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Shi V, Morgan EF. Estrogen and estrogen receptors mediate the mechanobiology of bone disease and repair. