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Ruthsatz K, Dahlke F, Alter K, Wohlrab S, Eterovick PC, Lyra ML, Gippner S, Cooke SJ, Peck MA. Acclimation capacity to global warming of amphibians and freshwater fishes: Drivers, patterns, and data limitations. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2024; 30:e17318. [PMID: 38771091 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.17318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Amphibians and fishes play a central role in shaping the structure and function of freshwater environments. These organisms have a limited capacity to disperse across different habitats and the thermal buffer offered by freshwater systems is small. Understanding determinants and patterns of their physiological sensitivity across life history is, therefore, imperative to predicting the impacts of climate change in freshwater systems. Based on a systematic literature review including 345 experiments with 998 estimates on 96 amphibian (Anura/Caudata) and 93 freshwater fish species (Teleostei), we conducted a quantitative synthesis to explore phylogenetic, ontogenetic, and biogeographic (thermal adaptation) patterns in upper thermal tolerance (CTmax) and thermal acclimation capacity (acclimation response ratio, ARR) as well as the influence of the methodology used to assess these thermal traits using a conditional inference tree analysis. We found globally consistent patterns in CTmax and ARR, with phylogeny (taxa/order), experimental methodology, climatic origin, and life stage as significant determinants of thermal traits. The analysis demonstrated that CTmax does not primarily depend on the climatic origin but on experimental acclimation temperature and duration, and life stage. Higher acclimation temperatures and longer acclimation times led to higher CTmax values, whereby Anuran larvae revealed a higher CTmax than older life stages. The ARR of freshwater fishes was more than twice that of amphibians. Differences in ARR between life stages were not significant. In addition to phylogenetic differences, we found that ARR also depended on acclimation duration, ramping rate, and adaptation to local temperature variability. However, the amount of data on early life stages is too small, methodologically inconsistent, and phylogenetically unbalanced to identify potential life cycle bottlenecks in thermal traits. We, therefore, propose methods to improve the robustness and comparability of CTmax/ARR data across species and life stages, which is crucial for the conservation of freshwater biodiversity under climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Ruthsatz
- Zoological Institute, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
- Institute of Animal Cell and Systems Biology, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Flemming Dahlke
- Ecology of Living Marine Resources, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Katharina Alter
- Department of Coastal Systems, Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, Den Burg, The Netherlands
| | - Sylke Wohlrab
- Alfred Wegner Institute Helmholtz Center for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, Germany
- Helmholtz Institute for Functional Marine Biodiversity at the University of Oldenburg (HIFMB), Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Paula C Eterovick
- Zoological Institute, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Mariana L Lyra
- New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
- Center for Research on Biodiversity Dynamics and Climate Change, State University of São Paulo-UNESP, Rio Claro, Brazil
| | - Sven Gippner
- Zoological Institute, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Steven J Cooke
- Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology and Institute of Environmental and Interdisciplinary Science, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Myron A Peck
- Department of Coastal Systems, Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, Den Burg, The Netherlands
- Marine Animal Ecology Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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2
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Borges FO, Sampaio E, Santos CP, Rosa R. Climate-Change Impacts on Cephalopods: A Meta-Analysis. Integr Comp Biol 2023; 63:1240-1265. [PMID: 37468442 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icad102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Aside from being one of the most fascinating groups of marine organisms, cephalopods play a major role in marine food webs, both as predators and as prey, while representing key living economic assets, namely for artisanal and subsistence fisheries worldwide. Recent research suggests that cephalopods are benefitting from ongoing environmental changes and the overfishing of certain fish stocks (i.e., of their predators and/or competitors), putting forward the hypothesis that this group may be one of the few "winners" of climate change. While many meta-analyses have demonstrated negative and overwhelming consequences of ocean warming (OW), acidification (OA), and their combination for a variety of marine taxa, such a comprehensive analysis is lacking for cephalopod molluscs. In this context, the existing literature was surveyed for peer-reviewed articles featuring the sustained (≥24 h) and controlled exposure of cephalopod species (Cephalopoda class) to these factors, applying a comparative framework of mixed-model meta-analyses (784 control-treatment comparisons, from 47 suitable articles). Impacts on a wide set of biological categories at the individual level (e.g., survival, metabolism, behavior, cell stress, growth) were evaluated and contrasted across different ecological attributes (i.e., taxonomic lineages, climates, and ontogenetic stages). Contrary to what is commonly assumed, OW arises as a clear threat to cephalopods, while OA exhibited more restricted impacts. In fact, OW impacts were ubiquitous across different stages of ontogeny, taxonomical lineages (i.e., octopuses, squids, and cuttlefish). These results challenge the assumption that cephalopods benefit from novel ocean conditions, revealing an overarching negative impact of OW in this group. Importantly, we also identify lingering literature gaps, showing that most studies to date focus on OW and early life stages of mainly temperate species. Our results raise the need to consolidate experimental efforts in a wider variety of taxa, climate regions, life stages, and other key environmental stressors, such as deoxygenation and hypoxia, to better understand how cephalopods will cope with future climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco O Borges
- MARE-Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre/ARNET-Aquatic Research Network, Laboratório Marítimo da Guia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Cascais, Lisboa 1749-016, Portugal
| | - Eduardo Sampaio
- Department of Collective Behaviour, Max Planck Institute of Animal Behavior, Universitatsstrasse 10, Konstanz 78464, Germany
- Centre for the Advanced Study of Collective Behaviour, University of Konstanz, Konstanz 78464, Germany
- Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Universitatsstrasse 10, Konstanz 78464, Germany
| | - Catarina P Santos
- MARE-Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre/ARNET-Aquatic Research Network, Laboratório Marítimo da Guia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Cascais, Lisboa 1749-016, Portugal
- Environmental Economics Knowledge Center, Nova School of Business and Economics, New University of Lisbon, Carcavelos 2775-405, Portugal
- Sphyrna Association, Boa Vista Island, Sal Rei, Cape Verde
| | - Rui Rosa
- MARE-Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre/ARNET-Aquatic Research Network, Laboratório Marítimo da Guia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Cascais, Lisboa 1749-016, Portugal
- Department of Animal Biology, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa1 749-016, Portugal
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3
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Watanabe YY, Payne NL. Thermal sensitivity of metabolic rate mirrors biogeographic differences between teleosts and elasmobranchs. Nat Commun 2023; 14:2054. [PMID: 37045817 PMCID: PMC10097821 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-37637-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Environmental temperature affects physiological functions, representing a barrier for the range expansions of ectothermic species. To understand the link between thermal physiology and biogeography, a key question is whether among-species thermal sensitivity of metabolic rates is mechanistically constrained or buffered through physiological remodeling over evolutionary time. The former conception, the Universal Temperature Dependence hypothesis, predicts similar among- and within-species thermal sensitivity. The latter conception, the Metabolic Cold Adaptation hypothesis, predicts lower among-species thermal sensitivity than within-species sensitivity. Previous studies that tested these hypotheses for fishes overwhelmingly investigated teleosts with elasmobranchs understudied. Here, we show that among-species thermal sensitivity of resting metabolic rates is lower than within-species sensitivity in teleosts but not in elasmobranchs. Further, species richness declines with latitude more rapidly in elasmobranchs than in teleosts. Metabolic Cold Adaptation exhibited by teleosts might underpin their high diversity at high latitudes, whereas the inflexible thermal sensitivity approximated by Universal Temperature Dependence of elasmobranchs might explain their low diversity at high latitudes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuuki Y Watanabe
- National Institute of Polar Research, Tachikawa, Tokyo, Japan.
- Department of Polar Science, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, SOKENDAI, Tachikawa, Tokyo, Japan.
- Research Center for Integrative Evolutionary Science, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, SOKENDAI, Hayama, Kanagawa, Japan.
| | - Nicholas L Payne
- School of Natural Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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4
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He G, Peng Y, Liu X, Liu Y, Liang J, Xu X, Yang K, Masanja F, Xu Y, Deng Y, Zhao L. Post-responses of intertidal bivalves to recurrent heatwaves. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2022; 184:114223. [PMID: 36240632 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.114223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 10/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Heatwaves are becoming hotter, longer and more frequent, threatening the survival of intertidal bivalves and devastating their ecosystems. Yet, substantially overlooked are heatwave-induced post-responses, which are important to assess cascading consequences. Here, we investigated responses of intertidal bivalves, Ruditapes philippinarum, to recurrent heatwaves. Physiological and gene expression analyses demonstrated that the mantle tissue of R. philippinarum did not sensitively respond to heatwaves, but revealed post-responses under recovery scenarios. Of 20 genes related to essential physiology and fitness, 18 were down-regulated during the 1st recovery period, but following repeated exposure, 13 genes were up-regulated, in line with significantly increased activities of energy-metabolizing enzymes, and antioxidant and nonspecific enzymes. The down-regulation of genes involved in biomineralization, nevertheless, was observed under recovery scenarios, implying the trade-off between essential physiological and fitness-related functions. These findings pave the way for understanding the physiological plasticity of marine bivalves in response to intensifying heatwaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guixiang He
- Fisheries College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Yalan Peng
- Zhuhai Central Station of Marine Environmental Monitoring, Ministry of Natural Resources, Zhuhai 519015, China.
| | - Xiaolong Liu
- Fisheries College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Yong Liu
- Fisheries College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Jian Liang
- Fisheries College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Xin Xu
- Fisheries College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Ke Yang
- Fisheries College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | | | - Yang Xu
- Fisheries College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Yuewen Deng
- Fisheries College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Liqiang Zhao
- Fisheries College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China.
