiso
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, Ayala School of Biological Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Yuuri Yasuoka
- Marine Genomics Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
| | - Shuji Takahashi
- Institute for Amphibian Biology, Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashihiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
| | - Masanori Taira
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Ira L Blitz
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, Ayala School of Biological Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Xiaohui Xie
- Department of Computer Science, Donald Bren School of Information & Computer Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Ken W Y Cho
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, Ayala School of Biological Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
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29
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Aykul S, Parenti A, Chu KY, Reske J, Floer M, Ralston A, Martinez-Hackert E. Biochemical and Cellular Analysis Reveals Ligand Binding Specificities, a Molecular Basis for Ligand Recognition, and Membrane Association-dependent Activities of Cripto-1 and Cryptic. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:4138-4151. [PMID: 28126904 PMCID: PMC5354514 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.747501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Revised: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) pathways are key determinants of cell fate in animals. Their basic mechanism of action is simple. However, to produce cell-specific responses, TGF-β pathways are heavily regulated by secondary factors, such as membrane-associated EGF-CFC family proteins. Cellular activities of EGF-CFC proteins have been described, but their molecular functions, including how the mammalian homologs Cripto-1 and Cryptic recognize and regulate TGF-β family ligands, are less clear. Here we use purified human Cripto-1 and mouse Cryptic produced in mammalian cells to show that these two EGF-CFC homologs have distinct, highly specific ligand binding activities. Cripto-1 interacts with BMP-4 in addition to its known partner Nodal, whereas Cryptic interacts only with Activin B. These interactions depend on the integrity of the protein, as truncated or deglycosylated Cripto-1 lacked BMP-4 binding activity. Significantly, Cripto-1 and Cryptic blocked binding of their cognate ligands to type I and type II TGF-β receptors, indicating that Cripto-1 and Cryptic contact ligands at their receptor interaction surfaces and, thus, that they could inhibit their ligands. Indeed, soluble Cripto-1 and Cryptic inhibited ligand signaling in various cell-based assays, including SMAD-mediated luciferase reporter gene expression, and differentiation of a multipotent stem cell line. But in agreement with previous work, the membrane bound form of Cripto-1 potentiated signaling, revealing a critical role of membrane association for its established cellular activity. Thus, our studies provide new insights into the mechanism of ligand recognition by this enigmatic family of membrane-anchored TGF-β family signaling regulators and link membrane association with their signal potentiating activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Senem Aykul
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824-1319
| | - Anthony Parenti
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824-1319
| | - Kit Yee Chu
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824-1319
| | - Jake Reske
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824-1319
| | - Monique Floer
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824-1319
| | - Amy Ralston
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824-1319
| | - Erik Martinez-Hackert
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824-1319
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30
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Bodenstine TM, Chandler GS, Seftor REB, Seftor EA, Hendrix MJC. Plasticity underlies tumor progression: role of Nodal signaling. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2016; 35:21-39. [PMID: 26951550 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-016-9605-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ) superfamily member Nodal is an established regulator of early embryonic development, with primary roles in endoderm induction, left-right asymmetry, and primitive streak formation. Nodal signals through TGFβ family receptors at the plasma membrane and induces signaling cascades leading to diverse transcriptional regulation. While conceptually simple, the regulation of Nodal and its molecular effects are profoundly complex and context dependent. Pioneering work by developmental biologists has characterized the signaling pathways, regulatory components, and provided detailed insight into the mechanisms by which Nodal mediates changes at the cellular and organismal levels. Nodal is also an important factor in maintaining pluripotency of embryonic stem cells through regulation of core transcriptional programs. Collectively, this work has led to an appreciation for Nodal as a powerful morphogen capable of orchestrating multiple cellular phenotypes. Although Nodal is not active in most adult tissues, its reexpression and signaling have been linked to multiple types of human cancer, and Nodal has emerged as a driver of tumor growth and cellular plasticity. In vitro and in vivo experimental evidence has demonstrated that inhibition of Nodal signaling reduces cancer cell aggressive characteristics, while clinical data have established associations with Nodal expression and patient outcomes. As a result, there is great interest in the potential targeting of Nodal activity in a therapeutic setting for cancer patients that may provide new avenues for suppressing tumor growth and metastasis. In this review, we evaluate our current understanding of the complexities of Nodal function in cancer and highlight recent experimental evidence that sheds light on the therapeutic potential of its inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas M Bodenstine
- Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute, Cancer Biology and Epigenomics Program, Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 225 E. Chicago Avenue, Box 222, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Grace S Chandler
- Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute, Cancer Biology and Epigenomics Program, Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 225 E. Chicago Avenue, Box 222, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Richard E B Seftor
- Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute, Cancer Biology and Epigenomics Program, Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 225 E. Chicago Avenue, Box 222, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Elisabeth A Seftor
- Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute, Cancer Biology and Epigenomics Program, Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 225 E. Chicago Avenue, Box 222, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Mary J C Hendrix
- Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute, Cancer Biology and Epigenomics Program, Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 225 E. Chicago Avenue, Box 222, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA.
