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Bardosh K, Guinto RR, Bukachi SA, Hang TM, Bongcac MK, de los Santos MYM, Mburu CM, Abela J, Kelly D, Maller C. Wet market biosecurity reform: Three social narratives influence stakeholder responses in Vietnam, Kenya, and the Philippines. PLOS GLOBAL PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 3:e0001704. [PMID: 37672556 PMCID: PMC10482282 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgph.0001704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
In 2020, Covid-19 led to global policy statements promoting bans and reforms to wet markets in Asia and Africa to prevent future pandemics. We conducted a comparative, exploratory qualitative study in 2021 in three countries (Kenya, Vietnam and the Philippines) to understand the social and political dimensions to biosecurity reform at wet markets. This included 60 key informant interviews and rapid ethnographic research in 15 markets, as well as a review of policy documents and online media articles. We found no evidence that the rhetoric of pandemic spillover that emerged in 2020 had any influence on policy or reform efforts apart from those related to Covid-19 infection control. Rather, we identified three main narratives that frame the problem of biosecurity and preferences for reform. The first, a human health narrative, questioned global framings about pandemic risk, viewed markets as sources for food security rather than disease, emphasized the need to strengthen the control of endemic diseases, and conceptualized health through the lens of 'freshness' rather than biomedical categories. A second modernization narrative approached biosecurity as part of a broader process of socio-economic development that emphasized infrastructural gaps, spatial arrangements, cleanliness and a conflict between reform and economic interests. A third narrative centered on local livelihoods and the tension between local market stakeholders and biosecurity and modernization efforts. This final narrative called into question the appropriateness of certain regulations and policies, including bans and closures, emphasized the importance of preserving cultural heritage and highlighted the need for collective political action to resist certain veterinary policies. In conclusion, wet market biosecurity strategies occur in the context of three contrasting narratives that emphasize different aspects of health and risk, and reflect different worldviews and interests. Within this context, there is a need for local government to strengthen market management and biosecurity in ways that enhance the agency of market stakeholders and strengthen local livelihoods and food security as part of a pluralistic and democratic politics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Bardosh
- School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Centre for Urban Research, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Renzo R. Guinto
- Planetary and Global Health Program, St. Luke’s Medical Center College of Medicine-William H. Quasha Memorial, Quezon City, Philippines
| | - Salome A. Bukachi
- Institute of Anthropology, Gender and African Studies, University of Nairobi, Nairobi’, Kenya
| | - Tran Minh Hang
- Institute of Anthropology, Vietnam Academy of Social Sciences, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Marianne K. Bongcac
- Planetary and Global Health Program, St. Luke’s Medical Center College of Medicine-William H. Quasha Memorial, Quezon City, Philippines
| | - Mara Ysabella M. de los Santos
- Planetary and Global Health Program, St. Luke’s Medical Center College of Medicine-William H. Quasha Memorial, Quezon City, Philippines
| | - Caroline M. Mburu
- Institute of Anthropology, Gender and African Studies, University of Nairobi, Nairobi’, Kenya
- Department of Social Anthropology, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, United Kingdom
| | - Jackielyn Abela
- Palawan State University, Puerto Princesa, Palawan, Philippines
| | - David Kelly
- Centre for Urban Research, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Cecily Maller
- Centre for Urban Research, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology, Melbourne, Australia
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2
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Thompson KET, Borgerson C, Wright PC, Randriamanetsy JM, Andrianantenaina MY, Andriamavosoloarisoa NNM, Razafindrahasy TA, Rothman RS, Surkis C, Bankoff RJ, Daniels C, Twiss KC. A Coupled Humanitarian and Biodiversity Crisis in Western Madagascar. INT J PRIMATOL 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s10764-022-00338-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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3
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Alhaji NB, Odetokun IA, Lawan MK, Adeiza AM, Nafarnda WD, Salihu MJ. Risk assessment and preventive health behaviours toward COVID-19 amongst bushmeat handlers in Nigerian wildlife markets: Drivers and One Health challenge. Acta Trop 2022; 235:106621. [PMID: 35908578 PMCID: PMC9329136 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2022.106621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Over 70% of emerging infectious diseases are zoonotic and 72% of them have wildlife reservoirs with consequent global health impacts. Both SARS-CoV-1 and SARS-CoV-2 emerged certainly through wildlife market routes. We assessed wildlife handlers' zoonotic risk perceptions and preventive health behaviour measures toward COVID-19 during pandemic waves, and its drivers at wildlife markets using Health Belief Model (HBM) constructs. A cross-sectional study was conducted at purposively selected wildlife markets in Nigeria between November 2020 and October 2021. Descriptive, univariate, and multivariable logistic regressions analyses were performed at 95% confidence interval. Of the 600 targeted handlers in 97 wildlife markets, 97.2% (n = 583) participated. Consumers were the majority (65.3%), followed by hunters (18.4) and vendors (16.3%). Only 10.3% hunters, 24.3% vendors and 21.0% consumers associated COVID-19 with high zoonotic risk. Also, only few handlers practiced social/physical distancing at markets. Avoidance of handshaking or hugging and vaccination was significantly (p = 0.001) practiced by few handlers as preventive health behaviours at the markets. All the socio-demographic variables were significantly (p<0.05) associated with their knowledge, risk perceptions, and practice of preventive health behaviours toward COVID-19 at univariate analysis. Poor markets sanitation, hygiene, and biosecurity (OR=3.35, 95% CI: 2.33, 4.82); and poor butchering practices and exchange of wildlife species between shops [(OR=1.87; 95% CI: 1.34, 2.60) and (OR=2.03; 95% CI: 1.43, 2.88), respectively] were more likely to significantly influence COVID-19 emergence and spread at the markets. To tackle the highlighted gaps, collaborations between the public health, anthropologists, and veterinary and wildlife authorities through the One Health approach are advocated to intensify awareness and health education programmes that will improve perceptions and behaviours toward the disease and other emerging diseases control and prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nma Bida Alhaji
- Africa Centre of Excellence for Mycotoxin and Food Safety, Federal University of Technology, Minna, Nigeria; Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Abuja, Federal Capital Territory, Nigeria.
