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Gamma-Muricholic Acid Inhibits Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis: Abolishment of Steatosis-Dependent Peroxidative Impairment by FXR/SHP/LXRα/FASN Signaling. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15051255. [PMID: 36904254 PMCID: PMC10005659 DOI: 10.3390/nu15051255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/25/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) reflects the outcome of steatosis-based peroxidative impairment. Here, the effect and mechanism of γ-muricholic acid (γ-MCA) on NASH were investigated on the basis of its actions in hepatic steatosis, lipid peroxidation, peroxidative injury, hepatocyte apoptosis, and its NAFLD activity score (NAS). The agonist action of γ-MCA on farnesoid X receptor (FXR) upregulated the small heterodimer partner (SHP) expression of hepatocytes. An increase in SHP attenuated the triglyceride-dominated hepatic steatosis which was induced in vivo by a high-fat high-cholesterol (HFHC) diet and in vitro by free fatty acids depending on the inhibition of liver X receptor α (LXRα) and fatty acid synthase (FASN). In contrast, FXR knockdown abrogated the γ-MCA-dependent lipogenic inactivation. When compared to their excessive production in HFHC diet-induced rodent NASH, products of lipid peroxidation (MDA and 4-HNE) exhibited significant reductions upon γ-MCA treatment. Moreover, the decreased levels of serum alanine aminotransferases and aspartate aminotransferases demonstrated an improvement in the peroxidative injury of hepatocytes. By TUNEL assay, injurious amelioration protected the γ-MCA-treated mice against hepatic apoptosis. The abolishment of apoptosis prevented lobular inflammation, which downregulated the incidence of NASH by lowering NAS. Collectively, γ-MCA inhibits steatosis-induced peroxidative injury to ameliorate NASH by targeting FXR/SHP/LXRα/FASN signaling.
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2
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Chen HJC, Chen CY, Fang YH, Hung KW, Wu DC. Malondialdehyde-Induced Post-translational Modifications in Hemoglobin of Smokers by NanoLC-NSI/MS/MS Analysis. J Proteome Res 2022; 21:2947-2957. [PMID: 36375001 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.2c00442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Malondialdehyde (MDA) is the most abundant α,β-unsaturated aldehyde generated from endogenous peroxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids and is present in cigarette smoke. Post-translational modifications of blood hemoglobin can serve as biomarkers for exposure to chemicals. In this study, two types of MDA-induced modifications, the N-propenal and the dihydropyridine (DHP), were identified at multiple sites in human hemoglobin digest by the high-resolution mass spectrometry. The N-propenal and the DHP types of modification led to the increase of 54.0106 and 134.0368 amu, respectively, at the N-terminal and lysine residues. Among the 21 MDA-modified peptides, 14 with dose-response to MDA concentrations were simultaneously quantified in study subjects by the nanoflow liquid chromatography nanoelectrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry under selected reaction monitoring (nanoLC-NSI-MS/MS-SRM) without prior enrichment. The results showed that the modifications of the N-propenal-type at α-Lys-11, α-Lys-16, α-Lys-61, β-Lys-8, and β-Lys-17, as well as the DHP-type at the α-N-terminal valine, are significantly higher in hemoglobin isolated from the blood of smokers than in nonsmoking individuals. This is the first report to identify and quantify multiple sites of MDA-induced modifications in human hemoglobin from peripheral blood. Our results suggest that the MDA-derived modifications on hemoglobin might represent valuable biomarkers for MDA-induced protein damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hauh-Jyun Candy Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Center for Nano Bio-Detection (AIM-HI), National Chung Cheng University, 168 University Road, Ming-Hsiung, Chia-Yi62142, Taiwan
| | - Chau-Yi Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Center for Nano Bio-Detection (AIM-HI), National Chung Cheng University, 168 University Road, Ming-Hsiung, Chia-Yi62142, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Hsuan Fang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Center for Nano Bio-Detection (AIM-HI), National Chung Cheng University, 168 University Road, Ming-Hsiung, Chia-Yi62142, Taiwan
| | - Kai-Wei Hung
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Center for Nano Bio-Detection (AIM-HI), National Chung Cheng University, 168 University Road, Ming-Hsiung, Chia-Yi62142, Taiwan
| | - Deng-Chyang Wu
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung80756, Taiwan.,Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung807, Taiwan