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5
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Georgoulis I, Feidantsis K, Giantsis IA, Kakale A, Bock C, Pörtner HO, Sokolova IM, Michaelidis B. Heat hardening enhances mitochondrial potential for respiration and oxidative defence capacity in the mantle of thermally stressed Mytilus galloprovincialis. Sci Rep 2021; 11:17098. [PMID: 34429490 PMCID: PMC8384858 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-96617-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Ectotherms are exposed to a range of environmental temperatures and may face extremes beyond their upper thermal limits. Such temperature extremes can stimulate aerobic metabolism toward its maximum, a decline in aerobic substrate oxidation, and a parallel increase of anaerobic metabolism, combined with ROS generation and oxidative stress. Under these stressful conditions, marine organisms recruit several defensive strategies for their maintenance and survival. However, thermal tolerance of ectothermic organisms may be increased after a brief exposure to sub-lethal temperatures, a process known as "hardening". In our study, we examined the ability of M. galloprovincialis to increase its thermal tolerance under the effect of elevated temperatures (24, 26 and 28 °C) through the "hardening" process. Our results demonstrate that this process can increase the heat tolerance and antioxidant defense of heat hardened mussels through more efficient ETS activity when exposed to temperatures beyond 24 °C, compared to non-hardened individuals. Enhanced cell protection is reflected in better adaptive strategies of heat hardened mussels, and thus decreased mortality. Although hardening seems a promising process for the maintenance of aquacultured populations under increased seasonal temperatures, further investigation of the molecular and cellular mechanisms regulating mussels' heat resistance is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Georgoulis
- grid.4793.90000000109457005Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Department of Zoology, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Feidantsis
- grid.4793.90000000109457005Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Department of Zoology, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Ioannis A. Giantsis
- grid.184212.c0000 0000 9364 8877Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Western Macedonia, 53100 Florina, Greece
| | - Asimina Kakale
- grid.4793.90000000109457005Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Department of Zoology, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Christian Bock
- grid.10894.340000 0001 1033 7684Alfred-Wegener-Institut, Helmholtz-Center for Polar and Marine Research, Integrative Ecophysiology, Postfach 120161, 27515 Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Hans O. Pörtner
- grid.10894.340000 0001 1033 7684Alfred-Wegener-Institut, Helmholtz-Center for Polar and Marine Research, Integrative Ecophysiology, Postfach 120161, 27515 Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Inna M. Sokolova
- grid.10493.3f0000000121858338Department of Marine Biology, Institute for Biological Sciences, University of Rostock, A.-Einstein Str., 3, 18055 Rostock, Germany
| | - Basile Michaelidis
- grid.4793.90000000109457005Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Department of Zoology, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
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6
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Morris MRJ, Wuitchik SJS, Rosebush J, Rogers SM. Mitochondrial volume density and evidence for its role in adaptive divergence in response to thermal tolerance in threespine stickleback. J Comp Physiol B 2021; 191:657-668. [PMID: 33788018 DOI: 10.1007/s00360-021-01366-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Phenotypic plasticity is predicted to permit persistence in new environments, and may subsequently evolve to enhance fitness. Colonizing environments with lower winter temperatures can lead to the evolution of lower critical thermal minima; the corresponding physiological traits associated with temperature tolerance are predicted to involve mitochondrial function. Threespine stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) have colonized freshwater lakes along the Pacific Northwest. These freshwater populations are known to exhibit cold-induced increases in mitochondrial volume density in pectoral muscle, but whether such plasticity evolved before or after colonization is uncertain. Here, we measure critical thermal minima (CTmin) in one marine and one freshwater population of threespine stickleback, and mitochondrial volume density in pectoral and cardiac tissue of both populations acclimated to different temperature treatments (6.2, 14.5 and 20.6 ℃). Mitochondrial volume density increased with cold acclimation in pectoral muscle; cardiac muscle was non-plastic but had elevated mitochondrial volume densities compared to pectoral muscle across all temperature treatments. There were no differences in the levels of plasticity between marine and freshwater stickleback, but neither were there differences in CTmin. Importantly, marine stickleback exhibited plasticity under low-salinity conditions, suggesting that marine stickleback had at least one necessary phenotype for persistence in freshwater environments before colonization occurred.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R J Morris
- Department of Biology, Ambrose University, Calgary, AB, Canada. .,Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.
| | - Sara J S Wuitchik
- Informatics Group, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Sean M Rogers
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
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Land use/land cover change, physico-chemical parameters and freshwater snails in Yewa North, Southwestern Nigeria. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0246566. [PMID: 33556093 PMCID: PMC7870010 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0246566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The management of ecosystem has been a major contributor to the control of diseases that are transmitted by snail intermediate hosts. The ability of freshwater snails to self-fertilize, giving rise to thousands of hatchlings, enables them to contribute immensely to the difficulty in reducing the endemicity of some infections in the world. One of the effects of land use/land cover change (LU/LCC) is deforestation, which, in turn, leads to the creation of suitable habitats for the survival of freshwater snails. This study was aimed at studying the land use/land cover change, physico-chemical parameters of water bodies and to understand the interplay between them and freshwater snails in an environment where a new industrial plant was established. Landsat TM, 1984, Landsat ETM+ 2000 and Operational land Imager (OLI) 2014 imageries of the study area were digitally processed using ERDAS Imagine. The land use classification includes settlement, water bodies, wetlands, vegetation and exposed surface. Dissolved oxygen, water temperature, pH, total dissolved solids and conductivity were measured with multipurpose digital meters. Snail sampling was done at each site for 30 minutes along the littoral zones, using a long-handled scoop (0.2mm mesh size) net once every month for 24 months. Independent t-test was used to determine the variation between seasons, Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient was used to test the relationship between physico-chemical parameters and snail species while regression was used to analyze the relationship between LU/LCC and freshwater snails. Species’ richness, diversity and evenness were examined using Margalef, Shannon Weiner and Equitability indexes. Snail species recovered include: Bulinus globosus, Bulinus jousseaumei, Bulinus camerunensis, Bulinus senegalensis, Bulinus forskalii, Amerianna carinatus, Ferrissia spp., Segmentorbis augustus, Lymnaea natalensis, Melanoides tuberculata, Physa acuta, Gyraulus costulatus, Indoplanorbis exuxtus and Gibbiella species. Out of the total snails recovered, M. tuberculata (2907) was the most abundant, followed by Lymnaea natalensis (1542). The highest number of snail species was recovered from Iho River while the least number of snails was recovered from Euro River. The mean and standard deviation of physico-chemical parameters of the water bodies were DO (2.13±0.9 mg/L), pH (6.80±0.4), TDS (50.58±18.8 mg/L), Temperature (26.2±0.9°C) and Conductivity (74.00±27.5 μS/cm). There was significant positive correlation between pH and B. globosus (r = 0.439; P<0.05). Dissolved oxygen showed significant positive correlation with B. globosus (r = 0.454; P<0.05) and M. tuberculata (r = 0.687; P<0.01). There was a positive significant relationship between LULCC and B. camerunensis (p<0.05). The positive relationship between LULCC and the abundance of B. globosus, B. jousseaumei was not significant. The area covered by water bodies increased from 3.72 to 4.51 kilometers; this indicates that, more suitable habitats were being created for the multiplication of freshwater snails. We therefore conclude that, increase in areas suitable for the survival of freshwater snails could lead to an increase in water-borne diseases caused by the availability of snail intermediate hosts.
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8
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Dahlke FT, Wohlrab S, Butzin M, Pörtner HO. Thermal bottlenecks in the life cycle define climate vulnerability of fish. Science 2020; 369:65-70. [PMID: 32631888 DOI: 10.1126/science.aaz3658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Species' vulnerability to climate change depends on the most temperature-sensitive life stages, but for major animal groups such as fish, life cycle bottlenecks are often not clearly defined. We used observational, experimental, and phylogenetic data to assess stage-specific thermal tolerance metrics for 694 marine and freshwater fish species from all climate zones. Our analysis shows that spawning adults and embryos consistently have narrower tolerance ranges than larvae and nonreproductive adults and are most vulnerable to climate warming. The sequence of stage-specific thermal tolerance corresponds with the oxygen-limitation hypothesis, suggesting a mechanistic link between ontogenetic changes in cardiorespiratory (aerobic) capacity and tolerance to temperature extremes. A logarithmic inverse correlation between the temperature dependence of physiological rates (development and oxygen consumption) and thermal tolerance range is proposed to reflect a fundamental, energetic trade-off in thermal adaptation. Scenario-based climate projections considering the most critical life stages (spawners and embryos) clearly identify the temperature requirements for reproduction as a critical bottleneck in the life cycle of fish. By 2100, depending on the Shared Socioeconomic Pathway (SSP) scenario followed, the percentages of species potentially affected by water temperatures exceeding their tolerance limit for reproduction range from ~10% (SSP 1-1.9) to ~60% (SSP 5-8.5). Efforts to meet ambitious climate targets (SSP 1-1.9) could therefore benefit many fish species and people who depend on healthy fish stocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flemming T Dahlke
- Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany.
| | - Sylke Wohlrab
- Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany.,Helmholtz Institute for Functional Marine Biodiversity, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Martin Butzin
- Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Hans-Otto Pörtner
- Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany. .,University of Bremen, 28359 Bremen, Germany
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9
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Carney Almroth B, Bresolin de Souza K, Jönsson E, Sturve J. Oxidative stress and biomarker responses in the Atlantic halibut after long term exposure to elevated CO2 and a range of temperatures. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2019; 238:110321. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2019.110321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Revised: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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10
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Hu YC, Chu KF, Hwang LY, Lee TH. Cortisol regulation of Na +, K +-ATPase β1 subunit transcription via the pre-receptor 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 1-like (11β-Hsd1L) in gills of hypothermal freshwater milkfish, Chanos chanos. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2019; 192:105381. [PMID: 31128249 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2019.105381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Revised: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Hypothermal stress changes the balance of osmoregulation by affecting Na+, K+-ATPase (Na-K-ATPase) activity or inducing modulation to epithelium permeability in fish. Meanwhile, cellular concentrations of cortisol can be modulated by the pre-receptor enzymes 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 1 and 2 (11β-Hsd1 and 2). In fish, increasing levels of exogenous cortisol stimulate Na+ uptake via specific interaction with cortisol. This study investigated cortisol effects on expression of Na-K-ATPase subunit proteins and activity in gills of milkfish under hypothermal stress and revealed that the plasma cortisol contents as well as gill 11β-hsd1l and na-k-atpase β1 mRNA abundance were decreased in fresh water (FW) milkfish. Meanwhile, in the seawater (SW) milkfish, the plasma cortisol contents and gill 11β-hsd1l and na-k-atpase β1 mRNA abundance was increased under hypothermal stress. On the other hand, the abundance of 11β-hsd2 mRNA increased in both FW and SW. In addition, 11β-hsd1l expression increased in FW milkfish but decreased in SW milkfish after cortisol injection. Accordingly, the results that gill Na-K-ATPase activity of FW milkfish was affected by environmental temperatures as well as cortisol-dependent Na-K-ATPase β1-subunit levels might be due to increased expression of 11β-hsd1l that elevated intracellular cortisol contents. In hypothermal SW milkfish, decreasing abundance of Na-K-ATPase β1 protein due to reduced expression of 11β-hsd1l was found after cortisol injection. Thus, under hypothermal stress, 11β-HSD1L in FW milkfish gills was used to modulate cortisol and the following effects on increasing the transcription of Na-K-ATPase β1 protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yau-Chung Hu
- Department of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 402, Taiwan; The iEGG and Animal Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 402, Taiwan
| | - Keng-Fu Chu
- Department of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 402, Taiwan
| | - Lie-Yueh Hwang
- Taishi Station, Mariculture Research Center, Fisheries Research Institute, Council of Agriculture, Yulin, 636, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Han Lee
- Department of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 402, Taiwan; The iEGG and Animal Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 402, Taiwan.