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31
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Fujihara Y, Ikawa M. GPI-AP release in cellular, developmental, and reproductive biology. J Lipid Res 2015; 57:538-45. [PMID: 26593072 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.r063032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored proteins (GPI-APs) contain a covalently linked GPI anchor located on outer cell membranes. GPI-APs are ubiquitously conserved from protozoa to vertebrates and are critical for physiological events such as development, immunity, and neurogenesis in vertebrates. Both membrane-anchored and soluble GPI-APs play a role in regulating their protein conformation and functional properties. Several pathways mediate the release of GPI-APs from the plasma membrane by vesiculation or cleavage. Phospholipases and putative substrate-specific GPI-AP-releasing enzymes, such as NOTUM, glycerophosphodiesterase 2, and angiotensin-converting enzyme, have been characterized in mammals. Here, the protein modifications resulting from the cleavage of the GPI anchor are discussed in the context of its physiological functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshitaka Fujihara
- Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Masahito Ikawa
- Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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32
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Ellis PS, Burbridge S, Soubes S, Ohyama K, Ben-Haim N, Chen C, Dale K, Shen MM, Constam D, Placzek M. ProNodal acts via FGFR3 to govern duration of Shh expression in the prechordal mesoderm. Development 2015; 142:3821-32. [PMID: 26417042 PMCID: PMC4712875 DOI: 10.1242/dev.119628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2014] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The secreted glycoprotein sonic hedgehog (Shh) is expressed in the prechordal mesoderm, where it plays a crucial role in induction and patterning of the ventral forebrain. Currently little is known about how Shh is regulated in prechordal tissue. Here we show that in the embryonic chick, Shh is expressed transiently in prechordal mesoderm, and is governed by unprocessed Nodal. Exposure of prechordal mesoderm microcultures to Nodal-conditioned medium, the Nodal inhibitor CerS, or to an ALK4/5/7 inhibitor reveals that Nodal is required to maintain both Shh and Gsc expression, but whereas Gsc is largely maintained through canonical signalling, Nodal signals through a non-canonical route to maintain Shh. Further, Shh expression can be maintained by a recombinant Nodal cleavage mutant, proNodal, but not by purified mature Nodal. A number of lines of evidence suggest that proNodal acts via FGFR3. ProNodal and FGFR3 co-immunoprecipitate and proNodal increases FGFR3 tyrosine phosphorylation. In microcultures, soluble FGFR3 abolishes Shh without affecting Gsc expression. Further, prechordal mesoderm cells in which Fgfr3 expression is reduced by Fgfr3 siRNA fail to bind to proNodal. Finally, targeted electroporation of Fgfr3 siRNA to prechordal mesoderm in vivo results in premature Shh downregulation without affecting Gsc. We report an inverse correlation between proNodal-FGFR3 signalling and pSmad1/5/8, and show that proNodal-FGFR3 signalling antagonises BMP-mediated pSmad1/5/8 signalling, which is poised to downregulate Shh. Our studies suggest that proNodal/FGFR3 signalling governs Shh duration by repressing canonical BMP signalling, and that local BMPs rapidly silence Shh once endogenous Nodal-FGFR3 signalling is downregulated. Highlighted article: In the chick prechordal mesoderm, the Nodal precursor proNodal acts via a non-canonical route to inhibit BMP signalling and thus maintain Shh expression
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela S Ellis
- The Bateson Centre and Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Sarah Burbridge
- The Bateson Centre and Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Sandrine Soubes
- The Bateson Centre and Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Kyoji Ohyama
- The Bateson Centre and Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Nadav Ben-Haim
- ISREC, School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Epalinges CH 1066, Switzerland
| | - Canhe Chen
- Departments of Medicine and Genetics & Development, Columbia University Medical Center, Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, 1130 St. Nicholas Avenue, New York, NY 10032, USA Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, 61 Biopolis Drive, Proteos, Singapore 138673, Singapore
| | - Kim Dale
- College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Michael M Shen
- Departments of Medicine and Genetics & Development, Columbia University Medical Center, Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, 1130 St. Nicholas Avenue, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Daniel Constam
- ISREC, School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Epalinges CH 1066, Switzerland
| | - Marysia Placzek
- The Bateson Centre and Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
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33