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3
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Rungratanawanich W, Qu Y, Wang X, Essa MM, Song BJ. Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) and other adducts in aging-related diseases and alcohol-mediated tissue injury. Exp Mol Med 2021; 53:168-188. [PMID: 33568752 PMCID: PMC8080618 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-021-00561-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) are potentially harmful and heterogeneous molecules derived from nonenzymatic glycation. The pathological implications of AGEs are ascribed to their ability to promote oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis. Recent studies in basic and translational research have revealed the contributing roles of AGEs in the development and progression of various aging-related pathological conditions, such as diabetes, cardiovascular complications, gut microbiome-associated illnesses, liver or neurodegenerative diseases, and cancer. Excessive chronic and/or acute binge consumption of alcohol (ethanol), a widely consumed addictive substance, is known to cause more than 200 diseases, including alcohol use disorder (addiction), alcoholic liver disease, and brain damage. However, despite the considerable amount of research in this area, the underlying molecular mechanisms by which alcohol abuse causes cellular toxicity and organ damage remain to be further characterized. In this review, we first briefly describe the properties of AGEs: their formation, accumulation, and receptor interactions. We then focus on the causative functions of AGEs that impact various aging-related diseases. We also highlight the biological connection of AGE-alcohol-adduct formations to alcohol-mediated tissue injury. Finally, we describe the potential translational research opportunities for treatment of various AGE- and/or alcohol-related adduct-associated disorders according to the mechanistic insights presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wiramon Rungratanawanich
- grid.420085.b0000 0004 0481 4802Section of Molecular Pharmacology and Toxicology, Laboratory of Membrane Biochemistry and Biophysics, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
| | - Ying Qu
- grid.420085.b0000 0004 0481 4802Section of Molecular Pharmacology and Toxicology, Laboratory of Membrane Biochemistry and Biophysics, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
| | - Xin Wang
- Neuroapoptosis Drug Discovery Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 60 Fenwood Road, Boston, MA 02115 USA
| | - Musthafa Mohamed Essa
- grid.412846.d0000 0001 0726 9430Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Aging and Dementia Research Group, College of Agricultural and Marine Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Al-Khoud, Muscat, Oman ,grid.412846.d0000 0001 0726 9430Aging and Dementia Research Group, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
| | - Byoung-Joon Song
- grid.420085.b0000 0004 0481 4802Section of Molecular Pharmacology and Toxicology, Laboratory of Membrane Biochemistry and Biophysics, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
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4
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Duryee MJ, Wiese BM, Bowman JR, Vanlandingham JD, Klassen LW, Thiele GE, Hunter CD, Anderson DR, Mikuls TR, Thiele GM. Liver tissue metabolically transformed by alcohol induces immune recognition of liver self-proteins but not in vivo inflammation. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2018; 314:G418-G430. [PMID: 29351393 PMCID: PMC5899239 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00183.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Precision-cut liver slices (PCLSs) provide a novel model for studies of alcoholic liver disease (ALD). This is relevant, as in vivo ethanol exposure does not appear to generate significant liver damage in ethanol-fed mice, except in the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism binge model of ALD. Previous studies have shown that the two metabolites of ethanol consumption, malondialdhyde (MDA) and acetaldehyde (AA), combine to form MDA-AA (MAA) adducts, which have been correlated with the development and progression of ALD. In this study, murine PCLSs were incubated with ethanol and examined for the production of MAA adducts. PCLSs were homogenized, and homogenates were injected into C57BL/6 mice. PCLSs from control-, pair-, and ethanol-fed animals served as targets in in situ cytotoxic assays using primed T cells from mice hyperimmunized with control or ethanol-exposed PCLS homogenates. A CD45.1/CD45.2 passive-transfer model was used to determine whether T cells from the spleens of mice hyperimmunized