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Li JJ, Sun WD, Zhu XJ, Mei YZ, Li WS, Li JH. Nicotinamide N-Methyltransferase (NNMT): A New Hope for Treating Aging and Age-Related Conditions. Metabolites 2024; 14:343. [PMID: 38921477 PMCID: PMC11205546 DOI: 10.3390/metabo14060343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2024] [Revised: 06/09/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
The complex process of aging leads to a gradual deterioration in the function of cells, tissues, and the entire organism, thereby increasing the risk of disease and death. Nicotinamide N-methyltransferase (NNMT) has attracted attention as a potential target for combating aging and its related pathologies. Studies have shown that NNMT activity increases over time, which is closely associated with the onset and progression of age-related diseases. NNMT uses S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) as a methyl donor to facilitate the methylation of nicotinamide (NAM), converting NAM into S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine (SAH) and methylnicotinamide (MNA). This enzymatic action depletes NAM, a precursor of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+), and generates SAH, a precursor of homocysteine (Hcy). The reduction in the NAD+ levels and the increase in the Hcy levels are considered important factors in the aging process and age-related diseases. The efficacy of RNA interference (RNAi) therapies and small-molecule inhibitors targeting NNMT demonstrates the potential of NNMT as a therapeutic target. Despite these advances, the exact mechanisms by which NNMT influences aging and age-related diseases remain unclear, and there is a lack of clinical trials involving NNMT inhibitors and RNAi drugs. Therefore, more in-depth research is needed to elucidate the precise functions of NNMT in aging and promote the development of targeted pharmaceutical interventions. This paper aims to explore the specific role of NNMT in aging, and to evaluate its potential as a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Jiang-Hua Li
- Physical Education College, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang 330022, China; (J.-J.L.); (W.-D.S.); (X.-J.Z.); (Y.-Z.M.); (W.-S.L.)
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Grandys M, Majerczak J, Frolow M, Chlopicki S, Zoladz JA. Training-induced impairment of endothelial function in track and field female athletes. Sci Rep 2023; 13:3502. [PMID: 36859449 PMCID: PMC9977863 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-30165-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Professional athletes are often exposed to high training loads that may lead to overfatigue, overreaching and overtraining that might have a detrimental effects on vascular health. We determined the effects of high training stress on endothelial function assessed by the flow-mediated dilation (FMD) and markers of glycocalyx shedding. Vascular examination as well as broad biochemical, hormonal and cardiometabolic evaluation of sprint and middle-distance female runners were performed after 2 months of preparatory training period and compared to age-matched control group of women. Female athletes presented with significantly reduced FMD (p < 0.01) and higher basal serum concentrations of hyaluronan (HA) and syndecan-1 (SDC-1) (p < 0.05 and p < 0.001, respectively), that was accompanied by significantly lower basal serum testosterone (T) and free testosterone (fT) concentrations (p < 0.05) and higher cortisol (C) concentration (p < 0.05). It resulted in significantly lower T/C and fT/C ratios in athletes when compared to controls (p < 0.01). Moreover, fT/C ratio were significantly positively correlated to FMD and negatively to HA concentrations in all studied women. Accordingly, the training load was significantly negatively correlated with T/C, fT/C and FMD and positively with the concentrations of HA and SDC-1. We concluded that young female track and field athletes subjected to physical training developed impairment of endothelial function that was associated with anabolic-catabolic hormone balance disturbances. Given that training-induced impairment of endothelial function may have a detrimental effects on vascular health, endothelial status should be regularly monitored in the time-course of training process to minimalize vascular health-risk in athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Grandys
- Chair of Exercise Physiology and Muscle Bioenergetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Ul. Skawinska 8, 31-066, Krakow, Poland.
| | - Joanna Majerczak
- Chair of Exercise Physiology and Muscle Bioenergetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Ul. Skawinska 8, 31-066, Krakow, Poland
| | - Marzena Frolow
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET), Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Stefan Chlopicki
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET), Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland.,Department of Experimental Pharmacology, Chair of Pharmacology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Jerzy A Zoladz
- Chair of Exercise Physiology and Muscle Bioenergetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Ul. Skawinska 8, 31-066, Krakow, Poland.