| | - Ismail Ayoade Odetokun
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria
| | - Mohammed Kabiru Lawan
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
| | - Abdulrahman Musa Adeiza
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Abuja, Federal Capital Territory, Nigeria
| | - Wesley Daniel Nafarnda
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Abuja, Federal Capital Territory, Nigeria
| | - Mohammed Jibrin Salihu
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria
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Cronin MR, de Wit LA, Martínez‐Estévez L. Aligning conservation and public health goals to tackle unsustainable trade of mammals. CONSERVATION SCIENCE AND PRACTICE 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/csp2.12818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Melissa R. Cronin
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of California Santa Cruz Santa Cruz California USA
| | | | - Lourdes Martínez‐Estévez
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of California Santa Cruz Santa Cruz California USA
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5
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Wang Y, Tilley HB, Phalke S, Andersson AA, Dingle C, Hatten CER, Leung EYM, Murphy D, Wierucka K, Mumby HS. Discussion of wildlife trade before and during the COVID-19 pandemic in professional opinion pieces and scientific articles. Glob Ecol Conserv 2022; 38:e02270. [PMID: 36043198 PMCID: PMC9411019 DOI: 10.1016/j.gecco.2022.e02270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Wildlife trade is a multi-billion-dollar sector that impacts a wide range of species, and thus is of significant research and conservation interest. Wildlife trade has also become a prominent topic in the public-facing media, where coverage has intensified following the outbreak of the global COVID-19 pandemic due to the potential connection between wildlife trade and the origin of the SARS Cov2 virus. Given the importance of the media in shaping public understanding and discourse of complex topics such as wildlife trade, this could impact the implementation of and public support for policy decisions. In this study, we followed a standardised protocol to extract wildlife trade-related discussion from 285 professional opinion pieces (NGO reports or articles in conservation-themed forums) and 107 scientific articles published in two time periods: "pre-COVID" (June 1-December 31, 2019) and "during-COVID" (January 1-May 31, 2020). We compared opinion pieces and scientific articles across the two time periods and to each other to investigate potential differences in the presentation of wildlife trade and associated speakers. We found a shift in the way that wildlife trade was discussed in professional opinion pieces between the periods, in that the discussion became less specific in terms of defining the legality and purpose of trade, and the animal groups involved in the "during-COVID" period. The generalised framing of wildlife trade in our dataset also coincided with an increased discussion of highly generalised management strategies, such as blanket bans on wildlife trade. We also found that publications included more quotes from researchers in the "during-COVID" period. In both professional opinion pieces and scientific articles, we found that quotations or research were often from speakers whose affiliation region was different to the geographic range of the trade they were speaking about. This highlights the importance of incorporating local knowledge and considering the diversity of speakers and interviewees in both research and the public-facing media about the wildlife trade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifu Wang
- Area of Ecology and Biodiversity, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Hannah B Tilley
- Area of Ecology and Biodiversity, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Sagarika Phalke
- Area of Ecology and Biodiversity, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Astrid A Andersson
- Area of Ecology and Biodiversity, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Caroline Dingle
- Area of Ecology and Biodiversity, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Chloe E R Hatten
- Area of Ecology and Biodiversity, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Even Y M Leung
- Area of Ecology and Biodiversity, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Derek Murphy
- Area of Ecology and Biodiversity, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Kaja Wierucka
- Area of Ecology and Biodiversity, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Hannah S Mumby
- Area of Ecology and Biodiversity, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
- Department of Politics and Public Administration, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
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6
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Janssen J. Thailand's online reptile market decreases, but shifts toward native species during COVID-19. JOURNAL OF ASIA-PACIFIC BIODIVERSITY 2022; 15:488-494. [PMID: 36097538 PMCID: PMC9454151 DOI: 10.1016/j.japb.2022.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent COVID-19 pandemic presented the world with a crisis of incredible scale and made wildlife markets the focal point of authorities. Scientific literature on COVID-19 and wildlife trade overwhelmingly focused on the zoonotic risks of wildlife markets. As many physical marketplaces for wildlife were faced with closure or restrictions to curb the spread of COVID-19, alternative sale platforms were sought. I monitored social media platforms in Thailand during the pandemic and compared this with data obtained in 2016. I found a significant reduction of lizards and snakes offered for sale on social media, compared with before the pandemic. Although the quantity decreased, I found that the number of species almost doubled in snakes, of which unprotected native species increased by 245%. Transport restrictions would limit the mobility of harvesters and interrupts trade chains, and thus could explain the reduced number of snakes and lizards for sale. However, the increase in native species for sale shows that the impact of this international trade disruption could shift focus from international trade to what is locally available. Potentially having serious consequences for the conservation of local species and in line with previous studies documenting increased poaching rates and wildlife crime incidents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordi Janssen
- Monitor Conservation Research Society, Big Lake Ranch BC, PO Box 200, V0L 1G0, Canada
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7
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Hopkins SR, Lafferty KD, Wood CL, Olson SH, Buck JC, De Leo GA, Fiorella KJ, Fornberg JL, Garchitorena A, Jones IJ, Kuris AM, Kwong LH, LeBoa C, Leon AE, Lund AJ, MacDonald AJ, Metz DCG, Nova N, Peel AJ, Remais JV, Stewart Merrill TE, Wilson M, Bonds MH, Dobson AP, Lopez Carr D, Howard ME, Mandle L, Sokolow SH. Evidence gaps and diversity among potential win-win solutions for conservation and human infectious disease control. Lancet Planet Health 2022; 6:e694-e705. [PMID: 35932789 PMCID: PMC9364143 DOI: 10.1016/s2542-5196(22)00148-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
As sustainable development practitioners have worked to "ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all" and "conserve life on land and below water", what progress has been made with win-win interventions that reduce human infectious disease burdens while advancing conservation goals? Using a systematic literature review, we identified 46 proposed solutions, which we then investigated individually using targeted literature reviews. The proposed solutions addressed diverse conservation threats and human infectious diseases, and thus, the proposed interventions varied in scale, costs, and impacts. Some potential solutions had medium-quality to high-quality evidence for previous success in achieving proposed impacts in one or both sectors. However, there were notable evidence gaps within and among solutions, highlighting opportunities for further research and adaptive implementation. Stakeholders seeking win-win interventions can explore this Review and an online database to find and tailor a relevant solution or brainstorm new solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Skylar R Hopkins
- Department of Applied Ecology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA; National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis, Santa Barbara, CA, USA.