with PCLS ethanol-exposed homogenates trafficked to the liver. PCLSs incubated with ethanol generated MAA-modified proteins in situ. Cytotoxic (CD8+) T cells from immunized mice killed naïve PCLSs from control- and pair-fed mice in vitro, a response that was blunted in PCLSs from ethanol-fed mice. Furthermore, CD45.1 CD8+ T cells from hyperimmunized mice trafficked to the liver but did not initiate liver damage. This study demonstrates that exposure to liver tissue damaged by ethanol mediates robust immune responses to well-characterized alcohol metabolites and native liver proteins in vitro. Moreover, although these proinflammatory T cells traffic to the liver, these responses appear to be dampened in vivo by locally acting pathways. NEW & NOTEWORTHY This study shows that the metabolites of ethanol and lipid breakdown produce malondialdehyde-acetaldehyde adducts in the precision-cut liver slice model system. Additionally, precision-cut liver slices exposed to ethanol and harboring malondialdehyde-acetaldehyde adducts generate liver-specific antibody and T cell responses in the spleens of naïve mice that could traffic to the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J. Duryee
- 1Experimental Immunology Laboratory, Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska,2Experimental Immunology Laboratory, Omaha Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Veterans Affairs Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Benjamin M. Wiese
- 1Experimental Immunology Laboratory, Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Jordan R. Bowman
- 1Experimental Immunology Laboratory, Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Jared D. Vanlandingham
- 1Experimental Immunology Laboratory, Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Lynell W. Klassen
- 1Experimental Immunology Laboratory, Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska,2Experimental Immunology Laboratory, Omaha Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Veterans Affairs Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Geoffrey E. Thiele
- 1Experimental Immunology Laboratory, Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Carlos D. Hunter
- 1Experimental Immunology Laboratory, Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska,2Experimental Immunology Laboratory, Omaha Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Veterans Affairs Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Daniel R. Anderson
- 3Experimental Immunology, Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Research in Cardiovascular Disease Laboratory at the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Ted R. Mikuls
- 1Experimental Immunology Laboratory, Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska,2Experimental Immunology Laboratory, Omaha Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Veterans Affairs Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Geoffrey M. Thiele
- 1Experimental Immunology Laboratory, Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska,2Experimental Immunology Laboratory, Omaha Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Veterans Affairs Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, Nebraska,4Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
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5
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Evidence that endogenous formaldehyde produces immunogenic and atherogenic adduct epitopes. Sci Rep 2017; 7:10787. [PMID: 28883613 PMCID: PMC5589919 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-11289-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Endogenous formaldehyde is abundantly present in our bodies, at around 100 µM under normal conditions. While such high steady state levels of formaldehyde may be derived by enzymatic reactions including oxidative demethylation/deamination and myeloperoxidation, it is unclear whether endogenous formaldehyde can initiate and/or promote diseases in humans. Here, we show that fluorescent malondialdehyde-formaldehyde (M2FA)-lysine adducts are immunogenic without adjuvants in mice. Natural antibody titers against M2FA are elevated in atherosclerosis-prone mice. Staining with an antibody against M2FA demonstrated that M2FA is present in plaque found on the aortic valve of ApoE−/− mice. To mimic inflammation during atherogenesis, human myeloperoxidase was incubated with glycine, H2O2, malondialdehyde, and a lysine analog in PBS at a physiological temperature, which resulted in M2FA generation. These results strongly suggest that the 1,4-dihydropyridine-type of lysine adducts observed in atherosclerosis lesions are likely produced by endogenous formaldehyde and malondialdehyde with lysine. These highly fluorescent M2FA adducts may play important roles in human inflammatory and degenerative diseases.
