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Nguyen AT, Grembi JA, Riviere M, Barratt Heitmann G, Hutson WD, Athni TS, Patil A, Ercumen A, Lin A, Crider Y, Mertens A, Unicomb L, Rahman M, Luby SP, Arnold BF, Benjamin-Chung J. Influence of Temperature and Precipitation on the Effectiveness of Water, Sanitation, and Handwashing Interventions against Childhood Diarrheal Disease in Rural Bangladesh: A Reanalysis of the WASH Benefits Bangladesh Trial. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2024; 132:47006. [PMID: 38602833 PMCID: PMC11008709 DOI: 10.1289/ehp13807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diarrheal disease is a leading cause of childhood morbidity and mortality globally. Household water, sanitation, and handwashing (WASH) interventions can reduce exposure to diarrhea-causing pathogens, but meteorological factors may impact their effectiveness. Information about effect heterogeneity under different weather conditions is critical to refining these targeted interventions. OBJECTIVES We aimed to determine whether temperature and precipitation modified the effect of low-cost, point-of-use WASH interventions on child diarrhea. METHODS We analyzed data from a trial in rural Bangladesh that compared child diarrhea prevalence between clusters (N = 720 ) that were randomized to different WASH interventions between 2012 and 2016 (NCT01590095). We matched temperature and precipitation measurements to diarrhea outcomes (N = 12,440 measurements, 6,921 children) by geographic coordinates and date. We estimated prevalence ratios (PRs) using generative additive models and targeted maximum likelihood estimation to assess the effectiveness of each WASH intervention under different weather conditions. RESULTS Generally, WASH interventions most effectively prevented diarrhea during monsoon season, particularly following weeks with heavy rain or high temperatures. The PR for diarrhea in the WASH interventions group compared with the control group was 0.49 (95% CI: 0.35, 0.68) after 1 d of heavy rainfall, with a less-protective effect [PR = 0.87 (95% CI: 0.60, 1.25)] when there were no days with heavy rainfall. Similarly, the PR for diarrhea in the WASH intervention group compared with the control group was 0.60 (95% CI: 0.48, 0.75) following above-median temperatures vs. 0.91 (95% CI: 0.61, 1.35) following below-median temperatures. The influence of precipitation and temperature varied by intervention type; for precipitation, the largest differences in effectiveness were for the sanitation and combined WASH interventions. DISCUSSION WASH intervention effectiveness was strongly influenced by precipitation and temperature, and nearly all protective effects were observed during the rainy season. Future implementation of these interventions should consider local environmental conditions to maximize effectiveness, including targeted efforts to maintain latrines and promote community adoption ahead of monsoon seasons. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP13807.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna T. Nguyen
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Jessica A. Grembi
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Marie Riviere
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | | | - William D. Hutson
- Brown School, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Tejas S. Athni
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Arusha Patil
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Ayse Ercumen
- Department of Forestry and Environmental Resources, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Audrie Lin
- Department of Microbiology and Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, USA
| | - Yoshika Crider
- King Center on Global Development, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Andrew Mertens
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Leanne Unicomb
- Environmental Health and WASH, Health System and Population Studies Division, ICDDR,B, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Mahbubur Rahman
- Environmental Health and WASH, Health System and Population Studies Division, ICDDR,B, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Stephen P. Luby
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Benjamin F. Arnold
- Francis I. Proctor Foundation, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Jade Benjamin-Chung
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, California, USA
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Zhou Y, Wu Q, Li C, Meng P, Ding L. Inequalities in non-communicable disease management in China and progress toward universal health coverage: an analysis of nationwide household survey data from 2004 to 2018. THE LANCET REGIONAL HEALTH. WESTERN PACIFIC 2024; 44:100989. [PMID: 38226331 PMCID: PMC10788262 DOI: 10.1016/j.lanwpc.2023.100989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
Background Prevention and control of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) become a policy priority in Universal Health Coverage (UHC) in China, while NCD management has never been comprehensively estimated at national and subnational levels. We aimed to assess NCD management in China nationally and in key subpopulations, investigate inequalities from multidimensions, and further examine its association with health financing and resources. Methods Data included were from China Chronic Disease and Risk Factors Surveillance (CCDRFS) and China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS). Following the WHO recommended frameworks, we selected eight NCD health service and risk management indicators and used meta-analysis to construct the composite NCD index. We explored the trends in and projections of NCD management index and indicators at national and subnational levels by using Bayesian regression models with average annual percentage change (AAPC) from 2004 to 2018 and probability of reaching the UHC target by 2030. We further conducted comprehensive inequality analyses of NCD indicators from multidimensions with patterns of changes over time using absolute difference and relative ratio. Finally, we quantified the associations between NCD management performance with health financing and resources using stochastic frontier analysis. Findings In China, the NCD management index increased slowly from 62.0% (95% CI 36.0 to 84.0) in 2004 to 64.3% (95% CI 44.0 to 82.2) in 2018, with lagging performance being observed in prevention domain (AAPC -0.1%, 95% CrI -1.0 to 0.8). And all management indicators presented low probabilities of accomplishing 2030 targets in China. Notably, based on subnational analysis, diverse tendency and magnitude of inequalities in multiple NCD indicators were identified with widening gaps between genders (non-overweight, diabetes treatment), age groups (non-use of tobacco), urban-rural areas (non-use of alcohol, non-use of tobacco), regions (sufficient physical activity), and wealth quintiles (non-overweight, sufficient physical activity). Additionally, it was observed that compared with urban area, rural area had constantly lower health resources and presented 2.2% lower NCD management performance in 2018. Importantly, we found that health financing and resources especially distributed in primary health care (PHC) facilities were closely and positively associated with NCD management performance. A 1000 yuan increase of government health expenditure (GHE) per capita and a 10 increase of medical beds per 1000 capita in PHC facilities were associated with a 4.0% (95% CI 2.0 to 6.0) and 6.8% (95% CI 0.2 to 13.5) increase of NCD management index, respectively. Interpretation The progress towards NCD management is slow at national level and in key subpopulations in China, with great challenges of existing and widening inequalities between genders, age groups, urban-rural areas, regions and socioeconomic groups. Rural and old people were still vulnerable populations who were lagging behind in NCD prevention and control. Optimising resource allocation by strengthening PHC especially in rural area, developing tailor-made programmes targeting specific populations such as old individuals, simultaneously integrating gender, education, and economic interventions to reduce inequalities should be prioritised to help China tackle NCDs during the progress towards UHC. Funding National Natural Science Foundation of China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhou
- Center for Smart and Healthy Buildings, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, China
| | - Qi Wu
- Center for Smart and Healthy Buildings, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, China
| | - Chenshuang Li
- Center for Smart and Healthy Buildings, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, China
| | - Pu Meng
- Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, China
| | - Lieyun Ding
- Center for Smart and Healthy Buildings, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, China
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Kundu S, Sharif AB, Chowdhury SSA, Afroz S, Dey R, Hossain A. Socioeconomic and geographical inequalities in delivery by cesarean section among women in Bangladesh, 2004-2017. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2024; 24:131. [PMID: 38350916 PMCID: PMC10863140 DOI: 10.1186/s12884-024-06327-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is a dearth of evidence on the trends and inequalities in utilizing cesarean section (CS) among women in Bangladesh. Hence, this study aimed to estimate the socioeconomic and geographical inequalities in delivery by CS among Bangladeshi women from 2004 to 2017. METHODS Data from Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey 2004, 2007, 2011, 2014, and 2017 were analyzed using the WHO's Health Equity Assessment Toolkit (HEAT) software. Inequalities were measured using four summary measures: Difference (D), Population Attributable Risk (PAR), Population Attributable Fraction (PAF), and Ratio (R). Socioeconomic inequalities were assessed using two equity dimensions: household wealth status, and level of education, while geographical disparities were measured using two equity dimensions: place of residence, and sub-national regions. For each measure, point estimates and their 95% confidence intervals were reported. RESULTS An increasing trend in the prevalence (weighted) of CS in Bangladesh use was found from 4.50% in 2004 to 32.73% in 2017 We found significant socioeconomic inequalities in CS in every survey point, with a higher concentration of CS among the rich (in 2017, PAR = 28.57; 95% CI: 26.69-30.46) indicating a pro-rich inequality, and higher educated (in 2017, PAF = 23.97; 95% CI: 12.26-35.68) sub-groups. We also identified significant geographical disparities in CS with a higher concentration of CS among people from urban areas (in 2017, PAR = 10.99; 95% CI: 10.19-11.79), and a coastal region (Khulna division) (in 2017, PAF: 30.48 (95% CI: 18.66-42.30). CONCLUSION We observed both socioeconomic and geographical inequalities in CS exist in Bangladesh, though the trends of these inequalities were curved over time. Thus, it is important to comprehend these pro-rich and geographical inequalities better and implement appropriate interventions and policies to alleviate them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satyajit Kundu
- Global Health Institute, North South University, Dhaka, 1229, Bangladesh.
- Faculty of Nutrition and Food Science, Patuakhali Science and Technology University, Patuakhali, 8602, Bangladesh.