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3
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Kistner S, Mack CI, Rist MJ, Krüger R, Egert B, Biniaminov N, Engelbert AK, Seifert S, Dörr C, Ferrario PG, Neumann R, Altmann S, Bub A. Acute effects of moderate vs. vigorous endurance exercise on urinary metabolites in healthy, young, physically active men-A multi-platform metabolomics approach. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1028643. [PMID: 36798943 PMCID: PMC9927024 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1028643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Endurance exercise alters whole-body as well as skeletal muscle metabolism and physiology, leading to improvements in performance and health. However, biological mechanisms underlying the body's adaptations to different endurance exercise protocols are not entirely understood. Methods: We applied a multi-platform metabolomics approach to identify urinary metabolites and associated metabolic pathways that distinguish the acute metabolic response to two endurance exercise interventions at distinct intensities. In our randomized crossover study, 16 healthy, young, and physically active men performed 30 min of continuous moderate exercise (CME) and continuous vigorous exercise (CVE). Urine was collected during three post-exercise sampling phases (U01/U02/U03: until 45/105/195 min post-exercise), providing detailed temporal information on the response of the urinary metabolome to CME and CVE. Also, fasting spot urine samples were collected pre-exercise (U00) and on the following day (U04). While untargeted two-dimensional gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC×GC-MS) led to the detection of 608 spectral features, 44 metabolites were identified and quantified by targeted nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy or liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). Results: 104 urinary metabolites showed at least one significant difference for selected comparisons of sampling time points within or between exercise trials as well as a relevant median fold change >1.5 or <0. 6 ¯ (NMR, LC-MS) or >2.0 or <0.5 (GC×GC-MS), being classified as either exercise-responsive or intensity-dependent. Our findings indicate that CVE induced more profound alterations in the urinary metabolome than CME, especially at U01, returning to baseline within 24 h after U00. Most differences between exercise trials are likely to reflect higher energy requirements during CVE, as demonstrated by greater shifts in metabolites related to glycolysis (e.g., lactate, pyruvate), tricarboxylic acid cycle (e.g., cis-aconitate, malate), purine nucleotide breakdown (e.g., hypoxanthine), and amino acid mobilization (e.g., alanine) or degradation (e.g., 4-hydroxyphenylacetate). Discussion: To conclude, this study provided first evidence of specific urinary metabolites as potential metabolic markers of endurance exercise intensity. Future studies are needed to validate our results and to examine whether acute metabolite changes in urine might also be partly reflective of mechanisms underlying the health- or performance-enhancing effects of endurance exercise, particularly if performed at high intensities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sina Kistner
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry of Nutrition, Max Rubner-Institut, Karlsruhe, Germany,*Correspondence: Sina Kistner, ; Achim Bub,
| | - Carina I. Mack
- Department of Safety and Quality of Fruit and Vegetables, Max Rubner-Institut, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Manuela J. Rist
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry of Nutrition, Max Rubner-Institut, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Ralf Krüger
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry of Nutrition, Max Rubner-Institut, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Björn Egert
- Department of Safety and Quality of Fruit and Vegetables, Max Rubner-Institut, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Nathalie Biniaminov
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry of Nutrition, Max Rubner-Institut, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Ann Katrin Engelbert
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry of Nutrition, Max Rubner-Institut, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Stephanie Seifert
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry of Nutrition, Max Rubner-Institut, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Claudia Dörr
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry of Nutrition, Max Rubner-Institut, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Paola G. Ferrario
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry of Nutrition, Max Rubner-Institut, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Rainer Neumann
- Institute of Sports and Sports Science, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Stefan Altmann
- Institute of Sports and Sports Science, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany,TSG ResearchLab gGmbH, Zuzenhausen, Germany
| | - Achim Bub
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry of Nutrition, Max Rubner-Institut, Karlsruhe, Germany,Institute of Sports and Sports Science, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany,*Correspondence: Sina Kistner, ; Achim Bub,