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6
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Shimomoto T, Collins LB, Yi X, Holley DW, Zhang Z, Tian X, Uchida K, Wang C, Hörkkö S, Willis MS, Gold A, Bultman SJ, Nakamura J. A purified MAA-based ELISA is a useful tool for determining anti-MAA antibody titer with high sensitivity. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0172172. [PMID: 28222187 PMCID: PMC5319763 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0172172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is widely accepted to be a chronic inflammatory disease, and the immunological response to the accumulation of LDL is believed to play a critical role in the development of this disease. 1,4-Dihydropyridine-type MAA-adducted LDL has been implicated in atherosclerosis. Here, we have demonstrated that pure MAA-modified residues can be chemically conjugated to large proteins without by-product contamination. Using this pure antigen, we established a purified MAA-ELISA, with which a marked increase in anti-MAA antibody titer was determined at a very early stage of atherosclerosis in 3-month ApoE-/- mice fed with a normal diet. Our methods of Nε-MAA-L-lysine purification and purified antigen-based ELISA will be easily applicable for biomarker-based detection of early stage atherosclerosis in patients, as well as for the development of an adduct-specific Liquid Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry-based quantification of physiological and pathological levels of MAA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takasumi Shimomoto
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Leonard B. Collins
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Xianwen Yi
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Darcy W. Holley
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Zhenfa Zhang
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Xu Tian
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Koji Uchida
- School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Chunguang Wang
- Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Research Unit of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Medical Research Center and Nordlab Oulu, University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Sohvi Hörkkö
- Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Research Unit of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Medical Research Center and Nordlab Oulu, University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Monte S. Willis
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- McAllister Heart Institute, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Avram Gold
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Scott J. Bultman
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Jun Nakamura
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
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7
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Busch CJ, Binder CJ. Malondialdehyde epitopes as mediators of sterile inflammation. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2016; 1862:398-406. [PMID: 27355566 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2016.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Revised: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Enhanced lipid peroxidation occurs during oxidative stress and results in the generation of lipid peroxidation end products such as malondialdehyde (MDA), which can attach to autologous biomolecules, thereby generating neo-self epitopes capable of inducing potentially undesired biological responses. Therefore, the immune system has developed mechanisms to protect from MDA epitopes by binding and neutralizing them through both cellular and soluble effectors. Here, we briefly discuss innate immune responses targeting MDA epitopes and their pro-inflammatory properties, followed by a review of physiological carriers of MDA epitopes that are relevant in homeostasis and disease. Then we discuss in detail the evidence for cellular responses towards MDA epitopes mainly in lung, liver and the circulation as well as signal transduction mechanisms and receptors implicated in the response to MDA epitopes. Last, we hypothesize on the role of MDA epitopes as mediators of inflammation in diseases and speculate on their contribution to disease pathogenesis. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Lipid modification and lipid peroxidation products in innate immunity and inflammation edited by Christoph J. Binder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara J Busch
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Research Center for Molecular Medicine (CeMM) of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christoph J Binder
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Research Center for Molecular Medicine (CeMM) of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria.
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8
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Papac-Milicevic N, Busch CJL, Binder CJ. Malondialdehyde Epitopes as Targets of Immunity and the Implications for Atherosclerosis. Adv Immunol 2016; 131:1-59. [PMID: 27235680 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ai.2016.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests that oxidation-specific epitopes (OSEs) constitute a novel class of damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) generated during high oxidative stress but also in the physiological process of apoptosis. To deal with the potentially harmful consequences of such epitopes, the immune system has developed several mechanisms to protect from OSEs and to orchestrate their clearance, including IgM natural antibodies and both cellular- and membrane-bound receptors. Here, we focus on malondialdehyde (MDA) epitopes as prominent examples of OSEs that trigger both innate and adaptive immune responses. First, we review the mechanisms of MDA generation, the different types of adducts on various biomolecules and provide relevant examples for physiological carriers of MDA such as apoptotic cells, microvesicles, or oxidized low-density lipoproteins. Based on recent insights, we argue that MDA epitopes contribute to the maintenance of homeostatic functions by acting as markers of elevated oxidative stress and tissue damage. We discuss multiple lines of evidence that MDA epitopes are proinflammatory and thus important targets of innate and adaptive immune responses. Finally, we illustrate the relevance of MDA epitopes in human pathologies by describing their capacity to drive inflammatory processes in atherosclerosis and highlighting protective mechanisms of immunity that could be exploited for therapeutic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Papac-Milicevic
- Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Research Center for Molecular Medicine (CeMM) of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - C J-L Busch
- Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Research Center for Molecular Medicine (CeMM) of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - C J Binder
- Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Research Center for Molecular Medicine (CeMM) of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria.