| | - Azaz Bin Sharif
- Global Health Institute, North South University, Dhaka, 1229, Bangladesh
- Department of Public Health, North South University, Dhaka, 1229, Bangladesh
| | - Syed Sharaf Ahmed Chowdhury
- Global Health Institute, North South University, Dhaka, 1229, Bangladesh
- Department of Public Health, North South University, Dhaka, 1229, Bangladesh
| | - Sadia Afroz
- Department of Public Health, North South University, Dhaka, 1229, Bangladesh
| | - Rakhi Dey
- Statistics Discipline, Khulna University, Khulna, 9208, Bangladesh
| | - Ahmed Hossain
- College of Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, 27272, United Arab Emirates
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Alwash SM, Huda MM, McIntyre HD, Mamun AA. Time trends and projections in the prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus in Queensland, Australia, 2009-2030: Evidence from the Queensland Perinatal Data Collection. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol 2023; 63:811-820. [PMID: 37435791 DOI: 10.1111/ajo.13734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is the fastest-growing type of diabetes in Australia. We aimed to assess the time trends during 2009-2018 and projections of GDM in Queensland, Australia up to 2030. MATERIALS AND METHODS The study data were from the Queensland Perinatal Data Collection (QPDC) and included data on 606 662 birth events with the births reported from at least 20 weeks gestational age or birth weight at least 400 g. Bayesian regression model was used to assess the trends in the prevalence of GDM. RESULTS The prevalence of GDM increased from 5.47 to 13.62% from 2009 to 2018 (average annual rate of change, AARC = +10.71%). If the trend remains the same, the projected prevalence will increase to 42.04% (95% uncertainty interval = 34.77-48.96) by 2030. Observing AARC across different subpopulations, we found that the trend of GDM increased markedly among women living in inner regional areas (AARC = +12.49%), were non-Indigenous (AARC = +10.93%), most disadvantaged (AARC = +11.84%), aged either of two age groups (AARC = +18.45% and + 15.17% for <20 years and 20-24 years, respectively), were with obesity (AARC = +11.05%) and smoked during pregnancy (AARC = +12.26%). CONCLUSIONS Overall, the prevalence of GDM has sharply increased in Queensland, and if this trend continues, about 42% of pregnant women will experience GDM by 2030. The trends vary across different subpopulations. Therefore, targeting the most vulnerable subpopulations is vital to prevent the development of GDM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sura M Alwash
- Poche Centre for Indigenous Health, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - M Mamun Huda
- Poche Centre for Indigenous Health, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Children and Families Over the Life Course, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - H David McIntyre
- Mater Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Abdullah A Mamun
- Poche Centre for Indigenous Health, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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Li Y, Guan H, Fu H. Understanding financial risk protection in China's health system: a descriptive analysis using data from multiple national household surveys. BMC Public Health 2023; 23:1820. [PMID: 37726730 PMCID: PMC10508013 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-023-16679-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Providing financial risk protection is one of the fundamental goals of health systems. Catastrophic health expenditure (CHE) and medical impoverishment (MI) are two common indicators in evaluating financial risk protection in health. As China continues its health system reform to provide accessible and affordable health care, it is important to have a clear understanding of China's progress in financial risk protection. However, past research showed discrepancies in the incidence of CHE and MI. In this article, using data from four national household surveys, we analyzed levels and characteristics of CHE and MI in China under different definitions. METHODS We used multiple conventional thresholds for CHE and MI to comprehensively describe the levels of financial risk protection in China. We used data from four national household surveys to measure the incidence of CHE and MI, and their inequalities by urban/rural status and by income quartiles. The Probit regression model was used to explore influencing factors of CHE and MI. RESULTS We found that the incidences of CHE and MI were largely consistent across four national household surveys, despite different sampling methods and questionnaire designs. At the 40% nonfood expenditure threshold, the incidence of CHE in China was 14.95%-17.73% across four surveys during the period of 2016-2017. Meanwhile, at the 1.9 US dollars poverty line, the incidence of MI was 2.01%-5.63%. Moreover, rural residents, lower-income subgroups, and smaller households were faced with higher financial risks from healthcare expenditures. Although positive progress in financial risk protection has been achieved in recent years, China has disproportionately high incidences of CHE and MI, compared to other countries. CONCLUSION China has large margins for improvements in risk financial protection, with large inequalities across subgroups. Providing better financial protection for low-income groups in rural areas is the key to improve financial protection in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Li
- School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Hongcai Guan
- School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Hongqiao Fu
- School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China.
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Kumar P, Sharma H. Prevalence and determinants of socioeconomic inequality in caesarean section deliveries in Bangladesh: an analysis of cross-sectional data from Bangladesh Demographic Health Survey, 2017-18. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2023; 23:492. [PMID: 37403091 DOI: 10.1186/s12884-023-05782-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Caesarean section deliveries, which involve incisions in the abdomen and uterus of the mother, have been a widespread event among women with obstructed labour. The current study not only estimated the socioeconomic and demographic factors of caesarean deliveries in Bangladesh but also decomposed the existing socioeconomic inequality in caesarean deliveries. DATA AND METHODS 2017-18 Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey (BDHS) data was used for this study. The adequate sample size for the analysis was 5,338 women aged 15-49 years who had given birth at a health facility for three years preceding the survey. Explanatory variables included women's age, women's educational level, women's working status, mass media exposure, body mass index (BMI), birth order, Ante Natal Care (ANC) visits, place of delivery, partner's education and occupation, religion, wealth index, place of residence, and divisions. Descriptive statistics along with bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to identify the factors associated with the outcome variable. Concentration index and concentration curve were made to measure the socioeconomic inequality in caesarean births in Bangladesh. Further, Wagstaff decomposition analysis was used to decompose the inequalities in the study. RESULTS About one-third of the deliveries in Bangladesh were caesarean. Education of the women and the family's wealth had a positive relationship with caesarean delivery. The likelihood of caesarean delivery was 33% less among working women than those who were not working [AOR: 0.77; CI: 0.62-0.97]. Women who had mass media exposure [AOR: 1.27; CI: 0.97-1.65], overweight/obese [AOR: 1.43; CI: 1.11-1.84], first birth order, received four or more Antenatal check-ups (ANC) [AOR: 2.39; CI: 1.12-5.1], and delivered in a private health facility [AOR: 6.69; CI: 5.38-8.31] had significantly higher likelihood of caesarean delivery compared to their counterparts. About 65% of inequality was explained by place of delivery followed by wealth status of the household (about 13%). ANC visits explained about 5% of the inequality. Furthermore, the BMI status of the women had a significant contribution to caesarean births-related inequality (4%). CONCLUSION Socioeconomic inequality prevails in the caesarean deliveries in Bangladesh. The place of delivery, household wealth status, ANC visits, body mass index, women's education and mass media have been the highest contributors to the inequality. The study, through its findings, suggests that the health authorities should intervene, formulate specialized programs and spread awareness about the ill effects of caesarean deliveries amongst the most vulnerable groups of women in Bangladesh.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradeep Kumar
- Monitoring & Evaluation, Health Action Trust, Lucknow, India
| | - Himani Sharma
- Department of Survey Research and Data Analytics, International Institute for Population Sciences, Deonar, Mumbai, 400088, India.
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Jashni YK, Emari F, Morris M, Allison P. Indicators of integrating oral health care within universal health coverage and general health care in low-, middle-, and high-income countries: a scoping review. BMC Oral Health 2023; 23:251. [PMID: 37120527 PMCID: PMC10149008 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-023-02906-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The World Health Organization (WHO) has recently devoted special attention to oral health and oral health care recommending the latter becoming part of universal health coverage (UHC) so as to reduce oral health inequalities across the globe. In this context, as countries consider acting on this recommendation, it is essential to develop a monitoring framework to measure the progress of integrating oral health/health care into UHC. This study aimed to identify existing measures in the literature that could be used to indicate oral health/health care integration within UHC across a range of low-, middle- and high-income countries. METHODS A scoping review was conducted by searching MEDLINE via Ovid, CINAHL, and Ovid Global Health databases. There were no quality or publication date restrictions in the search strategy. An initial search by an academic librarian was followed by the independent reviewing of all identified articles by two authors for inclusion or exclusion based on the relevance of the work in the articles to the review topic. The included articles were all published in English. Articles concerning which the reviewers disagreed on inclusion or exclusion were reviewed by a third author, and subsequent discussion resulted in agreement on which articles were to be included and excluded. The included articles were reviewed to identify relevant indicators and the results were descriptively mapped using a simple frequency count of the indicators. RESULTS The 83 included articles included work from a wide range of 32 countries and were published between 1995 and 2021. The review identified 54 indicators divided into 15 categories. The most frequently reported indicators were in the following categories: dental service utilization, oral health status, cost/service/population coverage, finances, health facility access, and workforce and human resources. This study was limited by the databases searched and the use of English-language publications only. CONCLUSIONS This scoping review identified 54 indicators in a wide range of 15 categories of indicators that have the potential to be used to evaluate the integration of oral health/health care into UHC across a wide range of countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yassaman Karimi Jashni
- Faculty of Dental Medicine and Oral Health Sciences, McGill University, Montréal, Canada
| | - Fatemeh Emari
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montréal, Canada
| | - Martin Morris
- Schulich Library of Physical Sciences, Life Sciences and Engineering, McGill University, Montréal, Canada
| | - Paul Allison
- Faculty of Dental Medicine and Oral Health Sciences, McGill University, Montréal, Canada.
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Huda MM, Callaway LK, Jackson G, Fatima Y, Cumming J, Biswas T, Paz GR, Boyle F, Sly PD, Mamun AA. Time trends, projections, and spatial distribution of low birthweight in Australia, 2009-2030: Evidence from the National Perinatal Data Collection. Birth 2023; 50:76-89. [PMID: 36696404 PMCID: PMC10947513 DOI: 10.1111/birt.12708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Infants with low birthweight (LBW, birthweight <2500 g) have increased in many high-resource countries over the past two decades. This study aimed to investigate the time trends, projections, and spatial distribution of LBW in Australia, 2009-2030. METHODS We used standard aggregate data on 3 346 808 births from 2009 to 2019 from Australia's National Perinatal Data Collection. Bayesian linear regression model was used to estimate the trends in the prevalence of LBW in Australia. RESULTS Wefound that the prevalence of LBW was 6.18% in 2009, which has increased to 6.64% in 2019 (average annual rate of change, AARC = +0.76%). If the national trend remains the same, the projected prevalence of LBW in Australia will increase to 7.34% (95% uncertainty interval, UI = 6.99, 7.68) in 2030. Observing AARC across different subpopulations, the trend of LBW was stable among Indigenous mothers, whereas it increased among non-Indigenous mothers (AARC = +0.81%). There is also an increase among the most disadvantaged mothers (AARC = +1.08%), birthing people in either of two extreme age groups (AARC = +1.99% and +1.53% for <20 years and ≥40 years, respectively), and mothers who smoked during pregnancy (AARC = +1.52%). Spatiotemporal maps showed that some of the Statistical Area level 3 (SA3) in Northern Territory and Queensland had consistently higher prevalence for LBW than the national average from 2014 to 2019. CONCLUSION Overall, the prevalence of LBW has increased in Australia during 2009-2019; however, the trends vary across different subpopulations. If trends persist, Australia will not achieve the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) target of a 30% reduction in LBW by 2030. Centering and supporting the most vulnerable subpopulations is vital to progress the SDGs and improves perinatal and infant health in Australia.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Mamun Huda
- Poche Centre for Indigenous HealthThe University of QueenslandQueenslandBrisbaneAustralia
- ARC Life Course CentreThe University of QueenslandQueenslandBrisbaneAustralia
| | - Leonie K. Callaway
- Women's and Newborn ServicesRoyal Brisbane and Women's HospitalQueenslandBrisbaneAustralia
- Faculty of MedicineThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneAustralia
| | - Greg Jackson
- Health Protection Branch, Queensland Department of HealthQueenslandBrisbaneAustralia
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS)The University of QueenslandQueenslandWoolloongabbaAustralia
| | - Yaqoot Fatima
- Poche Centre for Indigenous HealthThe University of QueenslandQueenslandBrisbaneAustralia
- ARC Life Course CentreThe University of QueenslandQueenslandBrisbaneAustralia
- Murtupuni Centre for Rural and Remote HealthJames Cook UniversityQueenslandMount IsaAustralia
| | - Janet Cumming
- Health Protection Branch, Queensland Department of HealthQueenslandBrisbaneAustralia
| | - Tuhin Biswas
- Poche Centre for Indigenous HealthThe University of QueenslandQueenslandBrisbaneAustralia
- ARC Life Course CentreThe University of QueenslandQueenslandBrisbaneAustralia
- Science and Math ProgramAsian University for WomenChattogramBangladesh
| | - Gonzalo R. Paz
- Poche Centre for Indigenous HealthThe University of QueenslandQueenslandBrisbaneAustralia
- ARC Life Course CentreThe University of QueenslandQueenslandBrisbaneAustralia
- Facultad de MedicinaUniversidad del ValleCaliColombia
| | - Fran Boyle
- Poche Centre for Indigenous HealthThe University of QueenslandQueenslandBrisbaneAustralia
| | - Peter D. Sly
- Children's Health Research CentreUniversity of QueenslandSouth BrisbaneAustralia
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Children's Health and EnvironmentQueenslandSouth BrisbaneAustralia
| | - Abdullah Al Mamun
- Poche Centre for Indigenous HealthThe University of QueenslandQueenslandBrisbaneAustralia
- ARC Life Course CentreThe University of QueenslandQueenslandBrisbaneAustralia