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11
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Kunz KL, Claireaux G, Pörtner HO, Knust R, Mark FC. Aerobic capacities and swimming performance of polar cod ( Boreogadus saida) under ocean acidification and warming conditions. J Exp Biol 2018; 221:jeb184473. [PMID: 30190318 PMCID: PMC6240293 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.184473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Polar cod (Boreogadus saida) is an important prey species in the Arctic ecosystem, yet its habitat is changing rapidly: climate change, through rising seawater temperatures and CO2 concentrations, is projected to be most pronounced in Arctic waters. This study aimed to investigate the influence of ocean acidification and warming on maximum performance parameters of B. saida as indicators for the species' acclimation capacities under environmental conditions projected for the end of this century. After 4 months at four acclimation temperatures (0, 3, 6, 8°C) each combined with two PCO2 levels (390 and 1170 µatm), aerobic capacities and swimming performance of B. saida were recorded following a Ucrit protocol. At both CO2 levels, standard metabolic rate (SMR) was elevated at the highest acclimation temperature indicating thermal limitations. Maximum metabolic rate (MMR) increased continuously with temperature, suggesting an optimum temperature for aerobic scope for exercise (ASex) at 6°C. Aerobic swimming performance (Ugait) increased with acclimation temperature irrespective of CO2 levels, while critical swimming speed (Ucrit) did not reveal any clear trend with temperature. Hypercapnia evoked an increase in MMR (and thereby ASex). However, swimming performance (both Ugait and Ucrit) was impaired under elevated near-future PCO2 conditions, indicating reduced efficiencies of oxygen turnover. The contribution of anaerobic metabolism to swimming performance was very low overall, and further reduced under hypercapnia. Our results revealed high sensitivities of maximum performance parameters (MMR, Ugait, Ucrit) of B. saida to ocean acidification. Impaired swimming capacity under ocean acidification may reflect reduced future competitive strength of B. saida.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Lore Kunz
- Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Bentho-Pelagic Processes, Am Alten Hafen 26, 27568 Bremerhaven, Germany
- Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Integrative Ecophysiology, Am Handelshafen 12, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany
- University of Bremen, Fachbereich 2, NW 2/Leobener Strasse, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Guy Claireaux
- Université de Bretagne Occidentale, LEMAR (UMR 6539), Unité PFOM, Laboratoire ARN, Centre Ifremer de Brest, 29280 Plouzané, France
| | - Hans-Otto Pörtner
- Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Integrative Ecophysiology, Am Handelshafen 12, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany
- University of Bremen, Fachbereich 2, NW 2/Leobener Strasse, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Rainer Knust
- Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Bentho-Pelagic Processes, Am Alten Hafen 26, 27568 Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Felix Christopher Mark
- Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Integrative Ecophysiology, Am Handelshafen 12, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany
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12
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Cheng MCF, Sarà G, Williams GA. Combined effects of thermal conditions and food availability on thermal tolerance of the marine bivalve, Perna viridis. J Therm Biol 2018; 78:270-276. [PMID: 30509647 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2018.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Revised: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Organisms can mitigate the effects of long term variation in environmental conditions through acclimation, which involves changes in various physiological responses. To elucidate the possible effects of temperature and food concentrations on acclimation capacity, physiological responses of the mussel, Perna viridis, were measured after individuals were held for six weeks under varying temperatures and food availability. Warm-acclimated mussels experiencing higher food levels had significantly greater upper thermal limits than those maintained on lower food levels. In contrast, the upper thermal limits of cold-acclimated mussels were not affected by food levels. For warm-acclimated mussels, differences in upper thermal limits were likely due to rapid depletion of energy storage as predicted by Dynamic Energy Budget model simulations for P. viridis exposed to lower food levels. Clearance rates of cold-acclimated mussels were significantly lower than warm-acclimated mussels, regardless of food availability. The impacts of lower food acquisition on energy storage, however, could be compensated by lower metabolic rates of the cold-acclimated mussels. The availability and the ability to acquire food are not, therefore, the main drivers differentiating between the upper thermal tolerances of cold- and warm-acclimated mussels, but these differences are driven by the past thermal history the mussels experienced. The temperature tolerance range of P. viridis showed a positive shift to tolerate higher temperatures after acclimation. Such flexibility in thermal tolerance implies P. viridis has high capacity to acclimate to novel environments, which will enhance its future success given its commercial importance as an aquaculture species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin C F Cheng
- The Swire Institute of Marine Science and School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Gianluca Sarà
- Department of Earth and Marine Sciences, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Gray A Williams
- The Swire Institute of Marine Science and School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
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13
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Davis BE, Flynn EE, Miller NA, Nelson FA, Fangue NA, Todgham AE. Antarctic emerald rockcod have the capacity to compensate for warming when uncoupled from CO 2 -acidification. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2018; 24:e655-e670. [PMID: 29155460 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.13987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Revised: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Increases in atmospheric CO2 levels and associated ocean changes are expected to have dramatic impacts on marine ecosystems. Although the Southern Ocean is experiencing some of the fastest rates of change, few studies have explored how Antarctic fishes may be affected by co-occurring ocean changes, and even fewer have examined early life stages. To date, no studies have characterized potential trade-offs in physiology and behavior in response to projected multiple climate change stressors (ocean acidification and warming) on Antarctic fishes. We exposed juvenile emerald rockcod Trematomus bernacchii to three PCO2 treatments (~450, ~850, and ~1,200 μatm PCO2 ) at two temperatures (-1 or 2°C). After 2, 7, 14, and 28 days, metrics of physiological performance including cardiorespiratory function (heart rate [fH ] and ventilation rate [fV ]), metabolic rate (M˙O2), and cellular enzyme activity were measured. Behavioral responses, including scototaxis, activity, exploration, and escape response were assessed after 7 and 14 days. Elevated PCO2 independently had little impact on either physiology or behavior in juvenile rockcod, whereas warming resulted in significant changes across acclimation time. After 14 days, fH , fV and M˙O2 significantly increased with warming, but not with elevated PCO2 . Increased physiological costs were accompanied by behavioral alterations including increased dark zone preference up to 14%, reduced activity by 12%, as well as reduced escape time suggesting potential trade-offs in energetics. After 28 days, juvenile rockcod demonstrated a degree of temperature compensation as fV , M˙O2, and cellular metabolism significantly decreased following the peak at 14 days; however, temperature compensation was only evident in the absence of elevated PCO2 . Sustained increases in fV and M˙O2 after 28 days exposure to elevated PCO2 indicate additive (fV ) and synergistic (M˙O2) interactions occurred in combination with warming. Stressor-induced energetic trade-offs in physiology and behavior may be an important mechanism leading to vulnerability of Antarctic fishes to future ocean change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany E Davis
- Department of Animal Science, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
- Department of Wildlife, Fish and Conservation Biology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Erin E Flynn
- Department of Animal Science, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Nathan A Miller
- Department of Animal Science, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
- Romberg Tiburon Center, San Francisco State University, Tiburon, CA, USA
| | - Frederick A Nelson
- Department of Animal Science, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
- Department of Biology, Howard University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Nann A Fangue
- Department of Wildlife, Fish and Conservation Biology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Anne E Todgham
- Department of Animal Science, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
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14
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Davis BE, Komoroske LM, Hansen MJ, Poletto JB, Perry EN, Miller NA, Ehlman SM, Wheeler SG, Sih A, Todgham AE, Fangue NA. Juvenile rockfish show resilience to CO 2-acidification and hypoxia across multiple biological scales. CONSERVATION PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 6:coy038. [PMID: 30018763 PMCID: PMC6041801 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/coy038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Revised: 06/10/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
California's coastal ecosystems are forecasted to undergo shifting ocean conditions due to climate change, some of which may negatively impact recreational and commercial fish populations. To understand if fish populations have the capacity to respond to multiple stressors, it is critical to examine interactive effects across multiple biological scales, from cellular metabolism to species interactions. This study examined the effects of CO2-acidification and hypoxia on two naturally co-occurring species, juvenile rockfish (genus Sebastes) and a known predator, cabezon (Scorpaenichthys marmoratus). Fishes were exposed to two PCO2 levels at two dissolved oxygen (DO) levels: ~600 (ambient) and ~1600 (high) μatm PCO2 and 8.0 (normoxic) and 4.5 mg l-1 DO (hypoxic) and assessments of cellular metabolism, prey behavior and predation mortality rates were quantified after 1 and 3 weeks. Physiologically, rockfish showed acute alterations in cellular metabolic enzyme activity after 1 week of acclimation to elevated PCO2 and hypoxia that were not evident in cabezon. Alterations in rockfish energy metabolism were driven by increases in anaerobic LDH activity, and adjustments in enzyme activity ratios of cytochrome c oxidase and citrate synthase and LDH:CS. Correlated changes in rockfish behavior were also apparent after 1 week of acclimation to elevated PCO2 and hypoxia. Exploration behavior increased in rockfish exposed to elevated PCO2 and spatial analysis of activity indicated short-term interference with anti-predator responses. Predation rate after 1 week increased with elevated PCO2; however, no mortality was observed under the multiple-stressor treatment suggesting negative effects on cabezon predators. Most noteworthy, metabolic and behavioral changes were moderately compensated after 3 weeks of acclimation, and predation mortality rates also decreased suggesting that these rockfish may be resilient to changes in environmental stressors predicted by climate models. Linking physiological and behavioral responses to multiple stressors is vital to understand impacts on populations and community dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany E Davis