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Chudzik M, Burzyńska M, Kapusta J. Use of 1-MNA to Improve Exercise Tolerance and Fatigue in Patients after COVID-19. Nutrients 2022; 14:3004. [PMID: 35893858 PMCID: PMC9331270 DOI: 10.3390/nu14153004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 07/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 is not only a short-term infection, as patients (pts) recovering from SARS-CoV-2 infection complain of persisting symptoms, which may lead to chronic fatigue syndrome. There is currently no evidence that nutritional supplements can assist in the recovery of pts with chronic fatigue syndrome. 1-Methylnicotinamide (1-MNA) is an endogenic substance that is produced in the liver when nicotinic acid is metabolized. 1-MNA demonstrates anti-inflammatory and anti-thrombotic properties. Therefore, we investigated whether 1-MNA supplements could improve exercise tolerance and decrease fatigue among patients recovering from SARS-CoV-2. METHODS The study population was composed of 50 pts who had recovered from symptomatic COVID-19. The selected pts were randomized into two groups: Gr 1 (NO-1-MNA)-without supplementation; Gr 2 (1-MNA) with 1-MNA supplementation. At the beginning of the study (Phase 0), in both groups, a 6-minute walk test (6MWT) was carried out and fatigue assessment was performed using the Fatigue Severity Scale (FSS). Both FSS and 6MWT were repeated after 1 month. RESULTS A significant improvement in the mean distance covered in the 6MWT was noted at follow-up in Gr 1-MNA, compared with Gr NO-1-MNA. We also noted that in Gr 1-MNA, the 6MWT distance was significantly higher after 1 month of supplementation with 1-MNA, compared with the beginning of the study (515.18 m in Phase 0 vs. 557.8 m in Phase 1; p = 0.000034). In Gr 1-MNA, significantly more pts improved their distance in the 6MWT (23 out of 25 pts, equal to 92%), by a mean of 47 m, compared with Gr NO-1-MNA (15 of 25 pts, equal to 60%) (p = 0.0061). After one month, significantly more patients in the group without 1-MNA had severe fatigue (FSS ≥ 4) compared with the group with supplementation (Gr 1-MNA = 5 pts (20%) vs. Gr NO-1-MNA = 14pts (56%); p = 0.008). CONCLUSIONS 1-MNA supplementation significantly improved physical performance in a 6-min walk test and reduced the percentage of patients with severe fatigue after COVID-19. The comprehensive action of 1-MNA, including anti-inflammatory and anticoagulant effects, may be beneficial for the recovery of patients with persistent symptoms of fatigue and low tolerance to exercise after COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał Chudzik
- Medical Center, Saint Family Hospital, 90-302 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Monika Burzyńska
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Social and Preventive Medicine of the Medical University of Lodz, 90-752 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Joanna Kapusta
- Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiac Rehabilitation, Medical University of Lodz, 70-445 Lodz, Poland
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5
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The significance of NAD + metabolites and nicotinamide N-methyltransferase in chronic kidney disease. Sci Rep 2022; 12:6398. [PMID: 35430611 PMCID: PMC9013399 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-10476-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysregulation of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD +) metabolism contributes to the initiation and progression of age-associated diseases, including chronic kidney disease (CKD). Nicotinamide N-methyltransferase (NNMT), a nicotinamide (NAM) metabolizing enzyme, regulates both NAD + and methionine metabolism. Although NNMT is expressed abundantly in the kidney, its role in CKD and renal fibrosis remains unclear. We generated NNMT-deficient mice and a unilateral ureter obstruction (UUO) model and conducted two clinical studies on human CKD to investigate the role of NNMT in CKD and fibrosis. In UUO, renal NNMT expression and the degraded metabolites of NAM increased, while NAD + and NAD + precursors decreased. NNMT deficiency ameliorated renal fibrosis; mechanistically, it (1) increased the DNA methylation of connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), and (2) improved renal inflammation by increasing renal NAD + and Sirt1 and decreasing NF-κB acetylation. In humans, along with CKD progression, a trend toward a decrease in serum NAD + precursors was observed, while the final NAD + metabolites were accumulated, and the level of eGFR was an independent variable for serum NAM. In addition, NNMT was highly expressed in fibrotic areas of human kidney tissues. In conclusion, increased renal NNMT expression induces NAD + and methionine metabolism perturbation and contributes to renal fibrosis.
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Stocks B, Ashcroft SP, Joanisse S, Dansereau LC, Koay YC, Elhassan YS, Lavery GG, Quek LE, O'Sullivan JF, Philp AM, Wallis GA, Philp A. Nicotinamide riboside supplementation does not alter whole-body or skeletal muscle metabolic responses to a single bout of endurance exercise. J Physiol 2021; 599:1513-1531. [PMID: 33492681 DOI: 10.1113/jp280825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS Acute nicotinamide riboside (NR) supplementation does not alter substrate metabolism at rest, during or in recovery from endurance exercise. NR does not alter NAD+ -sensitive signalling pathways in human skeletal muscle. NR supplementation and acute exercise influence the NAD+ metabolome. ABSTRACT Oral supplementation of the NAD+ precursor nicotinamide riboside (NR) has been reported to alter metabolism alongside increasing sirtuin (SIRT) signalling and mitochondrial biogenesis in rodent skeletal muscle. However, whether NR supplementation can elicit a similar response in human skeletal muscle is unclear. This study assessed the effect of 7-day NR supplementation on whole-body metabolism and exercise-induced mitochondrial biogenic signalling in skeletal muscle. Eight male participants (age: 23 ± 4 years, V ̇ O 2 peak 46.5 ± 4.4 ml kg-1 min-1 ) received 1 week of NR or cellulose placebo (PLA) supplementation (1000 mg day-1 ). Muscle biopsies were collected from the medial vastus lateralis prior to supplementation and pre-, immediately post- and 3 h post-exercise (1 h of 60% Wmax cycling) performed following the supplementation period. There was no effect of NR supplementation on substrate utilisation at rest or during exercise or on skeletal muscle mitochondrial respiration. Global acetylation, auto-PARylation of poly ADP-ribose polymerase 1 (PARP1), acetylation of Tumour protein 53 (p53)Lys382 and Manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD)Lys122 were also unaffected by NR supplementation or exercise. NR supplementation did not increase skeletal muscle NAD+ concentration, but it did increase the concentration of deaminated NAD+ precursors nicotinic acid riboside (NAR) and nicotinic acid mononucleotide (NAM) and methylated nicotinamide breakdown products (Me2PY and Me4PY), demonstrating the skeletal muscle bioavailability of NR supplementation. In summary, 1 week of NR supplementation does not alter whole-body metabolism or skeletal muscle signal transduction pathways implicated in the mitochondrial adaptation to endurance exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Stocks