| | - Kevin D Lafferty
- Western Ecological Research Center, US Geological Survey at Marine Science Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Chelsea L Wood
- School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Sarah H Olson
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Health Program, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Julia C Buck
- Department of Biology and Marine Biology, University of North Carolina Wilmington, Wilmington, NC, USA
| | - Giulio A De Leo
- Hopkins Marine Station, Stanford University, Pacific Grove, CA, USA
| | - Kathryn J Fiorella
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences and Master of Public Health Program, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Johanna L Fornberg
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Andres Garchitorena
- MIVEGEC, Université Montpellier, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Montpellier, France; NGO PIVOT, Ranomafana, Madagascar
| | - Isabel J Jones
- Hopkins Marine Station, Stanford University, Pacific Grove, CA, USA
| | - Armand M Kuris
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Laura H Kwong
- Woods Institute for the Environment, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | - Ariel E Leon
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA; US Geological Survey, National Wildlife Health Center, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Andrea J Lund
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Andrew J MacDonald
- Bren School of Environmental Science and Management, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Daniel C G Metz
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Nicole Nova
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Alison J Peel
- Centre for Planetary Health and Food Security, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD, Australia
| | - Justin V Remais
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | | | - Maya Wilson
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Matthew H Bonds
- Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Andrew P Dobson
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - David Lopez Carr
- Department of Geography, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Meghan E Howard
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Lisa Mandle
- Woods Institute for the Environment, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Susanne H Sokolow
- Woods Institute for the Environment, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
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8
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Wit LA, Fisher B, Naidoo R, Ricketts TH. Economic incentives for the wildlife trade and costs of epidemics compared across individual, national, and global scales. CONSERVATION SCIENCE AND PRACTICE 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/csp2.12735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Luz A. Wit
- Gund Institute for Environment University of Vermont Burlington Vermont USA
- Bat Conservation International Austin Texas USA
| | - Brendan Fisher
- Gund Institute for Environment University of Vermont Burlington Vermont USA
- Environmental Program Rubenstein School of Environment and Natural Resources Burlington Vermont USA
| | - Robin Naidoo
- Gund Institute for Environment University of Vermont Burlington Vermont USA
- World Wildlife Fund Washington, DC USA
- Institute for Resources Environment and Sustainability, University of British Columbia Vancouver British Columbia Canada
| | - Taylor H. Ricketts
- Gund Institute for Environment University of Vermont Burlington Vermont USA
- Rubenstein School of Environment and Natural Resources University of Vermont Burlington Vermont USA
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9
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Wegner GI, Murray KA, Springmann M, Muller A, Sokolow SH, Saylors K, Morens DM. Averting wildlife-borne infectious disease epidemics requires a focus on socio-ecological drivers and a redesign of the global food system. EClinicalMedicine 2022; 47:101386. [PMID: 35465645 PMCID: PMC9014132 DOI: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2022.101386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A debate has emerged over the potential socio-ecological drivers of wildlife-origin zoonotic disease outbreaks and emerging infectious disease (EID) events. This Review explores the extent to which the incidence of wildlife-origin infectious disease outbreaks, which are likely to include devastating pandemics like HIV/AIDS and COVID-19, may be linked to excessive and increasing rates of tropical deforestation for agricultural food production and wild meat hunting and trade, which are further related to contemporary ecological crises such as global warming and mass species extinction. Here we explore a set of precautionary responses to wildlife-origin zoonosis threat, including: (a) limiting human encroachment into tropical wildlands by promoting a global transition to diets low in livestock source foods; (b) containing tropical wild meat hunting and trade by curbing urban wild meat demand, while securing access for indigenous people and local communities in remote subsistence areas; and (c) improving biosecurity and other strategies to break zoonosis transmission pathways at the wildlife-human interface and along animal source food supply chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia I. Wegner
- Wildlife Conservation Research Unit (WildCRU), Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Tubney House, Abingdon Road, Tubney, Abingdon OX13 5QL, UK
| | - Kris A. Murray
- MRC Unit the Gambia at London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Fajara, Gambia
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, UK
| | - Marco Springmann
- Oxford Martin Programme on the Future of Food and Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, 34 Broad Street, Oxford OX1 3BD, UK
| | - Adrian Muller
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH, Sonneggstrasse 33, Zürich 8092, Switzerland
- Research Institute of Organic Agriculture FiBL, Ackerstrasse 113, Frick 5070, Switzerland
| | - Susanne H. Sokolow
- Stanford Woods Institute for the Environment, Jerry Yang & Akiko Yamazaki Environment & Energy Building, MC 4205, 473 Via Ortega, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Marine Science Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106-6150, USA
| | - Karen Saylors
- Labyrinth Global Health, 15th Ave NE, St Petersburg, FL 33704, USA
| | - David M. Morens
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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10
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Milbank C, Vira B. Wildmeat consumption and zoonotic spillover: contextualising disease emergence and policy responses. Lancet Planet Health 2022; 6:e439-e448. [PMID: 35550083 PMCID: PMC9084621 DOI: 10.1016/s2542-5196(22)00064-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Zoonotic diseases are estimated to constitute 75% of all emerging infectious diseases, of which more than 70% come from wild species. The potential threat of zoonotic spillover from the consumption of wildmeat has been the subject of policy and media attention, especially in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic; however, little is known about the actual conditions that contribute to the risk of spillover and associated disease transmission. In this Review, we compile existing evidence from available literature on the conditions of spillover associated with wildmeat consumption, including the types of wild animal and disease, modes of transmission, and the conditions in which spillover is thought to have occurred. We suggest that stronger understanding of the context of spillover from wildmeat is needed to enable more targeted and effective policy responses that reduce the risk of future pandemics of zoonotic origin. Such interventions could also lead to the avoidance of unintended adverse consequences for human communities that rely on wild produce, including wildmeat, as sources of dietary protein, fat, and micronutrients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bhaskar Vira
