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Duhan J, Kumar H, Obrai S. Recent Advances in Nanomaterials Based Optical Sensors for the Detection of Melatonin and Serotonin. J Fluoresc 2024:10.1007/s10895-024-03647-3. [PMID: 38436821 DOI: 10.1007/s10895-024-03647-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
In this review paper we discussed the detection of melatonin and serotonin by using various optical methods. Melatonin and serotonin are very necessary body hormones these are also called neuroregulatory hormones secreted by pineal gland in brain by pinealocytes and shape of pineal gland is cone like. Sensitive detection of melatonin and serotonin in pharmacological samples and human serum is crucial for human beings, lots of research publications available in literature for melatonin and serotonin and we overviewed these papers. We have deeply reviewed many research papers where sensitively sensing of melatonin and serotonin occurs, by using of various interfering agents and nanomaterials. This review aims presenting colorimetry, fluorometry and spectrophotometric detection of melatonin (MEL) and serotonin (SER) by using different metal oxides, carbon nanomaterials (nanosheets, nanorods, nanofibers) and many other agents. Nanomaterials typically possess favourable optical, electrical and mechanical characteristics, they provide up new avenues for enhancing the efficacy of sensors. It is crucial to provide an optical sensors platform that is dependable, sensitive and low price. The development of sensors and biosensors to use nanomaterials for neurotransmitters has advanced significantly in recent years. There are currently many developing biomarkers in biological fluids, and bionanomaterial-based biosensor systems, as well as clinical and pharmacological settings, have garnered significant interest. Biomarkers have been found using optical devices in a quick, selective and sensitive manner. Our aim is to compile all the data that already published on MEL, SER sensing and comparison of each method, we mainly focused on principle, observations, sensitivity, selectivity, limit of detection, mechanism behind the reaction, effect of temperature, pH and concentration. In the last of this paper, we discuss some challenges of these methods and future projects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyoti Duhan
- Dr BR Ambedkar national institute of technology, Jalandhar, Punjab, India
| | - Himanshu Kumar
- Dr BR Ambedkar national institute of technology, Jalandhar, Punjab, India
| | - Sangeeta Obrai
- Dr BR Ambedkar national institute of technology, Jalandhar, Punjab, India.
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Demeuse JJ, Calaprice C, Huyghebaert LC, Rechchad M, Peeters S, Cavalier E, Le Goff C. Development and Validation of an Ultrasensitive LC-MS/MS Method for the Quantification of Melatonin in Human Saliva. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2023. [PMID: 37130062 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.3c00021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
A growing body of literature describes the potential effects of circadian disruption on human health. Indeed, psychiatric diseases, metabolic syndrome, and cancers may be linked to disturbance of the circadian rhythm. Currently, the best practice to assess circadian rhythm is the measurement of melatonin levels. Our goal was thus to develop and validate a highly sensitive LC-MS/MS method to follow salivary melatonin levels throughout the day and night. Our method reached a lower limit of the measuring interval (LLMI) of 0.8 pg/mL. To our knowledge, it is the most sensitive method allowing quantitation of melatonin in saliva. Saliva, obtained from passive drooling or salivette, was extracted by an efficient and quick liquid-liquid extraction with no further cleanup needed. The method was validated according to the European Medicines Agency (EMA) guidelines and provided excellent results regarding accuracy, precision, linearity, selectivity, and specificity. Comparison between radioimmunoassay and our method was performed and showed differences at low levels, most likely due to cross-reactivity with other indols. To assess daytime melatonin levels in humans, salivary melatonin levels of ten volunteers were monitored throughout the day and showed lower daytime levels than reported in previous studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justine J Demeuse
- Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry, CIRM, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Chiara Calaprice
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, CHU Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | | | - Marwa Rechchad
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, CHU Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | | | - Etienne Cavalier
- Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry, CIRM, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, CHU Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Caroline Le Goff
- Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry, CIRM, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, CHU Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium
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Preparation of melatonin novel-mucoadhesive nanoemulsion used in the treatment of depression. Polym Bull (Berl) 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-022-04436-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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Moser D, Hussain S, Rainer M, Jakschitz T, Bonn GK. A validated method for the rapid quantification of melatonin in over-the-counter hypnotics by the atmospheric pressure solid analysis probe (ASAP). ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2022; 14:1603-1610. [PMID: 35383798 DOI: 10.1039/d2ay00352j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Melatonin is a hormone that regulates the biological day and night cycle. It is mainly produced by the pineal gland during the night. People suffering from insomnia use it as a soporific drug. The aim of this study was to develop a method for the rapid quantification of melatonin in hypnotics. For that purpose, atmospheric pressure solid analysis probe-assisted mass spectrometry was applied, where no chromatographic separation is needed. Thereby, one single analysis takes less than 1 min. Reference measurements were performed with ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with a quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometer. Both methods were validated and real sample extracts were tested. The coefficients of determination were above 0.97 for both methods. The limits of detection and quantification were below 1 mg kg-1. Both methods gave comparable results. Moreover, the content of melatonin differed from the specified value in many samples. The highest and lowest observed deviations were 78% and 1%, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Moser