- Department of Wildlife, Fish and Conservation Biology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Lisa M Komoroske
- Department of Wildlife, Fish and Conservation Biology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
- Bodega Marine Laboratory, University of California Davis, Bodega Bay, CA, USA
- Department of Environmental Conservation, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Matthew J Hansen
- Department of Wildlife, Fish and Conservation Biology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Jamilynn B Poletto
- Department of Wildlife, Fish and Conservation Biology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
- School of Natural Resources, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Emily N Perry
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Nathan A Miller
- Department of Wildlife, Fish and Conservation Biology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Sean M Ehlman
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Sarah G Wheeler
- Bodega Marine Laboratory, University of California Davis, Bodega Bay, CA, USA
- Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Andrew Sih
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Anne E Todgham
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Nann A Fangue
- Department of Wildlife, Fish and Conservation Biology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
- Corresponding author: Department of Wildlife, Fish and Conservation Biology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA. Tel: +(530) 752-4997;
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Differences in neurochemical profiles of two gadid species under ocean warming and acidification. Front Zool 2017; 14:49. [PMID: 29093740 PMCID: PMC5661927 DOI: 10.1186/s12983-017-0238-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Exposure to future ocean acidification scenarios may alter the behaviour of marine teleosts through interference with neuroreceptor functioning. So far, most studies investigated effects of ocean acidification on the behaviour of fish, either isolated or in combination with environmental temperature. However, only few physiological studies on this issue were conducted despite the putative neurophysiological origin of the CO2-induced behavioural changes. Here, we present the metabolic consequences of long-term exposure to projected ocean acidification (396–548 μatm PCO2 under control and 915–1272 μatm under treatment conditions) and parallel warming in the brain of two related fish species, polar cod (Boreogadus saida, exposed to 0 °C, 3 °C, 6 °C and 8 °C) and Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua, exposed to 3 °C, 8 °C, 12 °C and 16 °C). It has been shown that B. saida is behaviourally vulnerable to future ocean acidification scenarios, while G. morhua demonstrates behavioural resilience. Results We found that temperature alters brain osmolyte, amino acid, choline and neurotransmitter concentrations in both species indicating thermal responses particularly in osmoregulation and membrane structure. In B. saida, changes in amino acid and osmolyte metabolism at the highest temperature tested were also affected by CO2, possibly emphasizing energetic limitations. We did not observe changes in neurotransmitters, energy metabolites, membrane components or osmolytes that might serve as a compensatory mechanism against CO2 induced behavioural impairments. In contrast to B. saida, such temperature limitation was not detected in G. morhua; however, at 8 °C, CO2 induced an increase in the levels of metabolites of the glutamate/GABA-glutamine cycle potentially indicating greater GABAergic activity in G.morhua. Further, increased availability of energy-rich substrates was detected under these conditions. Conclusions Our results indicate a change of GABAergic metabolism in the nervous system of Gadus morhua close to the optimum of the temperature range. Since a former study showed that juvenile G. morhua might be slightly more behaviourally resilient to CO2 at this respective temperature, we conclude that the observed change of GABAergic metabolism could be involved in counteracting OA induced behavioural changes. This may serve as a fitness advantage of this respective species compared to B. saida in a future warmer, more acidified polar ocean. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12983-017-0238-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Hot or not? Comparative behavioral thermoregulation, critical temperature regimes, and thermal tolerances of the invasive lionfish Pterois sp. versus native western North Atlantic reef fishes. Biol Invasions 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10530-017-1511-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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17
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Harter TS, Brauner CJ. The O 2 and CO 2 Transport System in Teleosts and the Specialized Mechanisms That Enhance Hb–O 2 Unloading to Tissues. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.fp.2017.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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18
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Metabolic and regulatory responses involved in cold acclimation in Atlantic killifish, Fundulus heteroclitus. J Comp Physiol B 2016; 187:463-475. [PMID: 27787665 DOI: 10.1007/s00360-016-1042-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Revised: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Ectotherms often respond to prolonged cold exposure by increasing mitochondrial capacity via elevated mitochondrial volume density [V V(mit,f)]. In fish, higher V V(mit,f) is typically associated with increased expression of nuclear respiratory factor 1 (Nrf1), a transcription factor that induces expression of nuclear-encoded respiratory genes. To examine if nrf1 expression or the expression of other genes that regulate mitochondrial biogenesis contribute to changes in whole-organism metabolic rate during cold acclimation, we examined the time course of changes in the expression of these genes and in metabolic rate in Atlantic killifish, Fundulus heteroclitus. Cold acclimation rapidly decreased metabolic rate, but increased the expression of nrf1 more gradually, with a time course that depended on how rapidly the fish were transitioned to low temperature. Cold-induced nrf1 expression was not associated with increases in biochemical indicators of mitochondrial respiratory capacity, suggesting that cold-induced mitochondrial biogenesis may occur without increases in oxidative capacity in this species. These observations imply that changes in nrf1 expression and metabolic rate due to cold acclimation occur through different physiological mechanisms, and that increases in V V(mit,f) are likely not directly related to changes in metabolic rate with cold acclimation in this species. However, nrf1 expression differed between northern and southern killifish subspecies regardless of acclimation temperature, consistent with observed differences in metabolic rate and V V(mit,f) at 5 °C between these subspecies. Taken together, these results reveal substantial complexity in the regulation of V V(mit,f) and mitochondrial capacity with temperature in fish and the relationship of these parameters to metabolic rate.
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19
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Huth TJ, Place SP. RNA-seq reveals a diminished acclimation response to the combined effects of ocean acidification and elevated seawater temperature in Pagothenia borchgrevinki. Mar Genomics 2016; 28:87-97. [PMID: 26969095 DOI: 10.1016/j.margen.2016.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Revised: 02/11/2016] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The IPCC has reasserted the strong influence of anthropogenic CO2 contributions on global climate change and highlighted the polar-regions as highly vulnerable. With these predictions the cold adapted fauna endemic to the Southern Ocean, which is dominated by fishes of the sub-order Notothenioidei, will face considerable challenges in the near future. Recent physiological studies have demonstrated that the synergistic stressors of elevated temperature and ocean acidification have a considerable, although variable, impact on notothenioid fishes. The present study explored the transcriptomic response of Pagothenia borchgrevinki to increased temperatures and pCO2 after 7, 28 and 56days of acclimation. We compared this response to short term studies assessing heat stress alone and foretell the potential impacts of these stressors on P. borchgrevinki's ability to survive a changing Southern Ocean. RESULTS P. borchgrevinki did demonstrate a coordinated stress response to the dual-stressor condition, and even indicated that some level of inducible heat shock response may be conserved in this notothenioid species. However, the stress response of P. borchgrevinki was considerably less robust than that observed previously in the closely related notothenioid, Trematomus bernacchii, and varied considerably when compared across different acclimation time-points. Furthermore, the molecular response of these fish under multiple stressors displayed distinct differences compared to their response to short term heat stress alone. CONCLUSIONS When exposed to increased sea surface temperatures, combined with ocean acidification, P. borchgrevinki demonstrated a coordinated stress response that has already peaked by 7days of acclimation and quickly diminished over time. However, this response is less dramatic than other closely related notothenioids under identical conditions, supporting previous research suggesting that this notothenioid species is less sensitive to environmental variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Troy J Huth
- University of South Carolina, Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia, SC 29208, USA.
| | - Sean P Place
- Sonoma State University, Department of Biology, Rohnert Park, CA 94928, USA.
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20
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Response of branchial Na(+)/K(+) ATPase to changes in ambient temperature in Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) and whiting (Merlangius merlangus). J Comp Physiol B 2016; 186:461-70. [PMID: 26922791 DOI: 10.1007/s00360-016-0970-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Revised: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 02/12/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The maintenance of ion and pH homeostasis despite changes in ambient temperature is crucial for ectothermic organisms. Thermal sensitivity of Na(+)/K(+) ATPase mRNA expression, protein expression and activity was determined in gills of North Sea cod (NC) and Northeastern Arctic cod (NEAC), acclimated for 6 weeks at 4 and 10 °C and compared to field samples of North Sea cod (sNC), acclimatized to early spring (4 °C) and summer (18 °C) conditions. The same analyses were conducted in gills of the confamiliar whiting, acclimated at 4 and 10 °C. Branchial Na(+)/K(+) ATPase capacities remained uncompensated at functional and protein levels in NC and NEAC at both acclimation temperatures. Na(+)/K(+) ATPase mRNA expression in NEAC acclimated at 10 °C was about twofold higher compared to NC, indicating some population-specific differentiation at this level. Lower Na(+)/K(+) ATPase capacities in gills of warm-acclimatized sNC at common assay temperatures indicate thermal compensation between seasonal extremes, and post-translational modifications contributed to this mitigation at high assay temperature. Together, cod compensates Na(+)/K(+) ATPase capacities on the warm edge of the thermal window and below 4 °C, respectively. In contrast, whiting Na(+)/K(+) ATPase capacities were cold compensated at 4 °C, supported by 1.5-fold higher mRNA and protein expression. Besides, capacities were lower in whiting compared to NC and NEAC at optimum temperature, which may be advantageous in terms of reduced maintenance cost, but at temperatures ≤4 °C, compensation may represent an energy trade-off to maintain homeostasis. The species-specific response of gadid Na(+)/K(+) ATPase indicates certain threshold temperatures beyond which compensation of the pump is elicited, possibly related to the different biogeography of these species.