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Stephen P Ashcroft
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Sophie Joanisse
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Linda C Dansereau
- Mitochondrial Metabolism and Ageing Laboratory, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, 2010, Australia.,St Vincent's Clinical School, UNSW Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Yen Chin Koay
- Charles Perkins Centre, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Heart Research Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Yasir S Elhassan
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (IMSR), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Gareth G Lavery
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (IMSR), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Lake-Ee Quek
- Charles Perkins Centre, School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - John F O'Sullivan
- Charles Perkins Centre, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Heart Research Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Ashleigh M Philp
- Mitochondrial Metabolism and Ageing Laboratory, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, 2010, Australia.,St Vincent's Clinical School, UNSW Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Gareth A Wallis
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Andrew Philp
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.,Mitochondrial Metabolism and Ageing Laboratory, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, 2010, Australia.,St Vincent's Clinical School, UNSW Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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7
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Zhou Q, Huang ZG, Zhu XJ, Xie ZH, Yao TF, Wang YH, Li JH. Effects of nicotinamide N-methyltransferase (NNMT) inhibition on the aerobic and the anaerobic endurance exercise capacity. Sci Sports 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scispo.2018.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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8
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You Z, Liu Y, Liu X. Nicotinamide N-methyltransferase enhances the progression of prostate cancer by stabilizing sirtuin 1. Oncol Lett 2018; 15:9195-9201. [PMID: 29805651 PMCID: PMC5958777 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.8474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A previous study demonstrated that nicotinamide N-methyltransferase (NNMT) is upregulated in the tissues of patients with prostate cancer (PCa); however, the specific underlying mechanism of this remains unclear. To begin with, the expression of NNMT was investigated in the peripheral blood of patients with PCa and of healthy control subjects. The results indicated that the expression level of NNMT was elevated in the peripheral blood and tissues of patients with PCa. Furthermore, the overexpression of NNMT enhanced PC-3 cell viability, invasion and migration capacity. Additionally, the overexpression of NNMT significantly increased the mRNA level of sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) in PC-3 cells. In addition, nicotinamide treatment significantly suppressed the expression of SIRT1 even in PC-3 cells transfected with adeno-associated virus-NNMT. Furthermore, the PC-3 cell invasion capacity was notably decreased by the nicotinamide treatment; however, such effects were largely abolished by the overexpression of NNMT in PC-3 cells. These data indicated that NNMT enhanced PC-3 cell migration and invasion mainly by regulating SIRT1 expression. In summary, the present study indicated that NNMT is an important regulator of SIRT1 expression in PC-3 cells and may be a potential therapeutic target for PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyu You
- Department of Oncology, 202 Hospital of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Shenyang, Liaoning 110812, P.R. China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Oncology, 202 Hospital of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Shenyang, Liaoning 110812, P.R. China
| | - Xuefei Liu
- Department of Oncology, 202 Hospital of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Shenyang, Liaoning 110812, P.R. China
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9
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N 1-methylnicotinamide is a signalling molecule produced in skeletal muscle coordinating energy metabolism. Sci Rep 2018; 8:3016. [PMID: 29445118 PMCID: PMC5813101 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-21099-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a major health problem, and although caloric restriction and exercise are successful strategies to lose adipose tissue in obese individuals, a simultaneous decrease in skeletal muscle mass, negatively effects metabolism and muscle function. To deeper understand molecular events occurring in muscle during weight-loss, we measured the expressional change in human skeletal muscle following a combination of severe caloric restriction and exercise over 4 days in 15 Swedish men. Key metabolic genes were regulated after the intervention, indicating a shift from carbohydrate to fat metabolism. Nicotinamide N-methyltransferase (NNMT) was the most consistently upregulated gene following the energy-deficit exercise. Circulating levels of N1-methylnicotinamide (MNA), the product of NNMT activity, were doubled after the intervention. The fasting-fed state was an important determinant of plasma MNA levels, peaking at ~18 h of fasting and being lowest ~3 h after a meal. In culture, MNA was secreted by isolated human myotubes and stimulated lipolysis directly, with no effect on glucagon or insulin secretion. We propose that MNA is a novel myokine that enhances the utilization of energy stores in response to low muscle energy availability. Future research should focus on applying MNA as a biomarker to identify individuals with metabolic disturbances at an early stage.