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9
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Akrawinthawong K, Chaowalit N, Chatuparisuth T, Siritanaratkul N. Effectiveness of deferiprone in transfusion‐independent beta‐thalassemia/HbE patients. Hematology 2013; 16:113-22. [DOI: 10.1179/102453311x12940641877768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Nithima Chaowalit
- Division of CardiologyDepartment of Internal Medicine, Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Thailand
| | - Thanasaporn Chatuparisuth
- Division of HematologyDepartment of Internal Medicine, Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Thailand
| | - Noppadol Siritanaratkul
- Division of HematologyDepartment of Internal Medicine, Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Thailand
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10
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Abstract
Hepatic fibrosis is a known consequence of long-term use of alcohol and is regarded as a turning point in alcohol-induced liver disease because it can lead to cirrhosis. The mechanisms of injury are not well understood, but recent studies have helped advance the understanding of the earliest events in the process that eventually leads to hepatic injury and, in some cases, fibrosis. It is hoped that increasing understanding of the role played by the immune system in the process will lead to the development of new therapies for these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anupama T Duddempudi
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition North Shore University Hospital, 300 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA.
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11
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Abstract
Oxidative stress, initiated by reactive oxygen species, is the collective pathophysiological mechanism of many hepatopathies. Oxidative stress results in hepatic injury mainly by priming lipid peroxidation to change the function of biological membrane, covalent immobilization of biomacromolecules and destroying the enzyme activity considering cytokine (TNF-α and NF-κB) interaction. The role of oxidative stress in many hepatopathies such as fatty liver desease, viral hepatitis, hepatic fibrosis is innegligible.
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12
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Fang HL, Lin WC. Lipid peroxidation products do not activate hepatic stellate cells. Toxicology 2008; 253:36-45. [PMID: 18789371 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2008.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2008] [Revised: 08/05/2008] [Accepted: 08/05/2008] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Lipid peroxidation (LPO) is known to be associated with liver fibrosis in chronic liver injury. However, direct effects of the products of LPO on liver fibrogenesis are still not clear. In this study, we examined the LPO products, such as malondiladehyde (MDA), 8-iso-prostaglandin F(2alpha) (8-iso-PGF(2alpha)), and 15-keto-13,14-dihydro-PGF(2alpha) (15-keto-PGF(2alpha)), on the activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) in vivo and in vitro. Carbon tetrachloride (CCl(4)) was given orally to rats twice a week for 8 weeks. Corn oil was given daily to rats for 8 weeks. CCl(4) induced both free-radical-medicated and cyclooxygenase-2-dependent LPO. Free radical-medicated LPO showed an increase with corn oil treatment, whereas no effect was reflected on COX-2-dependent LPO. CCl(4) induced liver fibrosis in rats, but no liver fibrosis was observed in rats treated with corn oil. In vitro studies demonstrated that MDA, 8-iso-PGF(2alpha) and 15-keto-PGF(2alpha), did not activate HSCs, which were preactivated or not preactivated by TGF-beta1. Our results clearly indicate that LPO products, such as MDA, 8-iso-PGF(2alpha) and 15-keto-PGF(2alpha), cannot directly activate HSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsun-Lang Fang
- Graduate Institute of Chinese Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan
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13
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Rabbani N, Thornalley PJ. Assay of 3-nitrotyrosine in tissues and body fluids by liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometric detection. Methods Enzymol 2008; 440:337-59. [PMID: 18423229 DOI: 10.1016/s0076-6879(07)00822-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