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21
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Huth TJ, Place SP. Transcriptome wide analyses reveal a sustained cellular stress response in the gill tissue of Trematomus bernacchii after acclimation to multiple stressors. BMC Genomics 2016; 17:127. [PMID: 26897172 PMCID: PMC4761167 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-016-2454-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND As global climate change progresses, the Southern Ocean surrounding Antarctica is poised to undergo potentially rapid and substantial changes in temperature and pCO2. To survive in this challenging environment, the highly cold adapted endemic fauna of these waters must demonstrate sufficient plasticity to accommodate these changing conditions or face inexorable decline. Previous studies of notothenioids have focused upon the short-term response to heat stress; and more recently the longer-term physiological response to the combined stress of increasing temperatures and pCO2. This inquiry explores the transcriptomic response of Trematomus bernacchii to increased temperatures and pCO2 at 7, 28 and 56 days, in an attempt to discern the innate plasticity of T. bernacchii available to cope with a changing Southern Ocean. RESULTS Differential gene expression analysis supported previous research in that T. bernacchii exhibits no inducible heat shock response to stress conditions. However, T. bernacchii did demonstrate a strong stress response to the multi-stressor condition in the form of metabolic shifts, DNA damage repair, immune system processes, and activation of apoptotic pathways combined with negative regulation of cell proliferation. This response declined in magnitude over time, but aspects of this response remained detectable throughout the acclimation period. CONCLUSIONS When exposed to the multi-stressor condition, T. bernacchii demonstrates a cellular stress response that persists for a minimum of 7 days before returning to near basal levels of expression at longer acclimation times. However, subtle changes in expression persist in fish acclimated for 56 days that may significantly affect the fitness T. bernacchii over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Troy J Huth
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA.
| | - Sean P Place
- Department of Biology, Sonoma State University, Rohnert Park, CA, 94928, USA.
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22
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Wermter FC, Bock C, Dreher W. Investigating GluCEST and its specificity for pH mapping at low temperatures. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2015; 28:1507-17. [PMID: 26412088 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.3416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Revised: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) from glutamate to water (GluCEST) is a powerful tool for mapping glutamate concentration and intracellular pH. GluCEST could also be helpful to understand the physiology of lower aquatic vertebrates and invertebrates. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the GluCEST effect and the exchange rate ksw from amine protons of glutamate to water in a broad range of temperatures (1-37°C) and pH (5.5-8.0). Z-spectra were measured from glutamate solutions at different pH values and temperatures and analysed by numerically solving the Bloch-McConnell equation. As expected, a strong dependence of the GluCEST effect and the determined ksw values on pH and temperature was observed. In addition, a strong dependence of the GluCEST effect on phosphate buffer concentration was confirmed. The in vitro data show that GluCEST is detectable in the whole temperature range, even at 1°C. An interpolation function for the exchange rate ksw was determined for the considered range of temperatures and pH values, showing a bijective relation between the exchange rate and pH at a given temperature. To investigate the specificity of GluCEST imaging at low temperatures, the CEST effect was investigated for several metabolites relevant for CEST imaging of the brain. As an example, the contribution of GluCEST to the total CEST effect at 3 ppm was estimated for zebrafish (Danio rerio). It is shown that also at lower temperatures glutamate is the major contributor to the total CEST effect, particularly if the experimental parameters are optimized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felizitas C Wermter
- University of Bremen, Department of Chemistry, in-vivo-MR Group, Bremen, Germany
- Alfred-Wegener-Institut Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Department of Integrative Ecophysiology, Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Christian Bock
- Alfred-Wegener-Institut Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Department of Integrative Ecophysiology, Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Dreher
- University of Bremen, Department of Chemistry, in-vivo-MR Group, Bremen, Germany
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23
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Johansen JL, Steffensen JF, Jones GP. Winter temperatures decrease swimming performance and limit distributions of tropical damselfishes. CONSERVATION PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 3:cov039. [PMID: 27293724 PMCID: PMC4778443 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/cov039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2014] [Revised: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 07/24/2015] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Coral reefs within 10° of the equator generally experience ≤3°C seasonal variation in water temperature. Ectotherms that have evolved in these conditions are therefore expected to exhibit narrow thermal optima and be very sensitive to the greater thermal variability (>6°C) experienced at higher latitudes (≥10°N/S). The impact of increased thermal variability on the fitness and distribution of thermally sensitive reef ectotherms is currently unknown. Here, we examine site-attached planktivorous coral reef damselfishes that rely on their physiological capacity to swim and forage in the water column year round. We focus on 10 species spanning four evolutionarily distinct genera from a region of the Great Barrier Reef that experiences ≥6°C difference between seasons. Four ecologically important indicators showed reduced performance during the winter low (23°C) compared with the summer peak (29°C), with effect sizes varying among species and genera, as follows: (i) the energy available for activity (aerobic scope) was reduced by 35-45% in five species and three genera; (ii) the energetically most efficient swimming speed was reduced by 17% across all species; and (iii) the maximal critical swimming speed and (iv) the gait transition speed (the swimming mode predominantly used for foraging) were reduced by 16-42% in six species spanning all four genera. Comparisons with field surveys within and across latitudes showed that species-specific distributions were strongly correlated with these performance indicators. Species occupy habitats where they can swim faster than prevailing habitat currents year round, and >95% of individuals were observed only in habitats where the gait transition speed can be maintained at or above habitat currents. Thermal fluctuation at higher latitudes appears to reduce performance as well as the possible distribution of species and genera within and among coral reef habitats. Ultimately, thermal variability across latitudes may progressively cause sublethal changes to species performance and lead to a contraction of biogeographical range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob L Johansen
- Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience, University of Florida, St Augustine, FL 32080, USA
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, and College of Marine and Environmental Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia
| | - John F Steffensen
- Marine Biological Section, University of Copenhagen, Strandpromenaden 5, DK-3000 Helsingør, Denmark
| | - Geoffrey P Jones
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, and College of Marine and Environmental Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia
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Strobel A, Burkhardt-Holm P, Schmid P, Segner H. Benzo(a)pyrene Metabolism and EROD and GST Biotransformation Activity in the Liver of Red- and White-Blooded Antarctic Fish. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015; 49:8022-8032. [PMID: 25965896 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b00176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Climate change and anthropogenic pollution are of increasing concern in remote areas such as Antarctica. The evolutionary adaptation of Antarctic notothenioid fish to the cold and stable Southern Ocean led to a low plasticity of their physiological functions, what may limit their capacity to deal with altered temperature regimes and pollution in the Antarctic environment. Using a biochemical approach, we aimed to assess the hepatic biotransformation capacities of Antarctic fish species by determining (i) the activities of ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) and glutathione-S-transferase (GST), and (ii) the metabolic clearance of benzo(a)pyrene by hepatic S9 supernatants. In addition, we determined the thermal sensitivity of the xenobiotic biotransformation enzymes. We investigated the xenobiotic metabolism of the red-blooded Gobionotothen gibberifrons and Notothenia rossii, the hemoglobin-less Chaenocephalus aceratus and Champsocephalus gunnari, and the rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss as a reference. Our results revealed similar metabolic enzyme activities and metabolic clearance rates between red- and white-blooded Antarctic fish, but significantly lower rates in comparison to rainbow trout. Therefore, bioaccumulation factors for metabolizable lipophilic contaminants may be higher in Antarctic than in temperate fish. Likewise, the thermal adaptive capacities and flexibilities of the EROD and GST activities in Antarctic fish were significantly lower than in rainbow trout. As a consequence, increasing water temperatures in the Southern Ocean will additionally compromise the already low detoxification capacities of Antarctic fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anneli Strobel
- †University of Basel, Departement of Environmental Sciences, Programme Man-Society-Environment MGU, Vesalgasse 1, CH-4051 Basel, Switzerland
- §University of Bern, Vetsuisse Faculty, Centre for Fish and Wildlife Health, Länggassstrasse 12, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Patricia Burkhardt-Holm
- †University of Basel, Departement of Environmental Sciences, Programme Man-Society-Environment MGU, Vesalgasse 1, CH-4051 Basel, Switzerland
- ∥Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2R3, Canada
| | - Peter Schmid
- ‡Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 129, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Helmut Segner
- §University of Bern, Vetsuisse Faculty, Centre for Fish and Wildlife Health, Länggassstrasse 12, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