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Hill LJ, Williams AC. Meat Intake and the Dose of Vitamin B 3 - Nicotinamide: Cause of the Causes of Disease Transitions, Health Divides, and Health Futures? Int J Tryptophan Res 2017; 10:1178646917704662. [PMID: 28579801 PMCID: PMC5419340 DOI: 10.1177/1178646917704662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Meat and vitamin B3 - nicotinamide - intake was high during hunter-gatherer times. Intake then fell and variances increased during and after the Neolithic agricultural revolution. Health, height, and IQ deteriorated. Low dietary doses are buffered by 'welcoming' gut symbionts and tuberculosis that can supply nicotinamide, but this co-evolved homeostatic metagenomic strategy risks dysbioses and impaired resistance to pathogens. Vitamin B3 deficiency may now be common among the poor billions on a low-meat diet. Disease transitions to non-communicable inflammatory disorders (but longer lives) may be driven by positive 'meat transitions'. High doses of nicotinamide lead to reduced regulatory T cells and immune intolerance. Loss of no longer needed symbiotic 'old friends' compounds immunological over-reactivity to cause allergic and auto-immune diseases. Inhibition of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide consumers and loss of methyl groups or production of toxins may cause cancers, metabolic toxicity, or neurodegeneration. An optimal dosage of vitamin B3 could lead to better health, but such a preventive approach needs more equitable meat distribution. Some people may require personalised doses depending on genetic make-up or, temporarily, when under stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa J Hill
- Neuroscience and Ophthalmology Research Group, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Adrian C Williams
- Department of Neurology, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
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Fedorowicz A, Mateuszuk Ł, Kopec G, Skórka T, Kutryb-Zając B, Zakrzewska A, Walczak M, Jakubowski A, Łomnicka M, Słomińska E, Chlopicki S. Activation of the nicotinamide N-methyltransferase (NNMT)-1-methylnicotinamide (MNA) pathway in pulmonary hypertension. Respir Res 2016; 17:108. [PMID: 27581040 PMCID: PMC5007701 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-016-0423-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2016] [Accepted: 08/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is associated with inflammatory response but it is unknown whether it is associated with alterations in NNMT activity and MNA plasma concentration. Here we examined changes in NNMT-MNA pathway in PAH in rats and humans. Methods PAH in rats was induced by a single subcutaneous injection of MCT (60 mg/kg). Changes in NNMT activity in the lungs and liver (assessed as the rate of conversion of nicotinamide (NA) to MNA), changes in plasma concentration of MNA and its metabolites (analyzed by LC/MS) were analyzed in relation to PAH progression. PAH was characterized by right ventricular hypertrophy (gross morphology), cardiac dysfunction (by MRI), lung histopathology, lung ultrastructure, and ET-1 concentration in plasma. NO-dependent and PGI2-dependent function in isolated lungs was analyzed. In naive patients with idiopathic pulmonary hypertension (IPAH) characterized by hemodynamic and biochemical parameters MNA and its metabolites in plasma were also measured. Results MCT-injected rats developed hypertrophy and functional impairment of the right ventricle, hypertrophy of the pulmonary arteries, endothelial ultrastructural defects and a progressive increase in ET-1 plasma concentration—findings all consistent with PAH development. In isolated lung, NO-dependent regulation of hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction was impaired, while PGI2 production (6-keto-PGF1α) was increased. NNMT activity increased progressively in the liver and in the lungs following MCT injection, and NNMT response was associated with an increase in MNA and 6-keto-PGF1α concentration in plasma. In IPAH patients plasma concentration of MNA was elevated as compared with healthy controls. Conclusions Progression of pulmonary hypertension is associated with the activation of the NNMT-MNA pathway in rats and humans. Given the vasoprotective activity of exogenous MNA, which was previously ascribed to PGI2 release, the activation of the endogenous NNMT-MNA pathway may play a compensatory role in PAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej Fedorowicz
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET), Jagiellonian University, Bobrzyńskiego 14, Krakow, Poland.,Chair of Pharmacology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Grzegórzecka 16, Krakow, Poland
| | - Łukasz Mateuszuk
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET), Jagiellonian University, Bobrzyńskiego 14, Krakow, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Kopec
- Department of Cardiac and Vascular Diseases, Jagiellonian University Medical College, John Paul II Hospital in Krakow, Pradnicka 80, Kraków, Poland
| | - Tomasz Skórka
- Institute of Nuclear Physics Polish Academy of Sciences, PL-31342, Kraków, Poland
| | - Barbara Kutryb-Zając
- Chair and Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk, Dębinki 1, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Zakrzewska
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET), Jagiellonian University, Bobrzyńskiego 14, Krakow, Poland
| | - Maria Walczak
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET), Jagiellonian University, Bobrzyńskiego 14, Krakow, Poland.,Department of Toxicology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688, Kraków, Poland
| | - Andrzej Jakubowski
- Chair of Pharmacology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Grzegórzecka 16, Krakow, Poland
| | - Magdalena Łomnicka
- Chair of Pharmacology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Grzegórzecka 16, Krakow, Poland
| | - Ewa Słomińska
- Chair and Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk, Dębinki 1, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Stefan Chlopicki
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET), Jagiellonian University, Bobrzyńskiego 14, Krakow, Poland. .,Chair of Pharmacology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Grzegórzecka 16, Krakow, Poland.
