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Asmah RH, Squire DS, Adupko S, Adedia D, Kyei-Baafour E, Aidoo EK, Ayeh-Kumi PF. Host-parasite interaction in severe and uncomplicated malaria infection in ghanaian children. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2024; 43:915-926. [PMID: 38472520 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-024-04804-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE During malarial infection, both parasites and host red blood cells (RBCs) come under severe oxidative stress due to the production of free radicals. The host system responds in protecting the RBCs against the oxidative damage caused by these free radicals by producing antioxidants. In this study, we investigated the antioxidant enzyme; superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and cytokine interactions with parasitaemia in Ghanaian children with severe and uncomplicated malaria. METHODOLOGY One hundred and fifty participants aged 0-12 years were administered with structured questionnaires. Active case finding approach was used in participating hospitals to identify and interview cases before treatment was applied. Blood samples were taken from each participant and used to quantify malaria parasitaemia, measure haematological parameters and SOD activity. Cytokine levels were measured by commercial ELISA kits. DNA comet assay was used to evaluate the extent of parasite DNA damage due to oxidative stress. RESULTS Seventy - Nine (79) and Twenty- Six (26) participants who were positive with malaria parasites were categorized as severe (56.75 × 103 ± 57.69 parasites/µl) and uncomplicated malaria (5.87 × 103 ± 2.87 parasites/µl) respectively, showing significant difference in parasitaemia (p < 0.0001). Significant negative correlation was found between parasitaemia and SOD activity levels among severe malaria study participants (p = 0.0428). Difference in cytokine levels (IL-10) amongst the control, uncomplicated and severe malaria groups was significant (p < 0.0001). The IFN-γ/IL-10 /TNF-α/IL-10 ratio differed significantly between the malaria infected and non- malaria infected study participants. DNA comet assay revealed damage to Plasmodium parasite DNA. CONCLUSION Critical roles played by SOD activity and cytokines as anti-parasitic defense during P. falciparum malaria infection in children were established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard H Asmah
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Basic and Biomedical Sciences, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana
| | - Daniel Sai Squire
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, School of Allied Health Sciences, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Volta Region, Ghana.
| | - Selorme Adupko
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Microbiology, School of Pharmacy, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - David Adedia
- Department of Basic Sciences, School of Basic and Biomedical Sciences, University of University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana
| | - Eric Kyei-Baafour
- Department of Immunology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Ebenezer K Aidoo
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Accra Technical University, Accra, Ghana
| | - Patrick F Ayeh-Kumi
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Ghana Medical School, Accra, Ghana
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2
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El Saftawy E, Farag MF, Gebreil HH, Abdelfatah M, Aboulhoda BE, Alghamdi M, Albadawi EA, Abd Elkhalek MA. Malaria: biochemical, physiological, diagnostic, and therapeutic updates. PeerJ 2024; 12:e17084. [PMID: 38529311 PMCID: PMC10962339 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.17084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Malaria has been appraised as a significant vector-borne parasitic disease with grave morbidity and high-rate mortality. Several challenges have been confronting the efficient diagnosis and treatment of malaria. Method Google Scholar, PubMed, Web of Science, and the Egyptian Knowledge Bank (EKB) were all used to gather articles. Results Diverse biochemical and physiological indices can mirror complicated malaria e.g., hypoglycemia, dyslipidemia, elevated renal and hepatic functions in addition to the lower antioxidant capacity that does not only destroy the parasite but also induces endothelial damage. Multiple trials have been conducted to improve recent points of care in malaria involving biosensors, lap on-chip, and microdevices technology. Regarding recent therapeutic trials, chemical falcipain inhibitors and plant extracts with anti-plasmodial activities are presented. Moreover, antimalaria nano-medicine and the emergence of nanocarrier (either active or passive) in drug transportation are promising. The combination therapeutic trials e.g., amodiaquine + artemether + lumefantrine are presented to safely counterbalance the emerging drug resistance in addition to the Tafenoquine as a new anti-relapse therapy. Conclusion Recognizing the pathophysiology indices potentiate diagnosis of malaria. The new points of care can smartly manipulate the biochemical and hematological alterations for a more sensitive and specific diagnosis of malaria. Nano-medicine appeared promising. Chemical and plant extracts remain points of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enas El Saftawy
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Giza, Egypt
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Armed Forces College of Medicine, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohamed F. Farag
- Department of Medical Physiology, Armed Forces College of Medicine, Cairo, Giza, Egypt
| | - Hossam H. Gebreil
- Department of Medical Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Armed Forces College of Medicine, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Abdelfatah
- Department of Medical Physiology, Armed Forces College of Medicine, Cairo, Giza, Egypt
| | - Basma Emad Aboulhoda
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Giza, Egypt
| | - Mansour Alghamdi
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
- Genomics and Personalized Medicine Unit, College of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Emad A. Albadawi