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Impact of long-term moderate hypercapnia and elevated temperature on the energy budget of isolated gills of Atlantic cod ( Gadus morhua ). Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2015; 182:102-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2014.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2014] [Revised: 10/02/2014] [Accepted: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Tirsgaard B, Behrens JW, Steffensen JF. The effect of temperature and body size on metabolic scope of activity in juvenile Atlantic cod Gadus morhua L. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2015; 179:89-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2014.09.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2014] [Revised: 09/22/2014] [Accepted: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Enzor LA, Place SP. Is warmer better? Decreased oxidative damage in notothenioid fish after long-term acclimation to multiple stressors. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 217:3301-10. [PMID: 25013114 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.108431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Antarctic fish of the suborder Notothenioidei have evolved several unique adaptations to deal with subzero temperatures. However, these adaptations may come with physiological trade-offs, such as an increased susceptibility to oxidative damage. As such, the expected environmental perturbations brought on by global climate change have the potential to significantly increase the level of oxidative stress and cellular damage in these endemic fish. Previous single stressor studies of the notothenioids have shown they possess the capacity to acclimate to increased temperatures, but the cellular-level effects remain largely unknown. Additionally, there is little information on the ability of Antarctic fish to respond to ecologically relevant environmental changes where multiple variables change concomitantly. We have examined the potential synergistic effects that increased temperature and Ṗ(CO2) have on the level of protein damage in Trematomus bernacchii, Pagothenia borchgrevinki and Trematomus newnesi, and combined these measurements with changes in total enzymatic activity of catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) in order to gauge tissue-specific changes in antioxidant capacity. Our findings indicate that total SOD and CAT activity levels displayed only small changes across treatments and tissues. Short-term acclimation to decreased seawater pH and increased temperature resulted in significant increases in oxidative damage. Surprisingly, despite no significant change in antioxidant capacity, cellular damage returned to near-basal levels, and significantly decreased in T. bernacchii, after long-term acclimation. Overall, these data suggest that notothenioid fish currently maintain the antioxidant capacity necessary to offset predicted future ocean conditions, but it remains unclear whether this capacity comes with physiological trade-offs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura A Enzor
- University of South Carolina, Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Sean P Place
- University of South Carolina, Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
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Windisch HS, Frickenhaus S, John U, Knust R, Pörtner HO, Lucassen M. Stress response or beneficial temperature acclimation: transcriptomic signatures in Antarctic fish (Pachycara brachycephalum). Mol Ecol 2014; 23:3469-82. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.12822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2014] [Revised: 05/13/2014] [Accepted: 05/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- H. S. Windisch
- Alfred Wegener Institute; Helmholtz Center for Polar and Marine Research; Am Handelshafen 12 27570 Bremerhaven Germany
| | - S. Frickenhaus
- Alfred Wegener Institute; Helmholtz Center for Polar and Marine Research; Am Handelshafen 12 27570 Bremerhaven Germany
- Hochschule Bremerhaven; Biotechnology; An der Karlstadt 8 27568 Bremerhaven Germany
| | - U. John
- Alfred Wegener Institute; Helmholtz Center for Polar and Marine Research; Am Handelshafen 12 27570 Bremerhaven Germany
| | - R. Knust
- Alfred Wegener Institute; Helmholtz Center for Polar and Marine Research; Am Handelshafen 12 27570 Bremerhaven Germany
| | - H.-O. Pörtner
- Alfred Wegener Institute; Helmholtz Center for Polar and Marine Research; Am Handelshafen 12 27570 Bremerhaven Germany
| | - M. Lucassen
- Alfred Wegener Institute; Helmholtz Center for Polar and Marine Research; Am Handelshafen 12 27570 Bremerhaven Germany
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Gardiner WW, Word JQ, Word JD, Perkins RA, McFarlin KM, Hester BW, Word LS, Ray CM. The acute toxicity of chemically and physically dispersed crude oil to key Arctic species under Arctic conditions during the open water season. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2013; 32:2284-300. [PMID: 23765555 PMCID: PMC4282318 DOI: 10.1002/etc.2307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2012] [Revised: 02/01/2013] [Accepted: 04/30/2013] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The acute toxicity of physically and chemically dispersed crude oil and the dispersant Corexit 9500 were evaluated for key Arctic species. The copepod Calanus glacialis, juvenile Arctic cod (Boreogadus saida), and larval sculpin (Myoxocephalus sp.) were tested under conditions representative of the Beaufort and Chukchi Seas during the ice-free season. The toxicity of 3 water-accommodated fractions (WAF) of Alaska North Slope crude oil was examined with spiked, declining exposures. A dispersant-only test was conducted with the copepod C. glacialis. Each preparation with oil (WAF, breaking wave WAF [BWWAF], and chemically enhanced WAF [CEWAF]) produced distinct suites of hydrocarbon constituents; the total concentrations of oil were lowest in WAF and highest in CEWAF preparations. The relative sensitivity for the different species and age classes was similar within each WAF type. Median lethal concentration values based on total petroleum hydrocarbons ranged from 1.6 mg/L to 4.0 mg/L for WAF and BWWAF treatments and from 22 mg/L to 62 mg/L for CEWAF. For Corexit 9500 exposures, median lethal concentration values ranged from 17 mg/L to 50 mg/L. The differences in the relative toxicity among the accommodated fractions indicated that the majority of petroleum hydrocarbons in the CEWAF are in less acutely toxic forms than the components that dominate the WAF or BWWAF. Further evaluation showed that the parent polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon compounds, specifically naphthalene, were highly correlated to acute toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jack Q Word
- NewFields NorthwestPort Gamble, Washington, USA
- * Address correspondence to .
| | - Jack D Word
- Institute of Northern Engineering, University of Alaska FairbanksFairbanks, Alaska, USA
| | - Robert A Perkins
- Institute of Northern Engineering, University of Alaska FairbanksFairbanks, Alaska, USA
| | - Kelly M McFarlin
- Institute of Northern Engineering, University of Alaska FairbanksFairbanks, Alaska, USA
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Enzor LA, Zippay ML, Place SP. High latitude fish in a high CO2 world: Synergistic effects of elevated temperature and carbon dioxide on the metabolic rates of Antarctic notothenioids. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2012; 164:154-61. [PMID: 22884997 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2012.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2012] [Revised: 07/26/2012] [Accepted: 07/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Although the physiological response of teleost fishes to increased temperature has been well documented, there is only a small body of literature that examines the effects of ocean acidification on fish under ecologically relevant scenarios. Furthermore, little data exists which examines the possible synergistic effects of increased sea surface temperatures and pCO(2) levels, although it is well established that both will co-committedly change in the coming centuries. In this study we examined the effects of increased temperature, increased pCO(2), and a combination of these treatments on the resting metabolic rate (RMR) of four species of notothenioid fish, Trematomus bernacchii, T. hansoni, T. newnesi, and Pagothenia borchgrevinki, acclimated to treatment conditions for 7, 14 or 28days. While most species appear capable of rapidly acclimating to increased pCO(2), temperature continues to impact RMRs for up to 28days. One species in particular, T. newnesi, displayed no acclimatory response to any of the treatments regardless of acclimation time and may have a reduced capacity to respond to environmental change. Furthermore, we present evidence that temperature and pCO(2) act synergistically to further elevate the RMR and slow acclimation when compared to temperature or pCO(2) increases alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura A Enzor
- University of South Carolina, Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
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31
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Costas B, Aragão C, Ruiz-Jarabo I, Vargas-Chacoff L, Arjona FJ, Mancera JM, Dinis MT, Conceição LEC. Different environmental temperatures affect amino acid metabolism in the eurytherm teleost Senegalese sole (Solea senegalensis Kaup, 1858) as indicated by changes in plasma metabolites. Amino Acids 2011; 43:327-35. [PMID: 21947601 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-011-1082-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2011] [Accepted: 09/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Senegalese sole (Solea senegalensis) is a eurytherm teleost that under natural conditions can be exposed to annual water temperature fluctuations between 12 and 26°C. This study assessed the effects of temperature on sole metabolic status, in particular in what concerns plasma free amino acid changes during thermal acclimation. Senegalese sole maintained at 18°C were acclimated to either cold (12°C) or warm (26°C) environmental temperatures for 21 days. Fish maintained at 18°C served as control. Plasma concentrations of cortisol, glucose, lactate, triglycerides, proteins, and free amino acids were assessed. Cold acclimation influenced interrenal responses of sole by increasing cortisol release. Moreover, plasma glucose and lactate concentrations increased linearly with temperature, presumably reflecting a higher metabolic activity of sole acclimated to 26°C. Acclimation temperature affected more drastically plasma concentrations of dispensable than that of indispensable amino acids, and different acclimation temperatures induced different responses. Asparagine, glutamine and ornithine seem to be of particular importance for ammonia detoxification mechanisms, synthesis of triglycerides that may be used during homeoviscous adaptation and, to a lesser extent, as energetic substrates in specimens acclimated to 12°C. When sole is acclimated to 26°C taurine, glutamate, GABA and glycine increased, which may suggest important roles as antioxidant defences, in osmoregulatory processes and/or for energetic purposes at this thermal regimen. In conclusion, acclimation to different environmental temperatures induces several metabolic changes in Senegalese sole, suggesting that amino acids may be important for thermal acclimation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamín Costas
- CCMAR-CIMAR L.A., Centro de Ciências do Mar do Algarve, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139, Faro, Portugal.
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Windisch HS, Kathöver R, Pörtner HO, Frickenhaus S, Lucassen M. Thermal acclimation in Antarctic fish: transcriptomic profiling of metabolic pathways. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2011; 301:R1453-66. [PMID: 21865546 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00158.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
It is widely accepted that adaptation to the extreme cold has evolved at the expense of high thermal sensitivity. However, recent studies have demonstrated significant capacities for warm acclimation in Antarctic fishes. Here, we report on hepatic metabolic reorganization and its putative molecular background in the Antarctic eelpout (Pachycara brachycephalum) during warm acclimation to 5°C over 6 wk. Elevated capacities of cytochrome c oxidase suggest the use of warm acclimation pathways different from those in temperate fish. The capacity of this enzyme rose by 90%, while citrate synthase (CS) activity fell by 20% from the very beginning. The capacity of lipid oxidation by hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase remained constant, whereas phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase as a marker for gluconeogenesis displayed 40% higher activities. These capacities in relation to CS indicate a metabolic shift from lipid to carbohydrate metabolism. The finding was supported by large rearrangements of the related transcriptome, both functional genes and potential transcription factors. A multivariate analysis (canonical correspondence analyses) of various transcripts subdivided the incubated animals in three groups, one control group and two responding on short and long timescales, respectively. A strong dichotomy in the expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors-1α and -β receptors was most striking and has not previously been reported. Altogether, we identified a molecular network, which responds sensitively to warming beyond the realized ecological niche. The shift from lipid to carbohydrate stores and usage may support warm hardiness, as the latter sustain anaerobic metabolism and may prepare for hypoxemic conditions that would develop upon warming beyond the present acclimation temperature.