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12
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Przyborowski K, Wojewoda M, Sitek B, Zakrzewska A, Kij A, Wandzel K, Zoladz JA, Chlopicki S. Effects of 1-Methylnicotinamide (MNA) on Exercise Capacity and Endothelial Response in Diabetic Mice. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0130908. [PMID: 26115505 PMCID: PMC4482656 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0130908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2015] [Accepted: 05/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
1-Methylnicotinamide (MNA), which was initially considered to be a biologically inactive endogenous metabolite of nicotinamide, has emerged as an anti-thrombotic and anti-inflammatory agent with the capacity to release prostacyclin (PGI2). In the present study, we characterized the effects of MNA on exercise capacity and the endothelial response to exercise in diabetic mice. Eight-week-old db/db mice were untreated or treated with MNA for 4 weeks (100 mg·kg-1), and their exercise capacity as well as NO- and PGI2-dependent response to endurance running were subsequently assessed. MNA treatment of db/db mice resulted in four-fold and three-fold elevation of urine concentrations of MNA and its metabolites (Met-2PY + Met-4PY), respectively (P<0.01), but did not affect HbA1c concentration, fasting glucose concentration or lipid profile. However, insulin sensitivity was improved (P<0.01). In MNA-treated db/db mice, the time to fatigue for endurance exercise was significantly prolonged (P<0.05). Post-exercise Δ6-keto-PGF1α (difference between mean concentration in the sedentary and exercised groups) tended to increase, and post-exercise leukocytosis was substantially reduced in MNA-treated animals. In turn, the post-exercise fall in plasma concentration of nitrate was not affected by MNA. In conclusion, we demonstrated for the first time that MNA improves endurance exercise capacity in mice with diabetes, and may also decrease the cardiovascular risk of exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamil Przyborowski
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET), Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Marta Wojewoda
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET), Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Barbara Sitek
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET), Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Zakrzewska
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET), Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Kij
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET), Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
- Department of Pharmacokinetics and Physical Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Krystyna Wandzel
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET), Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Jerzy Andrzej Zoladz
- Department of Muscle Physiology, Faculty of Rehabilitation, University School of Physical Education, Krakow, Poland
| | - Stefan Chlopicki
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET), Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
- * E-mail:
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13
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Bi HC, Pan YZ, Qiu JX, Krausz KW, Li F, Johnson CH, Jiang CT, Gonzalez FJ, Yu AM. N-methylnicotinamide and nicotinamide N-methyltransferase are associated with microRNA-1291-altered pancreatic carcinoma cell metabolome and suppressed tumorigenesis. Carcinogenesis 2014; 35:2264-72. [PMID: 25115443 PMCID: PMC4178474 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgu174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2014] [Revised: 07/11/2014] [Accepted: 07/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The cell metabolome comprises abundant information that may be predictive of cell functions in response to epigenetic or genetic changes at different stages of cell proliferation and metastasis. An unbiased ultra-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry-based metabolomics study revealed a significantly altered metabolome for human pancreatic carcinoma PANC-1 cells with gain-of-function non-coding microRNA-1291 (miR-1291), which led to a lower migration and invasion capacity as well as suppressed tumorigenesis in a xenograft tumor mouse model. A number of metabolites, including N-methylnicotinamide, involved in nicotinamide metabolism, and l-carnitine, isobutyryl-carnitine and isovaleryl-carnitine, involved in fatty acid metabolism, were elevated in miR-1291-expressing PANC-1. Notably, N-methylnicotinamide was elevated to the greatest extent, and this was associated with a sharp increase in nicotinamide N-methyltransferase (NNMT) mRNA level in miR-1291-expressing PANC-1 cells. In addition, expression of NNMT mRNA was inversely correlated with pancreatic tumor size in the xenograft mouse model. These results indicate that miR-1291-altered PANC-1 cell function is associated with the increase in N-methylnicotinamide level and NNMT expression, and in turn NNMT may be indicative of the extent of pancreatic carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Chang Bi