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS)The University of QueenslandQueenslandWoolloongabbaAustralia
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Li Y, Zhang C, Zhan P, Fu H, Yip W. Trends and projections of universal health coverage indicators in China, 1993–2030: An analysis of data from four nationwide household surveys. THE LANCET REGIONAL HEALTH - WESTERN PACIFIC 2023; 31:100646. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lanwpc.2022.100646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Perseh L, Peimani M, Ghasemi E, Nasli-Esfahani E, Rezaei N, Farzadfar F, Larijani B. Inequalities in the prevalence, diagnosis awareness, treatment coverage and effective control of diabetes: a small area estimation analysis in Iran. BMC Endocr Disord 2023; 23:17. [PMID: 36650506 PMCID: PMC9847158 DOI: 10.1186/s12902-023-01271-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aims to assess geographic inequalities in the prevalence, awareness of diagnosis, treatment coverage and effective control of diabetes in 429 districts of Iran. METHODS A modelling study by the small area estimation method, based on a nationwide cross-sectional survey, Iran STEPwise approach to surveillance (STEPS) 2016, was performed. The modelling estimated the prevalence, awareness of diagnosis, treatment coverage, and effective control of diabetes in all 429 districts of Iran based on data from available districts. The modelling results were provided in different geographical and socio-economic scales to make the comparison possible across the country. RESULTS In 2016, the prevalence of diabetes ranged from 3.2 to 19.8% for women and 2.4 to 19.1% for men. The awareness of diagnosis ranged from 51.9 to 95.7% for women and 35.7 to 100% for men. The rate of treatment coverage ranged from 37.2 to 85.6% for women and 24.4 to 80.5% for men. The rate of effective control ranged from 12.1 to 63.6% for women and 12 to 73% for men. The highest treatment coverage rates belonged to Ardebil for women and Shahr-e-kord for men. The highest effective control rates belonged to Sanandaj for women and Nehbandan for men. Across Iran districts, there were considerable differences between the highest and lowest rates of prevalence, diagnosis awareness, treatment coverage, and effective control of diabetes. The concentration indices of diabetes prevalence, awareness of diagnosis, and treatment coverage were positive and significant for both sexes. CONCLUSION Findings of this study highlight the existence of inequalities in diagnosis awareness, treatment coverage, and effective control of diabetes in all Iran regions. More suitable population-wide strategies and policies are warranted to handle these inequalities in Iran.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lida Perseh
- Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Peimani
- Diabetes Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Erfan Ghasemi
- Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ensieh Nasli-Esfahani
- Diabetes Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Negar Rezaei
- Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farshad Farzadfar
- Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Bagher Larijani
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Zhou Y, Li C, Wang M, Xu S, Wang L, Hu J, Ding L, Wang W. Universal health coverage in China: a serial national cross-sectional study of surveys from 2003 to 2018. THE LANCET PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 7:e1051-e1063. [DOI: 10.1016/s2468-2667(22)00251-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
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Improving the Quality of Maternity Care through the Introduction of Professional Midwives and Mentoring in Selected Sub-District Hospitals in Bangladesh: A Mixed Method Study Protocol. Methods Protoc 2022; 5:mps5050084. [PMID: 36287056 PMCID: PMC9610590 DOI: 10.3390/mps5050084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 10/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Bangladesh introduced professional midwives in 2018 to address gaps in sexual and reproductive health services, focusing on improved maternity care. Facility mentoring has been introduced in selected facilities within the government to enable midwives as they move into their new roles. Objectives: To describe a protocol (1) to determine if introducing international standard midwives in rural sub-district hospitals in Bangladesh, both with and without facility mentoring, improve the availability and quality of maternal and newborn health care compared to the facility without midwives; and (2) to explore the experiences of the midwives, and the maternity staff and managers that they joined, following their introduction. Methods: This will be a mixed-methods study to examine differences between selected hospitals grouped into three categories: without midwives (only nurses), with midwives, and both with midwives and mentorship. Hospital selection will be based on choosing those with the highest birth caseload. The quantitative component will consist of facility observations and clinical data extraction to assess their (hospital and midwives) readiness (birth preparedness and complication readiness) and clinical care to explore whether facilities with newly introduced midwives have improved availability and quality of care. We will use facility assessment tools to extract clinical data. In addition, we will use a structured open-ended interview guideline to conduct focus groups and in-depth interviews to understand the perceptions, attitudes, and experiences among maternity staff (e.g., nurses and paramedics) and health managers (e.g., facility manager, residential medical officer, consultants), as well as the midwives themselves toward the newly introduced midwives and the quality of care. We plan to use a fixed effect logistic regression to compare the relationship between variables in the three hospital types for each observed data point. For analyzing qualitative data, we will adopt content analysis and use NVivo to identify themes related to perceptions, attitudes, and experiences. Expected results: The introduction of professional midwives may improve the quality of maternal health care in rural settings. The addition of a mentoring program can support midwives in transitioning into their new roles and introduce improved care quality.
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Endalamaw A, Gilks CF, Ambaw F, Assefa Y. Universality of universal health coverage: A scoping review. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0269507. [PMID: 35994455 PMCID: PMC9394787 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0269507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The progress of Universal health coverage (UHC) is measured using tracer indicators of key interventions, which have been implemented in healthcare system. UHC is about population, comprehensive health services and financial coverage for equitable quality services and health outcome. There is dearth of evidence about the extent of the universality of UHC in terms of types of health services, its integrated definition (dimensions) and tracer indicators utilized in the measurement of UHC. Therefore, we mapped the existing literature to assess universality of UHC and summarize the challenges towards UHC. METHODS The checklist Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-analysis extension for Scoping Reviews was used. A systematic search was carried out in the Web of Science and PubMed databases. Hand searches were also conducted to find articles from Google Scholar, the World Bank Library, the World Health Organization Library, the United Nations Digital Library Collections, and Google. Article search date was between 20 October 2021 and 12 November 2021 and the most recent update was done on 03 March 2022. Articles on UHC coverage, financial risk protection, quality of care, and inequity were included. The Population, Concept, and Context framework was used to determine the eligibility of research questions. A stepwise approach was used to identify and select relevant studies, conduct data charting, collation and summarization, as well as report results. Simple descriptive statistics and narrative synthesis were used to present the findings. RESULTS Forty-seven papers were included in the final review. One-fourth of the articles (25.5%) were from the African region and 29.8% were from lower-middle-income countries. More than half of the articles (54.1%) followed a quantitative research approach. Of included articles, coverage was assessed by 53.2% of articles; financial risk protection by 27.7%, inequity by 25.5% and quality by 6.4% of the articles as the main research objectives or mentioned in result section. Most (42.5%) of articles investigated health promotion and 2.1% palliation and rehabilitation services. Policy and healthcare level and cross-cutting barriers of UHC were identified. Financing, leadership/governance, inequity, weak regulation and supervision mechanism, and poverty were most repeated policy level barriers. Poor quality health services and inadequate health workforce were the common barriers from health sector challenges. Lack of common understanding on UHC was frequently mentioned as a cross-cutting barrier. CONCLUSIONS The review showed that majority of the articles were from the African region. Methodologically, quantitative research design was more frequently used to investigate UHC. Palliation and rehabilitation health care services need attention in the monitoring and evaluation of UHC progress. It is also noteworthy to focus on quality and inequity of health services. The study implies that urgent action on the identified policy, health system and cross-cutting barriers is required to achieve UHC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aklilu Endalamaw
- School of Public Health, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | - Charles F. Gilks
- College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | - Fentie Ambaw
- School of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | - Yibeltal Assefa
- College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
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Rahman T, Gasbarro D, Alam K. Financial risk protection from out-of-pocket health spending in low- and middle-income countries: a scoping review of the literature. Health Res Policy Syst 2022; 20:83. [PMID: 35906591 PMCID: PMC9336110 DOI: 10.1186/s12961-022-00886-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Financial risk protection (FRP), defined as households’ access to needed healthcare services without experiencing undue financial hardship, is a critical health systems target, particularly in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Given the remarkable growth in FRP literature in recent times, we conducted a scoping review of the literature on FRP from out-of-pocket (OOP) health spending in LMICs. The objective was to review current knowledge, identify evidence gaps and propose future research directions. Methods We followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) 2020 guidelines to conduct this scoping review. We systematically searched PubMed, Scopus, ProQuest and Web of Science in July 2021 for literature published since 1 January 2015. We included empirical studies that used nationally representative data from household surveys to measure the incidence of at least one of the following indicators: catastrophic health expenditure (CHE), impoverishment, adoption of strategies to cope with OOP expenses, and forgone care for financial reasons. Our review covered 155 studies and analysed the geographical focus, data sources, methods and analytical rigour of the studies. We also examined the level of FRP by disease categories (all diseases, chronic illnesses, communicable diseases) and the effect of health insurance on FRP. Results The extant literature primarily focused on India and China as research settings. Notably, no FRP study was available on chronic illness in any low-income country (LIC) or on communicable diseases in an upper-middle-income country (UMIC). Only one study comprehensively measured FRP by examining all four indicators. Most studies assessed (lack of) FRP as CHE incidence alone (37.4%) or as CHE and impoverishment incidence (39.4%). However, the LMIC literature did not incorporate the recent methodological advances to measure CHE and impoverishment that address the limitations of conventional methods. There were also gaps in utilizing available panel data to determine the length of the lack of FRP (e.g. duration of poverty caused by OOP expenses). The current estimates of FRP varied substantially among the LMICs, with some of the poorest countries in the world experiencing similar or even lower rates of CHE and impoverishment compared with the UMICs. Also, health insurance in LMICs did not consistently offer a higher degree of FRP. Conclusion The literature to date is unable to provide a reliable representation of the actual level of protection enjoyed by the LMIC population because of the lack of comprehensive measurement of FRP indicators coupled with the use of dated methodologies. Future research in LMICs should address the shortcomings identified in this review. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12961-022-00886-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taslima Rahman
- Murdoch Business School, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, 6150, Australia. .,Institute of Health Economics, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, 1000, Bangladesh.
| | - Dominic Gasbarro
- Murdoch Business School, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, 6150, Australia
| | - Khurshid Alam
- Murdoch Business School, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, 6150, Australia
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Jung H, Lee KS. What Policy Approaches Were Effective in Reducing Catastrophic Health Expenditure? A Systematic Review of Studies from Multiple Countries. APPLIED HEALTH ECONOMICS AND HEALTH POLICY 2022; 20:525-541. [PMID: 35285001 DOI: 10.1007/s40258-022-00727-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The United Nations set a goal for universal health coverage in all countries by 2030 and selected the catastrophic health expenditure (CHE) indicator as an assessment tool for this goal. Many countries have strived to reduce household CHE. However, no study has compared countries whose policies have had a remarkable effect on decreasing CHE. Therefore, the purpose of this systematic literature review is to find appropriate methods for measuring CHE that can help us to analyze the impact of health policies and identify countries whose health policies are most effective in reducing CHE. METHOD PubMed and Web of Science were searched. Studies that measured the incidence or intensity of CHE in multiple years were included. Two independent reviewers screened the literature, extracted the data, and analyzed the studies selected. Thirty-eight studies met the inclusion criteria for the review. We classified the selected research papers to random sampling and quasi-experimental studies. RESULTS We graphically presented the results of CHE incidence and intensity rates reported in the collected papers as a time series data set. Since most studies did not use sample weights, it was not easy to confirm whether the time series changes of CHE are significant. Therefore, we could find only two countries that had policy effects. Both countries established policies that focus on the poor. CONCLUSION There are so many studies that analyze CHE, but policies that are effective in reducing CHE are unknown. This study uses a systematic literature review methodology to determine effective policies by comparing CHE time series trends among countries. As a policy implication, it was found that because CHE is defined as the ratio of the ability to pay to medical expenses, a policy of differential medical expenses that is based on income level is effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- HyunWoo Jung
- Department of Health Administration, Graduate School·BK21 Graduate Program of Developing Glocal Experts in Health Policy and Management, Yonsei University, Changjo Hall, Room Number 419, Yonseidaegil 1, Gangwon-do, Wonju, South Korea
| | - Kwang-Soo Lee
- Department of Health Administration, Graduate School·BK21 Graduate Program of Developing Glocal Experts in Health Policy and Management, Yonsei University, Changjo Hall, Room Number 419, Yonseidaegil 1, Gangwon-do, Wonju, South Korea.
