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Tempone MH, Borges-Martins VP, César F, Alexandrino-Mattos DP, de Figueiredo CS, Raony Í, dos Santos AA, Duarte-Silva AT, Dias MS, Freitas HR, de Araújo EG, Ribeiro-Resende VT, Cossenza M, P. Silva H, P. de Carvalho R, Ventura ALM, Calaza KC, Silveira MS, Kubrusly RCC, de Melo Reis RA. The Healthy and Diseased Retina Seen through Neuron-Glia Interactions. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1120. [PMID: 38256192 PMCID: PMC10817105 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25021120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
The retina is the sensory tissue responsible for the first stages of visual processing, with a conserved anatomy and functional architecture among vertebrates. To date, retinal eye diseases, such as diabetic retinopathy, age-related macular degeneration, retinitis pigmentosa, glaucoma, and others, affect nearly 170 million people worldwide, resulting in vision loss and blindness. To tackle retinal disorders, the developing retina has been explored as a versatile model to study intercellular signaling, as it presents a broad neurochemical repertoire that has been approached in the last decades in terms of signaling and diseases. Retina, dissociated and arranged as typical cultures, as mixed or neuron- and glia-enriched, and/or organized as neurospheres and/or as organoids, are valuable to understand both neuronal and glial compartments, which have contributed to revealing roles and mechanisms between transmitter systems as well as antioxidants, trophic factors, and extracellular matrix proteins. Overall, contributions in understanding neurogenesis, tissue development, differentiation, connectivity, plasticity, and cell death are widely described. A complete access to the genome of several vertebrates, as well as the recent transcriptome at the single cell level at different stages of development, also anticipates future advances in providing cues to target blinding diseases or retinal dysfunctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matheus H. Tempone
- Laboratory of Neurochemistry, Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21949-000, Brazil; (M.H.T.); (F.C.); (D.P.A.-M.); (V.T.R.-R.)
| | - Vladimir P. Borges-Martins
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Biomedical Institute and Program of Neurosciences, Federal Fluminense University, Niterói 24020-150, Brazil; (V.P.B.-M.); (A.A.d.S.); (M.C.); (R.C.C.K.)
| | - Felipe César
- Laboratory of Neurochemistry, Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21949-000, Brazil; (M.H.T.); (F.C.); (D.P.A.-M.); (V.T.R.-R.)
| | - Dio Pablo Alexandrino-Mattos
- Laboratory of Neurochemistry, Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21949-000, Brazil; (M.H.T.); (F.C.); (D.P.A.-M.); (V.T.R.-R.)
| | - Camila S. de Figueiredo
- Department of Neurobiology and Program of Neurosciences, Institute of Biology, Federal Fluminense University, Niterói 24020-141, Brazil; (C.S.d.F.); (A.T.D.-S.); (E.G.d.A.); (R.P.d.C.); (A.L.M.V.); (K.C.C.)
| | - Ícaro Raony
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil; (Í.R.); (H.R.F.)
| | - Aline Araujo dos Santos
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Biomedical Institute and Program of Neurosciences, Federal Fluminense University, Niterói 24020-150, Brazil; (V.P.B.-M.); (A.A.d.S.); (M.C.); (R.C.C.K.)
| | - Aline Teixeira Duarte-Silva
- Department of Neurobiology and Program of Neurosciences, Institute of Biology, Federal Fluminense University, Niterói 24020-141, Brazil; (C.S.d.F.); (A.T.D.-S.); (E.G.d.A.); (R.P.d.C.); (A.L.M.V.); (K.C.C.)
| | - Mariana Santana Dias
- Laboratory of Gene Therapy and Viral Vectors, Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21949-000, Brazil; (M.S.D.); (H.P.S.)
| | - Hércules Rezende Freitas
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil; (Í.R.); (H.R.F.)
| | - Elisabeth G. de Araújo
- Department of Neurobiology and Program of Neurosciences, Institute of Biology, Federal Fluminense University, Niterói 24020-141, Brazil; (C.S.d.F.); (A.T.D.-S.); (E.G.d.A.); (R.P.d.C.); (A.L.M.V.); (K.C.C.)
- National Institute of Science and Technology on Neuroimmunomodulation—INCT-NIM, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil
| | - Victor Tulio Ribeiro-Resende
- Laboratory of Neurochemistry, Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21949-000, Brazil; (M.H.T.); (F.C.); (D.P.A.-M.); (V.T.R.-R.)
| | - Marcelo Cossenza
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Biomedical Institute and Program of Neurosciences, Federal Fluminense University, Niterói 24020-150, Brazil; (V.P.B.-M.); (A.A.d.S.); (M.C.); (R.C.C.K.)
| | - Hilda P. Silva
- Laboratory of Gene Therapy and Viral Vectors, Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21949-000, Brazil; (M.S.D.); (H.P.S.)
| | - Roberto P. de Carvalho
- Department of Neurobiology and Program of Neurosciences, Institute of Biology, Federal Fluminense University, Niterói 24020-141, Brazil; (C.S.d.F.); (A.T.D.-S.); (E.G.d.A.); (R.P.d.C.); (A.L.M.V.); (K.C.C.)
| | - Ana L. M. Ventura
- Department of Neurobiology and Program of Neurosciences, Institute of Biology, Federal Fluminense University, Niterói 24020-141, Brazil; (C.S.d.F.); (A.T.D.-S.); (E.G.d.A.); (R.P.d.C.); (A.L.M.V.); (K.C.C.)
| | - Karin C. Calaza
- Department of Neurobiology and Program of Neurosciences, Institute of Biology, Federal Fluminense University, Niterói 24020-141, Brazil; (C.S.d.F.); (A.T.D.-S.); (E.G.d.A.); (R.P.d.C.); (A.L.M.V.); (K.C.C.)
| | - Mariana S. Silveira
- Laboratory for Investigation in Neuroregeneration and Development, Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21949-000, Brazil;
| | - Regina C. C. Kubrusly
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Biomedical Institute and Program of Neurosciences, Federal Fluminense University, Niterói 24020-150, Brazil; (V.P.B.-M.); (A.A.d.S.); (M.C.); (R.C.C.K.)
| | - Ricardo A. de Melo Reis
- Laboratory of Neurochemistry, Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21949-000, Brazil; (M.H.T.); (F.C.); (D.P.A.-M.); (V.T.R.-R.)
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GAP positions catalytic H-Ras residue Q61 for GTP hydrolysis in molecular dynamics simulations, complicating chemical rescue of Ras deactivation. Comput Biol Chem 2023; 104:107835. [PMID: 36893567 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiolchem.2023.107835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023]
Abstract
Functional interaction of Ras signaling proteins with upstream, negative regulatory GTPase activating proteins (GAPs) represents a crucial step in cellular decision making related to growth and survival. Key components of the catalytic transition state for Ras deactivation by GAP-accelerated hydrolysis of Ras-bound guanosine triphosphate (GTP) are thought to include an arginine residue from the GAP (the arginine finger), a glutamine residue from Ras (Q61), and a water molecule that is likely coordinated by Q61 to engage in nucleophilic attack on GTP. Here, we use in-vitro fluorescence experiments to show that 0.1-100 mM concentrations of free arginine, imidazole, and other small nitrogenous molecule fail to accelerate GTP hydrolysis, even in the presence of the catalytic domain of a mutant GAP lacking its arginine finger (R1276A NF1). This result is surprising given that imidazole can chemically rescue enzyme activity in arginine-to-alanine mutant protein tyrosine kinases (PTKs) that share many active site components with Ras/GAP complexes. Complementary all-atom molecular dynamics (MD) simulations reveal that an arginine finger GAP mutant still functions to enhance Ras Q61-GTP interaction, though less extensively than wild-type GAP. This increased Q61-GTP proximity may promote more frequent fluctuations into configurations that enable GTP hydrolysis as a component of the mechanism by which GAPs accelerate Ras deactivation in the face of arginine finger mutations. The failure of small molecule analogs of arginine to chemically rescue catalytic deactivation of Ras is consistent with the idea that the influence of the GAP goes beyond the simple provision of its arginine finger. However, the failure of chemical rescue in the presence of R1276A NF1 suggests that the GAPs arginine finger is either unsusceptible to rescue due to exquisite positioning or that it is involved in complex multivalent interactions. Therefore, in the context of oncogenic Ras proteins with mutations at codons 12 or 13 that inhibit arginine finger penetration toward GTP, drug-based chemical rescue of GTP hydrolysis may have bifunctional chemical/geometric requirements that are more difficult to satisfy than those that result from arginine-to-alanine mutations in other enzymes for which chemical rescue has been demonstrated.
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3
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Ciulla DA, Dranchak P, Pezzullo JL, Mancusi RA, Psaras AM, Rai G, Giner JL, Inglese J, Callahan BP. A cell-based bioluminescence reporter assay of human Sonic Hedgehog protein autoprocessing to identify inhibitors and activators. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:102705. [PMID: 36400200 PMCID: PMC9772569 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The Sonic Hedgehog (SHh) precursor protein undergoes biosynthetic autoprocessing to cleave off and covalently attach cholesterol to the SHh signaling ligand, a vital morphogen and oncogenic effector protein. Autoprocessing is self-catalyzed by SHhC, the SHh precursor's C-terminal enzymatic domain. A method to screen for small molecule regulators of this process may be of therapeutic value. Here, we describe the development and validation of the first cellular reporter to monitor human SHhC autoprocessing noninvasively in high-throughput compatible plates. The assay couples intracellular SHhC autoprocessing using endogenous cholesterol to the extracellular secretion of the bioluminescent nanoluciferase enzyme. We developed a WT SHhC reporter line for evaluating potential autoprocessing inhibitors by concentration response-dependent suppression of extracellular bioluminescence. Additionally, a conditional mutant SHhC (D46A) reporter line was developed for identifying potential autoprocessing activators by a concentration response-dependent gain of extracellular bioluminescence. The D46A mutation removes a conserved general base that is critical for the activation of the cholesterol substrate. Inducibility of the D46A reporter was established using a synthetic sterol, 2-α carboxy cholestanol, designed to bypass the defect through intramolecular general base catalysis. To facilitate direct nanoluciferase detection in the cell culture media of 1536-well plates, we designed a novel anionic phosphonylated coelenterazine, CLZ-2P, as the nanoluciferase substrate. This new reporter system offers a long-awaited resource for small molecule discovery for cancer and for developmental disorders where SHh ligand biosynthesis is dysregulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A Ciulla
- Chemistry Department, Binghamton University, Binghamton, New York, USA
| | - Patricia Dranchak
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - John L Pezzullo
- State University of New York, College of Environmental Science and Forestry, Syracuse, New York, USA
| | - Rebecca A Mancusi
- Chemistry Department, Binghamton University, Binghamton, New York, USA
| | | | - Ganesha Rai
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - José-Luis Giner
- State University of New York, College of Environmental Science and Forestry, Syracuse, New York, USA.
| | - James Inglese
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, USA; National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
| | - Brian P Callahan
- Chemistry Department, Binghamton University, Binghamton, New York, USA.