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Tse HM, Kozlovskaya V, Kharlampieva E, Hunter CS. Minireview: Directed Differentiation and Encapsulation of Islet β-Cells-Recent Advances and Future Considerations. Mol Endocrinol 2015; 29:1388-99. [PMID: 26340406 DOI: 10.1210/me.2015-1085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus has rapidly become a 21st century epidemic with the promise to create vast economic and health burdens, if left unchecked. The 2 major forms of diabetes arise from unique causes, with outcomes being an absolute (type 1) or relative (type 2) loss of functional pancreatic islet β-cell mass. Currently, patients rely on exogenous insulin and/or other pharmacologies that restore glucose homeostasis. Although these therapies have prolonged countless lives over the decades, the striking increases in both type 1 and type 2 diabetic diagnoses worldwide suggest a need for improved treatments. To this end, islet biologists are developing cell-based therapies by which a patient's lost insulin-producing β-cell mass is replenished. Pancreatic or islet transplantation from cadaveric donors into diabetic patients has been successful, yet the functional islet demand far surpasses supply. Thus, the field has been striving toward transplantation of renewable in vitro-derived β-cells that can restore euglycemia. Challenges have been numerous, but progress over the past decade has generated much excitement. In this review we will summarize recent findings that have placed us closer than ever to β-cell replacement therapies. With the promise of cell-based diabetes therapies on the horizon, we will also provide an overview of cellular encapsulation technologies that will deliver critical protection of newly implanted cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hubert M Tse
- Department of Microbiology and the Comprehensive Diabetes Center (H.M.T.) and Departments of Chemistry (V.K., E.K.) and Medicine, Division of Endocrinology Diabetes and Metabolism, and Comprehensive Diabetes Center (C.S.H.), University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294
| | - Veronika Kozlovskaya
- Department of Microbiology and the Comprehensive Diabetes Center (H.M.T.) and Departments of Chemistry (V.K., E.K.) and Medicine, Division of Endocrinology Diabetes and Metabolism, and Comprehensive Diabetes Center (C.S.H.), University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294
| | - Eugenia Kharlampieva
- Department of Microbiology and the Comprehensive Diabetes Center (H.M.T.) and Departments of Chemistry (V.K., E.K.) and Medicine, Division of Endocrinology Diabetes and Metabolism, and Comprehensive Diabetes Center (C.S.H.), University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294
| | - Chad S Hunter
- Department of Microbiology and the Comprehensive Diabetes Center (H.M.T.) and Departments of Chemistry (V.K., E.K.) and Medicine, Division of Endocrinology Diabetes and Metabolism, and Comprehensive Diabetes Center (C.S.H.), University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294
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Tu J, Ng SH, Luk ACS, Liao J, Jiang X, Feng B, Lun Mak KK, Rennert OM, Chan WY, Lee TL. MicroRNA-29b/Tet1 regulatory axis epigenetically modulates mesendoderm differentiation in mouse embryonic stem cells. Nucleic Acids Res 2015; 43:7805-22. [PMID: 26130713 PMCID: PMC4652748 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkv653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2015] [Accepted: 06/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Ten eleven translocation (Tet) family-mediated DNA oxidation on 5-methylcytosine (5mC) to 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) represents a novel epigenetic modification that regulates dynamic gene expression during embryonic stem cells (ESCs) differentiation. Through the role of Tet on 5hmC regulation in stem cell development is relatively defined, how the Tet family is regulated and impacts on ESCs lineage development remains elusive. In this study, we show non-coding RNA regulation on Tet family may contribute to epigenetic regulation during ESCs differentiation, which is suggested by microRNA-29b (miR-29b) binding sites on the Tet1 3′ untranslated region (3′ UTR). We demonstrate miR-29b increases sharply after embyoid body (EB) formation, which causes Tet1 repression and reduction of cellular 5hmC level during ESCs differentiation. Importantly, we show this miR-29b/Tet1 regulatory axis promotes the mesendoderm lineage formation both in vitro and in vivo by inducing the Nodal signaling pathway and repressing the key target of the active demethylation pathway, Tdg. Taken together, our findings underscore the contribution of small non-coding RNA mediated regulation on DNA demethylation dynamics and the differential expressions of key mesendoderm regulators during ESCs lineage specification. MiR-29b could potentially be applied to enrich production of mesoderm and endoderm derivatives and be further differentiated into desired organ-specific cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajie Tu
- Reproduction, Development and Endocrinology Program, School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong SAR, China Shandong University (CUHK-SDU) Joint Laboratory on Reproductive Genetics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Shuk Han Ng
- Reproduction, Development and Endocrinology Program, School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong SAR, China Shandong University (CUHK-SDU) Joint Laboratory on Reproductive Genetics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Alfred Chun Shui Luk
- Reproduction, Development and Endocrinology Program, School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong SAR, China Shandong University (CUHK-SDU) Joint Laboratory on Reproductive Genetics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Jinyue Liao
- Reproduction, Development and Endocrinology Program, School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong SAR, China Shandong University (CUHK-SDU) Joint Laboratory on Reproductive Genetics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Xiaohua Jiang
- Stem Cell and Regeneration Program, School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Bo Feng
- Stem Cell and Regeneration Program, School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Kingston King Lun Mak
- Stem Cell and Regeneration Program, School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Owen M Rennert
- The Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Wai-Yee Chan
- Reproduction, Development and Endocrinology Program, School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong SAR, China Shandong University (CUHK-SDU) Joint Laboratory on Reproductive Genetics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Tin-Lap Lee