- Department of Geography, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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11
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Naito R, Zhao J, Chan KMA. An integrative framework for transformative social change: a case in global wildlife trade. SUSTAINABILITY SCIENCE 2022; 17:171-189. [PMID: 35075372 PMCID: PMC8769780 DOI: 10.1007/s11625-021-01081-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
To achieve a sustainable future, it is imperative to transform human actions collectively and underlying social structures. Decades of research in social sciences have offered complementary insights into how such transformations might occur. However, these insights largely remain disjunct and of limited scope, such that strategies for solving global environmental challenges remain elusive. There is a need to integrate approaches focusing on individuals and social structures to understand how individual actions influence and are in turn influenced by social structures and norms. In this paper, we synthesize a range of insights across different schools of thought and integrate them in a novel framework for transformative social change. Our framework explains the relationships among individual behaviors, collective actions, and social structures and helps change agents guide societal transitions toward environmental sustainability. We apply this framework to the global wildlife trade-which presents several distinct challenges of human actions, especially amidst the Covid-19 pandemic-and identify pathways toward transformative change. One key distinction we make is between different individual actions that comprise the practice itself (e.g., buying wildlife products; private action) and those that push for a broader system change in practice (e.g., signaling (dis)approval for wildlife consumption; social-signaling action, and campaigning for policies that end unsustainable wildlife trade; system-changing action). In general, transformative change will require an integrative approach that includes both structural reforms and all three classes of individual action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rumi Naito
- University of British Columbia, Institute for Resources, Environment and Sustainability, 2202 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4 Canada
| | - Jiaying Zhao
- University of British Columbia, Institute for Resources, Environment and Sustainability, 2202 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4 Canada
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, 2136 West Mall, Vancouver, BC Canada
| | - Kai M. A. Chan
- University of British Columbia, Institute for Resources, Environment and Sustainability, 2202 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4 Canada
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12
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Lawler OK, Allan HL, Baxter PWJ, Castagnino R, Tor MC, Dann LE, Hungerford J, Karmacharya D, Lloyd TJ, López-Jara MJ, Massie GN, Novera J, Rogers AM, Kark S. The COVID-19 pandemic is intricately linked to biodiversity loss and ecosystem health. Lancet Planet Health 2021; 5:e840-e850. [PMID: 34774124 PMCID: PMC8580505 DOI: 10.1016/s2542-5196(21)00258-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, caused by zoonotic SARS-CoV-2, has important links to biodiversity loss and ecosystem health. These links range from anthropogenic activities driving zoonotic disease emergence and extend to the pandemic affecting biodiversity conservation, environmental policy, ecosystem services, and multiple conservation facets. Crucially, such effects can exacerbate the initial drivers, resulting in feedback loops that are likely to promote future zoonotic disease outbreaks. We explore these feedback loops and relationships, highlighting known and potential zoonotic disease emergence drivers (eg, land-use change, intensive livestock production, wildlife trade, and climate change), and discuss direct and indirect effects of the ongoing pandemic on biodiversity loss and ecosystem health. We stress that responses to COVID-19 must include actions aimed at safeguarding biodiversity and ecosystems, in order to avoid future emergence of zoonoses and prevent their wide-ranging effects on human health, economies, and society. Such responses would benefit from adopting a One Health approach, enhancing cross-sector, transboundary communication, as well as from collaboration among multiple actors, promoting planetary and human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Odette K Lawler
- The Biodiversity Research Group, School of Biological Sciences, Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Hannah L Allan
- The Biodiversity Research Group, School of Biological Sciences, Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Peter W J Baxter
- The Biodiversity Research Group, School of Biological Sciences, Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Romi Castagnino
- The Biodiversity Research Group, School of Biological Sciences, Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Marina Corella Tor
- The Biodiversity Research Group, School of Biological Sciences, Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Leah E Dann
- The Biodiversity Research Group, School of Biological Sciences, Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Joshua Hungerford
- The Biodiversity Research Group, School of Biological Sciences, Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Dibesh Karmacharya
- The Biodiversity Research Group, School of Biological Sciences, Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Center for Molecular Dynamics Nepal, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Thomas J Lloyd
- The Biodiversity Research Group, School of Biological Sciences, Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - María José López-Jara
- The Biodiversity Research Group, School of Biological Sciences, Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Gloeta N Massie
- The Biodiversity Research Group, School of Biological Sciences, Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Junior Novera
- The Biodiversity Research Group, School of Biological Sciences, Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Andrew M Rogers
- The Biodiversity Research Group, School of Biological Sciences, Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Salit Kark
- The Biodiversity Research Group, School of Biological Sciences, Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
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13
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Glidden CK, Nova N, Kain MP, Lagerstrom KM, Skinner EB, Mandle L, Sokolow SH, Plowright RK, Dirzo R, De Leo GA, Mordecai EA. Human-mediated impacts on biodiversity and the consequences for zoonotic disease spillover. Curr Biol 2021; 31:R1342-R1361. [PMID: 34637744 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2021.08.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Human-mediated changes to natural ecosystems have consequences for both ecosystem and human health. Historically, efforts to preserve or restore 'biodiversity' can seem to be in opposition to human interests. However, the integration of biodiversity conservation and public health has gained significant traction in recent years, and new efforts to identify solutions that benefit both environmental and human health are ongoing. At the forefront of these efforts is an attempt to clarify ways in which biodiversity conservation can help reduce the risk of zoonotic spillover of pathogens from wild animals, sparking epidemics and pandemics in humans and livestock. However, our understanding of the mechanisms by which biodiversity change influences the spillover process is incomplete, limiting the application of integrated strategies aimed at achieving positive outcomes for both conservation and disease management. Here, we review the literature, considering a broad scope of biodiversity dimensions, to identify cases where zoonotic pathogen spillover is mechanistically linked to changes in biodiversity. By reframing the discussion around biodiversity and disease using mechanistic evidence - while encompassing multiple aspects of biodiversity including functional diversity, landscape diversity, phenological diversity, and interaction diversity - we work toward general principles that can guide future research and more effectively integrate the related goals of biodiversity conservation and spillover prevention. We conclude by summarizing how these principles could be used to integrate the goal of spillover prevention into ongoing biodiversity conservation initiatives.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nicole Nova