- ADSI-Austrian Drug Screening Institute GmbH, Innrain 66a, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry and Radiochemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Shah Hussain
- ADSI-Austrian Drug Screening Institute GmbH, Innrain 66a, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Matthias Rainer
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry and Radiochemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Thomas Jakschitz
- ADSI-Austrian Drug Screening Institute GmbH, Innrain 66a, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Günther K Bonn
- ADSI-Austrian Drug Screening Institute GmbH, Innrain 66a, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry and Radiochemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
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Alessa H, Saber AL, Althakafy JT. Up-to-date studies regarding the determination of melatonin by chromatographic methods. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2021; 355:e2100378. [PMID: 34842297 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.202100378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Melatonin is an indolic compound that has been reported in the literature to exist in human-based samples, vertebrates, vegetables, fruits, and pharmaceutical products. Melatonin is considered a dietary supplement and can regulate circadian rhythms, although it has not been classified as a drug by the US Food and Drug Administration. Several analytical methods have been used for its detection. This study aimed to summarize the recent outcomes of the chromatographic methods such as electrophoretic methods, gas chromatography, and liquid chromatography, which have been used for the determination of melatonin in the last three decades, with the focus on gas chromatography and high-performance liquid chromatography methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hussain Alessa
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Applied Science, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amr L Saber
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Applied Science, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia.,Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Jalal T Althakafy
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Applied Science, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
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Panciroli C, Esteve A, Muñoz-Ferrer A, Abad J, Hernandez JM, Balaña C, Lucente G, Comas S, Villà S. Prospective pilot study to explore the melatonin level in brain tumor patients undergoing radiotherapy. Sleep Breath 2021; 26:469-475. [PMID: 33825098 DOI: 10.1007/s11325-021-02365-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Our aim was to assess if the radiotherapy dose decreased the melatonin levels as well as the quality of life and sleep in brain tumor patients. METHODS We performed a follow-up study on melatonin levels in saliva and its urinary metabolite sulfatoxi-melatonine (STM) samples in patients with brain tumors treated with radiotherapy close to the pineal gland's area. We analyzed the cortisol, cortisone, and excrection of STM normalized by urinary creatinine. In some cases, a polysomnography (PSG) was performed. Quality of life questionnaires, distress scale, and sleepiness inventories were also administered. RESULTS We included twelve patients (experimental arm) and eight healthy controls (control group). No differences were observed between experimental arm and control group at baseline. No differences were detected in the experimental arm before and after delivering the radiotherapy. No clinically significant differences were found according to the radiotherapy dose delivered. CONCLUSION Melatonin levels and PSG outcomes do not change after receiving radiotherapy. The findings of this study do not show a statistically significant association between the treatment and the quality of life and sleep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Panciroli
- Medical Oncology Department, Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO), Badalona (Barcelona), Catalonia, Spain.
| | - Anna Esteve
- Medical Oncology Department, Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO), Badalona (Barcelona), Catalonia, Spain
| | - Aida Muñoz-Ferrer
- Sleep Disturbance Unit, Pulmonary Department, Germans Trias i Pujol University Hospital, Badalona (Barcelona), Catalonia, Spain
| | - Jorge Abad
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES); Pulmonary Department, Germans Trias i Pujol University Hospital, Badalona (Barcelona), Catalonia, Spain
| | - Jose Maria Hernandez
- Proteomic and Metabolomics Unit, Germans Trias i Pujol Institute (IGTP), Badalona (Barcelona), Catalonia, Spain
| | - Carmen Balaña
- Medical Oncology Department, Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO), Badalona (Barcelona), Catalonia, Spain
| | - Giuseppe Lucente
- Neurology Service, Neuroscience Department, Germans Trias i Pujol University Hospital, Badalona (Barcelona), Catalonia, Spain
| | - Silvia Comas
- Radiation Oncology Department, Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO), Badalona (Barcelona), Catalonia, Spain
| | - Salvador Villà
- Radiation Oncology Department, Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO), Badalona (Barcelona), Catalonia, Spain