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Taibah University, Madinah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Marwa Ali Abd Elkhalek
- Department of Medical Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Armed Forces College of Medicine, Cairo, Egypt
- Medical Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
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3
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Kotepui KU, Mueangson O, Mala W, Mahittikorn A, Wangdi K, Kotepui M. Status of Blood Levels of Superoxide Dismutase in Patients with Malaria: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Antioxid Redox Signal 2024; 40:222-235. [PMID: 37125449 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2023.0273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Aims: The evidence of superoxide dismutase (SOD) in the pathogenesis of malaria is inconsistent. This study aimed to synthesize the evidence of blood levels of SOD in patients with malaria and determine the association of blood levels of SOD with the severity of malaria. Results: A total of 1874 articles were retrieved from database searches and 28 studies were included in the review. The blood levels of SOD were lower in individuals with malaria compared with those without malaria infection (p < 0.01, Cohen's d: -2.06, 95% CI: -2.99 to -1.14), I2: 98.96%, 2181 malaria cases/1186 uninfected cases). There were no differences in blood levels of SOD between severe and nonsevere malaria patients (p = 0.09, Cohen's d: -1.57, 95% CI: -3.39 to 0.26), I2: 96.02%, 69 severe malaria cases/256 nonsevere malaria cases). Innovation and Conclusion: The blood levels of SOD were lower in malaria patients compared with those without malaria infection. Further studies will be required to determine the extent to which SOD might prevent Plasmodium infections during pregnancy. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 40, 222-235.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Onchuma Mueangson
- School of Allied Health Sciences, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand
| | - Wanida Mala
- School of Allied Health Sciences, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand
| | - Aongart Mahittikorn
- Department of Protozoology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Kinley Wangdi
- Department of Global Health, National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, College of Health and Medicine, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Manas Kotepui
- School of Allied Health Sciences, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand
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Molecular mechanisms of hematological and biochemical alterations in malaria: A review. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2021; 247:111446. [PMID: 34953384 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2021.111446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 11/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Malaria is a dangerous disease that contributes to millions of hospital visits and hundreds of thousands of deaths, especially in children residing in sub-Saharan Africa. Although several interventions such as vector control, case detection, and treatment are already in place, there is no substantive reduction in the disease burden. Several studies in the past have reported the emergence of resistant strains of malaria parasites (MPs) and mosquitoes, and poor adherence and inaccessibility to effective antimalarial drugs as the major factors for this persistent menace of malaria infections. Moreover, victory against MP infections for many years has been hampered by an incomplete understanding of the complex nature of malaria pathogenesis. Very recent studies have identified different complex interactions and hematological alterations induced by malaria parasites. However, no studies have hybridized these alterations for a better understanding of Malaria pathogenesis. Hence, this review thoroughly discusses the molecular mechanisms of all reported hematological and biochemical alterations induced by MPs infections. Specifically, the mechanisms in which MP-infection induces anemia, thrombocytopenia, leukopenia, dyslipidemia, hypoglycemia, oxidative stress, and liver and kidney malfunctions were presented. The study also discussed how MPs evade the host's immune response and suggested strategies to limit evasion of the host's immune response to combat malaria and its complications.
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Okoye I, Yu S, Caruso F, Rossi M. X-ray Structure Determination, Antioxidant Voltammetry Studies of Butein and 2',4'-Dihydroxy-3,4-dimethoxychalcone. Computational Studies of 4 Structurally Related 2',4'-diOH Chalcones to Examine Their Antimalarial Activity by Binding to Falcipain-2. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26216511. [PMID: 34770920 PMCID: PMC8588236 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26216511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria is a huge global health burden with resistance to currently available medicines resulting in the search for newer antimalarial compounds from traditional medicinal plants in malaria-endemic regions. Previous studies on two chalcones, homobutein and 5-prenylbutein, present in E. abyssinica, have shown moderate antiplasmodial activity. Here, we describe results from experimental and computational investigations of four structurally related chalcones, butein, 2′,4′-dihydroxy-3,4-dimethoxychalcone (DHDM), homobutein and 5-prenylbutein to elucidate possible molecular mechanisms by which these compounds clear malaria parasites. The crystal structures of butein and DHDM show that butein engages in more hydrogen bonding and consequently, more intermolecular interactions than DHDM. Rotating ring-disk electrode (RRDE) voltammetry results show that butein has a higher antioxidant activity towards the superoxide radical anion compared to DHDM. Computational docking experiments were conducted to examine the inhibitory potential of all four compounds on falcipain-2, a cysteine protease that is involved in the degradation of hemoglobin in plasmodium-infected red blood cells of the host. Overall, this work suggests butein as a better antimalarial compound due to its structural features which allow it to have greater intermolecular interactions, higher antioxidant activity and to create a covalent complex at the active site of falcipain-2.