3-Nitrotyrosine (3-NT) is a marker of protein nitration in physiological systems. It is present as 3-nitrotyrosine residues in proteins of tissue, extracellular matrix, plasma, and other body fluids and food. It is also present in body fluids and some beverages as free nitrotyrosine and is excreted in urine with the major urinary metabolite 3-nitro-4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid. Quantitation of 3-nitrotyrosine requires tandem mass spectrometry for specific detection. The method developed to determine 3-nitrotyrosine (along with protein glycation and oxidation adducts in a quantitative screening assay) by liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometric detection is described. The 3-NT residue contents of plasma protein, hemoglobin, lipoproteins, and cerebrospinal fluid protein and the concentrations of free 3-nitrotyrosine in plasma, urine, and cerebrospinal fluid are given. Changes of 3-nitrotyrosine residue and free 3-nitrotyrosine in diabetes, cirrhosis, acute and chronic renal failure, and neurological disorders, including Alzheimer's disease, are presented and compared with independent estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naila Rabbani
- Protein Damage and Systems Biology Research Group, Clinical Sciences Research Institute, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, University Hospital, Coventry, United Kingdom
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14
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Abstract
The development of alcoholic liver disease (ALD) can be attributed to many factors that cause damage to the liver and alter its functions. Data collected over the last 30 years strongly suggests that an immune component may be involved in the onset of this disease. This is best evidenced by the detection of circulating autoantibodies, infiltration of immune cells in the liver, and the detection of hepatic aldehyde modified proteins in patients with ALD. Experimentally, there are numerous immune responses that occur when proteins are modified with the metabolites of ethanol. These products are formed in response to the high oxidative state of the liver during ethanol metabolism, causing the release of many inflammatory processes and potential of necrosis or apoptosis of liver cells. Should cellular proteins become modified with these reactive alcohol metabolites and be recognized by the immune system, then immune responses may be initiated. Therefore, it was the purpose of this article to shed some insight into how the immune system is involved in the development and/or progression of ALD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Duryee
- Omaha VA Medical Center, Research Service 151, Rm 325, 4101 Woolworth Avenue, Omaha, NE 68105, USA.
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15
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Freeman TL, Tuma DJ, Thiele GM, Klassen LW, Worrall S, Niemelä O, Parkkila S, Emery PW, Preedy VR. Recent advances in alcohol-induced adduct formation. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2006; 29:1310-6. [PMID: 16088993 DOI: 10.1097/01.alc.0000171484.52201.52] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas L Freeman
- University of Nebraska Medical Center and the Veterans Administration Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
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16
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Ahmed N, Lüthen R, Häussinger D, Sebeková K, Schinzel R, Voelker W, Heidland A, Thornalley PJ. Increased protein glycation in cirrhosis and therapeutic strategies to prevent it. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2005; 1043:718-24. [PMID: 16037298 DOI: 10.1196/annals.1333.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Glycation of liver proteins by reactive aldehydes formed from the metabolism of ethanol and lipid peroxidation has been implicated in the development of both alcoholic and nonalcoholic liver cirrhosis. Modified proteins are targeted to the proteasome for proteolysis. Release of glycation-free adducts into the circulation may provide a diagnostic "signature" of hepatic protein damage. We quantitatively screened protein glycation, oxidation, and nitrosation adduct residues and free adducts in portal, hepatic, and peripheral venous blood plasma of cirrhotic patients; we also screened the hepatic and peripheral venous blood plasma of control subjects by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. There was a remarkable 14-16-fold increase of glyoxal-derived, hydroimidazolone-free adduct in portal and hepatic venous plasma of cirrhotic patients with respect to normal controls. There was only a twofold increase of glycation adduct residues in plasma proteins in cirrhotic patients, which was attributed mainly to decreased albumin turnover. Therapeutic strategies to decrease dicarbonyl compounds may be beneficial, such as dicarbonyl scavengers, glutathione repleting agents, and high-dose thiamine therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naila Ahmed