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Tseng YC, Chen RD, Lucassen M, Schmidt MM, Dringen R, Abele D, Hwang PP. Exploring uncoupling proteins and antioxidant mechanisms under acute cold exposure in brains of fish. PLoS One 2011; 6:e18180. [PMID: 21464954 PMCID: PMC3064598 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0018180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2010] [Accepted: 02/22/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to fluctuating temperatures accelerates the mitochondrial respiration and increases the formation of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) in ectothermic vertebrates including fish. To date, little is known on potential oxidative damage and on protective antioxidative defense mechanisms in the brain of fish under cold shock. In this study, the concentration of cellular protein carbonyls in brain was significantly increased by 38% within 1 h after cold exposure (from 28°C to 18°C) of zebrafish (Danio rerio). In addition, the specific activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and the mRNA level of catalase (CAT) were increased after cold exposure by about 60% (6 h) and by 60%–90% (1 and 24 h), respectively, while the specific glutathione content as well as the ratio of glutathione disulfide to glutathione remained constant and at a very low level. In addition, cold exposure increased the protein level of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) by about 50% and the mRNA level of the glucose transporter zglut3 in brain by 50%–100%. To test for an involvement of uncoupling proteins (UCPs) in the cold adaptation of zebrafish, five UCP members were annotated and identified (zucp1-5). With the exception of zucp1, the mRNA levels of the other four zucps were significantly increased after cold exposure. In addition, the mRNA levels of four of the fish homologs (zppar) of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) were increased after cold exposure. These data suggest that PPARs and UCPs are involved in the alterations observed in zebrafish brain after exposure to 18°C. The observed stimulation of the PPAR-UCP axis may help to prevent oxidative damage and to maintain metabolic balance and cellular homeostasis in the brains of ectothermic zebrafish upon cold exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yung-Che Tseng
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei City, Taiwan
- Leibniz-Institute of Marine Sciences, IFM-GEOMAR, Biological Oceanography, Kiel, Germany
| | - Ruo-Dong Chen
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei City, Taiwan
- Institute of Zoology, National Taiwan University, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Magnus Lucassen
- Alfred-Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Maike M. Schmidt
- Center for Biomolecular Interactions Bremen, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - Ralf Dringen
- Center for Biomolecular Interactions Bremen, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - Doris Abele
- Alfred-Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Pung-Pung Hwang
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei City, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
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Nahrgang J, Camus L, Broms F, Christiansen JS, Hop H. Seasonal baseline levels of physiological and biochemical parameters in polar cod (Boreogadus saida): Implications for environmental monitoring. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2010; 60:1336-1345. [PMID: 20385393 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2010.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2009] [Revised: 03/01/2010] [Accepted: 03/13/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Seasonality of biomarker baseline levels were studied in polar cod (Boreogadus saida), caught in Kongsfjorden, Svalbard, in April, July, September and December, 2006-2007. Physiological parameters (condition factor, gonado- and hepato-somatic indexes, energy reserves, potential metabolic activity and antifreeze activity) in polar cod were used to interpret the seasonality of potential biomarkers. The highest levels of ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) activity occurred concomitantly with the highest potential metabolic activity in July due to e.g. intense feeding. During pre-spawning, EROD showed significant inhibition and gender differences. Hence, its potential use in environmental monitoring should imply gender differentiation at least during this period. Glutathione S-transferase and catalase activities were stable from April to September, but changed in December suggesting a link to low biological activity. Knowledge of the biomarker baseline levels and their seasonal trends in polar cod is essential for a trustworthy interpretation of forthcoming toxicity data and environmental monitoring in the Arctic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmine Nahrgang
- Akvaplan-niva, Polar Environmental Centre, N-9296 Tromsø, Norway.
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Nahrgang J, Jönsson M, Camus L. EROD activity in liver and gills of polar cod (Boreogadus saida) exposed to waterborne and dietary crude oil. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2010; 70:120-123. [PMID: 20332055 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2010.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2009] [Revised: 02/05/2010] [Accepted: 02/19/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Polar cod Boreogadus saida an indicator species for biomonitoring in the Arctic was exposed to crude oil in waterborne and dietary experiments. Ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase (EROD) activity was measured in liver and gills of polar cod at weeks 0, 2 and 4 of exposure and following 2 weeks of depuration. EROD increased significantly and dose-dependently in both tissues through both exposure routes. Levels were very low in gills compared to liver reflecting the tissue-specific metabolism capacities and tissue-specific response kinetics were also observed. Furthermore, a significant increase of gill EROD was shown in dietary exposed fish, demonstrating a substantial transport of PAHs via the systemic circulation. To conclude, this study gave some preliminary information on the EROD response in terms of levels, dose dependency and timing, in gills of PAH exposed polar cod.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmine Nahrgang
- Akvaplan-niva, Polar Environmental Centre, N-9296 Tromsø, Norway.
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36
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Hilton Z, Clements KD, Hickey AJR. Temperature sensitivity of cardiac mitochondria in intertidal and subtidal triplefin fishes. J Comp Physiol B 2010; 180:979-90. [DOI: 10.1007/s00360-010-0477-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2010] [Revised: 04/21/2010] [Accepted: 04/23/2010] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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The unusual energy metabolism of elasmobranch fishes. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2009; 155:417-34. [PMID: 19822221 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2009.09.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2009] [Revised: 09/28/2009] [Accepted: 09/29/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The unusual energy metabolism of elasmobranchs is characterized by limited or absent fatty acid oxidation in cardiac and skeletal muscle and a great reliance on ketone bodies and amino acids as oxidative fuels in these tissues. Other extrahepatic tissues in elasmobranchs rely on ketone bodies and amino acids for aerobic energy production but, unlike muscle, also appear to possess a significant capacity to oxidize fatty acids. This organization of energy metabolism is reflected by relatively low plasma levels of non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) and by plasma levels of the ketone body ss-hydroxybutyrate that are as high as those seen in fasted mammals. The preference for ketone body oxidation rather than fatty acid oxidation in muscle of elasmobranchs under routine conditions is opposite to the situation in teleosts and mammals. Carbohydrates appear to be utilized as a fuel source in elasmobranchs, similar to other vertebrates. Amino acid- and lipid-fueled ketogenesis in the liver, the lipid storage site in elasmobranchs, sustains the demand for ketone bodies as oxidative fuels. The liver also appears to export NEFA and serves a buoyancy role. The regulation of energy metabolism in elasmobranchs and the effects of environmental factors remain poorly understood. The metabolic organization of elasmobranchs was likely present in the common ancestor of the Chondrichthyes ca. 400million years ago and, speculatively, it may reflect the ancestral metabolism of jawed vertebrates. We assess hypotheses for the evolution of the unusual energy metabolism of elasmobranchs and propose that the need to synthesize urea has influenced the utilization of ketone bodies and amino acids as oxidative fuels.
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Storch D, Santelices P, Barria J, Cabeza K, Pörtner HO, Fernández M. Thermal tolerance of crustacean larvae (zoea I) in two different populations of the kelp crab Taliepus dentatus (Milne-Edwards). J Exp Biol 2009; 212:1371-6. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.030205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARY
Studies of thermal tolerance in marine ectotherms are key in understanding climate effects on ecosystems; however, tolerance of their larval stages has rarely been analyzed. Larval stages are expected to be particularly sensitive. Thermal stress may affect their potential for dispersal and zoogeographical distribution. A mismatch between oxygen demand and the limited capacity of oxygen supply to tissues has been hypothesized to be the first mechanism restricting survival at thermal extremes. Therefore, thermal tolerance of stage zoea I larvae was examined in two populations of the Chilean kelp crab Taliepus dentatus, which are separated by latitude and the thermal regime. We measured temperature-dependent activity, oxygen consumption,cardiac performance, body mass and the carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) composition in order to: (1) examine thermal effects from organismal to cellular levels,and (2) compare the thermal tolerance of larvae from two environmental temperature regimes. We found that larval performance is affected at thermal extremes indicated by decreases in activity, mainly in maxilliped beat rates,followed by decreases in oxygen consumption rates. Cardiac stroke volume was almost temperature-independent. Through changes in heart rate, cardiac output supported oxygen demand within the thermal window whereas at low and high temperature extremes heart rate declined. The comparison between southern and central populations suggests the adaptation of southern larvae to a colder temperature regime, with higher cardiac outputs due to increased cardiac stroke volumes, larger body sizes but similar body composition as indicated by similar C:N ratios. This limited but clear differentiation of thermal windows between populations allows the species to widen its biogeographical range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Storch
- Estación Costera de Investigaciones Marinas and Center for Advanced Studies in Ecology and Biodiversity, Departamento de Ecología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Casilla 114-D, Santiago, Chile
- Alfred-Wegener-Institut für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Marine Animal Physiology, Postfach 120161, D-27515 Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Pedro Santelices
- Estación Costera de Investigaciones Marinas and Center for Advanced Studies in Ecology and Biodiversity, Departamento de Ecología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Casilla 114-D, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jessica Barria
- Estación Costera de Investigaciones Marinas and Center for Advanced Studies in Ecology and Biodiversity, Departamento de Ecología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Casilla 114-D, Santiago, Chile
| | - Karla Cabeza
- Estación Costera de Investigaciones Marinas and Center for Advanced Studies in Ecology and Biodiversity, Departamento de Ecología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Casilla 114-D, Santiago, Chile
| | - Hans-Otto Pörtner
- Alfred-Wegener-Institut für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Marine Animal Physiology, Postfach 120161, D-27515 Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Miriam Fernández
- Estación Costera de Investigaciones Marinas and Center for Advanced Studies in Ecology and Biodiversity, Departamento de Ecología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Casilla 114-D, Santiago, Chile
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Pörtner HO, Lannig G. Chapter 4 Oxygen and Capacity Limited Thermal Tolerance. FISH PHYSIOLOGY 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/s1546-5098(08)00004-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
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Brodte E, Graeve M, Jacob U, Knust R, Pörtner HO. Temperature-dependent lipid levels and components in polar and temperate eelpout (Zoarcidae). FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2008; 34:261-274. [PMID: 18665464 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-007-9185-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2006] [Accepted: 06/28/2006] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Total lipid content, lipid classes and fatty acid composition were analysed in tissues from two eelpout species fed on the same diet, the Antarctic Pachycara brachycephalum and the temperate Zoarces viviparus, with the aim of determining the role of lipids in fishes from different thermal habitats. The lipid content increased with decreasing temperature in the liver of both species, suggesting enhanced lipid storage under cold conditions. In P. brachycephalum, lipid composition in the liver and muscle was strongly dominated by triacylglycerols between 0 and 6 degrees C. In contrast, in the temperate species, lipid class composition changed with changes in the temperature. When acclimatized to 4 and 6 degrees C Z. viviparus not only displayed a shift to lipid anabolism and pronounced lipid storage, as indicated by high triacylglycerol levels, but also a shift to patterns of cold adaptation, as reflected by an increased content of polyunsaturated fatty acids in the lipid extract. Unsaturated fatty acids were also abundant in the Antarctic eelpout, but when compared to Z. viviparus at the same temperatures, the latter had significantly higher ratios of polyunsaturated to saturated fatty acid levels, whereas the Antarctic eelpout showed significantly higher ratios of monounsaturated to saturated fatty acid levels. High delta-15N values of the Antarctic eelpout reflect the high trophic level of this scavenger in the Weddell Sea food web. Stable carbon values suggest that lipid-enriched prey forms a major part of its diet. The strategy to accumulate storage lipids in the cold is interpreted to be adaptive behaviour at colder temperatures and during periods of irregular, pulsed food supply.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Brodte
- Physiology of Marine Animals, Alfred-Wegener-Institute for Polar and Marine Research, Postfach 12 01 61, Bremerhaven, 27515, Germany.