- Reproduction, Development and Endocrinology Program, School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong SAR, China Shandong University (CUHK-SDU) Joint Laboratory on Reproductive Genetics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China
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35
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Kaufman-Francis K, Goh HN, Kojima Y, Studdert JB, Jones V, Power MD, Wilkie E, Teber E, Loebel DAF, Tam PPL. Differential response of epiblast stem cells to Nodal and Activin signalling: a paradigm of early endoderm development in the embryo. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2015; 369:rstb.2013.0550. [PMID: 25349457 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2013.0550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Mouse epiblast stem cells (EpiSCs) display temporal differences in the upregulation of Mixl1 expression during the initial steps of in vitro differentiation, which can be correlated with their propensity for endoderm differentiation. EpiSCs that upregulated Mixl1 rapidly during differentiation responded robustly to both Activin A and Nodal in generating foregut endoderm and precursors of pancreatic and hepatic tissues. By contrast, EpiSCs that delayed Mixl1 upregulation responded less effectively to Nodal and showed an overall suboptimal outcome of directed differentiation. The enhancement in endoderm potency in Mixl1-early cells may be accounted for by a rapid exit from the progenitor state and the efficient response to the induction of differentiation by Nodal. EpiSCs that readily differentiate into the endoderm cells are marked by a distinctive expression fingerprint of transforming growth factor (TGF)-β signalling pathway genes and genes related to the endoderm lineage. Nodal appears to elicit responses that are associated with transition to a mesenchymal phenotype, whereas Activin A promotes gene expression associated with maintenance of an epithelial phenotype. We postulate that the formation of definitive endoderm (DE) in embryoid bodies follows a similar process to germ layer formation from the epiblast, requiring an initial de-epithelialization event and subsequent re-epithelialization. Our results show that priming EpiSCs with the appropriate form of TGF-β signalling at the formative phase of endoderm differentiation impacts on the further progression into mature DE-derived lineages, and that this is influenced by the initial characteristics of the cell population. Our study also highlights that Activin A, which is commonly used as an in vitro surrogate for Nodal in differentiation protocols, does not elicit the same downstream effects as Nodal, and therefore may not effectively mimic events that take place in the mouse embryo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keren Kaufman-Francis
- Embryology Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, Westmead, New South Wales 2145, Australia
| | - Hwee Ngee Goh
- Embryology Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, Westmead, New South Wales 2145, Australia
| | - Yoji Kojima
- Embryology Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, Westmead, New South Wales 2145, Australia Institute of Integrated Cell-Material Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Joshua B Studdert
- Embryology Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, Westmead, New South Wales 2145, Australia
| | - Vanessa Jones
- Embryology Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, Westmead, New South Wales 2145, Australia
| | - Melinda D Power
- Embryology Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, Westmead, New South Wales 2145, Australia
| | - Emilie Wilkie
- Embryology Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, Westmead, New South Wales 2145, Australia Bioinformatics Group, Children's Medical Research Institute, Westmead, New South Wales 2145, Australia
| | - Erdahl Teber
- Bioinformatics Group, Children's Medical Research Institute, Westmead, New South Wales 2145, Australia
| | - David A F Loebel
- Embryology Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, Westmead, New South Wales 2145, Australia Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2008, Australia
| | - Patrick P L Tam
- Embryology Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, Westmead, New South Wales 2145, Australia Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2008, Australia
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36
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Johannesson B, Sui L, Freytes DO, Creusot RJ, Egli D. Toward beta cell replacement for diabetes. EMBO J 2015; 34:841-55. [PMID: 25733347 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201490685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2014] [Accepted: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The discovery of insulin more than 90 years ago introduced a life-saving treatment for patients with type 1 diabetes, and since then, significant progress has been made in clinical care for all forms of diabetes. However, no method of insulin delivery matches the ability of the human pancreas to reliably and automatically maintain glucose levels within a tight range. Transplantation of human islets or of an intact pancreas can in principle cure diabetes, but this approach is generally reserved for cases with simultaneous transplantation of a kidney, where immunosuppression is already a requirement. Recent advances in cell reprogramming and beta cell differentiation now allow the generation of personalized stem cells, providing an unlimited source of beta cells for research and for developing autologous cell therapies. In this review, we will discuss the utility of stem cell-derived beta cells to investigate the mechanisms of beta cell failure in diabetes, and the challenges to develop beta cell replacement therapies. These challenges include appropriate quality controls of the cells being used, the ability to generate beta cell grafts of stable cellular composition, and in the case of type 1 diabetes, protecting implanted cells from autoimmune destruction without compromising other aspects of the immune system or the functionality of the graft. Such novel treatments will need to match or exceed the relative safety and efficacy of available care for diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lina Sui
- Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center & Department of Pediatrics, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Donald O Freytes
- The New York Stem Cell Foundation Research Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Remi J Creusot
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Department of Medicine and Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Dieter Egli
- The New York Stem Cell Foundation Research Institute, New York, NY, USA Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center & Department of Pediatrics, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
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37
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Chen H, Sun H, Tao D, Yang P, Bian S, Liu Y, Zhang S, Ma Y. Znf45l affects primitive hematopoiesis by regulating transforming growth factor-β signaling. BMB Rep 2014; 47:21-6. [PMID: 24209630 PMCID: PMC4163844 DOI: 10.5483/bmbrep.2014.47.1.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2013] [Revised: 03/22/2013] [Accepted: 04/08/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Znf45l, containing classical C2H2 domains, is a novel member of Zinc finger proteins in zebrafish. In vertebrates, TGF-β signaling plays a critical role in hematopoiesis. Here, we showed that Znf45l is expressed both maternally and zygotically throughout early development. Znf45l-depleted Zebrafish embryos display shorter tails and necrosis with reduced expression of hematopoietic maker genes. Furthermore, we revealed that znf45l locates downstream of TGF-β ligands and maintains normal level of TGF-β receptor type II phosphorylation. In brief, our results indicate that znf45l affects initial hematopoietic development through regulation of TGF-β signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Yongxin Ma
- Department of Medical Genetics, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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38
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Kang N, Won M, Rhee M, Ro H. Siah ubiquitin ligases modulate nodal signaling during zebrafish embryonic development. Mol Cells 2014; 37:389-98. [PMID: 24823357 PMCID: PMC4044310 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2014.0032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2014] [Revised: 03/27/2014] [Accepted: 03/31/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Siah2 is a zebrafish homologue of mammalian Siah family. Siah acts as an E3 ubiquitin ligase that binds proteins destined for degradation. Extensive homology between siah and Drosophila Siah homologue (sina) suggests their important physiological roles during embryonic development. However, detailed functional studies of Siah in vertebrate development have not been carried out. Here we report that Siah2 specifically augments nodal related gene expression in marginal blastomeres at late blastula through early gastrula stages of zebrafish embryos. Siah2 dependent Nodal signaling augmentation is confirmed by cell-based reporter gene assays using 293T cells and 3TPluciferase reporter plasmid. We also established a molecular hierarchy of Siah as a upstream regulator of FoxH1/Fast1 transcriptional factor in Nodal signaling. Elevated expression of nodal related genes by overexpression of Siah2 was enough to override the inhibitory effects of atv and lft2 on the Nodal signaling. In particular, E3 ubiquitin ligase activity of Siah2 is critical to limit the duration and/or magnitude of Nodal signaling. Additionally, since the embryos injected with Siah morpholinos mimicked the atv overexpression phenotype at least in part, our data support a model in which Siah is involved in mesendoderm patterning via modulating Nodal signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nami Kang
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764,
Korea
| | - Minho Won
- Program in Genomics of Differentiation, Eunice Kennedy Shiver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland,
USA
| | - Myungchull Rhee
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764,
Korea
| | - Hyunju Ro
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764,
Korea
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39
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Fuller K, O'Connell JT, Gordon J, Mauti O, Eggenschwiler J. Rab23 regulates Nodal signaling in vertebrate left-right patterning independently of the Hedgehog pathway. Dev Biol 2014; 391:182-95. [PMID: 24780629 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2014.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2013] [Revised: 03/14/2014] [Accepted: 04/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Asymmetric fluid flow in the node and Nodal signaling in the left lateral plate mesoderm (LPM) drive left-right patterning of the mammalian body plan. However, the mechanisms linking fluid flow to asymmetric gene expression in the LPM remain unclear. Here we show that the small GTPase Rab23, known for its role in Hedgehog signaling, plays a separate role in Nodal signaling and left-right patterning in the mouse embryo. Rab23 is not required for initial symmetry breaking in the node, but it is required for expression of Nodal and Nodal target genes in the LPM. Microinjection of Nodal protein and transfection of Nodal cDNA in the embryo indicate that Rab23 is required for the production of functional Nodal signals, rather than the response to them. Using gain- and loss-of function approaches, we show that Rab23 plays a similar role in zebrafish, where it is required in the teleost equivalent of the mouse node, Kupffer׳s vesicle. Collectively, these data suggest that Rab23 is an essential component of the mechanism that transmits asymmetric patterning information from the node to the LPM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly Fuller