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Flavonoid-rich extract of Buchholzia coriacea Engl. seeds reverses Plasmodium berghei-modified haematological and biochemical status in mice. SCIENTIFIC AFRICAN 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sciaf.2021.e00748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Shivappagowdar A, Garg S, Srivastava A, Hada RS, Kalia I, Singh AP, Garg LC, Pati S, Singh S. Pathogenic Pore Forming Proteins of Plasmodium Triggers the Necrosis of Endothelial Cells Attributed to Malaria Severity. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13010062. [PMID: 33467515 PMCID: PMC7839052 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13010062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe malaria caused by Plasmodium falciparum poses a major global health problem with high morbidity and mortality. P. falciparum harbors a family of pore-forming proteins (PFPs), known as perforin like proteins (PLPs), which are structurally equivalent to prokaryotic PFPs. These PLPs are secreted from the parasites and, they contribute to disease pathogenesis by interacting with host cells. The severe malaria pathogenesis is associated with the dysfunction of various barrier cells, including endothelial cells (EC). Several factors, including PLPs secreted by parasites, contribute to the host cell dysfunction. Herein, we have tested the hypothesis that PLPs mediate dysfunction of barrier cells and might have a role in disease pathogenesis. We analyzed various dysfunctions in barrier cells following rPLP2 exposure and demonstrate that it causes an increase in intracellular Ca2+ levels. Additionally, rPLP2 exposed barrier cells displayed features of cell death, including Annexin/PI positivity, depolarized the mitochondrial membrane potential, and ROS generation. We have further performed the time-lapse video microscopy of barrier cells and found that the treatment of rPLP2 triggers their membrane blebbing. The cytoplasmic localization of HMGB1, a marker of necrosis, further confirmed the necrotic type of cell death. This study highlights the role of parasite factor PLP in endothelial dysfunction and provides a rationale for the design of adjunct therapies against severe malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Shivappagowdar
- Department of Life Science, School of Natural Sciences, Shiv Nadar University, Chithera, Gautam Buddha Nagar, Uttar Pradesh 201314, India; (A.S.); (A.S.); (R.S.H.); (S.P.)
| | - Swati Garg
- Special Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India;
| | - Akriti Srivastava
- Department of Life Science, School of Natural Sciences, Shiv Nadar University, Chithera, Gautam Buddha Nagar, Uttar Pradesh 201314, India; (A.S.); (A.S.); (R.S.H.); (S.P.)
| | - Rahul S. Hada
- Department of Life Science, School of Natural Sciences, Shiv Nadar University, Chithera, Gautam Buddha Nagar, Uttar Pradesh 201314, India; (A.S.); (A.S.); (R.S.H.); (S.P.)
| | - Inderjeet Kalia
- Infectious Disease Lab, National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi 110067, India; (I.K.); (A.P.S.)
| | - Agam P. Singh
- Infectious Disease Lab, National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi 110067, India; (I.K.); (A.P.S.)
| | - Lalit C. Garg
- Gene Regulation Laboratory, National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi 110067, India;
| | - Soumya Pati
- Department of Life Science, School of Natural Sciences, Shiv Nadar University, Chithera, Gautam Buddha Nagar, Uttar Pradesh 201314, India; (A.S.); (A.S.); (R.S.H.); (S.P.)