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Rzepka-Migut B, Paprocka J. Melatonin-Measurement Methods and the Factors Modifying the Results. A Systematic Review of the Literature. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:E1916. [PMID: 32183489 PMCID: PMC7142625 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17061916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2020] [Revised: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Melatonin plays an important role in regulating the sleep-wake cycle and adaptation to environmental changes. Concentration measurements in bioliquids such as serum/plasma, saliva and urine are widely used to assess peripheral rhythm. The aim of the study was to compare methods and conditions of determinations carried out with the identification of factors potentially affecting the measurements obtained. We have identified a group of modifiable and unmodifiable factors that facilitate data interpretation. Knowledge of modifiers allows you to carefully plan the test protocol and then compare the results. There is no one universal sampling standard, because the choice of method and biofluid depends on the purpose of the study and the research group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beata Rzepka-Migut
- Department of Pediatric Neurology and Pediatrics, St. Queen Jadwiga’s Regional Clinical Hospital No 2 Rzeszów, 35-301 Rzeszów, Poland;
| | - Justyna Paprocka
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Medical University of Silesia, 40-752 Katowice, Poland
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Liu B, You Y, Lin D, Chen Z, Qiu P. Simple Colorimetric and Fluorometric Assay Based on 2,3-Naphthalenedialdehyde for Melatonin in Human Saliva. CHEMISTRY AFRICA 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s42250-019-00105-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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Sager M, Jedamzik P, Merdivan S, Grimm M, Schneider F, Kromrey ML, Hasan M, Oswald S, Kühn J, Koziolek M, Weitschies W. Low dose caffeine as a salivary tracer for the determination of gastric water emptying in fed and fasted state: A MRI validation study. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2018; 127:443-452. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2018.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Revised: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Determination of Melatonin in Cow’s Milk by Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). FOOD ANAL METHOD 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-017-1037-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Abstract
Saliva is gaining increasing attention as a bioanalytical sample matrix. Mostly because of the easy and noninvasive collection, it is not only beneficial in endocrinological and behavioral science, but also in pediatrics. Saliva also has the advantage of being the only body fluid which can be collected even during physical exercise, for example, during sportive activities, and there are physiological characteristics that make it superior to serum/plasma or urine for specific scientific questions. This review provides an insight into the physiology of saliva formation, explaining how certain compounds enter this bodily fluid, and gives advice for collection, storage and analytical methods. Finally, it presents a number of reliable and proven applications for saliva analysis from scientific fields including endocrinology, sports medicine, forensics and immunology.
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Bagci S, Altuntas Ö, Katzer D, Berg C, Willruth A, Reutter H, Bartmann P, Müller A, Zur B. Evaluation of two commercially available ELISA kits for the determination of melatonin concentrations in amniotic fluid throughout pregnancy. Ann Clin Biochem 2016; 54:107-112. [DOI: 10.1177/0004563216645123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background The aim of the present study is to evaluate the utility of extraction versus non-extraction-based commercial melatonin ELISA kits for determining the melatonin concentration in amniotic fluid obtained in early and late pregnancy. Methods Pregnancy duration less than 28 weeks was defined as early and from 28 weeks until delivery as late gestation. Nine samples were obtained in early and 18 in late pregnancy. Two commercially available melatonin ELISA kits (melatonin ELISA RE54021, including methanol-based extraction and direct saliva melatonin ELISA RE 54041, not including an extraction step, both from IBL-International, Germany) were used to determine melatonin concentrations in amniotic fluid. Results The mean melatonin concentration in ELISAs assayed by the non-extraction was significantly lower than those assayed after extraction. Subgroup analysis showed that there was no significant difference between melatonin concentration measured by non-extraction versus extraction ELISA in early pregnancy (11.2 ± 7.4 vs. 12.2 ± 7.7, respectively, P = 0.463) but that the mean melatonin concentration in late pregnancy was significantly lower when assayed by non-extraction ELISA than when assayed by extraction ELISA (14.8 ± 9.3 vs. 145.1 ± 179.3, respectively; P < 0.001). Agreement between both measurements in late pregnancy was rather poor (r2 = 0.271, P = 0.022), as opposed to the good correlation found in early pregnancy (r2 = 0.929, P < 0.001). Conclusions The present study revealed that a melatonin assay without an extraction step, such as direct saliva ELISA, does not seem to be a valid method to determine the melatonin concentration of amniotic fluid, especially in late gestation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soyhan Bagci
- Neonatology and Pediatric Intensive Care, Children’s Hospital, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Özlem Altuntas
- Neonatology and Pediatric Intensive Care, Children’s Hospital, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - David Katzer
- Neonatology and Pediatric Intensive Care, Children’s Hospital, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Christoph Berg
- Department of Obstetrics and Prenatal Medicine, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Arne Willruth
- Department of Obstetrics and Prenatal Medicine, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Heiko Reutter