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Rahman T, Gasbarro D, Alam K. Financial risk protection in health care in Bangladesh in the era of Universal Health Coverage. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0269113. [PMID: 35749437 PMCID: PMC9231789 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0269113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ensuring financial risk protection in health care and achieving universal health coverage (UHC) by 2030 is one of the crucial Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) targets for many low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), including Bangladesh. We examined the critical trajectory of financial risk protection against out-of-pocket (OOP) health expenditure in Bangladesh. METHODS Using Bangladesh Household Income and Expenditure Survey data from 2005, 2010, and 2016, we examined the levels and distributions of catastrophic health expenditure (CHE) and impoverishment incidences. We used the normative food, housing, and utilities method, refining it by categorizing households with zero OOP expenses by reasons. RESULTS OOP expenditure doubled between 2005 and 2016 (USD 115.6 in 2005, USD 162.1 in 2010, USD 242.9 in 2016), accompanied by rising CHE (11.5% in 2005, 11.9% in 2010, 16.6% in 2016) and impoverishment incidence (1.5% in 2005, 1.6% in 2010, 2.3% in 2016). While further impoverishment of the poor households due to OOP expenditure (3.6% in 2005, 4.1% in 2010, 3.9% in 2016) was a more severe problem than impoverishment of the non-poor, around 5.5% of non-poor households were always at risk of impoverishment. The poorest households were the least financially protected throughout the study period (lowest vs. highest quintile CHE: 29.5% vs. 7.6%, 33.2% vs. 7.2%, and 37.6% vs. 13.0% in 2005, 2010, and 2016, respectively). The disparity in CHE among households with and without chronic illness was also remarkable in 2016 (25.0% vs. 9.1%). CONCLUSION Financial risk protection in Bangladesh exhibits a deteriorated trajectory from 2005 to 2016, posing a significant challenge to achieving UHC and, thus, the SDGs by 2030. The poorest and chronically ill households disproportionately lacked financial protection. Reversing the worsening trends of CHE and impoverishment and addressing the inequities in their distributions calls for implementing UHC and thus providing financial protection against illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taslima Rahman
- Murdoch Business School, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Institute of Health Economics, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- * E-mail:
| | - Dominic Gasbarro
- Murdoch Business School, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Khurshid Alam
- Murdoch Business School, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
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Gai Tobe R, Haque SE, Mubassara S, Rahman R, Ikegami K, Mori R. Maternal and child health handbook to improve continuum of maternal and child care in rural Bangladesh: Findings of a cluster randomized controlled trial. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0266074. [PMID: 35385542 PMCID: PMC8986009 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0266074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of maternal and child health handbook (MCH) enhanced by mobile tools and to generate evidence informing the adoption of the program in Bangladesh. A cluster randomized controlled trial (RCT) has been implemented in Lohagora of Narail District and Dhamrai of Dhaka District. Unions of the study settings were randomly allocated in either one of three groups: (1) Intervention 1 using both mobile platform and MCH, (2) Intervention 2 using MCH alone, or (3) the Control. A total of 3,002 participants were recruited. The interventions were designed to promote two-way communications between pregnant women/their families and community health workers by an empowering approach. A total of 3,002 pregnant women were recruited. As the results, the interventions both significantly improved the utilization of CoC, although the overall proportion of CoC was relevantly low: 2.79% in the Control (95% CI: 1.37–3.54%), 6.16% in Intervention 2 (95% CI: 4.67–7.86%), and 7.89% in Intervention 1 (95% CI: 6.29–9.90%). Neonatal mortality rate with and without CoC was 5.43 per 1,000 (95% CI: 3.63–9.57 per 1,000) and 34.8 per 1,000 (95% CI: 24.3–45.4 per 1,000), respectively. Our study indicated the effectiveness of the interventions by leveraging MCH and a mobile platform to promote uptake of CoC throughout prepartum, intrapartum and postpartum/neonatal periods, potentially bringing long-lasting benefits to mothers and their offspring. The explicit approach is expected to guide policy makers to adopt MCH interventions in primary healthcare strengthening at the community level. Trial registration:UMIN000025628 Registered June 13, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruoyan Gai Tobe
- Department of Social Security Empirical Research, National Institute of Population and Social Security Research, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Health Policy, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Sanzida Mubassara
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Jahangirnagar University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Rushdana Rahman
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Dhaka Medical College Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Kiyoko Ikegami
- School of Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nagasaki University NCGM Satellite, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Rintaro Mori
- Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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Rahman MM, Islam MR, Rahman MS, Hossain F, Alam A, Rahman MO, Jung J, Akter S. Forgone healthcare and financial burden due to out-of-pocket payments in Bangladesh: a multilevel analysis. HEALTH ECONOMICS REVIEW 2022; 12:5. [PMID: 35006416 PMCID: PMC8751265 DOI: 10.1186/s13561-021-00348-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ensuring access to health services for all is the main goal of universal health coverage (UHC) plan. Out-of-pocket (OOP) payment still remains the main source of funding for healthcare in Bangladesh. The association between barriers to accessing healthcare and over-reliance on OOP payments has not been explored in Bangladesh using nationally representative household survey data. This study is a novel attempt to examine the burden of OOP payment and forgone healthcare in Bangladesh, and further explores the inequalities in catastrophic health expenditures (CHE) and forgone healthcare at the national and sub-national levels. METHODS This study used data from the most recent nationally representative cross-sectional survey, Bangladesh Household Income and Expenditure Survey, conducted in 2016-17 (N = 39,124). In order to identify potential determinants of CHE and forgone healthcare, multilevel Poisson regression was used. Inequalities in CHE and forgone healthcare were measured using the slope index of inequality. RESULTS Around 25% of individuals incurred CHE and 14% of the population had forgone healthcare for any reasons. The most common reasons for forgone healthcare were treatment cost (17%), followed by none to accompany or need for permission (5%), and distance to health facility (3%). Multilevel analysis indicated that financial burden and forgone care was higher among households with older populations or chronic illness, and those who utilize either public or private health facilities. Household consumption quintile had a linear negative association with forgone care and positive association with CHE. CONCLUSION This study calls for incorporation of social safety net in health financing system, increase health facility, and gives priority to the disadvantaged population to ensure access to health services for all.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Mizanur Rahman
- Hitotsubashi Institute for Advanced Study, Hitotsubashi University, 2-1 Naka Kunitachi, Tokyo, 186-8601, Japan.