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
| | - Morgan P Kain
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Natural Capital Project, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | | | - Eloise B Skinner
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Centre for Planetary Health and Food Security, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD 4222, Australia
| | - Lisa Mandle
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Natural Capital Project, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Woods Institute for the Environment, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Susanne H Sokolow
- Woods Institute for the Environment, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Marine Science Institute, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Raina K Plowright
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA
| | - Rodolfo Dirzo
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Woods Institute for the Environment, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Giulio A De Leo
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Woods Institute for the Environment, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Hopkins Marine Station, Stanford University, Pacific Grove, CA 93950, USA
| | - Erin A Mordecai
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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14
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Peros CS, Dasgupta R, Kumar P, Johnson BA. Bushmeat, wet markets, and the risks of pandemics: Exploring the nexus through systematic review of scientific disclosures. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & POLICY 2021; 124:1-11. [PMID: 36536884 PMCID: PMC9751798 DOI: 10.1016/j.envsci.2021.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) is the third coronavirus this century to threaten human health, killing more than two million people globally. Like previous coronaviruses, SARS-CoV-2 is suspected to have wildlife origins and was possibly transmitted to humans via wet markets selling bushmeat (aka harvested wild meat). Thus, an interdisciplinary framework is vital to address the nexus between bushmeat, wet markets, and disease. We reviewed the contemporary scientific literature to: (1) assess disease surveillance efforts within the bushmeat trade and wet markets globally by compiling zoonotic health risks based on primarily serological examinations; and (2) gauge perceptions of health risks associated with bushmeat and wet markets. Of the 58 species of bushmeat investigated across 15 countries in the 52 articles that we analyzed,one or more pathogens (totaling 60 genera of pathogens) were reported in 48 species, while no zoonotic pathogens were reported in 10 species based on serology. Burden of disease data was nearly absent from the articles resulting from our Scopus search, and therefore was not included in our analyses. We also found that perceived health risks associated with bushmeat was low, though we could not perform statistical analyses due to the lack of quantitative perception-based studies. After screening the literature, our results showed that the global distribution of reported bushmeat studies were biased towards Africa, revealing data deficiencies across Asia and South America despite the prevalence of the bushmeat trade across the Global South. Studies targeting implications of the bushmeat trade on human health can help address these data deficiencies across Asia and South America. We further illustrate the need to address the nexus between bushmeat, wet markets, and disease to help prevent future outbreaks of zoonotic diseases under the previously proposed "One Health Framework", which integrates human, animal, and environmental health. By tackling these three pillars, we discuss the current policy gaps and recommend suitable measures to prevent future disease outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin Scott Peros
- Organization for Programs in Environmental Sciences, University of Tokyo, Japan
- Nature Resources and Ecosystem Services, Institute for Global Environmental Strategies (IGES), Japan
| | - Rajarshi Dasgupta
- Nature Resources and Ecosystem Services, Institute for Global Environmental Strategies (IGES), Japan
| | - Pankaj Kumar
- Nature Resources and Ecosystem Services, Institute for Global Environmental Strategies (IGES), Japan
| | - Brian Alan Johnson
- Nature Resources and Ecosystem Services, Institute for Global Environmental Strategies (IGES), Japan
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15
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Doody JS, Reid JA, Bilali K, Diaz J, Mattheus N. In the post-COVID-19 era, is the illegal wildlife trade the most serious form of trafficking? CRIME SCIENCE 2021; 10:19. [PMID: 34540528 PMCID: PMC8436868 DOI: 10.1186/s40163-021-00154-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Despite the immense impact of wildlife trafficking, comparisons of the profits, costs, and seriousness of crime consistently rank wildlife trafficking lower relative to human trafficking, drug trafficking and weapons trafficking. Using the published literature and current events, we make the case, when properly viewed within the context of COVID-19 and other zoonotic diseases transmitted from wildlife, that wildlife trafficking is the most costly and perhaps the most serious form of trafficking. Our synthesis should raise awareness of the seriousness of wildlife trafficking for humans, thereby inducing strategic policy decisions that boost criminal justice initiatives and resources to combat wildlife trafficking.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Sean Doody
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of South Florida-St. Petersburg Campus, 140 7th Ave. South, St. Petersburg, FL 33705 USA
| | - Joan A. Reid
- Department of Criminology, University of South Florida-St. Petersburg Campus, 140 7th Ave. South, St. Petersburg, FL 33705 USA
| | - Klejdis Bilali
- Department of Criminology, University of South Florida-St. Petersburg Campus, 140 7th Ave. South, St. Petersburg, FL 33705 USA
| | - Jennifer Diaz
- Department of Criminology, University of South Florida-St. Petersburg Campus, 140 7th Ave. South, St. Petersburg, FL 33705 USA
| | - Nichole Mattheus
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of South Florida-St. Petersburg Campus, 140 7th Ave. South, St. Petersburg, FL 33705 USA
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16
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Wikramanayake E, Pfeiffer D, Magouras I, Conan A, Ziegler S, Bonebrake TC, Yoganand K, Olson D. Evaluating wildlife markets for pandemic disease risk. Lancet Planet Health 2021; 5:e400-e401. [PMID: 34245709 PMCID: PMC8262840 DOI: 10.1016/s2542-5196(21)00143-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Eric Wikramanayake
- WWF Asia-Pacific Counter-Illegal Wildlife Trade Hub, WWF-Hong Kong, Kwai Chung, New Territories, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.