- Neonatology and Pediatric Intensive Care, Children’s Hospital, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Peter Bartmann
- Neonatology and Pediatric Intensive Care, Children’s Hospital, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Andreas Müller
- Neonatology and Pediatric Intensive Care, Children’s Hospital, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Berndt Zur
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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Kumar N, Rosy, Goyal RN. Nanopalladium grained polymer nanocomposite based sensor for the sensitive determination of Melatonin. Electrochim Acta 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2016.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Rapid and sensitive analysis of melatonin by LC-MS/MS and its application to pharmacokinetic study in dogs. Asian J Pharm Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajps.2015.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Escrivá L, Manyes L, Barberà M, Martínez-Torres D, Meca G. Determination of melatonin in Acyrthosiphon pisum aphids by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 86:48-53. [PMID: 26778054 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2016.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Revised: 01/11/2016] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Melatonin is a hormone mainly involved in the regulation of circadian and seasonal rhythms in both invertebrates and vertebrates. Despite the identification of melatonin in many insects, its involvement in the insect seasonal response remains unclear. A liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method has been developed for melatonin analysis in aphids (Acyrthosiphon pisum) for the first time. After comparing two different procedures and five extraction solvents, a sample preparation procedure with a mixture of methanol/water (50:50) was selected for melatonin extraction. The method was validated by analyzing melatonin recovery at three spiked concentrations (5, 50 and 100 pg/mg) and showed satisfactory recoveries (75-110%), and good repeatability, expressed as relative standard deviation (<10%). Limits of detection (LOD) and quantitation (LOQ) were 1 pg/mg and 5 pg/mg, respectively. Eight concentration levels were used for constructing the calibration curves which showed good linearity between LOQ and 200 times LOQ. The validated method was successfully applied to 26 aphid samples demonstrating its usefulness for melatonin determination in insects. This is -to our knowledge- the first identification of melatonin in aphids by LC-MS/MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Escrivá
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Burjassot, Spain.
| | - Lara Manyes
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Burjassot, Spain
| | - Miquel Barberà
- Institut Cavanilles de Biodiversitat i Biologia Evolutiva, Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - David Martínez-Torres
- Institut Cavanilles de Biodiversitat i Biologia Evolutiva, Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - Guiseppe Meca
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Burjassot, Spain
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Zhao H, Wang Y, Yuan B, Liu S, Man S, Xu H, Lu X. A novel LC–MS/MS assay for the simultaneous determination of melatonin and its two major metabolites, 6-hydroxymelatonin and 6-sulfatoxymelatonin in dog plasma: Application to a pharmacokinetic study. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2016; 117:390-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2015.09.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2015] [Revised: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Determination of Melatonin and Its Metabolites in Biological Fluids and Eggs Using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography with Fluorescence and Quadrupole-Orbitrap High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-015-0288-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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OYAMA T, NAGAI R, FUJIMOTO M, KONISHI R, MITA M, UEZONO K, ZAITSU K, HAMASE K. Development of a Fully-automated On-line Oxidation Column-switching HPLC System for the Determination of Endogenous Melatonin in Human Clinical Samples. ANAL SCI 2015; 31:1129-35. [DOI: 10.2116/analsci.31.1129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tsubasa OYAMA
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University
| | - Rie NAGAI
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University
| | - Mayumi FUJIMOTO
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University
| | - Ryoko KONISHI
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University
| | | | | | - Kiyoshi ZAITSU
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University
| | - Kenji HAMASE
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University
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Jensen MA, Mortier L, Koh E, Keevil B, Hyttinen S, Hansen ÅM. An interlaboratory comparison between similar methods for determination of melatonin, cortisol and testosterone in saliva. Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation 2014; 74:454-61. [PMID: 24724579 DOI: 10.3109/00365513.2014.900693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
An interlaboratory comparison study for melatonin, cortisol and testosterone in saliva in which five laboratories participated is reported in this study. Each laboratory blindly measured eight samples prepared from natural saliva spiked with melatonin, cortisol and testosterone in the range 0-579 pmol/L for melatonin, 0-90 nmol/L for cortisol, and 0-622 pmol/L for testosterone. The recovery of spiked material for melatonin ranged from 91-110%, from 83-100% for cortisol and from 80-94% for testosterone. The content of natural hormone in saliva was estimated to be between 0.278 and 6.90 pmol/L for melatonin, 0.56 and 6.72 nmol/L for cortisol and 11.9 and 73.8 pmol/L for testosterone. This indicates a large interlaboratory variation. The present study emphasizes the importance of external quality control for the analysis of melatonin, cortisol and testosterone in saliva.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie A Jensen
- Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen , Denmark
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Karunanithi D, Radhakrishna A, Sivaraman KP, Biju VMN. Quantitative determination of melatonin in milk by LC-MS/MS. Journal of Food Science and Technology 2013; 51:805-12. [PMID: 24741180 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-013-1221-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 11/18/2013] [Accepted: 11/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A rapid, reliable and sensitive LC-MS/MS method for the determination of melatonin in milk was developed and validated. Sample was extracted with dichloromethane and cleaned by passing through Chem Elut solid phase extraction cartridge. The solvent was evaporated to dryness, reconstituted with methanol and analysed by LC-MS/MS on Agilent zorbax Eclipse XDB C-18 rapid resolution analytical column. The analytical procedure was found to be accurate, precise and linear. The method accuracy was 92.2 % (range 90.06-94.58) and the mean precision was 1.55 % and the calibration was linear for 1 to 150 pg mL(-1) (R(2) > 0.99), the lowest limit of quantification (LLOQ) was 1 pg mL(-1). 7-D Melatonin (7-DM) was used as an internal standard. This method was proved to be a promising method for the determination of melatonin for market milk and human milk samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duraisamy Karunanithi
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli, Tamilnadu 620 015 India ; Analytical Science Division, Shriram Institute for Industrial Research, Bangalore, Karnataka 560 048 India
| | - Ammanamanchi Radhakrishna
- Analytical Science Division, Shriram Institute for Industrial Research, Bangalore, Karnataka 560 048 India
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Raju KSR, Taneja I, Singh SP, Wahajuddin. Utility of noninvasive biomatrices in pharmacokinetic studies. Biomed Chromatogr 2013; 27:1354-66. [PMID: 23939915 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.2996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2013] [Revised: 06/12/2013] [Accepted: 06/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Blood and plasma are the biomatrices traditionally used for drug monitoring and their pharmacokinetic profiling. Blood is the circulating fluid in contact with all organs and tissues of body and thus is the most representative fluid for measuring systemic drug levels. However, venipuncture suffers from the caveat of being an invasive technique which often makes people reluctant to participate in clinical studies. Thus, there is a need for noninvasive bio-fluids that are ethically appropriate, cost-efficient and toxicologically relevant. These alternate bio-fluids may prove clinically useful as alternatives to plasma/serum in therapeutic drug monitoring, pharmacokinetic and toxicokinetic studies, doping control in sports medicine and to monitor local adverse effects. These may be of particular interest in the case of special population groups such as neonates, children, the elderly, terminally ill patients and pregnant or lactating women, and offer the advantage of circumvention of the demand for specialized personnel for sample collection. This review describes such noninvasive bio-fluids (saliva, sweat, tears and milk) that have been considered for pharmacokinetic drug analysis, emphasizing their sample preparation, its associated difficulties and their correlation with plasma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanumuri Siva Rama Raju
- Pharmacokinetics and Metabolism Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow-226021, India
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Fustinoni S, Polledri E, Mercadante R. High-throughput determination of cortisol, cortisone, and melatonin in oral fluid by on-line turbulent flow liquid chromatography interfaced with liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2013; 27:1450-1460. [PMID: 23722679 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.6601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2013] [Revised: 04/15/2013] [Accepted: 04/16/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Cortisol, cortisone, and melatonin (CORTol, CORTone, and MELA, respectively) are hormones related to stress and sleep disorders. Their detection is relevant to epidemiological studies aimed at investigating the effects of circadian cycle disruption. The aim of this study was to develop and evaluate a high-throughput assay for the detection of CORTol, CORTone, and MELA concentrations in non-invasively collected oral fluid samples. METHODS A liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) method to measure levels of CORTol, CORTone, and MELA in oral fluid samples in the presence of deuterated analogs was optimized and validated. A 50 μL aliquot of oral fluid sample, obtained by centrifugation of a chewed swab, was purified using on-line turbulent flow liquid chromatography. Analytes were then separated using C18 reversed-phase chromatography, subjected to positive ionization using an electrospray source, then quantitated using a triple quadrupole mass detector in the selected reaction monitoring mode. RESULTS Limits of quantification and linear dynamic ranges were found to be 0.55 nmol/L, 5.5 nmol/L, and 0.004 nmol/L, and up to 28 nmol/L, 277 nmol/L, and 0.43 nmol/L for CORTol, CORTone, and MELA, respectively. Inter- and intra-run precisions as relative standard deviation values were <5%, and accuracies were within 95-106% of theoretical concentrations. An evaluation of matrix effects showed that the use of deuterated analogs controlled sources of bias. Furthermore, the total analysis time per sample was 13 min, resulting in a throughput of approximately 100 samples/day. CONCLUSIONS To our knowledge, this is the first automated, high-throughput assay for the simultaneous quantification of CORTol, CORTone, and MELA in oral fluid specimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Fustinoni
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università degli Studi di Milano and Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy.