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, United States
| | - Joyce T O'Connell
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, United States
| | - Julie Gordon
- Department of Genetics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, United States
| | - Olivier Mauti
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, United States
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40
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Chatterjee S, Elinson RP. Commitment to nutritional endoderm in Eleutherodactylus coqui involves altered nodal signaling and global transcriptional repression. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY PART B-MOLECULAR AND DEVELOPMENTAL EVOLUTION 2013; 322:27-44. [PMID: 24323742 DOI: 10.1002/jez.b.22543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2013] [Revised: 09/11/2013] [Accepted: 09/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The vegetal cells of a Xenopus laevis embryo commit to mesendoderm via the Nodal-signaling pathway. In the direct developing frog Eleutherodactylus coqui, mesendoderm is specified at the marginal zone of the early gastrula, and vegetal core cells transform into nutritional endoderm. Nutritional endoderm, a novel tissue, consists of transient, yolky cells that provide nutrition but remain undifferentiated. We report a dual regulation for the generation of nutritional endoderm. First, differential expressions of the Nodal-signal transducers Smad2 and Smad4 were observed during early gastrulation between the marginal zone and the vegetal core cells. Although EcSmad2 RNA as well as total and activated Smad2 protein were detected in the vegetal core, Smad4 protein was expressed less in vegetal core during early gastrulation. Only 12% and 50% of vegetal core cells were positive for nuclear Smad2 and Smad4 signals respectively compared to 100% of marginal zone cells. These results suggest a signaling disruption in the vegetal core. Second, vegetal core cells were transcriptionally repressed. At the blastula stage, both marginal zone and vegetal core cells were transcriptionally silent, but during early gastrulation, only marginal zone cells became transcriptionally active. This indicates the occurrence of a mid-blastula transition in the marginal zone by early gastrulation, but global transcriptional repression persisted in the vegetal core and its derivative, nutritional endoderm, throughout development. We have described a novel mechanism, which prevents differentiation of the vegetal core through differential Nodal-signaling and global transcriptional repression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suman Chatterjee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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41
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Li L, Liu C, Biechele S, Zhu Q, Song L, Lanner F, Jing N, Rossant J. Location of transient ectodermal progenitor potential in mouse development. Development 2013; 140:4533-43. [PMID: 24131634 DOI: 10.1242/dev.092866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Ectoderm is one of the three classic germ layers in the early mouse embryo, with the capacity to develop into both the central nervous system and epidermis. Because it is a transient phase of development with few molecular markers, the early ectoderm is the least understood germ layer in mouse embryonic development. In this work, we studied the differentiation potential of isolated ectoderm tissue in response to BMP signaling at various developmental stages (E6.5, E7.0 and E7.5), and identified a transient region in the anterior-proximal side of the embryo at E7.0 that possesses the ability to become neural or epidermal ectoderm in response to the absence or presence of BMP4, respectively. Furthermore, we demonstrated that inhibition of Nodal signaling could direct the pluripotent E6.5 epiblast cells towards ectoderm lineages during differentiation in explants in vitro. Our work not only improves our understanding of ectodermal layer development in early embryos, but also provides a framework for regenerative differentiation towards ectodermal tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingyu Li
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada
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42
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Lin CY, Lee HC, Chen HC, Hsieh CC, Tsai HJ. Normal function of Myf5 during gastrulation is required for pharyngeal arch cartilage development in zebrafish embryos. Zebrafish 2013; 10:486-99. [PMID: 23992145 DOI: 10.1089/zeb.2013.0903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Myf5, a myogenic regulatory factor, plays a key role in regulating muscle differentiation. However, it is not known if Myf5 has a regulatory role during early embryogenesis. Here, we used myf5-morpholino oligonucleotides [MO] to knock down myf5 expression and demonstrated a series of results pointing to the functional roles of Myf5 during early embryogenesis: (1) reduced head size resulting from abnormal morphology in the cranial skeleton; (2) decreased expressions of the cranial neural crest (CNC) markers foxd3, sox9a, dlx2, and col2a1; (3) defect in the chondrogenic neural crest similar to that of fgf3 morphants; (4) reduced fgf3/fgf8 transcripts in the cephalic mesoderm rescued by co-injection of myf5 wobble-mismatched mRNA together with myf5-MO1 during 12 h postfertilization; (5) abnormal patterns of axial and non-axial mesoderm causing expansion of the dorsal organizer, and (6) increased bmp4 gradient, but reduced fgf3/fgf8 marginal gradient, during gastrulation. Interestingly, overexpression of fgf3 could rescue the cranial cartilage defects caused by myf5-MO1, suggesting that Myf5 modulates craniofacial cartilage development through the fgf3 signaling pathway. Together, the loss of Myf5 function results in a cascade effect that begins with abnormal formation of the dorsal organizer during gastrulation, causing, in turn, defects in the CNC and cranial cartilage of myf5-knockdown embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Yung Lin