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester, Essex CO4 3SQ, UK
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Szuster-Ciesielska A, Daniluk J, Bojarska-Junak A. Apoptosis of blood mononuclear cells in alcoholic liver cirrhosis. The influence of in vitro ethanol treatment and zinc supplementation. Toxicology 2005; 212:124-34. [PMID: 15964121 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2005.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2005] [Revised: 03/21/2005] [Accepted: 04/21/2005] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Ethanol consumption induces apoptosis in a variety of tissues, among others in liver and lymphoid tissue. Zinc has been shown to influence apoptosis of blood mononuclear cells by inhibiting the mitochondrial pathway of cell death. The aim of this study was to examine the influence of zinc on spontaneous and in vitro alcohol-induced apoptosis of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of patients with alcoholic cirrhosis. PBMCs were isolated from the blood of 26 patients with cirrhosis and 20 healthy controls. PBMCs and among them CD4+ T helper cells of cirrhotic patients exhibited accelerated spontaneous (without treatment) apoptosis in vitro. When apoptosis was induced in vitro by treating cells with 80 mM ethanol, CD8+ T lymphocytes of a healthy control were more sensitive to ethanol treatment than those of cirrhotic patients. Thirty micromolar zinc supplementation inhibited both spontaneous and ethanol-induced apoptosis of immune cells derived from the blood of the healthy control and cirrhotic patients. In sera of patients with cirrhosis, an elevated level of IL-12, but also sFas (CD95) and sFas ligand (sFasL) was detected. Moreover, in vitro, PBMCs of cirrhotic patients spontaneously released more sFas and sFasL than control PBMCs. Ethanol treatment significantly increased sFas, but decreased sFasL release from PBMCs of cirrhotic patients, while it only slightly affected control cells. As zinc supplementation did not significantly influence sFas or sFasL release, it seems likely that it is rather the mitochondrial pathway of ethanol-related immune cell death that may be inhibited by zinc supplementation.
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Willis MS, Klassen LW, Carlson DL, Brouse CF, Thiele GM. Malondialdehyde-acetaldehyde haptenated protein binds macrophage scavenger receptor(s) and induces lysosomal damage. Int Immunopharmacol 2005; 4:885-99. [PMID: 15182728 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2004.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2004] [Revised: 03/16/2004] [Accepted: 04/02/2004] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
There is evidence that the chemical modification of proteins (haptens) with malondialdehyde-acetaldehyde (MAA) and the immune response to these haptenated proteins is associated with the initiation and/or progression of alcohol liver disease. Experimentally, proteins modified with MAA induce antibody and T cell responses, which are mediated by scavenger receptor(s). Moreover, macrophages have been shown to play an important role in processing and presenting MAA-haptenated proteins in vitro. In vitro, MAA-modified proteins have been shown to induce both apoptosis and necrosis in a dose- and cell-type-dependent manner. Natural ligands modified by oxidative stress, such as oxidized LDL, similarly initiate not only antibody responses, but also cause cell death by disrupting lysosomes after binding to scavenger receptors and internalization. We therefore investigated the binding, internalization, and lysosomal integrity in a macrophage cell line to a MAA-haptenated protein. We demonstrate for the first time that MAA-haptenated proteins are preferentially bound by scavenger receptors on macrophages, which internalize the ligands and shuttle them to lysosomes. Moreover, MAA-haptenated proteins are demonstrated to be associated with a rapid dose-dependent disruption in lysosomal integrity, resulting in leakage and caspase activation. Similarly, as hen egg lysozyme (HEL)-MAA concentrations increased (>31.3 microg/ml), increased levels of apoptosis and a G1/S cell cycle checkpoint inhibition were identified. This study identifies mechanisms by which MAA-haptenated proteins are taken up by a representative antigen-presenting cell and may delineate steps by which MAA-haptenated proteins induce cell death and induce their immunogenicity to the carrier protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monte S Willis
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 983025 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-3025, USA.