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Monitoring Salivary Melatonin Concentrations in Children With Sleep Disorders Using Liquid Chromatography–Tandem Mass Spectrometry. Ther Drug Monit 2013; 35:388-95. [DOI: 10.1097/ftd.0b013e3182885cb2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Al-Omary FAM. Melatonin: comprehensive profile. PROFILES OF DRUG SUBSTANCES, EXCIPIENTS, AND RELATED METHODOLOGY 2013; 38:159-226. [PMID: 23668405 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-407691-4.00005-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
This chapter includes the aspects of melatonin. The drug is synthesized in the pineal gland starting from tryptophane or synthetically by using indole as starting material. Melatonin has been used as an adjunct to interleukin-2 therapy for malignant neoplasms, as contraceptive, in the management of various forms of insomnia, to alleviate jet lag following long flights, and finally as free radical scavenger and hence as an antioxidant and an anti-inflammatory. The chapter discusses the drug metabolism and pharmacokinetics and presents various method of analysis of this drug such as biological analysis, spectroscopic analysis, and chromatographic techniques of separation. It also discusses its physical properties such as solubility characteristics, X-ray powder diffraction pattern, and thermal methods of analysis. The chapter is concluded with a discussion on its biological properties such as activity, toxicity, and safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatmah A M Al-Omary
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
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The Application and Validation of HybridSPE-Precipitation Cartridge Technology for the Rapid Clean-up of Serum Matrices (from Phospholipids) for the Clinical Analysis of Serotonin, Dopamine and Melatonin. Chromatographia 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-012-2330-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Quantification of monoamine neurotransmitters and melatonin in sea lamprey brain tissues by high performance liquid chromatography–electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. Talanta 2012; 89:383-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2011.12.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2011] [Revised: 12/15/2011] [Accepted: 12/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Jensen MA, Hansen AM, Abrahamsson P, Nørgaard AW. Development and evaluation of a liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry method for simultaneous determination of salivary melatonin, cortisol and testosterone. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2011; 879:2527-32. [PMID: 21803007 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2011.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2011] [Revised: 06/14/2011] [Accepted: 07/07/2011] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Circadian disruption can have several possible health consequences, but is not well studied. In order to measure circadian disruption, in relation to shift or night work, we developed a simple and sensitive method for the simultaneous determination of melatonin, cortisol and testosterone in human saliva. We used liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) followed by liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS) recorded in positive ion mode. Saliva samples were collected by spitting directly into tubes and 250 μL were used for analysis. The limits of detection were 4.1 pmol/L, 0.27 nmol/L and 10.8 pmol/L for melatonin, cortisol, and testosterone, respectively. The developed method was sensitive enough to measure circadian rhythms of all 3 hormones in a pilot study among four healthy volunteers. It can therefor be used to study the impact of night work and working in artificial light on the workers circadian rhythms. To our knowledge this is the first LC-ESI-MS/MS method for simultaneous determination of salivary melatonin, cortisol and testosterone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Aarrebo Jensen
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Lersø Parkallé 105, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark.
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Wang AQ, Wei BP, Zhang Y, Wang YJ, Xu L, Lan K. An ultra-high sensitive bioanalytical method for plasma melatonin by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry using water as calibration matrix. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2011; 879:2259-64. [PMID: 21727044 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2011.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2011] [Revised: 05/31/2011] [Accepted: 06/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
For the endogenous substances with an ultra-low level in biological fluids, such as melatonin, the blank biological matrix is obviously not "blank". This problem leads to a serious issue of the bioanalytical methods development and validation by liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). This work developed and validated an ultra-high sensitive bioanalytical method for plasma melatonin by LC-MS/MS using water as calibration matrix. The lower limit of quantitation of the method was verified to be 1.0 pg/mL and the method exhibited a linear range of 1-5000 pg/mL. Potential matrix effects, accuracy and precision were fully monitored and validated by two complementary quality control approaches respectively using water and the pooled plasma as matrix. The intra-run and inter-run precisions were less than 11.5% and 12.2%, respectively, and the relative error was below ± 13.8% for all of 5 quality control levels. The method was successfully applied to investigate the daytime (8:00 AM-8:00 PM) baseline level of endogenous plasma melatonin, as well as the pharmacokinetic profiles of exogenous melatonin after oral administration in beagle dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- An-Qi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery Systems, Ministry of Education, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, China