| | - Md Rashedul Islam
- Department of Global Health Policy, School of International Health, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Md Shafiur Rahman
- Research Centre for Child Mental Development, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Fahima Hossain
- Global Public Health Research Foundation, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Ashraful Alam
- Department of Global Health Policy, School of International Health, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Md Obaidur Rahman
- Department of Global Health Nursing, Graduate School of Nursing Science, St. Luke's International University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jenny Jung
- Global Public Health Research Foundation, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Shamima Akter
- Hitotsubashi Institute for Advanced Study, Hitotsubashi University, 2-1 Naka Kunitachi, Tokyo, 186-8601, Japan
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Haque M, Umar B, Abdullah A, Chowdhury K, Ahmad R. Does provision of antenatal care, post-natal care and perinatal care reduce maternal, neonatal and child mortality? With special attention towards bangladesh situation in global perspective. ADVANCES IN HUMAN BIOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.4103/aihb.aihb_85_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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Alao R, Nur H, Fivian E, Shankar B, Kadiyala S, Harris-Fry H. Economic inequality in malnutrition: a global systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ Glob Health 2021; 6:e006906. [PMID: 34887302 PMCID: PMC8663078 DOI: 10.1136/bmjgh-2021-006906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe the evidence on global and regional economic inequality in malnutrition, and the associations between economic inequality and malnutrition. METHODS We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis. Between 1 November 2020 and 22 January 2021, we searched Medline, Embase, Global Health, Eldis, Web of Science and EBSCO Discovery Service. We contacted 39 experts and tracked citations. We included any study reporting a concentration index (CIX) relating economic status and nutritional status and any multilevel study reporting an association between economic inequality and nutritional status. Nutritional status was measured as stunting, wasting, anaemia, or overweight in children (<5 years), or underweight, overweight or obesity, or anaemia in adults (15-49 years). We had no study date or language restriction. Quality was assessed using the Appraisal Tool for Cross-Sectional Studies (AXIS tool). We mapped estimates and pooled them using multilevel random-effects meta-analyses. RESULTS From 6185 results, 91 studies provided 426 CIX (>2.9 million people) and 47 associations (~3.9 million people). Stunting (CIX -0.15 (95% CI -0.19 to -0.11)) and wasting (-0.03 (95% CI -0.05 to -0.02)) are concentrated among poor households. Adult overweight and obesity is concentrated in wealthier households (0.08 (95% CI -0.00 to 0.17)), particularly in South Asia (0.26 (95% CI 0.19 to 0.34)), but not in Europe and Central Asia (-0.02 (95% CI -0.08 to 0.05)) or North America (-0.04 (95% CI -0.10 to 0.03)). We found no association between 0.1 increase in Gini coefficient and adult underweight (OR 1.03 (95% CI 0.94 to 1.12)) or overweight and obesity (0.92 (95% CI 0.80 to 1.05)). CONCLUSIONS There is good evidence that the prevalence of malnutrition varies by levels of absolute economic status. Undernutrition is concentrated in poor households, whereas concentration of overweight and obesity by economic status depends on region, and we lack information on economic inequalities in anaemia and child overweight. In contrast, links between malnutrition and relative economic status are less clear and should not be assumed; robust evidence on causal pathways is needed. PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER CRD42020201572.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rotimi Alao
- Department of Population Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Hayaan Nur
- Department of Population Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Emily Fivian
- Department of Population Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Bhavani Shankar
- Department of Geography, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Suneetha Kadiyala
- Department of Population Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Helen Harris-Fry
- Department of Population Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
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Nguyen PT, Rahman MS, Le PM, Nguyen HV, Vu KD, Nguyen HL, Dao ATM, Khuong LQ, Hoang MV, Gilmour S. Trends in, projections of, and inequalities in reproductive, maternal, newborn and child health service coverage in Vietnam 2000-2030: A Bayesian analysis at national and sub-national levels. LANCET REGIONAL HEALTH-WESTERN PACIFIC 2021; 15:100230. [PMID: 34528011 PMCID: PMC8342952 DOI: 10.1016/j.lanwpc.2021.100230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Background To assess the reproductive, maternal, newborn and child health (RMNCH) service coverage in Vietnam with trends in 2000−2014, projections and probability of achieving targets in 2030 at national and sub-national levels; and to analyze the socioeconomic, regional and urban-rural inequalities in RMNCH service indicators. Methods We used national population-based datasets of 44,624 households in Vietnam from 2000 to 2014. We applied Bayesian regression models to estimate the trends in and projections of RMNCH indicators and the probabilities of achieving the 2030 targets. Using the relative index, slope index, and concentration index of inequality, we examined the patterns and trends in RMNCH coverage inequality. Findings We projected that 9 out of 17 health service indicators (53%) would likely achieve the 2030 targets at the national level, including at least one and four ANC visits, BCG immunization, access to improved water and adequate sanitation, institutional delivery, skilled birth attendance, care-seeking for pneumonia, and ARI treatment. We observed very low coverages and zero chance of achieving the 2030 targets at national and sub-national levels in early initiation and exclusive breastfeeding, family planning needs satisfied, and oral rehydration therapy. The most deprived households living in rural areas and the Northwest, Northeast, North Central, Central Highlands, and Mekong River Delta regions would not reach the 80% immunization coverage of DPT3, Polio3, Measles and full immunization. We found socioeconomic, regional, and urban-rural inequalities in all RMNCH indicators in 2014 and no change in inequalities over 15 years in the lowest-coverage indicators. Interpretation Vietnam has made substantial progress toward UHC. By improving the government's health system reform efforts, re-allocating resources focusing on people in the most impoverished rural regions, and restructuring and enhancing current health programs, Vietnam can achieve the UHC targets and other health-related SDGs. Funding The authors did not receive any funds for conducting this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phuong T Nguyen
- Graduate School of Public Health, St. Luke's International University, Tokyo, Japan.,Division of Cancer Statistics Integration, Center for Cancer Control and Information Services, National Cancer Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Md Shafiur Rahman
- Research Center for Child Mental Development, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Phuong Mai Le
- Graduate School of Public Health, St. Luke's International University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Huy Van Nguyen
- Graduate School of Public Health, St. Luke's International University, Tokyo, Japan.,Innovation Health and Transformation Centre, Federation University, Australia.,Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kien Duy Vu
- OnCare Medical Technology Company Limited, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Hoa L Nguyen
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Massachusetts, USA
| | - An Thi Minh Dao
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Massachusetts, USA.,School of Public Health, The University of Queensland, Queensland, Australia.,Institution for Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | | | | | - Stuart Gilmour
- Graduate School of Public Health, St. Luke's International University, Tokyo, Japan
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22
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Hasan MM, Ahmed S, Soares Magalhaes RJ, Begum T, Fatima Y, Mamun AA. Temporal trends in between and within-country inequalities in caesarean delivery in low- and middle-income countries: a Bayesian analysis. BJOG 2021; 128:1928-1937. [PMID: 33982856 DOI: 10.1111/1471-0528.16744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To provide updated information about between-country variations, temporal trends and changes in inequalities within countries in caesarean delivery (CD) rates. DESIGN Cross-sectional study of Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) during 1990-2018. SETTING 74 low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). POPULATION Women 15-49 years of age who had live births in the last 3 years. METHODS Bayesian linear regression analysis was performed and absolute differences were calculated. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE Population-level CD by countries and sociodemographic characteristics of mothers over time. RESULTS CD rates, based on the latest DHS rounds, varied substantially between the study countries, from 1.5% (95% CI 1.1-1.9%) in Madagascar to 58.9% (95% CI 56.0-61.6%) in the Dominican Republic. Of 62 LMICs with at least two surveys, 57 countries showed a rise in CD during 1990-2018, with the greatest increase in Sierra Leone (19.3%). Large variations in CD rates were observed across mother's wealth, residence, education and age, with a higher rate of CD by the richest and urban mothers. These inequalities have widened in many countries. Stratified analyses suggest greater provisioning of CD by the richest mothers in private facilities and poorest mothers in public facilities. CONCLUSIONS CD rates varied substantially across geographical locations and over time, irrespective of public or private health facilities. Changes in CD rates continue across wealth, place of residence, education, and age of mother, and are widening in most study countries. TWEETABLE ABSTRACT Increasing caesarean delivery rates were greater among the richest and urban mothers than their counterparts, with widened gaps in LMICs.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Hasan
- Institute for Social Science Research, The University of Queensland, Indooroopilly, Qld, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence for Children and Families over the Life Course (The Life Course Centre), The University of Queensland, Indooroopilly, Qld, Australia
| | - S Ahmed
- Department of Population, Family and Reproductive Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Bill and Melinda Gates Institute for Population and Reproductive Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - R J Soares Magalhaes
- UQ Spatial Epidemiology Laboratory, School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Qld, Australia.,UQ Children's Health and Environment Program, Child Health Research Centre, The University of Queensland, South Brisbane, Qld, Australia
| | - T Begum
- Institute for Social Science Research, The University of Queensland, Indooroopilly, Qld, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence for Children and Families over the Life Course (The Life Course Centre), The University of Queensland, Indooroopilly, Qld, Australia
| | - Y Fatima
- Institute for Social Science Research, The University of Queensland, Indooroopilly, Qld, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence for Children and Families over the Life Course (The Life Course Centre), The University of Queensland, Indooroopilly, Qld, Australia.,Centre for Rural and Remote Health, James Cook University, Mount Isa, Qld, Australia
| | - A A Mamun
- Institute for Social Science Research, The University of Queensland, Indooroopilly, Qld, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence for Children and Families over the Life Course (The Life Course Centre), The University of Queensland, Indooroopilly, Qld, Australia
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23
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Hawkes N, Dave U, Rahman M, Richards D, Hasan M, Rowshon AHM, Ahmed F, Rahman MM, Kibria MG, Dodds P, Hawkes B, Goddard S, Rahman I, Neville P, Feeney M, Jenkins G, Lloyd K, Ragunath K, Edwards C, Taylor-Robinson SD. The Role of National Specialist Societies in Influencing Transformational Change in Low-Middle Income Countries - Reflections on the Model of Implementation for a National Endoscopy Training Programme in Bangladesh. Clin Exp Gastroenterol 2021; 14:103-111. [PMID: 33790613 PMCID: PMC7997947 DOI: 10.2147/ceg.s297667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The British Society of Gastroenterology (BSG) and the Bangladesh Gastroenterology Society (BGS) have collaborated on an endoscopy training programme, which has grown up over the past decade from a small scheme borne out of the ideas of consultant gastroenterologists in Swansea, South Wales (United Kingdom) to improve gastroenterology services in Bangladesh to become a formalised training programme with broad reach. In this article, we document the socioeconomic and historical problems that beset Bangladesh, the current training needs of doctors and how the BSG-BGS collaboration has made inroads into changing outcomes both for gastroenterologists in Bangladesh, but also for the populations they serve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil Hawkes
- Department of Gastroenterology, Cwm Taf Morgannwg University Health Board, Llantrisant, South Wales, UK
- British Society of Gastroenterology Central Office, London, UK
| | - Umakant Dave
- Department of Gastroenterology, Swansea Bay University Health Board, Swansea, UK
| | - Mesbah Rahman
- British Society of Gastroenterology Central Office, London, UK
- Department of Gastroenterology, Swansea Bay University Health Board, Swansea, UK
| | - Dafydd Richards
- Department of Gastroenterology, Swansea Bay University Health Board, Swansea, UK
| | - Mahmud Hasan
- Office of the Central Secretariat, Bangladesh Gastroenterology Society, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Office of Central Secretariat, Gastroliver Foundation, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - A H M Rowshon
- Office of the Central Secretariat, Bangladesh Gastroenterology Society, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Faruque Ahmed
- Office of the Central Secretariat, Bangladesh Gastroenterology Society, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Department of Gastroenterology, Sheikh Russel National Gastroliver Institute and Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - M Masudur Rahman
- Department of Gastroenterology, Sheikh Russel National Gastroliver Institute and Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - M G Kibria
- Department of Gastroenterology, Sheikh Russel National Gastroliver Institute and Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Phedra Dodds
- Department of Endoscopy Nursing, Office of the JAG GRS Team, Powys Health Board, Brecon, UK
| | - Bethan Hawkes
- Office of the Wales Cancer Network Pathway, Welsh Cancer Network, Cardiff, UK
| | - Stuart Goddard
- Welsh Institute of Minimal Access Therapy, Cardiff MediCentre, Welsh Institute for Minimal Access Therapy, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Imdadur Rahman
- Department of Gastroenterology, Southampton NHS Trust, Southampton, UK
| | - Peter Neville
- Department of Gastroenterology, Cwm Taf Morgannwg University Health Board, Llantrisant, South Wales, UK
| | - Mark Feeney