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Ahmed N, Thornalley PJ, Lüthen R, Häussinger D, Sebekova K, Schinzel R, Voelker W, Heidland A. Processing of protein glycation, oxidation and nitrosation adducts in the liver and the effect of cirrhosis. J Hepatol 2004; 41:913-9. [PMID: 15582123 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2004.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2004] [Revised: 07/21/2004] [Accepted: 08/01/2004] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Plasma proteins are modified non-enzymatically in vivo by glycation, oxidation and nitrosation processes. Hepatic extraction of albumin glycated in vitro was reported but it is not clear if plasma proteins glycated in vivo also undergo hepatic extraction. We investigated the hepatic extraction of glycated, oxidised and nitrosated proteins in vivo. METHODS Protein glycation, oxidation and nitrosation marker residues and free adducts were determined in portal, hepatic and peripheral venous blood plasma of cirrhotic patients and hepatic and peripheral venous blood plasma (as a surrogate of portal venous blood) of control subjects by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. RESULTS There was no evidence for extraction of glycated, oxidised or nitrosated proteins or related free adducts by the liver in control subjects. There was limited extraction of methylglyoxal-modified proteins in cirrhotic patients and twofold increases in the concentrations of fructosyl-lysine and advanced glycation endproduct residues of plasma protein, with respect to controls. Remarkably, glyoxal-derived hydroimidazolone free adduct was increased 14-16-fold probably as a consequence of hepatic lipid peroxidation. CONCLUSIONS We found no evidence for hepatic extraction of glycated, oxidised and nitrosated proteins or related free adducts in subjects with normal liver function and limited extraction of methylglyoxal-modified protein in cirrhotic subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naila Ahmed
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Central Campus, Colchester, Essex CO4 3SQ, UK
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Willis MS, Thiele GM, Tuma DJ, Klassen LW. T cell proliferative responses to malondialdehyde-acetaldehyde haptenated protein are scavenger receptor mediated. Int Immunopharmacol 2003; 3:1381-99. [PMID: 12946435 DOI: 10.1016/s1567-5769(03)00136-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Malondialdehyde-acetaldehyde (MAA) haptenated proteins have been described in disease processes related to prolonged oxidative stress (via malondialdehyde production), such as alcohol liver disease (ALD), non-alcoholic non-steatohepatitis (NASH) and atherosclerosis. Experimentally, high titer IgG1 antibody responses are seen after immunization without adjuvant; however, T cell proliferative responses and the role of scavenger receptors in this immunogenicity has not previously been described. In this study, T cell proliferative responses to the carrier protein, but not the MAA hapten itself, were identified in vitro. Moreover, these T proliferative responses were inhibited when MAA-hen egg lysozyme (HEL) was co-immunized with excess scavenger receptor ligand polyG (poly-guanylic acid), implicating the role of (a) scavenger receptor(s) in initiating the T helper cell response. Activated B cells were unable to process and present MAA-HEL preferentially to T cells, while thioglycollate-elicited (but not Con A-elicited) macrophages and dendritic cells (DC) did so with approximately 32-fold less MAA-HEL than native antigen necessary to initiate equal proliferative responses. While this preferential processing and presentation may be related to several factors, preferential binding of MAA haptenated proteins mediated by scavenger receptors may be one mechanism. IL-4 was absent from the supernatants of T proliferative assays despite a strong IgG1 response in vivo, although the TH2 cytokines IL-6 and IL-10 were expressed. Since the modification of proteins by the MAA have previously been shown to occur after ethanol consumption in vivo, the ability of MAA haptens to experimentally enhance immune responses, specifically humoral and T cell responses, may represent mechanisms by which autoimmune phenomena found in ALD occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monte S Willis
- Veterans Affairs Alcohol Research Center, Omaha Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 4101 Woolworth Ave., Omaha, NE 68105.
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