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Hassell DS, Steingesser MG, Denney AS, Johnson CR, McMurray MA. Chemical rescue of mutant proteins in living Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells by naturally occurring small molecules. G3-GENES GENOMES GENETICS 2021; 11:6323229. [PMID: 34544143 PMCID: PMC8496222 DOI: 10.1093/g3journal/jkab252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Intracellular proteins function in a complex milieu wherein small molecules influence protein folding and act as essential cofactors for enzymatic reactions. Thus protein function depends not only on amino acid sequence but also on the concentrations of such molecules, which are subject to wide variation between organisms, metabolic states, and environmental conditions. We previously found evidence that exogenous guanidine reverses the phenotypes of specific budding yeast septin mutants by binding to a WT septin at the former site of an Arg side chain that was lost during fungal evolution. Here, we used a combination of targeted and unbiased approaches to look for other cases of "chemical rescue" by naturally occurring small molecules. We report in vivo rescue of hundreds of Saccharomyces cerevisiae mutants representing a variety of genes, including likely examples of Arg or Lys side chain replacement by the guanidinium ion. Failed rescue of targeted mutants highlight features required for rescue, as well as key differences between the in vitro and in vivo environments. Some non-Arg mutants rescued by guanidine likely result from "off-target" effects on specific cellular processes in WT cells. Molecules isosteric to guanidine and known to influence protein folding had a range of effects, from essentially none for urea, to rescue of a few mutants by DMSO. Strikingly, the osmolyte trimethylamine-N-oxide rescued ∼20% of the mutants we tested, likely reflecting combinations of direct and indirect effects on mutant protein function. Our findings illustrate the potential of natural small molecules as therapeutic interventions and drivers of evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel S Hassell
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Marc G Steingesser
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Ashley S Denney
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Courtney R Johnson
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Michael A McMurray
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
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5
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The constitutive activity of the viral-encoded G protein-coupled receptor US28 supports a complex signalling network contributing to cancer development. Biochem Soc Trans 2020; 48:1493-1504. [PMID: 32779712 PMCID: PMC7458396 DOI: 10.1042/bst20190988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 07/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
US28 is a viral G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) encoded by the human cytomegalovirus (HCMV). This receptor, expressed both during lytic replication and viral latency, is required for latency. US28 is binding to a wide variety of chemokines but also exhibits a particularly high constitutive activity robustly modulating a wide network of cellular pathways altering the host cell environment to benefit HCMV infection. Several studies suggest that US28-mediated signalling may contribute to cancer progression. In this review, we discuss the unique structural characteristics that US28 acquired through evolution that confer a robust constitutive activity to this viral receptor. We also describe the wide downstream signalling network activated by this constitutive activation of US28 and discuss how these signalling pathways may promote and support important cellular aspects of cancer.
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Abstract
The nociceptin/orphanin FQ (N/OFQ) peptide receptor (NOP) is a G protein-coupled receptor involved in the regulation of several physiological functions and pathological conditions. Thus, researchers from academia and industry are pursuing NOP to discover and study novel pharmacological entities. In a multidisciplinary effort of pharmacologists, medicinal chemists, and molecular and structural biologists the mechanisms of NOP activation and inhibition have been, at least partially, disentangled. Here, we review the in vitro methodologies employed, which have contributed to our understanding of this target. We hope this chapter guides the reader through the mostly established assay platforms to investigate NOP pharmacology, and gives some hints taking advantage from what has already illuminated the function of other GPCRs. We analyzed the pharmacological results obtained with a large panel of NOP ligands investigated in several assays including receptor binding, stimulation of GTPγS binding, decrease of cAMP levels, calcium flux stimulation via chimeric G proteins, NOP/G protein and NOP/β-arrestin interaction, label-free assays such as dynamic mass redistribution, and bioassays such as the electrically stimulated mouse vas deferens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Malfacini
- Molecular, Cellular and Pharmacobiology Section, Institute for Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Girolamo Caló
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Medical Sciences, National Institute of Neurosciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy.
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Potuckova L, Draberova L, Halova I, Paulenda T, Draber P. Positive and Negative Regulatory Roles of C-Terminal Src Kinase (CSK) in FcεRI-Mediated Mast Cell Activation, Independent of the Transmembrane Adaptor PAG/CSK-Binding Protein. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1771. [PMID: 30116247 PMCID: PMC6082945 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
C-terminal Src kinase (CSK) is a major negative regulator of Src family tyrosine kinases (SFKs) that play critical roles in immunoreceptor signaling. CSK is brought in contiguity to the plasma membrane-bound SFKs via binding to transmembrane adaptor PAG, also known as CSK-binding protein. The recent finding that PAG can function as a positive regulator of the high-affinity IgE receptor (FcεRI)-mediated mast cell signaling suggested that PAG and CSK have some non-overlapping regulatory functions in mast cell activation. To determine the regulatory roles of CSK in FcεRI signaling, we derived bone marrow-derived mast cells (BMMCs) with reduced or enhanced expression of CSK from wild-type (WT) or PAG knockout (KO) mice and analyzed their FcεRI-mediated activation events. We found that in contrast to PAG-KO cells, antigen-activated BMMCs with CSK knockdown (KD) exhibited significantly higher degranulation, calcium response, and tyrosine phosphorylation of FcεRI, SYK, and phospholipase C. Interestingly, FcεRI-mediated events in BMMCs with PAG-KO were restored upon CSK silencing. BMMCs with CSK-KD/PAG-KO resembled BMMCs with CSK-KD alone. Unexpectedly, cells with CSK-KD showed reduced kinase activity of LYN and decreased phosphorylation of transcription factor STAT5. This was accompanied by impaired production of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines in antigen-activated cells. In line with this, BMMCs with CSK-KD exhibited enhanced phosphorylation of protein phosphatase SHP-1, which provides a negative feedback loop for regulating phosphorylation of STAT5 and LYN kinase activity. Furthermore, we found that in WT BMMCs SHP-1 forms complexes containing LYN, CSK, and STAT5. Altogether, our data demonstrate that in FcεRI-activated mast cells CSK is a negative regulator of degranulation and chemotaxis, but a positive regulator of adhesion to fibronectin and production of proinflammatory cytokines. Some of these pathways are not dependent on the presence of PAG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Potuckova
- Department of Signal Transduction, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Lubica Draberova
- Department of Signal Transduction, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Ivana Halova
- Department of Signal Transduction, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Tomas Paulenda
- Department of Signal Transduction, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Petr Draber
- Department of Signal Transduction, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
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Pollard DJ, Berger CN, So EC, Yu L, Hadavizadeh K, Jennings P, Tate EW, Choudhary JS, Frankel G. Broad-Spectrum Regulation of Nonreceptor Tyrosine Kinases by the Bacterial ADP-Ribosyltransferase EspJ. mBio 2018; 9:e00170-18. [PMID: 29636436 PMCID: PMC5893879 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00170-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Tyrosine phosphorylation is key for signal transduction from exogenous stimuli, including the defense against pathogens. Conversely, pathogens can subvert protein phosphorylation to control host immune responses and facilitate invasion and dissemination. The bacterial effectors EspJ and SeoC are injected into host cells through a type III secretion system by enteropathogenic and enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EPEC and EHEC, respectively), Citrobacter rodentium, and Salmonella enterica, where they inhibit Src kinase by coupled amidation and ADP-ribosylation. C. rodentium, which is used to model EPEC and EHEC infections in humans, is a mouse pathogen triggering colonic crypt hyperplasia (CCH) and colitis. Enumeration of bacterial shedding and CCH confirmed that EspJ affects neither tolerance nor resistance to infection. However, comparison of the proteomes of intestinal epithelial cells isolated from mice infected with wild-type C. rodentium or C. rodentium encoding catalytically inactive EspJ revealed that EspJ-induced ADP-ribosylation regulates multiple nonreceptor tyrosine kinases in vivo Investigation of the substrate repertoire of EspJ revealed that in HeLa and A549 cells, Src and Csk were significantly targeted; in polarized Caco2 cells, EspJ targeted Src and Csk and the Src family kinase (SFK) Yes1, while in differentiated Thp1 cells, EspJ modified Csk, the SFKs Hck and Lyn, the Tec family kinases Tec and Btk, and the adapter tyrosine kinase Syk. Furthermore, Abl (HeLa and Caco2) and Lyn (Caco2) were enriched specifically in the EspJ-containing samples. Biochemical assays revealed that EspJ, the only bacterial ADP-ribosyltransferase that targets mammalian kinases, controls immune responses and the Src/Csk signaling axis.IMPORTANCE Enteropathogenic and enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EPEC and EHEC, respectively) strains cause significant mortality and morbidity worldwide. Citrobacter rodentium is a mouse pathogen used to model EPEC and EHEC pathogenesis in vivo Diarrheal disease is triggered following injection of bacterial effectors, via a type III secretion system (T3SS), into intestinal epithelial cells (IECs). While insights into the role of the effectors were historically obtained from pathological, immunologic, or cell culture phenotypes, subtle roles of individual effectors in vivo are often masked. The aim of this study was to elucidate the role and specificity of the ADP-ribosyltransferase effector EspJ. For the first time, we show that the in vivo processes affected by a T3SS effector can be studied by comparing the proteomes of IECs extracted from mice infected with wild-type C. rodentium or an espJ catalytic mutant. We show that EspJ, the only bacterial ADP-ribosyltransferase that targets mammalian kinases, regulates the host immune response in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominic J Pollard
- Centre for Molecular Microbiology and Infection, Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College, London United Kingdom, London, United Kingdom
| | - Cedric N Berger
- Centre for Molecular Microbiology and Infection, Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College, London United Kingdom, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ernest C So
- Centre for Molecular Microbiology and Infection, Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College, London United Kingdom, London, United Kingdom
| | - Lu Yu
- Functional Proteomics Group, Chester Beatty Laboratories, Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kate Hadavizadeh
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College, London United Kingdom, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Edward W Tate
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College, London United Kingdom, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jyoti S Choudhary
- Functional Proteomics Group, Chester Beatty Laboratories, Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Gad Frankel
- Centre for Molecular Microbiology and Infection, Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College, London United Kingdom, London, United Kingdom
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Lecointre C, Simon V, Kerneur C, Allemand F, Fournet A, Montarras I, Pons JL, Gelin M, Brignatz C, Urbach S, Labesse G, Roche S. Dimerization of the Pragmin Pseudo-Kinase Regulates Protein Tyrosine Phosphorylation. Structure 2018; 26:545-554.e4. [PMID: 29503074 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2018.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Revised: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The pseudo-kinase and signaling protein Pragmin has been linked to cancer by regulating protein tyrosine phosphorylation via unknown mechanisms. Here we present the crystal structure of the Pragmin 906-1,368 amino acid C terminus, which encompasses its kinase domain. We show that Pragmin contains a classical protein-kinase fold devoid of catalytic activity, despite a conserved catalytic lysine (K997). By proteomics, we discovered that this pseudo-kinase uses the tyrosine kinase CSK to induce protein tyrosine phosphorylation in human cells. Interestingly, the protein-kinase domain is flanked by N- and C-terminal extensions forming an original dimerization domain that regulates Pragmin self-association and stimulates CSK activity. A1329E mutation in the C-terminal extension destabilizes Pragmin dimerization and reduces CSK activation. These results reveal a dimerization mechanism by which a pseudo-kinase can induce protein tyrosine phosphorylation. Further sequence-structure analysis identified an additional member (C19orf35) of the superfamily of dimeric Pragmin/SgK269/PEAK1 pseudo-kinases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline Lecointre
- CRBM, "Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer", Univ Montpellier, CNRS, 34000 Montpellier, France
| | - Valérie Simon
- CRBM, "Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer", Univ Montpellier, CNRS, 34000 Montpellier, France
| | - Clément Kerneur
- CRBM, "Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer", Univ Montpellier, CNRS, 34000 Montpellier, France
| | | | - Aurélie Fournet
- CBS, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, 34090 Montpellier, France
| | - Ingrid Montarras
- CRBM, "Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer", Univ Montpellier, CNRS, 34000 Montpellier, France
| | - Jean-Luc Pons
- CBS, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, 34090 Montpellier, France
| | - Muriel Gelin
- CBS, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, 34090 Montpellier, France
| | - Constance Brignatz
- CRBM, "Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer", Univ Montpellier, CNRS, 34000 Montpellier, France
| | - Serge Urbach
- IGF, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, 34090 Montpellier, France
| | - Gilles Labesse
- CBS, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, 34090 Montpellier, France.