| | - Dirk Pfeiffer
- Centre for Applied One Health Research and Policy Advice, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Ioannis Magouras
- Centre for Applied One Health Research and Policy Advice, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Anne Conan
- Centre for Applied One Health Research and Policy Advice, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | | | - Timothy C Bonebrake
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - K Yoganand
- WWF Greater Mekong, Saylom Village, Chanthabouly, Vientiane, Laos
| | - David Olson
- WWF Asia-Pacific Counter-Illegal Wildlife Trade Hub, WWF-Hong Kong, Kwai Chung, New Territories, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
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17
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Biggs D, Caceres-Escobar H, Kock R, Thomson G, Compton J. Extend existing food safety systems to the global wildlife trade. Lancet Planet Health 2021; 5:e402-e403. [PMID: 34245710 PMCID: PMC8262841 DOI: 10.1016/s2542-5196(21)00142-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Duan Biggs
- Resilient Conservation, Centre for Planetary Health and Food Security, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD 4111, Australia; Department of Conservation Ecology and Entomology and Centre for Complex Systems in Transition, School of Public Leadership, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa.
| | - Hernan Caceres-Escobar
- IUCN Species Survival Commission, Caracas, Venezuela; Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hatfield, UK
| | - Richard Kock
- Pathobiology and Population Sciences Department, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hatfield, UK
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18
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Wikramanayake E, Pfeiffer DU, Magouras I, Conan A, Ziegler S, Bonebrake TC, Olson D. A tool for rapid assessment of wildlife markets in the Asia-Pacific Region for risk of future zoonotic disease outbreaks. One Health 2021; 13:100279. [PMID: 34195344 PMCID: PMC8220562 DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2021.100279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Decades of warnings that the trade and consumption of wildlife could result in serious zoonotic pandemics have gone largely unheeded. Now the world is ravaged by COVID-19, with tremendous loss of life, economic and societal disruption, and dire predictions of more destructive and frequent pandemics. There are now calls to tightly regulate and even enact complete wildlife trade bans, while others call for more nuanced approaches since many rural communities rely on wildlife for sustenance. Given pressures from political and societal drivers and resource limitations to enforcing bans, increased regulation is a more likely outcome rather than broad bans. But imposition of tight regulations will require monitoring and assessing trade situations for zoonotic risks. We present a tool for relevant stakeholders, including government authorities in the public health and wildlife sectors, to assess wildlife trade situations for risks of potentially serious zoonoses in order to inform policies to tightly regulate and control the trade, much of which is illegal in most countries. The tool is based on available knowledge of different wildlife taxa traded in the Asia-Pacific Region and known to carry highly virulent and transmissible viruses combined with relative risks associated with different broad categories of market types and trade chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Wikramanayake
- WWF Asia-Pacific Counter-Illegal Wildlife Trade Hub (IWT Hub), WWF-Hong Kong, Kwai Chung, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, PR China
- Corresponding author.
| | - Dirk U. Pfeiffer
- Centre for Applied One Health Research and Policy Advice, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, PR China
| | - Ioannis Magouras
- Centre for Applied One Health Research and Policy Advice, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, PR China
| | - Anne Conan
- Centre for Applied One Health Research and Policy Advice, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, PR China
| | - Stefan Ziegler
- WWF-Germany, Taunusanlage 8, 60329 Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Timothy C. Bonebrake
- Division for Ecology & Biodiversity, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, PR China
| | - David Olson
- WWF Asia-Pacific Counter-Illegal Wildlife Trade Hub (IWT Hub), WWF-Hong Kong, Kwai Chung, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, PR China
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19
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Vijay V, Field CR, Gollnow F, Jones KK. Using internet search data to understand information seeking behavior for health and conservation topics during the COVID-19 pandemic. BIOLOGICAL CONSERVATION 2021; 257:109078. [PMID: 34584274 PMCID: PMC8460288 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocon.2021.109078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Emerging zoonotic diseases, such as COVID-19, exist at the intersection of human health and the environment. Public interest and support are required to maximize the effectiveness of policies to combat the current pandemic and prevent future outbreaks of zoonoses. Here, we use internet search data from the United States to investigate changes in public information seeking about topics at the intersection of health and the environment during the COVID-19 pandemic. Using breakpoint detection methods, we identify sharp increases in interest for 'wildlife trade', 'bats', and 'pangolins' in the early stages of the pandemic (on Jan. 12, Jan. 19, and Jan. 26, 2020, respectively). Network analyses also revealed increasing connectivity between terms related to human health and the environment, as well as the emergence of novel search terms pointing to a greater interest in wildlife trade and consumption. During the pandemic, the network connectivity between coronavirus keywords and conservation keywords increased, which we measured using the number of unique connections (edge connectivity, k' (G)) and the number of simple paths (Sp) between keywords. Both measures of network connectivity increased between 'coronavirus' and 'bats' or 'pangolins' (Δk' (G) = 1, ΔSp = 37), and between 'coronavirus' and 'conservation' (Δk' (G) = 1, ΔSp = 160). These findings suggest that policy and outreach efforts aimed at engaging public interest in intersectional approaches to pandemic prevention (eg: One Health, Planetary Health), may be able to take advantage of increases in public information seeking following catalyzing events during the pandemic. Further monitoring is needed to determine if these changes persist over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varsha Vijay
- National Socio-Environmental Synthesis Center, University of Maryland, Annapolis, MD 21401, USA
- National Institute for Mathematical and Biological Synthesis, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Christopher R Field
- Department of Natural Resources Science, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, USA
| | - Florian Gollnow
- National Socio-Environmental Synthesis Center, University of Maryland, Annapolis, MD 21401, USA
- Department of Earth and Environment, Boston University, 685 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Kelly K Jones
- National Socio-Environmental Synthesis Center, University of Maryland, Annapolis, MD 21401, USA
- National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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20
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Warwick C, Steedman C. Wildlife-pet markets in a one-health context. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ONE HEALTH 2021. [DOI: 10.14202/ijoh.2021.42-64] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim: Wildlife markets are centers of trade involving live animals and their derivatives from wild-caught and captive-bred non-domesticated animals, including for the culinary, fashion, traditional medicine, curio, and pet sectors. These markets occur in Southeast Asia, India, North America, Latin America, Europe, Africa, and elsewhere. This study aims to address a diversity of related issues that have a one-health bearing while focusing on wildlife markets in relation to the pet trade. Across relevant regions and countries, all major animal classes are traded at wildlife-pet markets. Wildlife markets, in general, are considered distinct from so-called "wet markets" at which domesticated animals, fish, and other "seafood" are offered only for consumption. Several aspects of wildlife markets have attracted scientific and popular scrutiny, including animal welfare concerns, species conservation threats, legality, ecological alteration, introduction of invasive alien species, presence of undescribed species, and public and agricultural animal health issues.