- Department of Gastroenterology and Liver Medicine, Torbay and South Devon NHS Foundation Trust, Devon, UK
| | - Gareth Jenkins
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Medicine, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | - Keith Lloyd
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Medicine, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | - Krish Ragunath
- Office of the Provost, Faculty of Health Sciences, Bentley Campus, Curtin Medical School, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Cathryn Edwards
- British Society of Gastroenterology Central Office, London, UK
- Department of Gastroenterology and Liver Medicine, Torbay and South Devon NHS Foundation Trust, Devon, UK
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24
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Khan MA, Khan N, Rahman O, Mustagir G, Hossain K, Islam R, Khan HTA. Trends and projections of under-5 mortality in Bangladesh including the effects of maternal high-risk fertility behaviours and use of healthcare services. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0246210. [PMID: 33539476 PMCID: PMC7861360 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0246210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study examines trends and puts forward projections of under-5 mortality (U5M) in Bangladesh and identifies the effects of maternal high-risk fertility behaviours and use of healthcare services. METHODS Data from seven waves of the Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey (1994-2014) were analyzed for trends and projections of U5M and a Chi-square (χ2) test was used to identify if there was any association with maternal high-risk fertility behaviours and use of healthcare services. A multivariate logistic regression model was used to determine the effects of fertility behaviors and healthcare usage on the occurrence of U5M adjusting with confounders. RESULTS U5M declined from 82.5 to 41.0 per 1000 livebirths during 1994-2014 and is projected to further reduce to 17.6 per 1000 livebirths by 2030. The study identified a noticeable regional variation in U5M with maternal high-risk fertility behaviours including age at birth <18 years (aOR: 1.84, 95% CI: 1.23-2.76) and birth interval <24 months (aOR: 1.56, 95% CI: 1.02-2.37) found to be significant determinants. There was a 39-53% decline in this rate of mortality among women that had used antenatal care services at least four times (aOR, 0.51, 95% CI: 0.27-0.97), delivery care (aOR, 0.47, 95% CI: 0.24-0.95), and had received postnatal care (aOR, 0.61, 95% CI: 0.41-0.91) in their last birth. Cesarean section was found to be associated with a 51% reduction in U5M (aOR, 0.49, 95% CI: 0.29-0.82) compared to its non-use. CONCLUSION The Sustainable Development Goals require a U5M rate of 25 per 1000 livebirths to be achieved by 2030. This study suggests that with the current trend of reduction, Bangladesh will achieve this target before the deadline. This study also found that maternal high-risk fertility behaviours and non-use of maternal healthcare services are very prevalent in some regions of Bangladesh and have increased the occurrence of U5M in those areas. This suggests therefore, that policies and programmes designed to reduce the pregnancy rates of women that are at risk and to encourage an increase in the use of maternal healthcare services are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mostaured Ali Khan
- Department of Population Science and Human Resource Development, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, Bangladesh
- MEL and Research, Practical Action, Dhanmondi, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Nuruzzaman Khan
- School of Public Health and Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medicine, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
- Department of Population Sciences, Jatiya Kabi Kazi Nazrul Islam University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
| | - Obaidur Rahman
- Department of Global Health Nursing, Graduate School of Nursing Science, St. Luke’s International University, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Global Health Policy, School of International Health, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Golam Mustagir
- Department of Population Science and Human Resource Development, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, Bangladesh
| | - Kamal Hossain
- Department of Population Science and Human Resource Development, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, Bangladesh
| | - Rafiqul Islam
- Department of Population Science and Human Resource Development, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, Bangladesh
| | - Hafiz T. A. Khan
- Public Health & Statistics, College of Nursing, Midwifery and Healthcare, University of West London, Brentford, United Kingdom
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25
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Parvez SM, Rahman MJ, Azad R, Rahman M, Unicomb L, Ashraf S, Mondol MH, Jahan F, Winch PJ, Luby SP. Achieving equitable uptake of handwashing and sanitation by addressing both supply and demand-based constraints: findings from a randomized controlled trial in rural Bangladesh. Int J Equity Health 2021; 20:16. [PMID: 33407549 PMCID: PMC7789645 DOI: 10.1186/s12939-020-01353-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Supply driven programs that are not closely connected to community demand and demand-driven programs that fail to ensure supply both risk worsening inequity. Understanding patterns of uptake of behaviors among the poorest under ideal experimental conditions, such as those of an efficacy trial, can help identify strategies that could be strengthened in routine programmatic conditions for more equitable uptake. WASH Benefits Bangladesh was a randomized controlled efficacy trial that provided free-of cost WASH hardware along with behavior change promotion. The current paper aimed to determine the impact of the removal of supply and demand constraints on the uptake of handwashing and sanitation behaviors across wealth and education levels. Methods The current analysis selected 4 indicators from the WASH Benefits trial— presence of water and soap in household handwashing stations, observed mother’s hand cleanliness, observed visible feces on latrine slab or floor and reported last child defecation in potty or toilet. A baseline assessment was conducted immediately after enrolment and endline assessment was conducted approximately 2 years later. We compared change in uptake of these indicators including wealth quintiles (Q) between intervention and control groups from baseline to endline. Results For hand cleanliness, the poorest mothers improved more [Q1 difference in difference, DID: 16% (7, 25%)] than the wealthiest mothers [Q5 DID: 7% (− 4, 17%)]. The poorest households had largest improvements for observed presence of water and soap in handwashing station [Q1 DID: 82% (75, 90%)] compared to the wealthiest households [Q5 DID: 39% (30, 50%)]. Similarly, poorer household demonstrated greater reductions in visible feces on latrine slab or floor [Q1DID, − 25% (− 35, − 15) Q2: − 34% (− 44, − 23%)] than the wealthiest household [Q5 DID: − 1% (− 11, 8%). For reported last child defecation in potty or toilet, the poorest mothers showed greater improvement [Q1–4 DID: 50–54% (44, 60%)] than the wealthier mothers [Q5 DID: 39% (31, 46%). Conclusion By simultaneously addressing supply and demand-constraints among the poorest, we observed substantial overall improvements in equity. Within scaled-up programs, a separate targeted strategy that relaxes constraints for the poorest can improve the equity of a program. Trial registration WASH Benefits Bangladesh: ClinicalTrials.gov, identifier: NCT01590095. Date of registration: April 30, 2012 ‘Retrospectively registered’. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12939-020-01353-7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarker Masud Parvez
- Environmental Intervention Unit, Infectious Diseases Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh.
| | - Musarrat Jabeen Rahman
- Environmental Intervention Unit, Infectious Diseases Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Rashidul Azad
- Environmental Intervention Unit, Infectious Diseases Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Mahbubur Rahman
- Environmental Intervention Unit, Infectious Diseases Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Leanne Unicomb
- Environmental Intervention Unit, Infectious Diseases Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Sania Ashraf
- University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Farjana Jahan
- Environmental Intervention Unit, Infectious Diseases Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Peter J Winch
- Social and Behavioral Interventions Program, Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Stephen P Luby
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
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26
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Hasan MM, Magalhaes RJS, Ahmed S, Ahmed S, Biswas T, Fatima Y, Islam MS, Hossain MS, Mamun AA. Meeting the Global Target in Reproductive, Maternal, Newborn, and Child Health Care Services in Low- and Middle-Income Countries. GLOBAL HEALTH, SCIENCE AND PRACTICE 2020; 8:654-665. [PMID: 33361233 PMCID: PMC7784071 DOI: 10.9745/ghsp-d-20-00097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Improving reproductive, maternal, newborn, and child health (RMNCH) care services is imperative for reducing maternal and child mortality. Many low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) are striving to achieve RMNCH-related Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). We monitored progress, made projections, and calculated the average annual rate of change needed to achieve universal (100%) access of RMNCH service indicators by 2030. METHODS We extracted Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) data of 75 LMICs to estimate the coverage of RMNCH indicators and composite coverage index (CCI) to measure health system strengths. Bayesian linear regression models were fitted to predict the coverage of indicators and the probability of achieving targets. RESULTS The projection analysis included 64 countries with available information for at least 2 DHS rounds. No countries are projected to reach universal CCI by 2030; only Brazil, Cambodia, Colombia, Honduras, Morocco, and Sierra Leone will have more than 90% CCI. None of the LMICs will achieve universal coverage of all RMNCH indicators by 2030, although some may achieve universal coverage for specific services. To meet targets for universal service access by 2030, most LMICs must attain a 2-fold increase in the coverage of indicators from 2019 to 2030. Coverage of RMNCH indicators, the probability of target attainments, and the required rate of increase vary significantly across the spectrum of sociodemographic disadvantages. Most countries with poor historical and current trends for RMNCH coverage are likely to experience a similar scenario in 2030. Countries with lower coverage had higher disparities across the subgroups of wealth, place of residence, and women's/mother's education and age; these disparities are projected to persist in 2030. CONCLUSION None of the LMICs will meet the SDG RMNCH 2030 targets without scaling up essential RMNCH interventions, reducing gaps in coverage, and reaching marginalized and disadvantaged populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Mehedi Hasan
- Institute for Social Science Research, The University of Queensland, Indooroopilly, Australia.
- The Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Children and Families over the Life Course, The University of Queensland, Indooroopilly, Australia
| | - Ricardo J Soares Magalhaes
- Spatial Epidemiology Laboratory, School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Australia
- Children's Health and Environment Program, Child Health Research Centre, The University of Queensland, South Brisbane, Australia
| | - Saifuddin Ahmed
- Department of Population, Family and Reproductive Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Bill and Melinda Gates Institute for Population and Reproductive Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Sayem Ahmed
- Health Economics and Policy Research Group, Department of Learning, Informatics, Management and Ethics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Tropical Disease Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Health Systems and Population Studies Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Tuhin Biswas
- Institute for Social Science Research, The University of Queensland, Indooroopilly, Australia
- The Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Children and Families over the Life Course, The University of Queensland, Indooroopilly, Australia
| | - Yaqoot Fatima
- Institute for Social Science Research, The University of Queensland, Indooroopilly, Australia
- Centre for Rural and Remote Health, James Cook University, Mount Isa, Australia
| | - Md Saimul Islam
- Department of Statistics, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, Bangladesh
| | - Md Shahadut Hossain
- Department of Statistics, College of Business & Economics, United Arab Emirates University, United Arab Emirates
| | - Abdullah A Mamun
- Institute for Social Science Research, The University of Queensland, Indooroopilly, Australia
- The Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Children and Families over the Life Course, The University of Queensland, Indooroopilly, Australia
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Levels of and changes in socioeconomic inequality in delivery care service: A decomposition analysis using Bangladesh Demographic Health Surveys. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0242325. [PMID: 33253221 PMCID: PMC7703934 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0242325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Socioeconomic inequality in maternity care is well-evident in many developing countries including Bangladesh, but there is a paucity of research to examine the determinants of inequality and the changes in the factors of inequality over time. This study examines the factors accounting for the levels of and changes in wealth-related inequality in three outcomes of delivery care service: health facility delivery, skilled birth attendance, and C-section delivery in Bangladesh. METHODS This study uses from the Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey of 2011 and 2014. We apply logistic regression models to examine the association between household wealth status and delivery care measures, controlling for a wide range of sociodemographic variables. The Erreygers normalised concentration index is used to measure the level of inequalities and decomposition method is applied to disentangle the determinants contributing to the levels of and changes in the observed inequalities. RESULTS We find a substantial inequality in delivery care service utilisation favouring woman from wealthier households. The extent of inequality increased in health facility delivery and C-section delivery in 2014 while increase in skilled birth attendance was not statistically significant. Wealth and education were the main factors explaining both the extent of and the increase in the degree of inequality between 2011 and 2014. Four or more antenatal care (ANC4+) visits accounted for about 8% to 14% of the observed inequality, but the contribution of ANC4+ visits declined in 2014. CONCLUSION This study reveals no progress in equity gain in the use of delivery care services in this decade compared to a declining trend in inequity in the last decade in Bangladesh. Policies need to focus on improving the provision of delivery care services among women from poorer socioeconomic groups. In addition, policy initiatives for promoting the completion of quality education are important to address the stalemate of equity gain in delivery care services in Bangladesh.