| | - Serge Roche
- CRBM, "Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer", Univ Montpellier, CNRS, 34000 Montpellier, France.
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10
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Wang Z, Kim MS, Martinez-Ferrando I, Koleske AJ, Pandey A, Cole PA. Analysis of Cellular Tyrosine Phosphorylation via Chemical Rescue of Conditionally Active Abl Kinase. Biochemistry 2018; 57:1390-1398. [PMID: 29341593 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.7b01158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Identifying direct substrates targeted by protein kinases is important in understanding cellular physiology and intracellular signal transduction. Mass spectrometry-based quantitative proteomics provides a powerful tool for comprehensively characterizing the downstream substrates of protein kinases. This approach is efficiently applied to receptor kinases that can be precisely, directly, and rapidly activated by some agent, such as a growth factor. However, nonreceptor tyrosine kinase Abl lacks the experimental advantage of extracellular growth factors as immediate and direct stimuli. To circumvent this limitation, we combine a chemical rescue approach with quantitative phosphoproteomics to identify targets of Abl and their phosphorylation sites with enhanced temporal resolution. Both known and novel putative substrates are identified, presenting opportunities for studying unanticipated functions of Abl under physiological and pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihong Wang
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of the Sciences , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Min-Sik Kim
- Global Center for Pharmaceutical Ingredient Materials, Department of Applied Chemistry, Kyung Hee University , Yongin, Gyeonggi, Republic of Korea.,Department of Biomedical Science and Technology, Kyung Hee Medical Science Research Institute, Kyung Hee University , Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Isabel Martinez-Ferrando
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
| | - Anthony J Koleske
- Departments of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry and Neuroscience, Yale University , New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Akhilesh Pandey
- Departments of Oncology and Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
| | - Philip A Cole
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States.,Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Departments of Medicine and Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School , Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
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11
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G-Protein Gα 13 Functions with Abl Kinase to Regulate Actin Cytoskeletal Reorganization. J Mol Biol 2017; 429:3836-3849. [PMID: 29079481 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2017.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Revised: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Heterotrimeric G-proteins are essential cellular signal transducers. One of the G-proteins, Gα13, is critical for actin cytoskeletal reorganization, cell migration, cell proliferation, and apoptosis. Previously, we have shown that Gα13 is essential for both G-protein-coupled receptor and receptor tyrosine kinase-induced actin cytoskeletal reorganization such as dynamic dorsal ruffle turnover and cell migration. However, the mechanism by which Gα13 signals to actin cytoskeletal reorganization is not completely understood. Here we show that Gα13 directly interacts with Abl tyrosine kinase, which is a critical regulator of actin cytoskeleton. This interaction is critical for Gα13-induced dorsal ruffle turnover, endothelial cell remodeling, and cell migration. Our data uncover a new molecular signaling pathway by which Gα13 controls actin cytoskeletal reorganization.
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12
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Robiou-du-Pont S, Anand SS, Morrison KM, McDonald SD, Atkinson SA, Teo KK, Meyre D. Parental and offspring contribution of genetic markers of adult blood pressure in early life: The FAMILY study. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0186218. [PMID: 29045471 PMCID: PMC5646805 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0186218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous genome wide association studies (GWAS) identified associations of multiple common variants with diastolic and systolic blood pressure traits in adults. However, the contribution of these loci to variations of blood pressure in early life is unclear. We assessed the child and parental contributions of 33 GWAS single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) for blood pressure in 1,525 participants (515 children, 406 mothers and 237 fathers) of the Family Atherosclerosis Monitoring In early life (FAMILY) study followed-up for 5 years. Two genotype scores for systolic (29 SNPs) and diastolic (24 SNPs) blood pressure were built. Linear mixed-effect regressions showed significant association between rs1378942 in CSK and systolic blood pressure (β = 0.98±0.46, P = 3.4×10−2). The child genotype scores for diastolic and systolic blood pressure were not associated in children. Nominally significant parental genetic effects were found between the SNPs rs11191548 (CYP17A1) (paternal, β = 2.78±1.49, P = 6.1×10−2 for SBP and β = 3.60±1.24, P = 3.7×10−3 for DBP), rs17367504 (MTHFR) (paternal, β = 2.42±0.93, P = 9.3×10−3 for SBP and β = 1.89±0.80, P = 1.8×10−2 for DBP and maternal, β = -1.32±0.60, P = 2.9×10−2 and β = -1.97±0.77, P = 1.0×10−2, for SBP and DBP respectively) and child blood pressure. Our study supports the view that adult GWAS loci have a limited impact on blood pressure during the five first years of life. The parental genetic effects observed on blood pressure in children may suggest epigenetic mechanisms in the transmission of the risk of hypertension. Further replication is needed to confirm our results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Robiou-du-Pont
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sonia S. Anand
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Katherine M. Morrison
- Department of Pediatrics, Hamilton Health Sciences and McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sarah D. McDonald
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stephanie A. Atkinson
- Department of Pediatrics, Hamilton Health Sciences and McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Koon K. Teo
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - David Meyre
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail:
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13
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Dopamine promotes NMDA receptor hypofunction in the retina through D 1 receptor-mediated Csk activation, Src inhibition and decrease of GluN2B phosphorylation. Sci Rep 2017; 7:40912. [PMID: 28098256 PMCID: PMC5241882 DOI: 10.1038/srep40912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Dopamine and glutamate are critical neurotransmitters involved in light-induced synaptic activity in the retina. In brain neurons, dopamine D1 receptors (D1Rs) and the cytosolic protein tyrosine kinase Src can, independently, modulate the behavior of NMDA-type glutamate receptors (NMDARs). Here we studied the interplay between D1Rs, Src and NMDARs in retinal neurons. We reveal that dopamine-mediated D1R stimulation provoked NMDAR hypofunction in retinal neurons by attenuating NMDA-gated currents, by preventing NMDA-elicited calcium mobilization and by decreasing the phosphorylation of NMDAR subunit GluN2B. This dopamine effect was dependent on upregulation of the canonical D1R/adenylyl cyclase/cAMP/PKA pathway, of PKA-induced activation of C-terminal Src kinase (Csk) and of Src inhibition. Accordingly, knocking down Csk or overexpressing a Csk phosphoresistant Src mutant abrogated the dopamine-induced NMDAR hypofunction. Overall, the interplay between dopamine and NMDAR hypofunction, through the D1R/Csk/Src/GluN2B pathway, might impact on light-regulated synaptic activity in retinal neurons.