Materials and Methods: Onsite inspections were conducted for markets in the United States, Spain, Germany, The Netherlands, and the UK, as well as observational research of visual imagery of market conditions, and we compared these conditions with evidence-based standards for animal welfare and public health management.
Results: Wildlife markets globally shared common similar structures and practices including the presence of sick, injured, or stressed animals; mixing of animals of uncertain origin and health state; and no specific or any hygiene protocols, with issues of animal welfare, public health and safety, agricultural animal health, and other one-health concerns being inherently involved.
Conclusion: We conclude that wildlife markets are incompatible with responsible standards and practices, and we recommend that such events are banned globally to ameliorate inherent major problems.
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21
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Li H, Daszak F, Chmura A, Zhang Y, Terry P, Fielder M. Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice Regarding Zoonotic Risk in Wildlife Trade, Southern China. ECOHEALTH 2021; 18:95-106. [PMID: 34345998 PMCID: PMC8331996 DOI: 10.1007/s10393-021-01532-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Current wildlife trade practices in China lead to significant interactions between humans and animals and drive the emergence of zoonotic diseases. The at-risk behaviors, knowledge, and attitudes that influence health-related behaviors in relation to animal contact and safety measures in the trade remain poorly understood. A self-administered questionnaire survey was conducted among 947 adult Internet users in three provinces in southern China to assess knowledge, perceived disease risks, at-risk behaviors, and the association of these factors with other demographic factors among the target population. Few of the participants possessed sufficient knowledge of zoonotic diseases. Although most participants were opposed to the use of wild animal resources, many reported keeping wild animals as pets (30.7%) and eating wild animals (30.5%). The majority of participants (76.3%) believed the disease transmission via wildlife trade, but few connected contact with animals to sickness (18.5%) and only slightly more than half sought post-exposure treatment (54.4%). These results reveal low levels of knowledge and perceived risk regarding disease emergence from the animal-human interactions in wildlife trade and uncover the gaps in knowledge and attitudes as key challenges to the development of health behavior change interventions pertaining to wildlife trade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongying Li
- EcoHealth Alliance, New York, NY, USA.
- School of Life Science, Engineering and Computing, Kingston University, Kingston, UK.
| | - Francesca Daszak
- Hajim School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | | | - Yunzhi Zhang
- Yunnan Institute of Endemic Diseases Control and Prevention, Dali, China
- School of Public Health, Dali University, Dali, China
| | - Philip Terry
- School of Business and Innovation, Kingston University, Kingston, UK
| | - Mark Fielder
- School of Life Science, Engineering and Computing, Kingston University, Kingston, UK
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22
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Carlson CJ, Albery GF, Phelan A. Preparing international cooperation on pandemic prevention for the Anthropocene. BMJ Glob Health 2021; 6:e004254. [PMID: 33727277 PMCID: PMC7970212 DOI: 10.1136/bmjgh-2020-004254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Colin J Carlson
- Center for Global Health Science and Security, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Gregory F Albery
- Department of Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Alexandra Phelan
- Center for Global Health Science and Security, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
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23
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Booth H, Arias M, Brittain S, Challender DWS, Khanyari M, Kuiper T, Li Y, Olmedo A, Oyanedel R, Pienkowski T, Milner-Gulland EJ. “Saving Lives, Protecting Livelihoods, and Safeguarding Nature”: Risk-Based Wildlife Trade Policy for Sustainable Development Outcomes Post-COVID-19. Front Ecol Evol 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2021.639216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has caused huge loss of life, and immense social and economic harm. Wildlife trade has become central to discourse on COVID-19, zoonotic pandemics, and related policy responses, which must focus on “saving lives, protecting livelihoods, and safeguarding nature.” Proposed policy responses have included extreme measures such as banning all use and trade of wildlife, or blanket measures for entire Classes. However, different trades pose varying degrees of risk for zoonotic pandemics, while some trades also play critical roles in delivering other key aspects of sustainable development, particularly related to poverty and hunger alleviation, decent work, responsible consumption and production, and life on land and below water. Here we describe how wildlife trade contributes to the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in diverse ways, with synergies and trade-offs within and between the SDGs. In doing so, we show that prohibitions could result in severe trade-offs against some SDGs, with limited benefits for public health via pandemic prevention. This complexity necessitates context-specific policies, with multi-sector decision-making that goes beyond simple top-down solutions. We encourage decision-makers to adopt a risk-based approach to wildlife trade policy post-COVID-19, with policies formulated via participatory, evidence-based approaches, which explicitly acknowledge uncertainty, complexity, and conflicting values across different components of the SDGs. This should help to ensure that future use and trade of wildlife is safe, environmentally sustainable and socially just.
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24
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Nadimpalli ML, Pickering AJ. A call for global monitoring of WASH in wet markets. Lancet Planet Health 2020; 4:e439-e440. [PMID: 33038315 PMCID: PMC7541042 DOI: 10.1016/s2542-5196(20)30204-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Maya L Nadimpalli
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA; Center for Integrated Management of Antimicrobial Resistance, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Amy J Pickering
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA; Center for Integrated Management of Antimicrobial Resistance, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA.