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de Almeida EA, Di Mascio P, Harumi T, Warren Spence D, Moscovitch A, Hardeland R, Cardinali DP, Brown GM, Pandi-Perumal SR. Measurement of melatonin in body fluids: standards, protocols and procedures. Childs Nerv Syst 2011; 27:879-91. [PMID: 21104186 PMCID: PMC3128751 DOI: 10.1007/s00381-010-1278-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2010] [Accepted: 09/07/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The circadian rhythm of melatonin in saliva or plasma, or of the melatonin metabolite 6-sulfatoxymelatonin (a6MTs) in urine, is a defining feature of suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) function, the body's endogenous oscillatory pacemaker. The primary objective of this review is to ascertain the clinical benefits and limitations of current methodologies employed for detection and quantification of melatonin in biological fluids and tissues. DATA IDENTIFICATION A search of the English-language literature (Medline) and a systematic review of published articles were carried out. STUDY SELECTION Articles that specified both the methodology for quantifying melatonin and indicated the clinical purpose were chosen for inclusion in the review. DATA EXTRACTION The authors critically evaluated the methodological issues associated with various tools and techniques (e.g. standards, protocols, and procedures). RESULTS OF DATA SYNTHESIS Melatonin measurements are useful for evaluating problems related to the onset or offset of sleep and for assessing phase delays or advances of rhythms in entrained individuals. They have also become an important tool for psychiatric diagnosis, their use being recommended for phase typing in patients suffering from sleep and mood disorders. Additionally, there has been a continuous interest in the use of melatonin as a marker for neoplasms of the pineal region. Melatonin decreases such as found with aging are or post pinealectomy can cause alterations in the sleep/wake cycle. The development of sensitive and selective methods for the precise detection of melatonin in tissues and fluids has increasingly been shown to have direct relevance for clinical decision making. CONCLUSIONS Due to melatonin's low concentration, as well as the coexistence of numerous other compounds in the blood, the routine determination of melatonin has been an analytical challenge. The available evidence indicates however that these challenges can be overcome and consequently that evaluation of melatonin's presence and activity can be an accessible and useful tool for clinical diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Alves de Almeida
- Departamento de Química e Ciências Ambientais, IBILCE, UNESP, Rua Cristóvão Colombo 2265, CEP 15054-000 São José do Rio Preto, SP Brazil
| | - Paolo Di Mascio
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, USP Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 748, CEP 05513-970 São Paulo, SP Brazil
| | - Tatsuo Harumi
- Department of Anatomy, Asahikawa Medical College, Nishikagura, Asahikawa Japan
| | | | - Adam Moscovitch
- Sleep and Fatigue Institute, 106 Codsell Ave, Toronto, ON Canada M3H 3W1
| | - Rüdiger Hardeland
- Johann Friedrich Blumenbach Institute of Zoology and Anthropology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Daniel P. Cardinali
- Departamento de Docencia e Investigación, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica Argentina, 1107 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gregory M. Brown
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 250 College Street, Toronto, ON Canada M5T 1R8
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Yerlikaya F, Aktas Y, Capan Y. LC-UV Determination of Melatonin from Chitosan Nanoparticles. Chromatographia 2010. [DOI: 10.1365/s10337-010-1563-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Hu S, Shen G, Yin S, Xu W, Hu B. Melatonin and tryptophan circadian profiles in patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer. Adv Ther 2009; 26:886-92. [PMID: 19802530 DOI: 10.1007/s12325-009-0068-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2009] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Accumulating studies indicate that melatonin is a natural oncostatic agent capable of mediating the influence of the psychoneuroendocrine system on cancer growth. Although there is increasing evidence to show that the pineal gland may play a role in human non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), there is uncertainty about circadian profiles of melatonin, its precursor tryptophan, and its major metabolite, 6-sulfatoxymelatonin (6-OH-MLT) in NSCLC patients before and after treatment with standard chemotherapy (cisplatin plus vinorelbine). The aim of this study was to investigate the concentration changes of melatonin, tryptophan, and 6-OH-MLT in NSCLC patients treated with standard chemotherapy. METHODS We examined the circadian melatonin, tryptophan, and 6-OH-MLT rhythms in 30 patients suffering from advanced-stage NSCLC and compared them with those of 63 healthy volunteers free from neoplastic disease. Blood samples were collected at 12 noon and 12 midnight. Urine samples were collected at 7 AM: and 4 PM: . The levels of melatonin in serum and of 6-OH-MLT in urine were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography. The concentration of amino acids including tryptophan in serum was measured by amino acid analyzer. RESULTS Melatonin, tryptophan, and 6-OH-MLT concentrations were significantly lower in cancer patients, in comparison with healthy subjects. A significant inverse correlation between melatonin and tryptophan was observed. Additionally, after three cycles of standard chemotherapy, there was a tendency of melatonin, tryptophan, and 6-OH-MLT concentrations to progressively decrease in NSCLC patients. CONCLUSION The results of the present study indicate that the presence of NSCLC influences the metabolism of melatonin, and chemotherapy in NSCLC patients may progressively decrease the production of melatonin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shilian Hu
- Department of Geriatrics, Anhui Evidence-Based Medicine Center, Anhui Geriatrics Institute, The Affiliated Provincial Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.