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Eckerle LG, Lucassen M, Hirse T, Pörtner HO. Cold induced changes of adenosine levels in common eelpout (Zoarces viviparus): a role in modulating cytochrome c oxidase expression. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 211:1262-9. [PMID: 18375851 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.013474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Exposure of ectothermic organisms to variations in temperatures causes a transient mismatch between energy supply and demand, which needs to be compensated for during acclimation. Adenosine accumulation from ATP breakdown indicates such an imbalance and its reversal reflects a restoration of energy status. We monitored adenosine levels in blood serum and liver of common eelpout (Zoarces viviparus) during cold exposure in vivo. Furthermore, we tested its effect on the pattern of thermal acclimation in hepatocytes isolated from cold- (4 degrees C) versus warm- (11 degrees C) exposed fish. Adenosine levels increased during cold exposure in vivo and reached a transient maximum after 24 h in serum, but remained permanently elevated in liver. Whole animal cold acclimation induced a rise of liver citrate synthase activity by 44+/-15%, but left cytochrome c oxidase activity (COX) and RNA expression of the respective genes unchanged. Cold incubation of hepatocytes from warm-acclimated fish failed to cause an increase of mitochondrial enzyme activities despite increased COX4 mRNA levels. Conversely, warm acclimation of hepatocytes from cold-acclimated fish reduced both enzyme activities and COX2 and COX4 mRNA levels by 26-37%. Adenosine treatment of both warm- and cold-acclimated hepatocytes suppressed COX activities but activated COX mRNA expression. These effects were not receptor mediated. The present findings indicate that adenosine has the potential to regulate mitochondrial functioning in vivo, albeit the pathways resulting in the contrasting effects on expression and activity need to be identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- L G Eckerle
- Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research, Marine Animal Physiology, Am Handelshafen 12, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany
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Pörtner HO, Peck L, Somero G. Thermal limits and adaptation in marine Antarctic ectotherms: an integrative view. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2008; 362:2233-58. [PMID: 17553776 PMCID: PMC2443174 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2006.1947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
A cause and effect understanding of thermal limitation and adaptation at various levels of biological organization is crucial in the elaboration of how the Antarctic climate has shaped the functional properties of extant Antarctic fauna. At the same time, this understanding requires an integrative view of how the various levels of biological organization may be intertwined. At all levels analysed, the functional specialization to permanently low temperatures implies reduced tolerance of high temperatures, as a trade-off. Maintenance of membrane fluidity, enzyme kinetic properties (Km and k(cat)) and protein structural flexibility in the cold supports metabolic flux and regulation as well as cellular functioning overall. Gene expression patterns and, even more so, loss of genetic information, especially for myoglobin (Mb) and haemoglobin (Hb) in notothenioid fishes, reflect the specialization of Antarctic organisms to a narrow range of low temperatures. The loss of Mb and Hb in icefish, together with enhanced lipid membrane densities (e.g. higher concentrations of mitochondria), becomes explicable by the exploitation of high oxygen solubility at low metabolic rates in the cold, where an enhanced fraction of oxygen supply occurs through diffusive oxygen flux. Conversely, limited oxygen supply to tissues upon warming is an early cause of functional limitation. Low standard metabolic rates may be linked to extreme stenothermy. The evolutionary forces causing low metabolic rates as a uniform character of life in Antarctic ectothermal animals may be linked to the requirement for high energetic efficiency as required to support higher organismic functioning in the cold. This requirement may result from partial compensation for the thermal limitation of growth, while other functions like hatching, development, reproduction and ageing are largely delayed. As a perspective, the integrative approach suggests that the patterns of oxygen- and capacity-limited thermal tolerance are linked, on one hand, with the capacity and design of molecules and membranes, and, on the other hand, with life-history consequences and lifestyles typically seen in the permanent cold. Future research needs to address the detailed aspects of these interrelationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans O Pörtner
- Alfred-Wegener-Institut für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Physiologie mariner Tiere, 27515, Bremerhaven, Germany.
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Metzger R, Sartoris FJ, Langenbuch M, Pörtner HO. Influence of elevated CO2 concentrations on thermal tolerance of the edible crab Cancer pagurus. J Therm Biol 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2007.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Sylvestre EL, Lapointe D, Dutil JD, Guderley H. Thermal sensitivity of metabolic rates and swimming performance in two latitudinally separated populations of cod, Gadus morhua L. J Comp Physiol B 2007; 177:447-60. [PMID: 17279388 DOI: 10.1007/s00360-007-0143-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2006] [Revised: 12/29/2006] [Accepted: 01/03/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Atlantic cod populations live in a wide thermal range and can differ genetically and physiologically. Thermal sensitivity of metabolic capacity and swimming performance may vary along a latitudinal gradient, to facilitate performance in distinct thermal environments. To evaluate this hypothesis, we compared the thermal sensitivity of performance in two cod stocks from the Northwest Atlantic that differ in their thermal experience: Gulf of St Lawrence (GSL) and Bay of Fundy (BF). We first compared the metabolic, physiological and swimming performance after short-term thermal change to that at the acclimation temperature (7 degrees C) for one stock (GSL), before comparing the performance of the two stocks after short-term thermal change. For cod from GSL, standard metabolism (SMR) increased with temperature, while active metabolism (AMR, measured in the critical swimming tests), EMR (metabolic rate after an exhaustive chase protocol), aerobic scope (AS) and critical swimming speeds (U (crit) and U (b-c)) were lower at 3 degrees C than 7 or 11 degrees C. In contrast, anaerobic swimming (sprint and burst-coasts in U (crit) test) was lower at 11 than 7 or 3 degrees C. Factorial AS (AMR SMR(-1)) decreased as temperature rose. Time to exhaustion (chase protocol) was not influenced by temperature. The two stocks differed little in the thermal sensitivities of metabolism or swimming. GSL cod had a higher SMR than BF cod despite similar AMR and AS. This led factorial AS to be significantly higher for the southern stock. Despite these metabolic differences, cod from the two stocks did not differ in their U (crit) speeds. BF cod were better sprinters at both temperatures. Cod from GSL had a lower aerobic cost of swimming at intermediate speeds than those from BF, particularly at low temperature. Only the activity of cytochrome C oxidase (CCO) in white muscle differed between stocks. No enzymatic correlates were found for swimming capacities, but oxygen consumption was best correlated with CCO activity in the ventricle for both stocks. Overall, the stocks differed in their cost of maintenance, cost of transport and sprint capacity, while maintaining comparable thermal sensitivities.
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Pörtner HO, Knust R. Climate change affects marine fishes through the oxygen limitation of thermal tolerance. Science 2007; 315:95-7. [PMID: 17204649 DOI: 10.1126/science.1135471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 904] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
A cause-and-effect understanding of climate influences on ecosystems requires evaluation of thermal limits of member species and of their ability to cope with changing temperatures. Laboratory data available for marine fish and invertebrates from various climatic regions led to the hypothesis that, as a unifying principle, a mismatch between the demand for oxygen and the capacity of oxygen supply to tissues is the first mechanism to restrict whole-animal tolerance to thermal extremes. We show in the eelpout, Zoarces viviparus, a bioindicator fish species for environmental monitoring from North and Baltic Seas (Helcom), that thermally limited oxygen delivery closely matches environmental temperatures beyond which growth performance and abundance decrease. Decrements in aerobic performance in warming seas will thus be the first process to cause extinction or relocation to cooler waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans O Pörtner
- Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research, Animal Ecophysiology, Postfach 12 01 61, 27515 Bremerhaven, Germany.
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Lucassen M, Koschnick N, Eckerle LG, Pörtner HO. Mitochondrial mechanisms of cold adaptation in cod (Gadus morhua L.) populations from different climatic zones. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 209:2462-71. [PMID: 16788029 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.02268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Adjustments in mitochondrial properties and capacities are crucial in acclimatization to seasonal cold as well as in evolutionary cold adaptation of marine ectotherms. To examine whether gene expression mechanisms contribute to different settings of aerobic capacities in populations of cod (Gadus morhua) along a latitudinal cline, maximum activities of key enzymes of mitochondrial metabolism and their respective mRNA levels were compared in white muscle and liver of cold (4 degrees C) and warm (10 degrees C) acclimated individuals from cod populations of the North Sea and the Barents Sea, respectively. In white muscle, cold acclimation caused a parallel increase in citrate synthase (CS) and in cytochrome c oxidase (COX) activities, but with a much larger effect in the cold eurythermal Arctic population. In liver, cold acclimation was accompanied by increments in CS activities, but differences between populations were minor. Overall COX activities in liver were not affected by cold acclimation, but were higher in the cold adapted population. In both populations increments in muscle CS capacities were tightly correlated with elevated mRNA levels, suggesting transcriptional control of citrate synthase levels in muscle. In liver, CS mRNA levels differed between populations but were not affected by cold acclimation, so that post-transcriptional control may contribute to elevated functional levels in this tissue. Mitochondrial-encoded COX2 mRNA levels were not limiting for functional activities in both tissues, in favour of post-transcriptional control or limitations by other transcripts of the COX complex. Altogether, the differentiation in gene expression between both populations was more strongly expressed at 4 degrees C. The comparison of functional levels and transcript levels may reflect genetic differentiation at functional sites, in line with genetic differences between the two populations previously established by non-coding genetic markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Lucassen
- Alfred-Wegener-Institute for Polar and Marine Research, Physiology of Marine Animals, Am Handelshafen 12, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany.
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Hyperoxia alleviates thermal stress in the Antarctic bivalve, Laternula elliptica: evidence for oxygen limited thermal tolerance. Polar Biol 2006. [DOI: 10.1007/s00300-005-0106-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Mark FC, Hirse T, Pörtner HO. Thermal sensitivity of cellular energy budgets in some Antarctic fish hepatocytes. Polar Biol 2005. [DOI: 10.1007/s00300-005-0018-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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