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14
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Syrovatkina V, Alegre KO, Dey R, Huang XY. Regulation, Signaling, and Physiological Functions of G-Proteins. J Mol Biol 2016; 428:3850-68. [PMID: 27515397 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2016.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 265] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2016] [Revised: 07/31/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Heterotrimeric guanine-nucleotide-binding regulatory proteins (G-proteins) mainly relay the information from G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) on the plasma membrane to the inside of cells to regulate various biochemical functions. Depending on the targeted cell types, tissues, and organs, these signals modulate diverse physiological functions. The basic schemes of heterotrimeric G-proteins have been outlined. In this review, we briefly summarize what is known about the regulation, signaling, and physiological functions of G-proteins. We then focus on a few less explored areas such as the regulation of G-proteins by non-GPCRs and the physiological functions of G-proteins that cannot be easily explained by the known G-protein signaling pathways. There are new signaling pathways and physiological functions for G-proteins to be discovered and further interrogated. With the advancements in structural and computational biological techniques, we are closer to having a better understanding of how G-proteins are regulated and of the specificity of G-protein interactions with their regulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktoriya Syrovatkina
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medical College, of Cornell University, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Kamela O Alegre
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medical College, of Cornell University, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Raja Dey
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medical College, of Cornell University, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Xin-Yun Huang
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medical College, of Cornell University, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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15
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Senda Y, Murata-Kamiya N, Hatakeyama M. C-terminal Src kinase-mediated EPIYA phosphorylation of Pragmin creates a feed-forward C-terminal Src kinase activation loop that promotes cell motility. Cancer Sci 2016; 107:972-80. [PMID: 27116701 PMCID: PMC4946704 DOI: 10.1111/cas.12962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2016] [Revised: 04/16/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Pragmin is one of the few mammalian proteins containing the Glu‐Pro‐Ile‐Tyr‐Ala (EPIYA) tyrosine‐phosphorylation motif that was originally discovered in the Helicobacter pylori CagA oncoprotein. Following delivery into gastric epithelial cells by type IV secretion and subsequent tyrosine phosphorylation at the EPIYA motifs, CagA serves as an oncogenic scaffold/adaptor that promiscuously interacts with SH2 domain‐containing mammalian proteins such as the Src homology 2 (SH2) domain‐containing protein tyrosine phosphatase‐2 (SHP2) and the C‐terminal Src kinase (Csk), a negative regulator of Src family kinases. Like CagA, Pragmin also forms a physical complex with Csk. In the present study, we found that Pragmin directly binds to Csk by the tyrosine‐phosphorylated EPIYA motif. The complex formation potentiates kinase activity of Csk, which in turn phosphorylates Pragmin on tyrosine‐238 (Y238), Y343, and Y391. As Y391 of Pragmin comprises the EPIYA motif, Pragmin–Csk interaction creates a feed‐forward regulatory loop of Csk activation. Together with the finding that Pragmin and Csk are colocalized to focal adhesions, these observations indicate that the Pragmin–Csk interaction, triggered by Pragmin EPIYA phosphorylation, robustly stimulates the kinase activity of Csk at focal adhesions, which direct cell‐matrix adhesion that regulates cell morphology and cell motility. As a consequence, expression of Pragmin and/or Csk in epithelial cells induces an elongated cell shape with elevated cell scattering in a manner that is mutually dependent on Pragmin and Csk. Deregulation of the Pragmin–Csk axis may therefore induce aberrant cell migration that contributes to tumor invasion and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshie Senda
- Division of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoko Murata-Kamiya
- Division of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masanori Hatakeyama
- Division of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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16
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Liu J, Ji X, Li Z, Yang X, Wang W, Zhang X. G protein γ subunit 7 induces autophagy and inhibits cell division. Oncotarget 2016; 7:24832-47. [PMID: 27056891 PMCID: PMC5029746 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.8559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 02/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
GNG7 (G protein γ subunit 7), a subunit of heterotrimeric G protein, is ubiquitously expressed in multiple tissues but is down-regulated in various cancers. Its expression could reduce tumor volume in mice but the mechanism was not clear. Here we show that GNG7 overexpression inhibits cell proliferation and increases cell death. GNG7 level is cell cycle-dependent and it regulates actin cytoskeleton and cell division. In addition, GNG7 is an autophagy inducer, which is the first reported Gγ protein involved in autophagy. GNG7 knockdown reduces Rapamycin and starvation-induced autophagy. Further analysis reveals that GNG7 inhibits MTOR in cells, a central regulator for autophagy and cell proliferation. In conclusion, GNG7 inhibits MTOR pathway to induce autophagy and cell death, inhibits cell division by regulating actin cytoskeleton. These combined effects lead to the antitumor capacity of GNG7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juanjuan Liu
- High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, 230031, P. R. China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230036, P. R. China
| | - Xinmiao Ji
- High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, 230031, P. R. China
| | - Zhiyuan Li
- High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, 230031, P. R. China
| | - Xingxing Yang
- High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, 230031, P. R. China
| | - Wenchao Wang
- High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, 230031, P. R. China
| | - Xin Zhang
- High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, 230031, P. R. China
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17
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Li J, Li Y, He H, Liu C, Li W, Xie L, Zhang Y. Csk/Src/EGFR signaling regulates migration of myofibroblasts and alveolarization. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2016; 310:L562-71. [PMID: 26773066 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00162.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) is characterized by premature alveolar developmental arrest. Antenatal exposure to inflammation inhibits lung morphogenesis, thus increasing the risk of developing BPD. Alveolar myofibroblasts are thought to migrate into the septal tips and elongate secondary septa during alveolarization. Here we found lipopolysaccharide (LPS) disrupted the directional migration of myofibroblasts and increased actin stress fiber expression and focal adhesion formation. In addition, COOH-terminal Src kinase (Csk) activity was downregulated in myofibroblasts treated with LPS, while activation of Src or epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) was upregulated by LPS treatment. Specifically, decreased Csk activity and increased activation of Src or EGFR was also observed in primary myofibroblasts isolated from newborn rat lungs with intra-amniotic LPS exposure, a model for BPD. Further investigation revealed that EGFR was involved in cell migration impairment induced by LPS, and Src inhibition blocked LPS-induced activation of EGFR or cell migration impairment. Csk silencing also resulted in EGFR activation and cell migration impairment. Besides, we found the effect of EGFR on myofibroblast migration was mediated through RhoA activation. EGFR inhibition alleviated the abnormal localization of myofibroblasts and improved alveolar development in antenatal LPS-treated rats. Taken together, our data suggest that the Csk/Src/EGFR signaling pathway is critically involved in regulating directional migration of myofibroblasts and may contribute to arrested alveolar development in BPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhui Li
- Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; and
| | - Yahui Li
- Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; and
| | - Hua He
- Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; and
| | - Chengbo Liu
- Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; and
| | - Wen Li
- Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; and
| | - Lijuan Xie
- Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; and
| | - Yongjun Zhang
- Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; and MOE and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Shanghai, China
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18
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Yao Q, Liu BQ, Li H, McGarrigle D, Xing BW, Zhou MT, Wang Z, Zhang JJ, Huang XY, Guo L. C-terminal Src kinase (Csk)-mediated phosphorylation of eukaryotic elongation factor 2 (eEF2) promotes proteolytic cleavage and nuclear translocation of eEF2. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:12666-78. [PMID: 24648518 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.546481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein-tyrosine kinase C-terminal Src kinase (Csk) was originally purified as a kinase for phosphorylating Src and other Src family kinases. The phosphorylation of a C-terminal tyrosine residue of Src family kinases suppresses their kinase activity. Therefore, most physiological studies regarding Csk function have been focused on Csk as a negative regulator of Src family tyrosine kinases and as a potential tumor suppressor. Paradoxically, the protein levels of Csk were elevated in some human carcinomas. In this report, we show that eukaryotic elongation factor 2 (eEF2) is a new protein substrate of Csk and could locate in the nucleus. We demonstrate that Csk-mediated phosphorylation of eEF2 has no effect on its cytoplasmic function in regulating protein translation. However, phosphorylation of eEF2 enhances its proteolytic cleavage and the nuclear translocation of the cleaved eEF2 through a SUMOylation-regulated process. Furthermore, we show that cleaved fragments of eEF2 can induce nuclear morphological changes and aneuploidy similar to those in cancer cells, suggesting that there is an additional mechanism for Csk in tumorigenesis through regulation of eEF2 subcellular localization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Yao
- From the State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China and
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19
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AlSaleh A, Maniou Z, Lewis FJ, Hall WL, Sanders TAB, O'Dell SD. Interaction between a CSK gene variant and fish oil intake influences blood pressure in healthy adults. J Nutr 2014; 144:267-72. [PMID: 24401815 DOI: 10.3945/jn.113.185108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Blood pressure is a heritable determinant of cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. Recent genome-wide association studies have identified several single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with blood pressure, including rs1378942 in the c-Src tyrosine kinase (CSK) gene. Fish oil supplementation provides inconsistent protection from CVD, which may reflect genetic variation. We investigated the effect of rs1378942 genotype interaction with fish oil dosage on blood pressure measurements in the MARINA (Modulation of Atherosclerosis Risk by Increasing doses of N-3 fatty Acids) study, a parallel, double-blind, controlled trial in 367 participants randomly assigned to receive treatment with 0.45, 0.9, and 1.8 g/d eicosapentaenoic acid [EPA (20:5n-3)] and docosahexaenoic acid [DHA (22:6n-3)] (1.51:1) or an olive oil placebo for 12 mo. A total of 310 participants were genotyped. There were no significant associations with blood pressure measures at baseline; however, the interaction between genotype and treatment was a significant determinant of systolic blood pressure (SBP) (P = 0.010), diastolic blood pressure (DBP) (P = 0.037), and mean arterial blood pressure (MABP) (P = 0.014). After the 1.8 g/d dose, noncarriers of the rs1378942 variant allele showed significantly lower SBP (P = 0.010), DBP (P = 0.016), and MABP (P = 0.032) at follow-up, adjusted for baseline values, than did carriers. We found no evidence of SNP genotype association with endothelial function (brachial artery diameter and flow-mediated dilatation), arterial stiffness (carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity and digital volume pulse), and resting heart rate. A high intake of EPA and DHA could help protect noncarriers but not carriers of the risk allele. Dietary recommendations to reduce blood pressure in the general population may not necessarily benefit those most at risk. This trial was registered at controlled-trials.com as ISRCTN66664610.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aseel AlSaleh
- Diabetes and Nutritional Sciences Division, School of Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
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20
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Wertheimer E, Krapf D, de la Vega-Beltran JL, Sánchez-Cárdenas C, Navarrete F, Haddad D, Escoffier J, Salicioni AM, Levin LR, Buck J, Mager J, Darszon A, Visconti PE. Compartmentalization of distinct cAMP signaling pathways in mammalian sperm. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:35307-20. [PMID: 24129574 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.489476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Fertilization competence is acquired in the female tract in a process known as capacitation. Capacitation is needed for the activation of motility (e.g. hyperactivation) and to prepare the sperm for an exocytotic process known as acrosome reaction. Although the HCO3(-)-dependent soluble adenylyl cyclase Adcy10 plays a role in motility, less is known about the source of cAMP in the sperm head. Transmembrane adenylyl cyclases (tmACs) are another possible source of cAMP. These enzymes are regulated by stimulatory heterotrimeric Gs proteins; however, the presence of Gs or tmACs in mammalian sperm has been controversial. In this study, we used Western blotting and cholera toxin-dependent ADP-ribosylation to show the Gs presence in the sperm head. Also, we showed that forskolin, a tmAC-specific activator, induces cAMP accumulation in sperm from both WT and Adcy10-null mice. This increase is blocked by the tmAC inhibitor SQ22536 but not by the Adcy10 inhibitor KH7. Although Gs immunoreactivity and tmAC activity are detected in the sperm head, PKA is only found in the tail, where Adcy10 was previously shown to reside. Consistent with an acrosomal localization, Gs reactivity is lost in acrosome-reacted sperm, and forskolin is able to increase intracellular Ca(2+) and induce the acrosome reaction. Altogether, these data suggest that cAMP pathways are compartmentalized in sperm, with Gs and tmAC in the head and Adcy10 and PKA in the flagellum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Wertheimer
- From the Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003
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21
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Xing B, Wang L, Guo D, Huang J, Espenel C, Kreitzer G, Zhang JJ, Guo L, Huang XY. Atypical protein kinase Cλ is critical for growth factor receptor-induced dorsal ruffle turnover and cell migration. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:32827-36. [PMID: 24092753 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.489427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Gα13, a member of the heterotrimeric G proteins, is critical for actin cytoskeletal reorganization and cell migration. Previously we have shown that Gα13 is essential for both G protein-coupled receptor and receptor tyrosine kinase-induced actin cytoskeletal reorganization such as dynamic dorsal ruffle turnover and cell migration. Ric-8A, a non-receptor guanine nucleotide exchange factor for some heterotrimeric G proteins, is critical for coupling receptor tyrosine kinases to Gα13. Here, we show that PDGF can induce phosphorylation of Ric-8A. Atypical protein kinase Cλ (aPKCλ) is required for Ric-8A phosphorylation. Furthermore, aPKCλ is required for PDGF-induced dorsal ruffle turnover and cell migration as demonstrated by both down-regulation of aPKCλ protein levels in cells by RNA interference and by studies in aPKCλ knock-out cells. Moreover, phosphorylation of Ric-8A modulates its subcellular localization. Hence, aPKCλ is critical for PDGF-induced actin cytoskeletal reorganization and cell migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bowen Xing
- From the College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China, and
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22
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Zhang X, Eggert US. Non-traditional roles of G protein-coupled receptors in basic cell biology. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2013; 9:586-95. [PMID: 23247090 PMCID: PMC3628546 DOI: 10.1039/c2mb25429h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are key signaling proteins that regulate how cells interact with their environment. Traditional signaling cascades involving GPCRs have been well described and are well established and very important clinical targets. With the development of more recent technologies, hints about the involvement of GPCRs in fundamental cell biological processes are beginning to emerge. In this review, we give a basic introduction to GPCR signaling and highlight some less well described roles of GPCRs, including in cell division and membrane trafficking, which may occur through canonical and non-canonical signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhang
- High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, P.R. China
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ulrike S. Eggert
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King’s College London, London, UK
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23
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Fusicoccin a, a phytotoxic carbotricyclic diterpene glucoside of fungal origin, reduces proliferation and invasion of glioblastoma cells by targeting multiple tyrosine kinases. Transl Oncol 2013; 6:112-23. [PMID: 23544164 DOI: 10.1593/tlo.12409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2012] [Revised: 01/29/2013] [Accepted: 01/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a deadly cancer that possesses an intrinsic resistance to pro-apoptotic insults, such as conventional chemotherapy and radiotherapy, and diffusely invades the brain parenchyma, which renders it elusive to total surgical resection. We found that fusicoccin A, a fungal metabolite from Fusicoccum amygdali, decreased the proliferation and migration of human GBM cell lines in vitro, including several cell lines that exhibit varying degrees of resistance to pro-apoptotic stimuli. The data demonstrate that fusicoccin A inhibits GBM cell proliferation by decreasing growth rates and increasing the duration of cell division and also decreases two-dimensional (measured by quantitative video microscopy) and three-dimensional (measured by Boyden chamber assays) migration. These effects of fusicoccin A treatment translated into structural changes in actin cytoskeletal organization and a loss of GBM cell adhesion. Therefore, fusicoccin A exerts cytostatic effects but low cytotoxic effects (as demonstrated by flow cytometry). These cytostatic effects can partly be explained by the fact that fusicoccin inhibits the activities of a dozen kinases, including focal adhesion kinase (FAK), that have been implicated in cell proliferation and migration. Overexpression of FAK, a nonreceptor protein tyrosine kinase, directly correlates with the invasive phenotype of aggressive human gliomas because FAK promotes cell proliferation and migration. Fusicoccin A led to the down-regulation of FAK tyrosine phosphorylation, which occurred in both normoxic and hypoxic GBM cell culture conditions. In conclusion, the current study identifies a novel compound that could be used as a chemical template for generating cytostatic compounds designed to combat GBM.