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Römsing S, Bökman F, Bergqvist Y. Determination of melatonin in saliva using automated solid‐phase extraction, high‐performance liquid chromatography and fluorescence detection. Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation 2009; 66:181-90. [PMID: 16714247 DOI: 10.1080/00365510600548777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
A sensitive bioanalytical method for the determination of melatonin in saliva by solid-phase extraction (SPE), high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and fluorescence detection has been developed and validated. Saliva was collected with a Salivette sampling device (Sarstedt) and a mixed-mode SPE column was used for the extraction of melatonin and internal standard (N-acetyl-6-methoxytryptamine) from the saliva. Chromatographic separation was performed using a HyPurity C18 LC column (150 x 2.1 mm) with mobile phase acetonitrile-ammonium hydrogen carbonate buffer, 0.015 M, pH 6.8 (23:77, v/v). Excitation and emission wavelengths were set to 285 nm and 345 nm, respectively. The within-day precision for the method at 50 pmol/L was 7.9 % and the between-day precision was 10.5 %. The limit of quantification was 50 pmol/L.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Römsing
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Falun Central Hospital, Falun, Sweden.
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Mullangi R, Agrawal S, Srinivas NR. Measurement of xenobiotics in saliva: is saliva an attractive alternative matrix? Case studies and analytical perspectives. Biomed Chromatogr 2009; 23:3-25. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.1103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Mirick DK, Davis S. Melatonin as a Biomarker of Circadian Dysregulation. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2008; 17:3306-13. [DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-08-0605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Saliva, which offers a noninvasive and stress-free alternative to plasma and serum, is a widely accepted sample source for analysis of steroids and also of certain amines and peptides. In recent years, numerous publications have described the use of salivary hormone analysis in many fields of clinical and basic research. CONTENT This review provides an overview of the current applications of salivary hormone analysis. A description of the different modes of hormone entry into saliva is followed by a detailed description of analytical methods and approaches for reliable collection of saliva, including several interesting applications in diverse fields including psychiatry, stress research, clinical endocrinology, sports medicine, and veterinary medicine. SUMMARY Although saliva has not yet become a mainstream sample source for hormone analysis, it has proven to be reliable and, in some cases, even superior to other body fluids. Nevertheless much effort will be required for this approach to receive acceptance over the long term, especially by clinicians. Such effort includes the development of specific and standardized analytical tools, the establishment of defined reference intervals, and implementation of round-robin trials. One major problem, the lack of compliance sometimes seen in outpatient saliva donors, requires strict standardization of both collection and analysis methods to achieve better comparability and assessment of published salivary hormone data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Gröschl
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany.
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Ali I, Aboul‐Enein HY, Gupta VK. Analysis of Melatonin in Dosage Formulation by Capillary Electrophoresis. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2007. [DOI: 10.1080/10826070601093861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Imran Ali
- a National Institute of Hydrology , Roorkee, India
| | | | - V. K. Gupta
- c Department of Chemistry , Indian Institute of Technology , Roorkee, India
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Heller DN, Smith ML, Chiesa OA. Detection of penicillin residues in bovine oral fluid (saliva) by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2006; 20:321-4. [PMID: 16345136 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.2301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
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Aps JKM, Martens LC. Review: The physiology of saliva and transfer of drugs into saliva. Forensic Sci Int 2005; 150:119-31. [PMID: 15944052 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2004.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 307] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2004] [Revised: 10/10/2004] [Accepted: 10/10/2004] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Although saliva or oral fluid "lacks the drama of blood, the sincerity of sweat and the emotional appeal of tears", quoting Mandel in 1990 [I.D. Mandel, The diagnostic uses of saliva, J. Oral Pathol. Med. 19 (1990) 119-125], it is now meeting the demand for inexpensive, non-invasive and easy-to-use diagnostic aids for oral and systemic diseases, drug monitoring and detection of illicit use of drugs of abuse, including alcohol. As the salivary secretion is a reflex response controlled by both parasympathetic and sympathetic secretomotor nerves, it can be influenced by several stimuli. Moreover, patients taking medication which influences either the central nervous system or the peripheral nervous system, or medication which mimic the latter as a side effect, will have an altered salivary composition and salivary volume. Patients suffering from certain systemic diseases may present the same salivary alterations. The circadian rhythm determines both the volume of saliva that will and can be secreted and the salivary electrolyte concentrations. Dietary influences and the patient's age also have an impact on composition and volume of saliva. The latter implies a wide variation in composition both inter- and intra-individually. Sampling must therefore be performed under standardized conditions. The greatest advantage, when compared to blood sample collection, is that saliva is readily accessible and collectible. Consequently, it can be used in clinically difficult situations, such as in children, handicapped and anxious patients, where blood sampling could be a difficult act to perform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan K M Aps
- UZG-P8- Department of Paediatric Dentistry and Centre for Special Care, PaeCaMed Research Unit, Ghent University, De Pintelaan 185, 9000 Gent, Belgium.
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