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China, Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Yu-Zhuo Pan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, SUNY-Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA, Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Medicine, UC Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA and
| | - Jing-Xin Qiu
- Department of Pathology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
| | - Kristopher W Krausz
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Fei Li
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Caroline H Johnson
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Chang-Tao Jiang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Frank J Gonzalez
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Ai-Ming Yu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, SUNY-Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA, Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Medicine, UC Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA and
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14
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Bonda TA, Kożuch M, Litvinovich S, Bialuk I, Taranta A, Lipiec P, Szymczyk E, Musiał WJ, Winnicka MM, Kamiński KA. Transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation of CCN genes in failing heart. Pharmacol Rep 2014; 67:204-8. [PMID: 25712640 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharep.2014.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2014] [Revised: 08/15/2014] [Accepted: 08/18/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND CCN family of proteins has been implicated in various processes in cardiovascular physiology and pathology, including angiogenesis, regeneration and fibrosis. In this study we assessed long term changes of CCN1 and CCN2 gene products abundance in the failing ventricular myocardium. METHODS Male, 12-14-weeks-old C57BL6/J and C57BL6/J (IL-6-/-) mice were used. To assess short term changes, a transient reversible ischemia model was utilized. Heart failure was caused by ligation of anterior descending coronary artery. The presence of systolic dysfunction was confirmed by echocardiography and left ventricular ANP RNA expression. Molecular analysis was performed on left ventricular samples from animals sacrificed 12-14 weeks after infarction. Western blotting and QT-PCR were used to investigate abundance of CCN proteins and RNAs, respectively. RESULTS Short ischemia resulted in marked increase of CCN1 transcript. However, three months after myocardial infarction (MI), remote myocardium showed a markedly increased expression of CCN1 protein, but not RNA. In the case of CCN2, the RNA was distinctly up-regulated, whereas the protein presented only modest, non-significant increase in failing myocardium. Expression of CCN2 RNA closely correlated with expression of ANP. Long-term telmisartan administration after infarction decreased the expression of CCN1 protein. Interleukin 6 (IL-6) deficiency caused increased CCN2 protein abundance in control animals, but the difference was absent after MI. Infarction did not increase CCN1 protein in the hearts of IL-6 deficient mice. CONCLUSION CCN genes are activated in heart failure. Their regulation is multidimensional both transcriptional and posttranscriptional. The involved pathways include angiotensin II and IL-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz A Bonda
- Department of General and Experimental Pathology, Medical University of Białystok, Białystok, Poland
| | - Marcin Kożuch
- Department of Invasive Cardiology, Medical University of Białystok, Białystok, Poland
| | - Sergei Litvinovich
- Department of General and Experimental Pathology, Medical University of Białystok, Białystok, Poland; Department of Medical Therapy, Grodno State University, Grodno, Belarus
| | - Izabela Bialuk
- Department of General and Experimental Pathology, Medical University of Białystok, Białystok, Poland
| | - Andrzej Taranta
- Department of General and Experimental Pathology, Medical University of Białystok, Białystok, Poland
| | - Piotr Lipiec
- Chair and Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Łodz, Łódź, Poland
| | - Ewa Szymczyk
- Chair and Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Łodz, Łódź, Poland
| | | | - Maria M Winnicka
- Department of General and Experimental Pathology, Medical University of Białystok, Białystok, Poland
| | - Karol A Kamiński
- Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Bialystok, Białystok, Poland.