| | - Shailja Singh
- Special Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India;
- Correspondence:
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Kot K, Kosik-Bogacka D, Kupnicka P, Łanocha-Arendarczyk N. Antioxidant defense in the eyes of immunocompetent and immunosuppressed mice infected with Acanthamoeba spp. Parasit Vectors 2020; 13:123. [PMID: 32143731 PMCID: PMC7060556 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-3979-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Acanthamoeba spp. are ubiquitous pathogens which cause granulomatous amoebic encephalitis and disseminated infection. Moreover, Acanthamoeba spp. infection of the cornea leads to Acanthamoeba keratitis. Our previous study showed that the infection of an eyeball may also take place via the migration of trophozoites through the optic nerve from the brain to the eyes. The aim of the study was to analyze the activity of enzymatic antioxidants and the concentration of non-enzymatic antioxidant in the eyes of immunocompetent and immunocompromised mice with disseminated acanthamoebiasis. Results In the immunocompetent mice infected with Acanthamoeba spp. we noted a significant decrease in catalase activity at 8 and 16 days post-infection (dpi). Glutathione reductase activity was significantly lower at 16 dpi compared to the control group and glutathione concentration was statistically higher at 24 dpi than in the control group. In the immunosuppressed mice, a statistically significant increase in glutathione concentration in the eye samples was found at 16 dpi compared to those not infected with Acanthamoeba spp. In the immunosuppressed mice infected with Acanthamoeba spp., glutathione peroxidase activity was statistically lower at 8 dpi, and glutathione concentration was statistically significantly higher at 16 dpi compared to the control group. Conclusions The inflammatory response in the eyes of hosts with experimental acanthamoebiasis led to changes in the activity of enzymatic antioxidants and the content of non-enzymatic antioxidant. Therefore, the dysregulation of antioxidants may play a role in the pathomechanism of Acanthamoeba eye infection.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Kot
- Department of Biology and Medical Parasitology, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstancow Wielkopolskich 72, 70-111, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Danuta Kosik-Bogacka
- Independent of Pharmaceutical Botany, Department of Biology and Medical Parasitology, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstancow Wielkopolskich 72, 70-111, Szczecin, Poland.
| | - Patrycja Kupnicka
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstancow Wielkopolskich 72, 70-111, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Natalia Łanocha-Arendarczyk
- Department of Biology and Medical Parasitology, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstancow Wielkopolskich 72, 70-111, Szczecin, Poland
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Łanocha-Arendarczyk N, Baranowska-Bosiacka I, Gutowska I, Kot K, Metryka E, Kosik-Bogacka DI. Relationship between antioxidant defense in Acanthamoeba spp. infected lungs and host immunological status. Exp Parasitol 2018; 193:58-65. [PMID: 30201450 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2018.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Revised: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The role of oxidative stress in the pathogenicity of acanthamoebiasis is an important aspect of the intricate and complex host-parasite relationship. The aim of this experimental study was to determine oxidative stress through the assessment of lipid peroxidation product (LPO) levels and antioxidant defense mechanism in Acanthamoeba spp. lung infections in immunocompetent and immunosuppressed hosts. In Acanthamoeba spp. infected immunocompetent mice we noted a significant increase in lung lipid peroxidation products (LPO) at 8 days and 16 days post infection (dpi). There was a significant upregulation in lung LPO in immunocompetent and immunosuppressed mice infected by Acanthamoeba spp. at 16 dpi. The superoxide dismutase activity decreased significantly in lungs in immunosuppressed mice at 8 dpi. The catalase activity was significantly upregulated in lungs in immunocompetent vs. immunosuppressed group and in immunocompetent vs. control mice at 16 dpi. The glutathione reductase activity was significantly lower in immunosuppressed group vs. immunosuppressed control at 24 dpi. We found significant glutathione peroxidase downregulation in immunocompetent and immunosuppressed groups vs. controls at 8 dpi, and in immunosuppressed vs. immunosuppressed control at 16 dpi. The consequence of the inflammatory response in immunocompetent and immunosuppressed hosts in the course of experimental Acanthamoeba spp. infection was the reduction of the antioxidant capacity of the lungs resulting from changes in the activity of antioxidant enzymes. Therefore, the imbalance between oxidant and antioxidant processes may play a major role in pathology associated with Acanthamoeba pneumonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Łanocha-Arendarczyk
- Department of Biology and Medical Parasitology, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Poland
| | - I Baranowska-Bosiacka
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Poland
| | - I Gutowska
- Department of Biochemistry and Human Nutrition, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Poland
| | - K Kot
- Department of Biology and Medical Parasitology, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Poland
| | - E Metryka
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Poland
| | - D I Kosik-Bogacka
- Department of Biology and Medical Parasitology, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Poland.
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Antioxidant defense system induced by cysteine-stabilized peptide fraction of aqueous extract of Morinda lucida leaf in selected tissues of Plasmodium berghei -infected mice. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE MEDICINE-JIM 2017; 15:388-397. [DOI: 10.1016/s2095-4964(17)60354-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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