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28
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Khan MN, Harris ML, Loxton D. Assessing the effect of pregnancy intention at conception on the continuum of care in maternal healthcare services use in Bangladesh: Evidence from a nationally representative cross-sectional survey. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0242729. [PMID: 33216799 PMCID: PMC7678970 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0242729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The Continuum of Care (CoC; defined as accessing the recommended healthcare services during pregnancy and the early postpartum period) is low in lower-middle-income countries (LMICs). This may be a major contributor to the high rates of pregnancy-related complications and deaths in LMICs, particularly among women who had an unintended pregnancy. With a lack of research on the subject in Bangladesh, we aimed to examine the effect of unintended pregnancy on CoC. Methods Data from 4,493 mother-newborn dyads who participated in the cross-sectional 2014 Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey were analysed. Women’s level of CoC was generated from responses to questions on the use and non-use of three recommended services during the course of pregnancy: four or more antenatal care (ANC) visits, skilled birth attendance (SBA) during delivery, and at least one postnatal care (PNC) visit within 24 hours of giving birth. Global recommendations of service use were used to classify CoC as high (used each of the recommended services), moderate (used at least two of the three recommended services), and low/none (no PNC, no SBA, and ≤3 ANC visits). Women’s pregnancy intention at the time of conception of their last pregnancy (ending with a live birth) was the major exposure variable, classified as wanted, mistimed, and unwanted. Unadjusted and adjusted (with individual-, household-, and community-level factors) multilevel multinomial logistic regression models were used to assess the association between unintended pregnancy and level of CoC. Results In Bangladesh, the highest level of CoC occurred in only 12% of pregnancies that ended with live births. This figure was reduced to 5.6% if the pregnancy was unwanted at conception. The antenatal period saw the greatest drop in CoC, with 65.13% of women receiving at least one ANC visit and 26.32% having four or more ANC visits. Following the adjustment of confounders, an unwanted pregnancy was found to be associated with 39% and 62% reduced odds of women receiving moderate and high levels of CoC, respectively, than those with a wanted pregnancy. Having a mistimed pregnancy was found to be associated with a 31% reduction in odds of women achieving a high CoC than women with a wanted pregnancy. Conclusion Almost nine in ten women did not achieve CoC in their last pregnancy, which was even higher when the pregnancy was unintended. Given that the ANC period has been identified as a critical time for intervention for these women, it is necessary for policies to scale up current maternal healthcare services that provide in-home maternal healthcare services and to monitor the continuity of ANC, with a particular focus on women who have an unintended pregnancy. Integration of maternal healthcare services with family planning services is also required to ensure CoC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Nuruzzaman Khan
- Department of Population Sciences, Jatiya Kabi Kazi Nazrul Islam University, Trishal, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
- * E-mail: ,
| | - Melissa L. Harris
- Faculty of Health and Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia
| | - Deborah Loxton
- Faculty of Health and Medicine, Priority Research Centre for Generational Health and Ageing, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia
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29
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Islam JY, Zaman MM, Ahmed JU, Choudhury SR, Khan H, Zissan T. Sex differences in prevalence and determinants of hypertension among adults: a cross-sectional survey of one rural village in Bangladesh. BMJ Open 2020; 10:e037546. [PMID: 32873676 PMCID: PMC7467534 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-037546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Prevention of mortality due to cardiovascular disease (CVD) through control of hypertension is a public health priority in Bangladesh. Our objective was to assess sex differences in prevalence and determinants of hypertension among adults in one rural area of Bangladesh. STUDY DESIGN Cross-sectional. SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS From January 2014 to December 2015, we conducted a cross-sectional study of 2600 men and women aged ≥18 years located in one rural district of Bangladesh. We collected data on demographics, behavioural factors, physical measurements and health history. PRIMARY OUTCOME MEASURES Our primary outcome was hypertension (systolic blood pressure ≥140 or diastolic blood pressure ≥90 mm Hg). RESULTS The average age of participants was 41.6 years and 53.7% were women. Hypertension prevalence was 6.9% (95% CI 5.9 to 7.9), and was significantly higher among women (8.9%) than men (4.5%). The highest prevalence of hypertension was observed among women aged ≥60 years at 21.3% (95% CI 16.6 to 26.7). A higher proportion of men with hypertension were aware of their condition (72.2%) compared with women (52.4%). Determinants of hypertension included older age, higher education, current tobacco use, increasing body mass index, and hyperglycaemia. CONCLUSION Our research suggests that hypertension prevalence is higher among women than men in rural Bangladesh. Sex-specific interventions should be developed to inform adults of the necessary lifestyle changes that may reduce the risk of hypertension and subsequent CVDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Yasmine Islam
- Department of Primary Care, Ekhlaspur Center of Health, Chandpur, Bangladesh
- Department of Epidemiology, UNC Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - M Mostafa Zaman
- Department of Primary Care, Ekhlaspur Center of Health, Chandpur, Bangladesh
| | | | - Sohel Reza Choudhury
- Department of Primary Care, Ekhlaspur Center of Health, Chandpur, Bangladesh
- Department of Epidemiology & Research, National Heart Foundation Hospital & Research Institute, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Hasanuzzaman Khan
- Department of Primary Care, Ekhlaspur Center of Health, Chandpur, Bangladesh
| | - Tashfin Zissan
- Department of Primary Care, Ekhlaspur Center of Health, Chandpur, Bangladesh
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Rahman MM, Zhang C, Swe KT, Rahman MS, Islam MR, Kamrujjaman M, Sultana P, Hassan MZ, Alam MS, Rahman MM. Disease-specific out-of-pocket healthcare expenditure in urban Bangladesh: A Bayesian analysis. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0227565. [PMID: 31935266 PMCID: PMC6959568 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0227565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Because of the rapid increase of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) and high burden of healthcare-related financial issues in Bangladesh, there is a concern that out-of-pocket (OOP) payments related to illnesses may become a major burden on household. It is crucial to understand what are the major illnesses responsible for high OPP at the household level to help policymakers prioritize key areas of actions to protect the household from 100% financial hardship for seeking health care as part of universal health coverage. OBJECTIVES We first estimated the costs of illnesses among a population in urban Bangladesh, and then assessed the household financial burden associated with these illnesses. METHOD A cross-sectional survey of 1593 randomly selected households was carried out in Bangladesh (urban area of Rajshahi city), in 2011. Catastrophic expenditure was estimated at 40% threshold of household capacity to pay. We employed the Bayesian two-stage hurdle model and Bayesian logistic regression model to estimate age-adjusted average cost and the incidence of household financial catastrophe for each illness, respectively. RESULTS Overall, approximately 45% of the population of Bangladesh had at least one episode of illness. The age-sex-adjusted average medical expenses and catastrophic health care expenditure among the households were TK 621 and 8%, respectively. Households spent the highest amount of money 7676.9 on paralysis followed by liver disease (TK 2695.4), injury (TK 2440.0), mental disease (TK 2258.0), and tumor (TK 2231.2). These diseases were also responsible for higher incidence of financial catastrophe. Our study showed that 24% of individuals who suffered typhoid incurred catastrophic expenditure followed by liver disease (12.3%), tumor (12.1%), heart disease (8.4%), injury (7.9%), mental disease (7.9%), cataract (7.1%), and paralysis (6.5%). CONCLUSION The study findings suggest that chronic illnesses were responsible for high costs and high catastrophic expenditures in Bangladesh. Effective risk pooling mechanism might reduce household financial burden related to illnesses. Chronic illness related to NCDs is the major cause of OOP. It is also important to consider prioritizing vulnerable population by subsidizing the high health care cost for some of the chronic illnesses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Cherri Zhang
- Global Public Health Research Foundation, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Khin Thet Swe
- Department of Global Health Policy, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Md. Shafiur Rahman
- Global Public Health Research Foundation, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Department of Global Health Policy, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Md. Rashedul Islam
- Global Public Health Research Foundation, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Department of Global Health Policy, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Md. Kamrujjaman
- Department of Mathematics, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Papia Sultana
- Department of Statistics, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Zakiul Hassan
- icddr,b, (Formerly, International Centre for Diarrheal Disease Research Bangladesh) Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | | - Md. Mizanur Rahman
- Global Public Health Research Foundation, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Department of Global Health Policy, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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A Hybrid Decision-Making Approach for the Service and Financial-Based Measurement of Universal Health Coverage for the E7 Economies. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16183295. [PMID: 31500288 PMCID: PMC6765831 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16183295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study is to measure universal health coverage in Emerging 7 (E7) economies. Within this framework, five different dimensions and 14 different criteria are selected by considering the explanations of World Health Organization and United Nations regarding universal health coverage. While weighting the dimensions and criteria, the Decision-making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory (DEMATEL) is considered with the triangular fuzzy numbers. Additionally, Multi-Objective Optimization on the basis of Ratio Analysis (MOORA) approach is used to rank E7 economies regarding Universal Health Coverage (UHC) performance. The novelty of this study is that both service and financial based factors are taken into consideration at the same time. Additionally, fuzzy DEMATEL and MOORA methodologies are firstly used in this study with respect to the evaluation of universal health coverage. The findings show that catastrophic out of pocket health spending, pushed below an international poverty line and annual growth rate of real Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita are the most significant criteria for universal health coverage performance. Moreover, it is also concluded that Russia is the country that has the highest universal health coverage performance whereas China, India and Brazil are in the last ranks. It can be understood that macroeconomic conditions play a very significant role on the performance of universal health coverage. Hence, economic conditions should be improved in these countries to have better universal health coverage performance. Furthermore, it is necessary to establish programs that provide exemptions or lower out-of-pocket expenditures which will not prevent the use of health services. This situation can protect people against the financial risks related to health expenditures. In addition to them, it is also obvious that high population has also negative influence on the countries such as, China and India. It indicates that it would be appropriate for these countries to make population planning for this purpose.