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15
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Wojewoda M, Kmiecik K, Ventura-Clapier R, Fortin D, Onopiuk M, Jakubczyk J, Sitek B, Fedorowicz A, Majerczak J, Kaminski K, Chlopicki S, Zoladz JA. Running performance at high running velocities is impaired but V'O(₂max) and peripheral endothelial function are preserved in IL-6⁻/⁻ mice. PLoS One 2014; 9:e88333. [PMID: 24533077 PMCID: PMC3922811 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0088333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2013] [Accepted: 01/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been reported that IL-6 knockout mice (IL-6⁻/⁻) possess lower endurance capacity than wild type mice (WT), however the underlying mechanism is poorly understood. The aim of the present work was to examine whether reduced endurance running capacity in IL-6⁻/⁻ mice is linked to impaired maximal oxygen uptake (V'O(₂max)), decreased glucose tolerance, endothelial dysfunction or other mechanisms. Maximal running velocity during incremental running to exhaustion was significantly lower in IL-6⁻/⁻ mice than in WT mice (13.00±0.97 m·min⁻¹ vs. 16.89±1.15 m·min⁻¹, P<0.02, respectively). Moreover, the time to exhaustion during running at 12 m·min⁻¹ in IL-6⁻/⁻ mice was significantly shorter (P<0.05) than in WT mice. V'O(₂max) in IL-6⁻/⁻ (n = 20) amounting to 108.3±2.8 ml·kg⁻¹·min⁻¹ was similar as in WT mice (n = 22) amounting to 113.0±1.8 ml·kg⁻¹·min⁻¹, (P = 0.16). No difference in maximal COX activity between the IL-6⁻/⁻ and WT mice in m. soleus and m. gastrocnemius was found. Moreover, no impairment of peripheral endothelial function or glucose tolerance was found in IL-6⁻/⁻ mice. Surprisingly, plasma lactate concentration during running at 8 m·min⁻¹ as well at maximal running velocity in IL-6⁻/⁻ mice was significantly lower (P<0.01) than in WT mice. Interestingly, IL-6⁻/⁻ mice displayed important adaptive mechanisms including significantly lower oxygen cost of running at a given speed accompanied by lower expression of sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca²⁺-ATPase and lower plasma lactate concentrations during running at submaximal and maximal running velocities. In conclusion, impaired endurance running capacity in IL-6⁻/⁻ mice could not be explained by reduced V'O(₂max), endothelial dysfunction or impaired muscle oxidative capacity. Therefore, our results indicate that IL-6 cannot be regarded as a major regulator of exercise capacity but rather as a modulator of endurance performance. Furthermore, we identified important compensatory mechanism limiting reduced exercise performance in IL-6⁻/⁻ mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Wojewoda
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET), Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Kmiecik
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET), Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | | | | | - Marta Onopiuk
- Department of Biochemistry, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Justyna Jakubczyk
- Department of Biochemistry, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Barbara Sitek
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET), Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Andrzej Fedorowicz
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET), Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Joanna Majerczak
- Department of Muscle Physiology, University School of Physical Education, Krakow, Poland
| | - Karol Kaminski
- Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Stefan Chlopicki
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET), Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Jerzy Andrzej Zoladz
- Department of Muscle Physiology, University School of Physical Education, Krakow, Poland
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16
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Role of sirtuins in lifespan regulation is linked to methylation of nicotinamide. Nat Chem Biol 2013; 9:693-700. [PMID: 24077178 DOI: 10.1038/nchembio.1352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2013] [Accepted: 08/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Sirtuins, a family of histone deacetylases, have a fiercely debated role in regulating lifespan. In contrast with recent observations, here we find that overexpression of sir-2.1, the ortholog of mammalian SirT1, does extend Caenorhabditis elegans lifespan. Sirtuins mandatorily convert NAD(+) into nicotinamide (NAM). We here find that NAM and its metabolite, 1-methylnicotinamide (MNA), extend C. elegans lifespan, even in the absence of sir-2.1. We identify a previously unknown C. elegans nicotinamide-N-methyltransferase, encoded by a gene now named anmt-1, to generate MNA from NAM. Disruption and overexpression of anmt-1 have opposing effects on lifespan independent of sirtuins, with loss of anmt-1 fully inhibiting sir-2.1-mediated lifespan extension. MNA serves as a substrate for a newly identified aldehyde oxidase, GAD-3, to generate hydrogen peroxide, which acts as a mitohormetic reactive oxygen species signal to promote C. elegans longevity. Taken together, sirtuin-mediated lifespan extension depends on methylation of NAM, providing an unexpected mechanistic role for sirtuins beyond histone deacetylation.
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17
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Trammell SA, Brenner C. Targeted, LCMS-based Metabolomics for Quantitative Measurement of NAD(+) Metabolites. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2013; 4:e201301012. [PMID: 24688693 PMCID: PMC3962138 DOI: 10.5936/csbj.201301012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2013] [Revised: 05/09/2013] [Accepted: 05/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) is a coenzyme for hydride transfer reactions and a substrate for sirtuins and other NAD+-consuming enzymes. The abundance of NAD +, NAD+ biosynthetic intermediates, and related nucleotides reflects the metabolic state of cells and tissues. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) followed by ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopic analysis of NAD+ metabolites does not offer the specificity and sensitivity necessary for robust quantification of complex samples. Thus, we developed a targeted, quantitative assay of the NAD+ metabolome with the use of HPLC coupled to mass spectrometry. Here we discuss NAD+ metabolism as well as the technical challenges required for reliable quantification of the NAD+ metabolites. The new method incorporates new separations and improves upon a previously published method that suffered from the problem of ionization suppression for particular compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Aj Trammell
- Department of Biochemistry ; Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Genetics Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Charles Brenner
- Department of Biochemistry ; Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Genetics Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
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