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25
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McElwee P, Turnout E, Chiroleu-Assouline M, Clapp J, Isenhour C, Jackson T, Kelemen E, Miller DC, Rusch G, Spangenberg JH, Waldron A, Baumgartner RJ, Bleys B, Howard MW, Mungatana E, Ngo H, Ring I, Santos R. Ensuring a Post-COVID Economic Agenda Tackles Global Biodiversity Loss. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 3:448-461. [PMID: 34173540 PMCID: PMC7526599 DOI: 10.1016/j.oneear.2020.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has caused dramatic and unprecedented impacts on both global health and economies. Many governments are now proposing recovery packages to get back to normal, but the 2019 Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services Global Assessment indicated that business as usual has created widespread ecosystem degradation. Therefore, a post-COVID world needs to tackle the economic drivers that create ecological disruptions. In this perspective, we discuss a number of tools across a range of actors for both short-term stimulus measures and longer-term revamping of global, national, and local economies that take biodiversity into account. These include measures to shift away from activities that damage biodiversity and toward those supporting ecosystem resilience, including through incentives, regulations, fiscal policy, and employment programs. By treating the crisis as an opportunity to reset the global economy, we have a chance to reverse decades of biodiversity and ecosystem losses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela McElwee
- Department of Human Ecology, Rutgers University, 55 Dudley Road, New Brunswick, NJ 08840, USA
| | - Esther Turnout
- Forest and Nature Conservation Policy Group, Wageningen University, Droevendalsesteeg 3, Wageningen 6708 PB, the Netherlands
| | | | - Jennifer Clapp
- School of Environment, Resources and Sustainability, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Cindy Isenhour
- Department of Anthropology & Climate Change Institute, University of Maine, 5773 South Stevens Hall, Orono, ME 04469, USA
| | - Tim Jackson
- Center for the Understanding of Sustainable Prosperity, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey GU2 7XH, UK
| | - Eszter Kelemen
- Environmental Social Science Research Group (ESSRG), Ferenciek Tere 2, Budapest 1053, Hungary.,Institute for Sociology, Centre for Social Sciences, Tóth Kálmán Utca 4, Budapest 1097, Hungary
| | - Daniel C Miller
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1102 South Goodwin Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Graciela Rusch
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research (NINA), Høgskoleringen 9, Trondheim 7034, Norway
| | - Joachim H Spangenberg
- Sustainable Europe Research Institute (SERI) Germany, Vorsterstrasse 97-99, Köln 51103, Germany
| | - Anthony Waldron
- Cambridge Conservation Initiative, Cambridge University, The David Attenborough Building, Pembroke Street, Cambridge CB2 3QZ, UK
| | - Rupert J Baumgartner
- Institute of Systems Sciences, Innovation and Sustainability Research, University of Graz, Merangasse 18/I, Graz 8010, Austria
| | - Brent Bleys
- Department of Economics, Ghent University, Tweekerkenstraat 2, Ghent 9000, Belgium
| | - Michael W Howard
- Department of Philosophy, The University of Maine, 5776 The Maples, Orono, ME 04469, USA
| | - Eric Mungatana
- Department of Agricultural Economics, Extension and Rural Development, University of Pretoria, Private Bag x 20, Hatfield 0028, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Hien Ngo
- IPBES Secretariat, Platz der Vereinten Nationen 1, Bonn 53113, Germany
| | - Irene Ring
- Technische Universität Dresden, International Institute Zittau, Markt 23, Zittau 02763, Germany
| | - Rui Santos
- Center for Environmental and Sustainability Research (CENSE), NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, Campus de Caparica, Caparica 2829-516, Portugal
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26
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Walzer C. COVID-19 and the Curse of Piecemeal Perspectives. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:582983. [PMID: 33173796 PMCID: PMC7538628 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.582983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The world is in turmoil. A novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) has catapulted across the ever-evolving interface between humans and wild places relentlessly spreading coronavirus disease (COVID-19) amongst humans and bringing immense suffering and death to the farthest reaches of our planet. What was immediately apparent was that the virus responsible for this outbreak originated in wild animals. A wildlife source does not come as a surprise as the majority of emerging infectious diseases are zoonotic and two-thirds have their origin in wildlife. The commercial use of wildlife for consumption encompassing both legal and illegal trade is poorly regulated with porous boundaries between the two entities. This trade, particularly in live animals, creates super-interfaces along the food value chain co-mingling species from many different geographies and habitats while creating perfect conditions for the exchange and recombination of viruses. Since the SARS outbreak in 2002/2003, broad scientific consensus exists that long term, structural changes, and wildlife trade and market closures will be required to prevent future epidemics. The pragmatic, most cost-effective action governments can take with immediate effect is to ban the commercial trade of wild birds and mammals for consumption. Most importantly, this reduces the risk of future zoonotic transmission while also safeguarding resources for those Indigenous Peoples and local communities who rely on wild meat to meet their nutritional requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Walzer
- Health Program, Wildlife Conservation Society, Bronx, NY, United States.,Conservation Medicine Unit, Research Institute of Wildlife Ecology, Department of Interdisciplinary Life Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
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Villanueva-Cabezas JP, Rajkhowa A, Campbell AJD. One Health needs a vision beyond zoonoses. Transbound Emerg Dis 2020; 67:2271-2273. [PMID: 32786137 PMCID: PMC7441279 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The unprecedented pandemic events that currently affect animals and humans have fueled calls for One Health action. We argue that the One Health framework must be accompanied by ‘rich outcomes’ to avoid a reductionist One Health focus on zoonotic pathogens, that forgoes the benefits of the framework. We propose that the United Nation’s sustainable development goals provide an adequate multidimensional set of targets that can help researchers and policymakers contextualise emerging diseases, and guide One Health long‐term solutions that are equitable, efficacious, and sustainable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Pablo Villanueva-Cabezas
- The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, and The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Arjun Rajkhowa
- The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, and The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Angus J D Campbell
- Nossal Institute for Global Health, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
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