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Guo X, Cui J, Jones MR, Haritunians T, Xiang AH, Chen YDI, Taylor KD, Buchanan TA, Davis RC, Hsueh WA, Raffel LJ, Rotter JI, Goodarzi MO. Insulin clearance: confirmation as a highly heritable trait, and genome-wide linkage analysis. Diabetologia 2012; 55:2183-92. [PMID: 22584727 PMCID: PMC3391346 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-012-2577-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2012] [Accepted: 04/09/2012] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS We have previously documented a high heritability of insulin clearance in a Hispanic cohort. Here, our goal was to confirm the high heritability in a second cohort and search for genetic loci contributing to insulin clearance. METHODS Hyperinsulinaemic-euglycaemic clamps were performed in 513 participants from 140 Hispanic families. Heritability was estimated for clamp-derived insulin clearance and a two-phase genome-wide linkage scan was conducted using a variance components approach. Linkage peaks were further investigated by candidate gene association analysis in two cohorts. RESULTS The covariate-adjusted heritability of insulin clearance was 73%, indicating that the majority of the phenotypic variance is due to genetic factors. In the Phase 1 linkage scan, no signals with a logarithm of odds (LOD) score >2 were detected. In the Phase 2 scan, two linkage peaks with an LOD >2 for insulin clearance were identified on chromosomes 15 (LOD 3.62) and 20 (LOD 2.43). These loci harbour several promising candidate genes for insulin clearance, with 12 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) on chromosome 15 and six SNPs on chromosome 20 being associated with insulin clearance in both Hispanic cohorts. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION In a second Hispanic cohort, we confirmed that insulin clearance is a highly heritable trait and identified chromosomal loci that harbour genes regulating insulin clearance. The identification of such genes may improve our understanding of how the body clears insulin, thus leading to improved risk assessment, diagnosis, prevention and therapy of diabetes, as well as of other hyperinsulinaemic disorders, such as the metabolic syndrome and polycystic ovary syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- X. Guo
- Medical Genetics Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA. Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - J. Cui
- Medical Genetics Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - M. R. Jones
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA. Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd., Room B-131, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - T. Haritunians
- Medical Genetics Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA. Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - A. H. Xiang
- Department of Research and Evaluation, Kaiser Permanente Southern California Medical Group, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Y.-D. I. Chen
- Medical Genetics Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA. Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - K. D. Taylor
- Medical Genetics Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA. Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - T. A. Buchanan
- Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - R. C. Davis
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - W. A. Hsueh
- Diabetes Research Center, Division of Diabetes, Obesity and Lipids, Methodist Hospital Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA
| | - L. J. Raffel
- Medical Genetics Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA. Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - J. I. Rotter
- Medical Genetics Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA. Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - M. O. Goodarzi
- Medical Genetics Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA. Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA. Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd., Room B-131, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
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Sundukova M, Vilotti S, Abbate R, Fabbretti E, Nistri A. Functional differences between ATP-gated human and rat P2X3 receptors are caused by critical residues of the intracellular C-terminal domain. J Neurochem 2012; 122:557-67. [PMID: 22639984 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2012.07810.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
ATP-activated P2X3 receptors of sensory ganglion neurons contribute to pain transduction and are involved in chronic pain signaling. Although highly homologous (97%) in rat and human species, it is unclear whether P2X3 receptors have identical function. Studying human and rat P2X3 receptors expressed in patch-clamped human embryonic kidney (HEK) cells, we investigated the role of non-conserved tyrosine residues in the C-terminal domain (rat tyrosine-393 and human tyrosine-376) as key determinants of receptor function. In comparison with rat P2X3 receptors, human P2X3 receptors were more expressed and produced larger responses with slower desensitization and faster recovery. In general, desensitization was closely related to peak current amplitude for rat and human receptors. Downsizing human receptor expression to the same level of the rat one still yielded larger responses retaining slower desensitization and faster recovery. Mutating phenylalanine-376 into tyrosine in the rat receptor did not change current amplitude; yet, it retarded desensitization onset, demonstrating how this residue was important to functionally link these two receptor states. Conversely, removing tyrosine from position 376 strongly down-regulated human receptor function. The different topology of tyrosine residues in the C-terminal domain has contrasting functional consequences and is sufficient to account for species-specific properties of this pain-transducing channel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayya Sundukova
- Neuroscience Department and Italian Institute of Technology Unit, International School for Advanced Studies-SISSA, Trieste, Italy
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Abstract
Caveolins (Cavs) are integrated plasma membrane proteins that are complex signaling regulators with numerous partners and whose activity is highly dependent on cellular context. Cavs are both positive and negative regulators of cell signaling in and/or out of caveolae, invaginated lipid raft domains whose formation is caveolin expression dependent. Caveolins and rafts have been implicated in membrane compartmentalization; proteins and lipids accumulate in these membrane microdomains where they transmit fast, amplified and specific signaling cascades. The concept of plasma membrane organization within functional rafts is still in exploration and sometimes questioned. In this chapter, we discuss the opposing functions of caveolin in cell signaling regulation focusing on the role of caveolin both as a promoter and inhibitor of different signaling pathways and on the impact of membrane domain localization on caveolin functionality in cell proliferation, survival, apoptosis and migration.
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Ferrando IM, Chaerkady R, Zhong J, Molina H, Jacob HKC, Herbst-Robinson K, Dancy BM, Katju V, Bose R, Zhang J, Pandey A, Cole PA. Identification of targets of c-Src tyrosine kinase by chemical complementation and phosphoproteomics. Mol Cell Proteomics 2012; 11:355-69. [PMID: 22499769 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m111.015750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The cellular proto-oncogene c-Src is a nonreceptor tyrosine kinase involved in cell growth and cytoskeletal regulation. Despite being dysregulated in a variety of human cancers, its precise functions are not fully understood. Identification of the substrates of c-Src remains a major challenge, because there is no simple way to directly stimulate its activity. Here we combine the chemical rescue of mutant c-Src and global quantitative phosphoproteomics to obtain the first high resolution snapshot of the range of tyrosine phosphorylation events that occur in the cell immediately after specific c-Src stimulation. After enrichment by anti-phosphotyrosine antibodies, we identified 29 potential novel c-Src substrate proteins. Tyrosine phosphopeptide mapping allowed the identification of 382 nonredundant tyrosine phosphopeptides on 213 phosphoproteins. Stable isotope labeling of amino acids in cell culture-based quantitation allowed the detection of 97 nonredundant tyrosine phosphopeptides whose level of phosphorylation is increased by c-Src. A large number of previously uncharacterized c-Src putative protein targets and phosphorylation sites are presented here, a majority of which play key roles in signaling and cytoskeletal networks, particularly in cell adhesion. Integrin signaling and focal adhesion kinase signaling pathway are two of the most altered pathways upon c-Src activation through chemical rescue. In this context, our study revealed the temporal connection between c-Src activation and the GTPase Rap1, known to stimulate integrin-dependent adhesion. Chemical rescue of c-Src provided a tool to dissect the spatiotemporal mechanism of activation of the Rap1 guanine exchange factor, C3G, one of the identified potential c-Src substrates that plays a role in focal adhesion signaling. In addition to unveiling the role of c-Src in the cell and, specifically, in the Crk-C3G-Rap1 pathway, these results exemplify a strategy for obtaining a comprehensive understanding of the functions of nonreceptor tyrosine kinases with high specificity and kinetic resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Martinez Ferrando
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
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28
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Wang L, Guo D, Xing B, Zhang JJ, Shu HB, Guo L, Huang XY. Resistance to inhibitors of cholinesterase-8A (Ric-8A) is critical for growth factor receptor-induced actin cytoskeletal reorganization. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:31055-31061. [PMID: 21771786 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.253427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Heterotrimeric G proteins are critical transducers of cellular signaling. In addition to their classic roles in relaying signals from G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), heterotrimeric G proteins also mediate physiological functions from non-GPCRs. Previously, we have shown that Gα(13), a member of the heterotrimeric G proteins, is essential for growth factor receptor-induced actin cytoskeletal reorganization such as dynamic dorsal ruffle turnover and cell migration. These Gα(13)-mediated dorsal ruffle turnover and cell migration by growth factors acting on their receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) are independent of GPCRs. However, the mechanism by which RTKs signal to Gα(13) is not known. Here, we show that cholinesterase-8A (Ric-8A), a nonreceptor guanine nucleotide exchange factor for some heterotrimeric G proteins, is critical for coupling RTKs to Gα(13). Down-regulation of Ric-8A protein levels in cells by RNA interference slowed down platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-induced dorsal ruffle turnover and inhibited PDGF-initiated cell migration. PDGF was able to increase the activity of Ric-8A in cells. Furthermore, purified Ric-8A proteins interact directly with purified Gα(13) protein in a nucleotide-dependent manner. Deficiency of Ric-8A prevented the translocation of Gα(13) to the cell cortex. Hence, Ric-8A is critical for growth factor receptor-induced actin cytoskeletal reorganization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Limin Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China 430072
| | - Dagang Guo
- Department of Physiology, Cornell University Weill Medical College, New York, New York 10065
| | - Bowen Xing
- College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China 430072
| | - J Jillian Zhang
- Department of Physiology, Cornell University Weill Medical College, New York, New York 10065
| | - Hong-Bing Shu
- College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China 430072
| | - Lin Guo
- College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China 430072
| | - Xin-Yun Huang
- College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China 430072.