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Taiwan University , Taipei, Taiwan
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43
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Liu X, Ma Y, Zhang C, Wei S, Cao Y, Wang Q. Nodal promotes mir206 expression to control convergence and extension movements during zebrafish gastrulation. J Genet Genomics 2013; 40:515-21. [PMID: 24156917 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgg.2013.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2013] [Revised: 07/15/2013] [Accepted: 07/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Nodal, a member of the transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) superfamily, has been shown to play a role in mesendoderm induction and gastrulation movements. The activity of Nodal signaling can be modulated by microRNAs (miRNAs) as previously reported, but little is known about which miRNAs are regulated by Nodal during gastrulation. In the present study, we found that the expression of mir206, one of the most abundant miRNAs during zebrafish early embryo development, is regulated by Nodal signaling. Abrogation of Nodal signal activity results in defective convergence and extension (CE) movements, and these cell migration defects can be rescued by supplying an excess of mir206, suggesting that mir206 acts downstream of Nodal signaling to regulate CE movements. Furthermore, in mir206 morphants, the expression of cell adhesion molecule E-cadherin is significantly increased, while the key transcriptional repressor of E-cadherin, snail1a, is depressed. Our study uncovers a novel mechanism by which Nodal-regulated mir206 modulates gastrulation movements in connection with the Snail/E-cadherin pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuli Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
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44
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Halder D, Park JH, Choi MR, Chai JC, Lee YS, Mandal C, Jung KH, Chai YG. Chronic ethanol exposure increasesgoosecoid(GSC) expression in human embryonic carcinoma cell differentiation. J Appl Toxicol 2013; 34:66-75. [DOI: 10.1002/jat.2832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2012] [Revised: 09/04/2012] [Accepted: 09/07/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Debasish Halder
- Division of Molecular and Life Sciences; Hanyang University; Ansan Korea
| | - Ji Hyun Park
- Division of Molecular and Life Sciences; Hanyang University; Ansan Korea
| | - Mi Ran Choi
- Division of Molecular and Life Sciences; Hanyang University; Ansan Korea
| | - Jin Choul Chai
- Division of Molecular and Life Sciences; Hanyang University; Ansan Korea
| | - Young Seek Lee
- Division of Molecular and Life Sciences; Hanyang University; Ansan Korea
| | - Chanchal Mandal
- Division of Molecular and Life Sciences; Hanyang University; Ansan Korea
| | - Kyoung Hwa Jung
- Institute of Natural Science and Technology; Hanyang University; Ansan Korea
| | - Young Gyu Chai
- Division of Molecular and Life Sciences; Hanyang University; Ansan Korea
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45
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Regulation of cell polarity and RNA localization in vertebrate oocytes. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2013; 306:127-85. [PMID: 24016525 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-407694-5.00004-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
It has long been appreciated that the inheritance of maternal cytoplasmic determinants from different regions of the egg can lead to differential specification of blastomeres during cleavage. Localized RNAs are important determinants of cell fate in eggs and embryos but are also recognized as fundamental regulators of cell structure and function. This chapter summarizes recent molecular and genetic experiments regarding: (1) mechanisms that regulate polarity during different stages of vertebrate oogenesis, (2) pathways that localize presumptive protein and RNA determinants within the polarized oocyte and egg, and (3) how these determinants act in the embryo to determine the ultimate cell fates. Emphasis is placed on studies done in Xenopus, where extensive work has been done in these areas, and comparisons are drawn with fish and mammals. The prospects for future work using in vivo genome manipulation and other postgenomic approaches are also discussed.
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46
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Murakami M, Shirai M, Ooishi R, Tsuburaya A, Asai K, Hashimoto O, Ogawa K, Nishino Y, Funaba M. Expression of activin receptor-like kinase 7 in adipose tissues. Biochem Genet 2012; 51:202-10. [PMID: 23264230 DOI: 10.1007/s10528-012-9555-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2011] [Accepted: 09/11/2012] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The tissue distribution of activin receptor-like kinase 7 (Alk7) expression, the signaling ability of Alk7 variants, and Alk7 expression in response to β3-adrenergic receptor activation were examined. Expression levels of Alk7 varied greatly among tissues but were highest in white adipose tissue and brown adipose tissue. In addition to full-length Alk7 (Alk7-v1), Alk7-v3, an Alk7 variant, was expressed in adipose tissues, brain, and ovary. Nodal transmits signals via Alk7 in cooperation with its coreceptor, Cripto. Evaluation of the ability of Alk7 variants to confer Nodal signaling using luciferase-based reporter assays showed that Alk7-v3 does not transmit Nodal-Cripto-mediated signals. Expression of Alk7 was down-regulated in brown but not in white adipose tissue treated with CL316,243, a β3-adrenergic receptor agonist. These results suggest involvement of Alk7 in modulation of metabolism in the adipose tissues in response to β3-adrenergic receptor activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaru Murakami
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, Sagamihara, 252-5201, Japan.