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Chowdhury AI, Abdullah AYM, Haider R, Alam A, Billah SM, Bari S, Rahman QSU, Jochem WC, Dewan A, El Arifeen S. Analyzing spatial and space-time clustering of facility-based deliveries in Bangladesh. Trop Med Health 2019; 47:44. [PMID: 31346313 PMCID: PMC6636060 DOI: 10.1186/s41182-019-0170-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A spatial and temporal study of the distribution of facility-based deliveries can identify areas of low and high facility usage and help devise more targeted interventions to improve delivery outcomes. Developing countries like Bangladesh face considerable challenges in reducing the maternal mortality ratio to the targets set by the Sustainable Development Goals. Recent studies have already identified that the progress of reducing maternal mortality has stalled. Giving birth in a health facility is one way to reduce maternal mortality. Methods Facility delivery data from a demographic surveillance site was analyzed at both village and Bari (comprising several households with same paternal origins) level to understand spatial and temporal heterogeneity. Global spatial autocorrelation was detected using Moran’s I index while local spatial clusters were detected using the local Getis Gi* statistics. In addition, space-time scanning using a discrete Poisson approach facilitated the identification of space-time clusters. The likelihood of delivering at a facility when located inside a cluster was calculated using log-likelihood ratios. Results The three cluster detection approaches detected significant spatial and temporal heterogeneity in the distribution of facility deliveries in the study area. The hot and cold spots indicated contiguous and relocation type diffusion and increased in number over the years. Space-time scanning revealed that when a parturient woman is located in a Bari inside the cluster, the likelihood of delivering at a health facility increases by twenty-seven times. Conclusions Spatiotemporal studies to understand delivery patterns are quite rare. However, in resource constraint countries like Bangladesh, detecting hot and cold spot areas can aid in the detection of diffusion centers, which can be targeted to expand regions with high facility deliveries. Places and periods with reduced health facility usages can be identified using various cluster detection techniques, to assess the barriers and facilitators in promoting health facility deliveries. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s41182-019-0170-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atique Iqbal Chowdhury
- 1Maternal and Child Health Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Abu Yousuf Md Abdullah
- 2School of Public Health and Health Systems, Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada
| | - Rafiqul Haider
- 1Maternal and Child Health Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh.,3Bureau of Meteorology, Collins St, Docklands, Australia
| | - Asraful Alam
- 1Maternal and Child Health Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Sk Masum Billah
- 1Maternal and Child Health Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Sanwarul Bari
- 1Maternal and Child Health Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Qazi Sadeq-Ur Rahman
- 1Maternal and Child Health Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Warren Christopher Jochem
- 4School of Geography & Environmental Science, University of Southampton, University Road, Southampton, UK
| | - Ashraf Dewan
- 5School of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Curtin University, Bentley, Australia
| | - Shams El Arifeen
- 1Maternal and Child Health Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
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Biswas T, Townsend N, Magalhaes RJS, Islam MS, Hasan MM, Mamun A. Current Progress and Future Directions in the Double Burden of Malnutrition among Women in South and Southeast Asian Countries. Curr Dev Nutr 2019; 3:nzz026. [PMID: 31240272 PMCID: PMC6584112 DOI: 10.1093/cdn/nzz026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Revised: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In order to combat the double burden of malnutrition the UN General Assembly has established under its Sustainable Development Goal-2 (SDG2) a set of nutritional targets that member countries need to achieve by 2030, with the goal of eradicating all forms of malnutrition worldwide. OBJECTIVES In order to understand progress towards this goal, we reviewed recent trends and forecast future trends to examine the likelihood of South and Southeast Asian countries achieving the SDG2 target by 2030. We also considered how inequalities based on wealth, education, and urban/rural dwelling influence the current and future prevalence of underweight, overweight, and obesity. METHODS We used population-representative cross-sectional data from the Demographic and Health Survey, conducted between 1996 and 2016, for 8 South and Southeast Asian countries. We used a Bayesian linear regression model to estimate trends and to forecast the prevalence of underweight, overweight, and obesity by 2030. RESULTS The overall pooled prevalence of underweight, overweight, and obesity in the South and Southeast Asian region was 22.9%, 21.3%, and 8.6%, respectively. Regional average annual rate of reduction and average annual rate of increase for the period 1996 to 2016 were 1.3% and 8.4% for underweight and overweight/obesity respectively. We estimate that if current trends continue as projected, the proportion of underweight and overweight/obesity will be 6.6% (95% CI: 3.9%, 11.1%) and 76.6% (95% CI: 64.3%, 85.7%) in 2030, respectively. Specific projections based on the wealth index suggested that by 2030 the prevalence of underweight would be highest among the poorest sector of society, and overweight and obesity highest among the richest sector. CONCLUSIONS We found that despite progress in reducing underweight, nearly two-thirds of the South and Southeast Asian population will be overweight or obese by 2030. Our findings suggest that countries in this region will not achieve the 2030 SDG2 target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuhin Biswas
- Institute for Social Science Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Children and Families over the Life Course, The University of Queensland, Indooroopilly, Australia
| | - Nick Townsend
- Public Health Epidemiology, Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - R J Soares Magalhaes
- UQ Spatial Epidemiology Laboratory, School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Australia
- Children's Health and Environment Program, Child Health Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Md Saimul Islam
- Department of Statistics, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, Bangladesh
| | - Md Mehedi Hasan
- Institute for Social Science Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Children and Families over the Life Course, The University of Queensland, Indooroopilly, Australia
| | - Abdullah Mamun
- Institute for Social Science Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Children and Families over the Life Course, The University of Queensland, Indooroopilly, Australia
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Joarder T, Chaudhury TZ, Mannan I. Universal Health Coverage in Bangladesh: Activities, Challenges, and Suggestions. PSYCHE; A JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY 2019; 2019:4954095. [PMID: 33281233 PMCID: PMC7691757 DOI: 10.1155/2019/4954095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Catastrophic health expenditure forces 5.7 million Bangladeshis into poverty. Inequity is present in most of health indicators across social, economic, and demographic parameters. This study explores the existing health policy environment and current activities to further the progress towards Universal Health Coverage (UHC) and the challenges faced in these endeavors. This qualitative study involved document reviews (n=22) and key informant interviews (KII, n=15). Thematic analysis of texts (themes: activities around UHC, implementation barriers, suggestions) was done using the manual coding technique. We found that Bangladesh has a comprehensive set of policies for UHC, e.g., a health-financing strategy and staged recommendations for pooling of funds to create a national health insurance scheme and expand financial protection for health. Progress has been made in a number of areas including the roll out of the essential package of health services for all, expansion of access to primary health care services (support by donors), and the piloting of health insurance which has been piloted in three sub districts. Political commitment for these areas is strong. However, there are barriers pertaining to the larger policy level which includes a rigid public financing structure dating from the colonial era. While others pertain to the health sector's implementation shortfalls including issues of human resources, political interference, monitoring, and supervision, most key informants discussed demand-side barriers too, such as sociocultural disinclination, historical mistrust, and lack of empowerment. To overcome these, several policies have been recommended, e.g., redesigning the public finance structure, improving governance and regulatory mechanism, specifying code of conduct for service providers, introducing health-financing reform, and collaborating with different sectors. To address the implementation barriers, recommendations include improving service quality, strengthening overall health systems, improving health service management, and improving monitoring and supervision. Addressing demand-side barriers, such as patient education and community empowerment, is also needed. Research and advocacy are required to address crosscutting barriers such as the lack of common understanding of UHC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ishtiaq Mannan
- Bangladesh Country Office, Save the Children, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh
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Hossain SJ, Ferdousi MJ, Siddique MAB, Tipu SMMU, Qayyum MA, Laskar MS. Self-reported health problems, health care seeking behaviour and cost coping mechanism of older people: Implication for primary health care delivery in rural Bangladesh. J Family Med Prim Care 2019; 8:1209-1215. [PMID: 31041275 PMCID: PMC6482786 DOI: 10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_162_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Optimum utilization of primary health care system by older people is a challenge for every low and middle income country. Little is known about self reported health problems, health care seeking behaviour and cost coping mechanism of older people in developing countries. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to measure self-reported health problems, health care seeking behaviour and expenditure coping mechanism of older people, and to describe its implication for primary health care delivery in rural Bangladesh. METHODOLOGY It was a cross sectional study. In total, 362 older people were enrolled who sought health care preceding the last month of the interview. Descriptive and bivariate data analysis along with proportion test (z test) was carried out. RESULTS The most frequent self-reported health problems were fever (43.8%) followed by physical pain (15.2%). More than half of the respondents (57.5%) had a second health problem. Only one third (33.8%) visited qualified health providers having minimum western health or medical training from government approved authority. More than half (54%) of the older people spent for health care out of pocket from their own. Only 2% older people sold their assets or took loans to meet their health care. 36% older people thought that they could afford to pay for health care in future. CONCLUSIONS The findings of this study will help in developing primary health care policy for older people in rural Bangladesh and similar settings in South Asia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheikh Jamal Hossain
- Maternal and Child Health Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Mt. Jannatul Ferdousi
- Department of Economics, Government Mohammadpur College, Ministry of Education, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Abu Bakkar Siddique
- Maternal and Child Health Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - S. M. Mulk Uddin Tipu
- Maternal and Child Health Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Abdul Qayyum
- Directorate General of Family Planning, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Dhaka, Bangladesh
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Hills AP, Misra A, Gill JMR, Byrne NM, Soares MJ, Ramachandran A, Palaniappan L, Street SJ, Jayawardena R, Khunti K, Arena R. Public health and health systems: implications for the prevention and management of type 2 diabetes in south Asia. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2018; 6:992-1002. [PMID: 30287104 DOI: 10.1016/s2213-8587(18)30203-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2016] [Revised: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Many non-communicable chronic diseases, including type 2 diabetes, are highly prevalent, costly, and largely preventable. The prevention and management of type 2 diabetes in south Asia requires a combination of lifestyle changes and long-term health-care management. However, public health and health-care systems in south Asian countries face serious challenges, including the need to provide services to many people with inadequate resources, and substantial between-population and within-population inequalities. In this Series paper, we explore the importance and particular challenges of public health and health systems in south Asian countries (Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka) with respect to the provision of culturally appropriate lifestyle modification to prevent and manage diabetes, especially in resource-poor settings. Effective primary prevention strategies are urgently needed to counter risk factors and behaviours preconception, in utero, in infancy, and during childhood and adolescence. A concerted focus on education, training, and capacity building at the community level would ensure the more widespread use of non-physician care, including community health workers. Major investment from governments and other sources will be essential to achieve substantial improvements in the prevention and management of type 2 diabetes in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew P Hills
- College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, TAS, Australia.
| | - Anoop Misra
- Fortis C-DOC Centre of Excellence for Diabetes, Metabolic Diseases, and Endocrinology, New Delhi, India; National Diabetes, Obesity, and Cholesterol Foundation, New Delhi, India; Diabetes Foundation (India), New Delhi, India
| | - Jason M R Gill
- BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Nuala M Byrne
- College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, TAS, Australia
| | - Mario J Soares
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Ambady Ramachandran
- India Diabetes Research Foundation & Dr A Ramachandran's Diabetes Hospitals, Guindy, Chennai, India
| | | | - Steven J Street
- College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, TAS, Australia
| | - Ranil Jayawardena
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka
| | - Kamlesh Khunti
- Diabetes Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester General Hospital, Leicester, UK
| | - Ross Arena
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Applied Health Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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Universal health care in Bangladesh-promises and perils. LANCET GLOBAL HEALTH 2018; 6:e10-e11. [PMID: 29241601 DOI: 10.1016/s2214-109x(17)30470-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Wu D, Yu F, Nie W. Improvement of the reduction in catastrophic health expenditure in China's public health insurance. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0194915. [PMID: 29634779 PMCID: PMC5892907 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0194915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to locate the contributing factors of Catastrophic Health Expenditure (CHE), evaluate their impacts, and try to propose strategies for reducing the possibilities of CHE in the context of China’s current public health insurance system. The financial data of all hospitalization cases from a sample hospital in 2013 were gathered and used to determine the pattern of household medical costs. A simulation model was constructed based on China’s current public health insurance system to evaluate the financial burden for medical service on Chinese patients, as well as to calculate the possibilities of CHE. Then, by adjusting several parameters, suggestions were made for China’s health insurance system in order to reduce CHE. It’s found with China’s current public health insurance system, the financial aid that a patient may receive depends on whether he is from an urban or rural area and whether he is employed. Due to the different insurance policies and the wide income gap between urban and rural areas, rural residents are much more financially vulnerable during health crisis. The possibility of CHE can be more than 50% for low-income rural families. The CHE ratio can be dramatically lowered by applying different policies for different household income groups. It’s concluded the financial burden for medical services of Chinese patients is quite large currently, especially for those from rural areas. By referencing different healthcare policies in the world, applying different health insurance policies for different income groups can dramatically reduce the possibility of CHE in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dengfeng Wu
- Economics and Management School, Jiujiang University, Jiujiang City, China
- * E-mail:
| | - Fang Yu
- Economics and Management School, Jiujiang University, Jiujiang City, China
| | - Wei Nie
- Jiujiang University Hospital, Jiujiang City, China
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