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Mikkola ET, Gahmberg CG. Hydrophobic interaction between the SH2 domain and the kinase domain is required for the activation of Csk. J Mol Biol 2010; 399:618-27. [PMID: 20434462 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2010.04.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2010] [Revised: 04/21/2010] [Accepted: 04/23/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The protein tyrosine kinase C-terminal Src kinase (Csk) is activated by the engagement of its Src homology (SH) 2 domain. However, the molecular mechanism required for this is not completely understood. The crystal structure of the active Csk indicates that Csk could be activated by contact between the SH2 domain and the beta3-alphaC loop in the N-terminal lobe of the kinase domain. To study the importance of this interaction for the SH2-domain-mediated activation of Csk, we mutated the amino acid residues forming the contacts between the SH2 domain and the beta3-alphaC loop. The mutation of the beta3-alphaC loop Ala228 to glycine and of the SH2 domain Tyr116, Tyr133, Leu138, and Leu149 to alanine resulted in the inability of the SH2 domain ligand to activate Csk. Furthermore, the overexpressed Csk mutants A228G, Y133A/Y116A, L138A, and L149A were unable to efficiently inactivate endogenous Src in human embryonic kidney 293 cells. The results suggest that the SH2-domain-mediated activation of Csk is dependent on the binding of the beta3-alphaC loop Ala228 to the hydrophobic pocket formed by the side chains of Tyr116, Tyr133, Leu138, and Leu149 on the surface of the SH2 domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esa T Mikkola
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland.
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30
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Yang G, Li Q, Ren S, Lu X, Fang L, Zhou W, Zhang F, Xu F, Zhang Z, Zeng R, Lottspeich F, Chen Z. Proteomic, functional and motif-based analysis of C-terminal Src kinase-interacting proteins. Proteomics 2009; 9:4944-61. [PMID: 19743411 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200800762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
C-terminal Src kinase (Csk) that functions as an essential negative regulator of Src family tyrosine kinases (SFKs) interacts with tyrosine-phosphorylated molecules through its Src homology 2 (SH2) domain, allowing it targeting to the sites of SFKs and concomitantly enhancing its kinase activity. Identification of additional Csk-interacting proteins is expected to reveal potential signaling targets and previously undescribed functions of Csk. In this study, using a direct proteomic approach, we identified 151 novel potential Csk-binding partners, which are associated with a wide range of biological functions. Bioinformatics analysis showed that the majority of identified proteins contain one or several Csk-SH2 domain-binding motifs, indicating a potentially direct interaction with Csk. The interactions of Csk with four proteins (partitioning defective 3 (Par3), DDR1, SYK and protein kinase C iota) were confirmed using biochemical approaches and phosphotyrosine 1127 of Par3 C-terminus was proved to directly bind to Csk-SH2 domain, which was consistent with predictions from in silico analysis. Finally, immunofluorescence experiments revealed co-localization of Csk with Par3 in tight junction (TJ) in a tyrosine phosphorylation-dependent manner and overexpression of Csk, but not its SH2-domain mutant lacking binding to phosphotyrosine, promoted the TJ assembly in Madin-Darby canine kidney cells, implying the involvement of Csk-SH2 domain in regulating cellular TJs. In conclusion, the newly identified potential interacting partners of Csk provided new insights into its functional diversity in regulation of numerous cellular events, in addition to controlling the SFK activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, PR China
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31
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Abstract
The explosion of scientific interest in protein kinase-mediated signaling networks has led to the infusion of new chemical methods and their applications related to the analysis of phosphorylation pathways. We highlight some of these chemical biology approaches across three areas. First, we discuss the development of chemical tools to modulate the activity of protein kinases to explore kinase mechanisms and their contributions to phosphorylation events and cellular processes. Second, we describe chemical techniques developed in the past few years to dissect the structural and functional effects of phosphate modifications at specific sites in proteins. Third, we cover newly developed molecular imaging approaches to elucidate the spatiotemporal aspects of phosphorylation cascades in live cells. Exciting advances in our understanding of protein phosphorylation have been obtained with these chemical biology approaches, but continuing opportunities for technological innovation remain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Katherine Tarrant
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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32
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Abstract
Dynamic interactions between cellular membranes and the cytoskeleton are known to play major roles in many cellular responses to environmental cues. External signals resulting in proliferation, differentiation, polarization, and motility must be translated from chemical signals into changes of state, often involving the cytoskeleton-dependent altering of cell shape and redistribution of molecules. Cholesterol, a critical component of eukaryotic cell membranes, performs vital roles in regulating membrane dynamics and function. Here we demonstrate, using mesenchymal and epithelial cell lines, that depletion of membrane cholesterol results in Src kinase-mediated Rho activation and caveolin phosphorylation, which together collaborate to form stress fibers. These results demonstrate that cholesterol is a critical regulator of membrane-cytoskeletal dynamics and suggest that altered cholesterol concentrations may result in dramatic changes in cellular responses mediated by the cytoskeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maosong Qi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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33
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D'Arco M, Giniatullin R, Leone V, Carloni P, Birsa N, Nair A, Nistri A, Fabbretti E. The C-terminal Src inhibitory kinase (Csk)-mediated tyrosine phosphorylation is a novel molecular mechanism to limit P2X3 receptor function in mouse sensory neurons. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:21393-401. [PMID: 19509283 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.023051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
On sensory neurons, sensitization of P2X(3) receptors gated by extracellular ATP contributes to chronic pain. We explored the possibility that receptor sensitization may arise from down-regulation of an intracellular signal negatively controlling receptor function. In view of the structural modeling between the Src region phosphorylated by the C-terminal Src inhibitory kinase (Csk) and the intracellular C terminus domain of the P2X(3) receptor, we investigated how Csk might regulate receptor activity. Using HEK cells and the in vitro kinase assay, we observed that Csk directly phosphorylated the tyrosine 393 residue of the P2X(3) receptor and strongly inhibited receptor currents. On mouse trigeminal sensory neurons, the role of Csk was tightly controlled by the extracellular level of nerve growth factor, a known algogen. Furthermore, silencing endogenous Csk in HEK or trigeminal cells potentiated P2X(3) receptor responses, confirming constitutive Csk-mediated inhibition. The present study provides the first demonstration of an original molecular mechanism responsible for negative control over P2X(3) receptor function and outlines a potential new target for trigeminal pain suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianna D'Arco
- Neurobiology Sector and Italian Institute of Technology Unit, International School for Advanced Studies (SISSA), 34014 Trieste, Italy
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Muratore KE, Seeliger MA, Wang Z, Fomina D, Neiswinger J, Havranek JJ, Baker D, Kuriyan J, Cole PA. Comparative analysis of mutant tyrosine kinase chemical rescue. Biochemistry 2009; 48:3378-86. [PMID: 19260709 PMCID: PMC2714740 DOI: 10.1021/bi900057g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Protein tyrosine kinases are critical cell signaling enzymes. These enzymes have a highly conserved Arg residue in their catalytic loop which is present two residues or four residues downstream from an absolutely conserved Asp catalytic base. Prior studies on protein tyrosine kinases Csk and Src revealed the potential for chemical rescue of catalytically deficient mutant kinases (Arg to Ala mutations) by small diamino compounds, particularly imidazole; however, the potency and efficiency of rescue was greater for Src. This current study further examines the structural and kinetic basis of rescue for mutant Src as compared to mutant Abl tyrosine kinase. An X-ray crystal structure of R388A Src revealed the surprising finding that a histidine residue of the N-terminus of a symmetry-related kinase inserts into the active site of the adjacent Src and mimics the hydrogen-bonding pattern seen in wild-type protein tyrosine kinases. Abl R367A shows potent and efficient rescue more comparable to Src, even though its catalytic loop is more like that of Csk. Various enzyme redesigns of the active sites indicate that the degree and specificity of rescue are somewhat flexible, but the overall properties of the enzymes and rescue agents play an overarching role. The newly discovered rescue agent 2-aminoimidazole is about as efficient as imidazole in rescuing R/A Src and Abl. Rate vs pH studies with these imidazole analogues suggest that the protonated imidazolium is the preferred form for chemical rescue, consistent with structural models. The efficient rescue seen with mutant Abl points to the potential of this approach to be used effectively to analyze Abl phosphorylation pathways in cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn E. Muratore
- Dept. of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Markus A. Seeliger
- Dept. of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Zhihong Wang
- Dept. of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Dina Fomina
- Dept. of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Johnathan Neiswinger
- Dept. of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | | | - David Baker
- Dept. of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195,Howard Hughes Medical Institute
| | - John Kuriyan
- Dept. of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720,Howard Hughes Medical Institute
| | - Philip A. Cole
- Dept. of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205,To whom correspondence should be addressed: P.A.C.: Tel, 410-614-8849; Fax, 410-614-7717, E-mail,
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35
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Bishop AC, Chen VL. Brought to life: targeted activation of enzyme function with small molecules. J Chem Biol 2008; 2:1-9. [PMID: 19568788 DOI: 10.1007/s12154-008-0012-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2008] [Accepted: 09/04/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell-permeable small molecules that are capable of activating particular enzymes would be invaluable tools for studying protein function in complex cell-signaling cascades. But, is it feasible to identify compounds that allow chemical-biology researchers to activate specific enzymes in a cellular context? In this review, we describe some recent advances in achieving targeted enzyme activation with small molecules. In addition to surveying progress in the identification and targeting of enzymes that contain natural allosteric-activation sites, we focus on recently developed protein-engineering strategies that allow researchers to render an enzyme of interest "activatable" by a pre-chosen compound. Three distinct strategies for targeting an engineered enzyme are discussed: direct chemical "rescue" of an intentionally inactivated enzyme, activation of an enzyme by targeting a de novo small-molecule-binding site, and the generation of activatable enzymes via fusion of target enzymes to previously characterized small-molecule-binding domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony C Bishop
- Department of Chemistry, Amherst College, Amherst, MA, 01002, USA,
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36