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47
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Li X, Ma Y, Li D, Gao X, Li P, Bai N, Luo M, Tan X, Lu C, Ma X. Arsenic impairs embryo development via down-regulating Dvr1 expression in zebrafish. Toxicol Lett 2012; 212:161-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2012.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2012] [Revised: 05/08/2012] [Accepted: 05/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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48
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Das S, Chang C. Regulation of early xenopus embryogenesis by Smad ubiquitination regulatory factor 2. Dev Dyn 2012; 241:1260-73. [PMID: 22674516 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.23811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/23/2012] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Smad ubiquitination regulatory factor (Smurf) 1 and 2 are E3 ubiquitin ligases originally identified as inhibitors of transforming growth factor beta signaling and are shown to modulate multiple cellular activities. The roles of Smurfs in vertebrate embryogenesis, however, are not completely understood. RESULTS Here we investigate the function of Smurf2 during early Xenopus development. We show that distinctly from Smurf1, overexpression of Smurf2 in presumptive mesoderm interfered with mesoderm induction and caused axial defects, whereas knockdown of Smurf2 with antisense morpholino oligonucleotides resulted in expansion of the mesoderm. These results imply that Smurf2 may modulate nodal-mediated mesodermal induction. Consistently, ventral expression of Smurf2 induced a partial secondary axis with head structures. In the ectoderm, Smurf2 resembled Smurf1 in controlling neural and epidermal marker expression and influencing head formation. Smurf1, but not Smurf2, additionally affected neural tube closure. Interestingly, both Smurfs could enhance as well as repress neural crest markers, implying that they modulate their targets dynamically during neural plate border specification. CONCLUSION Our data demonstrate that Smurf1 and Smurf2 have overlapping and distinct functionalities during early frog embryogenesis; collectively, they regulate ectodermal and mesodermal induction and patterning to ensure normal development of Xenopus embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaonli Das
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
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Zhao T, Wang X, Wei H, Yang M, Zeng F, Zhou H. Molecular and functional characterization of grass carp squint/nodal-related 1: a potential regulator of activin signaling in teleost pituitary cells. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2012; 42:239-48. [PMID: 22336094 DOI: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2012.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2011] [Revised: 12/21/2011] [Accepted: 01/02/2012] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Nodal, a member of the transforming growth factor-β superfamily, plays important roles in embryogenesis in vertebrates, including fish. However, the functional characterization of the fish nodal-related gene in nonembryonic cells is still unclear. In teleost, three nodal-related genes, nodal-related (ndr)1/squint, ndr2/cyclops, and ndr3/southpaw have been reported. In this study, a full-length cDNA for grass carp squint (gcSqt) was cloned, and its transcript was detected in the selected organs, including pituitary, brain, heart, head kidney, kidney, spleen, and gonad. To further define its functional role, recombinant grass carp squint (rgcSQT) was produced in Escherichia coli in a homodimer form. Furthermore, we examined the effects of rgcSQT on activin and its receptor gene expression with the use of grass carp pituitary cell as a model. Results showed that rgcSQT stimulated the mRNA expression of activin βA and βB subunit, as well as activin receptor ActRIB and ActRIIB. These findings not only contribute to the understanding of nonembryonic functions of nodal gene in fish, but they also provide new insight into the regulation of activin signaling in vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Neuroinformation of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, People's Republic of China
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Kim PTW, Ong CJ. Differentiation of definitive endoderm from mouse embryonic stem cells. Results Probl Cell Differ 2012; 55:303-19. [PMID: 22918814 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-30406-4_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Efficient production of definitive endoderm from embryonic stem (ES) cells opens doors to the possibilities of differentiation of endoderm-derived tissues such as the intestines, pancreas, and liver that could address the needs of people with chronic diseases involving these organs. The lessons learned from developmental biology have contributed significantly to in vitro differentiation of definitive endoderm. Gastrulation, a process that results in the production of all three embryonic germ cell layers, definitive endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm, is an important step in embryonic development. Gastrulation occurs as a result of the events that are orchestrated by the signaling pathways involving Nodal, FGF, Wnt, and BMP. Understanding these signaling pathways has led to the introduction of key ingredients such as Activin A, FGF, Wnt, and BMP to the differentiation protocols that have been able to produce definitive endoderm from ES cells. Efficient production of definitive endoderm needs to meet the specific criteria that include (a) increase in the production of markers of definitive endoderm such as Sox 17, FOXA2, GSC, and Mixl1; (b) decrease in the production of markers of primitive/visceral/parietal endoderm, Sox 7 and OCT4; and (c) decrease in the mesoderm markers (Brachyury, MEOX) and ectoderm markers (Sox1 and ZIC1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter T W Kim
- Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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