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Sverdlov M, Shajahan AN, Minshall RD. Tyrosine phosphorylation-dependence of caveolae-mediated endocytosis. J Cell Mol Med 2008; 11:1239-50. [PMID: 18205698 PMCID: PMC4401290 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2007.00127.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Caveolae are flask-shaped plasma membrane invaginations that mediate endocytosis and transcytosis of plasma macromolecules, such as albumin, insulin and low-density lipoprotein (LDL), as well as certain viruses, bacteria and bacterial toxins. Caveolae-mediated transcytosis of macromolecules is critical for maintaining vascular homeostasis by regulating the oncotic pressure gradient and tissue delivery of drugs, vitamins, lipids and ions. Entrapment of cargo within caveolae induces activation of signalling cascades leading to caveolae fission and internalization. Activation of Src tyrosine kinase is an early and essential step that triggers detachment of loaded caveolae from the plasma membrane. In this review, we examine how Src-mediated phosphorylation regulates caveolae-mediated transport by orchestrating the localization and activity of essential proteins of the endocytic machinery to regulate caveolae formation and fission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Sverdlov
- Department of Pharmacology, Center for Lung and Vascular Biology, University of Illinois, College of Medicine at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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37
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Chen L, Zhang JJ, Huang XY. cAMP inhibits cell migration by interfering with Rac-induced lamellipodium formation. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:13799-805. [PMID: 18353776 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m800555200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell migration is critical for animal development and physiological as well as pathological responses. One important step during cell migration is the formation of lamellipodia at the leading edge of migrating cells. Here we report that the second messenger cAMP inhibits the migration of mouse embryonic fibroblast cells and mouse breast tumor cells. cAMP acts downstream of the small GTPase Rac and interferes with the formation of lamellipodia. Moreover, cAMP decreases the phosphorylation of the myosin light chain at the leading edge of cells and increases the phosphorylation of the vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein. Together with our previous report of a positive role of another second messenger, cGMP, in lamellipodium formation, our data indicate that cAMP and cGMP play opposite roles in modulating lamellipodium formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Chen
- Department of Physiology, Cornell University Weill Medical College, New York, New York 10021, USA
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38
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Vidal M, Warner S, Read R, Cagan RL. Differing Src signaling levels have distinct outcomes in Drosophila. Cancer Res 2007; 67:10278-85. [PMID: 17974969 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-07-1376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
High levels of Src activity are found in a broad spectrum of cancers. The roles of Src and its negative regulator Csk have been extensively studied, although results have often proved contradictory or the relevance to whole organisms is unclear. In Drosophila, overexpression of either Src orthologue resulted in apoptotic cell death, but paradoxically, reducing dCsk activity led to over-proliferation and tissue overgrowth. Here, we show that in Drosophila epithelia in situ, the levels of Src signaling determine the cellular outcome of Src activation. Apoptotic cell death was triggered specifically at high Src signaling levels; lower levels directed antiapoptotic signals while promoting proliferation. Furthermore, our data indicate that expression of kinase-dead Src isoforms do not necessarily act as dominant-negative factors, but can instead increase Src pathway activity, most likely by titrating Csk activity away from endogenous Src. The importance of Src activity levels was emphasized when we examined oncogenic cooperation between Src and Ras: malignant overgrowth was observed specifically when high Src signaling levels were achieved. We propose a model in which low levels of Src signaling promote survival and proliferation during early stages of tumorigenesis, whereas strong Src signaling, coupled with antiapoptotic signals, directs invasive migration and metastasis during advanced tumor stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos Vidal
- Brookdale Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA
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39
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Aleksic T, Bechtel M, Krndija D, von Wichert G, Knobel B, Giehl K, Gress TM, Michl P. CUTL1 promotes tumor cell migration by decreasing proteasome-mediated Src degradation. Oncogene 2007; 26:5939-49. [PMID: 17369846 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1210398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Recently, we identified the homeodomain transcription factor CUTL1 as important mediator of cell migration and tumor invasion downstream of transforming growth factor beta (TGFbeta). The molecular mechanisms and effectors mediating the pro-migratory and pro-invasive phenotype induced by CUTL1 have not been elucidated so far. Therefore, the aim of this study was to identify signaling pathways downstream of CUTL1 which are responsible for its effects on tumor cell migration. We found that the reduced motility seen after knock down of CUTL1 by RNA interference is accompanied by a delay in tumor cell spreading. This spreading defect is paralleled by a marked reduction of Src protein levels. We show that CUTL1 leads to Src protein stabilization and activation of Src-regulated downstream signaling molecules such as RhoA, Rac1, Cdc42 and ROCK. In addition, we demonstrate that CUTL1 decreases proteasome-mediated Src protein degradation, possibly via transcriptionally upregulating C-terminal Src kinase (Csk). Based on experiments using Src knockout cells (SYF), we present evidence that Src plays a crucial role in CUTL1-induced tumor cell migration. In conclusion, our findings linking the pro-invasive transcription factor CUTL1 and the Src pathway provide important new insights in the molecular effector pathways mediating CUTL-induced migration and invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Aleksic
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
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40
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Guo D, Tan YC, Wang D, Madhusoodanan KS, Zheng Y, Maack T, Zhang JJ, Huang XY. A Rac-cGMP signaling pathway. Cell 2007; 128:341-55. [PMID: 17254971 PMCID: PMC1965458 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2006.11.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2006] [Revised: 06/01/2006] [Accepted: 11/29/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The small GTPase Rac and the second messenger cGMP (guanosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate) are critical regulators of diverse cell functions. When activated by extracellular signals via membrane signaling receptors, Rac executes its functions through engaging downstream effectors such as p21-activated kinase (PAK), a serine/threonine protein kinase. However, the molecular mechanism by which membrane signaling receptors regulate cGMP levels is not known. Here we have uncovered a signaling pathway linking Rac to the increase of cellular cGMP. We show that Rac uses PAK to directly activate transmembrane guanylyl cyclases (GCs), leading to increased cellular cGMP levels. This Rac/PAK/GC/cGMP pathway is involved in platelet-derived growth factor-induced fibroblast cell migration and lamellipodium formation. Our findings connect two important regulators of cellular physiological functions and provide a general mechanism for diverse receptors to modulate physiological responses through elevating cellular cGMP levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dagang Guo
- Department of Physiology, Cornell University Weill Medical College, New York, NY 10021, and Division of Experimental Hematology, Children's Hospital Research Foundation, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
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41
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Sun Y, Huang J, Xiang Y, Bastepe M, Jüppner H, Kobilka BK, Zhang JJ, Huang XY. Dosage-dependent switch from G protein-coupled to G protein-independent signaling by a GPCR. EMBO J 2006; 26:53-64. [PMID: 17170700 PMCID: PMC1782364 DOI: 10.1038/sj.emboj.7601502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2006] [Accepted: 11/22/2006] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) mostly signal through heterotrimeric G proteins. Increasing evidence suggests that GPCRs could function in a G-protein-independent manner. Here, we show that at low concentrations of an agonist, beta(2)-adrenergic receptors (beta(2)-ARs) signal through Galpha(s) to activate the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway in mouse embryonic fibroblast cells. At high agonist concentrations, signals are also transduced through beta(2)-ARs via an additional pathway that is G-protein-independent but tyrosine kinase Src-dependent. This new dosage-dependent switch of signaling modes of GPCRs has significant implications for GPCR intrinsic properties and desensitization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutong Sun
- Department of Physiology, Weill Medical College, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jianyun Huang
- Department of Physiology, Weill Medical College, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yang Xiang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Murat Bastepe
- Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Harald Jüppner
- Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Brian K Kobilka
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - J Jillian Zhang
- Department of Physiology, Weill Medical College, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Xin-Yun Huang
- Department of Physiology, Weill Medical College, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Physiology, Weill Medical College, Cornell University, 1300 York Av, New York, NY 10021, USA. Tel.: +1 212 746 6362; Fax: +1 212 746 8690; E-mail:
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42
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Yoneda A, Ushakov D, Multhaupt HA, Couchman JR. Fibronectin matrix assembly requires distinct contributions from Rho kinases I and -II. Mol Biol Cell 2006; 18:66-75. [PMID: 17065553 PMCID: PMC1751322 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e06-08-0684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular matrix is integral to tissue architecture and regulates many aspects of cell behavior. Fibronectin matrix assembly involves the actin cytoskeleton and the small GTPase RhoA, but downstream signaling is not understood. Here, down-regulation of either rho kinase isoform (ROCK I or -II) by small interfering RNA treatment blocked fibronectin matrix assembly, although the phenotypes were distinct and despite persistence of the alternate kinase. Remnant fibronectin on ROCK-deficient fibroblasts was mostly punctate and more deoxycholate soluble compared with controls. Fibronectin matrix assembly defects in ROCK-deficient cells did not result from decreased synthesis/secretion, altered fibronectin mRNA splicing, metalloproteinase activity, or alpha5beta1 integrin dysfunction. Rescue could be effected by ROCK protein restoration or phosphomimetic myosin light chain expression. However, the effect of ROCK I deficiency on fibronectin matrix assembly was secondary to altered cell surface morphology, rich in filopodia, resulting from high GTP-Cdc42 levels. Total internal reflection microscopy revealed that a submembranous pool of myosin light chain in control cells was missing in ROCK II-deficient cells and replaced by stress fibers. Together, two rho kinases contribute to fibronectin matrix assembly in a different manner and cortical myosin II-driven contractility, but not stress fibers, may be critical in this activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsuko Yoneda
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Dmitriy Ushakov
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Hinke A.B. Multhaupt
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - John R. Couchman
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
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43
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Wang D, Tan YC, Kreitzer GE, Nakai Y, Shan D, Zheng Y, Huang XY. G Proteins G12 and G13 Control the Dynamic Turnover of Growth Factor-induced Dorsal Ruffles. J Biol Chem 2006; 281:32660-7. [PMID: 16943201 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m604588200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Growth factors induce massive actin cytoskeletal remodeling in cells. These reorganization events underlie various cellular responses such as cell migration and morphological changes. One major form of actin reorganization is the formation and disassembly of dorsal ruffles (also named waves, dorsal rings, or circular ruffles). Dorsal ruffles are involved in physiological functions including cell migration, invasion, macropinocytosis, plasma membrane recycling, and others. Growth factors initiate rapid formation (within 5 min) of circular membrane ruffles, and these ruffles move along the dorsal side of the cells, constrict, close, and eventually disassemble ( approximately 20 min). Considerable attention has been devoted to the mechanism by which growth factors induce the formation of dorsal ruffles. However, little is known of the mechanism by which these ruffles are disassembled. Here we have shown that G proteins G(12) and G(13) control the rate of disassembly of dorsal ruffles. In Galpha(12)(-/-)Galpha(13)(-/-) fibroblast cells, dorsal ruffles induced by growth factor treatment remain visible substantially longer ( approximately 60 min) than in wild-type cells, whereas the rate of formation of these ruffles was the same with or without Galpha(12) and Galpha(13). Thus, Galpha(12)/Galpha(13) critically regulate dorsal ruffle turnover.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawei Wang
- Department of Physiology, Cornell University Weill Medical College, New York, NY 10021, USA
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44
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Shan D, Chen L, Wang D, Tan YC, Gu JL, Huang XY. The G protein G alpha(13) is required for growth factor-induced cell migration. Dev Cell 2006; 10:707-18. [PMID: 16740474 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2006.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2005] [Revised: 11/17/2005] [Accepted: 03/23/2006] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Heterotrimeric G proteins are critical cellular signal transducers. They are known to directly relay signals from seven-transmembrane G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) to downstream effectors. On the other hand, receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs), a different family of membrane receptors, signal through docking sites in their carboxy-terminal tails created by autophosphorylated tyrosine residues. Here we show that a heterotrimeric G protein, G alpha(13), is essential for RTK-induced migration of mouse fibroblast and endothelial cells. G alpha(13) activity in cell migration is retained in a C-terminal mutant that is defective in GPCR coupling, suggesting that the migration function is independent of GPCR signaling. Thus, G alpha(13) appears to be a critical signal transducer for RTKs as well as GPCRs. This broader role of G alpha(13) in cell migration initiated by two types of receptors could provide a molecular basis for the vascular system defects exhibited by G alpha(13) knockout mice.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cell Line
- Cell Movement/drug effects
- Cell Movement/physiology
- Cells, Cultured
- Embryo, Mammalian
- Endothelium, Vascular/cytology
- Endothelium, Vascular/metabolism
- Enzyme Activation
- Epidermal Growth Factor/pharmacology
- Fibroblasts/drug effects
- Fibroblasts/physiology
- GTP-Binding Protein alpha Subunits, G12-G13/deficiency
- GTP-Binding Protein alpha Subunits, G12-G13/genetics
- GTP-Binding Protein alpha Subunits, G12-G13/metabolism
- GTP-Binding Protein alpha Subunits, G12-G13/physiology
- Gene Deletion
- Glutathione Transferase/metabolism
- Humans
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3/metabolism
- Models, Biological
- Platelet-Derived Growth Factor/pharmacology
- Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/metabolism
- Recombinant Proteins/metabolism
- rac GTP-Binding Proteins/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Shan
- Department of Physiology, Weill Medical College, Cornell University, New York, New York 10021, USA
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45
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Madhusoodanan KS, Guo D, McGarrigle DK, Maack T, Huang XY. Csk mediates G-protein-coupled lysophosphatidic acid receptor-induced inhibition of membrane-bound guanylyl cyclase activity. Biochemistry 2006; 45:3396-403. [PMID: 16519534 PMCID: PMC2519153 DOI: 10.1021/bi052513u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Natriuretic peptides (NPs) are involved in many physiological processes, including the regulation of vascular tone, sodium excretion, pressure-volume homeostasis, inflammatory responses, and cellular growth. The two main receptors of NP, membrane-bound guanylyl cyclases A and B (GC-A and GC-B), mediate the effects of NPs via the generation of cGMP. NP-stimulated generation of cGMP can be modulated by intracellular processes, whose exact nature remains to be elucidated. Thus, serum and lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), by unknown pathways, have been shown to inhibit the NP-induced generation of cGMP. Here we report that the nonreceptor-tyrosine-kinase Csk is an essential component of the intracellular modulation of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)-stimulated activation of GC-A. The genetic deletion of Csk (Csk(-)(/)(-)) in mouse embryonic fibroblasts blocked the inhibitory effect of both serum and LPA on the ANP-stimulated generation of cGMP. Moreover, using a chemical rescue approach, we also demonstrate that the catalytic activity of Csk is required for its modulatory function. Our data demonstrate that Csk is involved in the control of cGMP levels and that membrane-bound guanylyl cyclases can be critically modulated by other receptor-initiated intracellular signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Xin-Yun Huang
- *X.-Y. H.: To whom correspondence should be addressed, Tel: (212) 746-6362; Fax: (212) 746-8690, E-mail:
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46
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McGarrigle D, Shan D, Yang S, Huang XY. Role of Tyrosine Kinase Csk in G Protein-coupled Receptor- and Receptor Tyrosine Kinase-induced Fibroblast Cell Migration. J Biol Chem 2006; 281:10583-8. [PMID: 16501257 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m513002200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Tyrosine kinase Csk is essential for mouse embryonic development. Csk knock-out mice died at early stages of embryogenesis (around embryonic day 10). The molecular mechanism for this defect is not completely understood. Here we report that Csk deficiency in mouse embryonic fibroblast cells blocked cell migration induced by lysophosphatidic acid through G protein-coupled receptors, by platelet-derived growth factor and epidermal growth factor through receptor tyrosine kinases, and by serum. Re-expression of Csk in these Csk-deficient cells rescued the migratory phenotype. Furthermore, deletion of Csk did not interfere with Rac activation and lamellipodia formation, but impaired the focal adhesions. Our data demonstrate a critical role for Csk in cell migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deirdre McGarrigle
- Department of Physiology, Cornell University Weill Medical College, New York, NY 10021, USA
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47
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Abstract
The restoration of catalytic activity to mutant enzymes by small molecules is well established for in vitro systems. Here, we show that the protein tyrosine kinase Src arginine-388-->alanine (R388A) mutant can be rescued in live cells with the use of the small molecule imidazole. Cellular rescue of a viral Src homolog was rapid and reversible and conferred predicted oncogenic properties. Using chemical rescue in combination with mass spectrometry, we confirmed six known Src kinase substrates and identified several new protein targets. Chemical rescue data suggest that cellular Src is active under basal conditions. Rescue of R388A cellular Src provided insights into the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway. This chemical rescue approach will likely have many applications in cell signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingfeng Qiao
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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48
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Aracena J, González M, Zuñiga A, Mendez MA, Cambiazo V. Regulatory network for cell shape changes during Drosophila ventral furrow formation. J Theor Biol 2006; 239:49-62. [PMID: 16139845 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2005.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2004] [Revised: 07/15/2005] [Accepted: 07/18/2005] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Rapid and sequential cell shape changes take place during the formation of the ventral furrow (VF) at the beginning of Drosophila gastrulation. At the cellular level, this morphogenetic event demands close coordination of the proteins involved in actin cytoskeletal reorganization. In order to construct a regulatory network that describes these cell shape changes, we have used published genetic and molecular data for 18 genes encoding transcriptional regulators and signaling pathway components. Based on the dynamic behavior of this network we explored the hypothesis that the combination of three recognizable phenotypes describing wild type or mutant cell types, during VF invagination, correspond to different activation states of a specific set of these gene products, which are point attractors of the regulatory network. From our results, we recognize missing components in the regulatory network and suggest alternative pathways in the regulation of cell shape changes during VF formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio Aracena
- Centro de Modelamiento Matemático, UMR-CNRS 2071, Universidad de Chile, Casilla 170-3, Santiago, Chile
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49
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Ankö ML, Panula P. Regulation of endogenous human NPFF2 receptor by neuropeptide FF in SK-N-MC neuroblastoma cell line. J Neurochem 2005; 96:573-84. [PMID: 16336216 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2005.03581.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Neuropeptide FF has many functions both in the CNS and periphery. Two G protein-coupled receptors (NPFF1 and NPFF2 receptors) have been identified for neuropeptide FF. The expression analysis of the peptide and receptors, together with pharmacological and physiological data, imply that NPFF2 receptor would be the primary receptor for neuropeptide FF. Here, we report for the first time a cell line endogenously expressing hNPFF2 receptor. These SK-N-MC neuroblastoma cells also express neuropeptide FF. We used the cells to investigate the hNPFF2 receptor function. The pertussis toxin-sensitive inhibition of adenylate cyclase activity upon receptor activation indicated coupling to Gi/o proteins. Upon agonist exposure, the receptors were internalized and the mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade was activated. Upon neuropeptide FF treatment, the actin cytoskeleton was reorganized in the cells. The expression of hNPFF2 receptor mRNA was up-regulated by neuropeptide FF. Concomitant with the receptor mRNA, the receptor protein expression was increased. The homologous regulation of hNPFF2 receptor correlates with our previous results in vivo showing that during inflammation, the up-regulation of neuropeptide FF mRNA precedes that of NPFF2 receptor. The regulation of hNPFF2 receptor by NPFF could also be important in the periphery where neuropeptide FF has been suggested to function as a hormone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minna-Liisa Ankö
- Department of Biology, Abo Akademi University, Tykistökatu, Turku, Finland
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50
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Tian J, Cai T, Yuan Z, Wang H, Liu L, Haas M, Maksimova E, Huang XY, Xie ZJ. Binding of Src to Na+/K+-ATPase forms a functional signaling complex. Mol Biol Cell 2005; 17:317-26. [PMID: 16267270 PMCID: PMC1345669 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e05-08-0735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 276] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We have shown that ouabain activates Src, resulting in subsequent tyrosine phosphorylation of multiple effectors. Here, we tested if the Na+/K+-ATPase and Src can form a functional signaling complex. In LLC-PK1 cells the Na+/K+-ATPase and Src colocalized in the plasma membrane. Fluorescence resonance energy transfer analysis indicated that both proteins were in close proximity, suggesting a direct interaction. GST pulldown assay showed a direct, ouabain-regulated, and multifocal interaction between the 1 subunit of Na+/K+-ATPase and Src. Although the interaction between the Src kinase domain and the third cytosolic domain (CD3) of 1 is regulated by ouabain, the Src SH3SH2 domain binds to the second cytosolic domain constitutively. Functionally, binding of Src to either the Na+/K+-ATPase or GST-CD3 inhibited Src activity. Addition of ouabain, but not vanadate, to the purified Na+/K+-ATPase/Src complex freed the kinase domain and restored the Src activity. Consistently, exposure of intact cells to ouabain apparently increased the distance between the Na+/K+-ATPase and Src. Concomitantly, it also stimulated tyrosine phosphorylation of the proteins that are associated with the Na+/K+-ATPase. These new findings illustrate a novel molecular mechanism of signal transduction involving the interaction of a P-type ATPase and a nonreceptor tyrosine kinase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Tian
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical University of Ohio, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
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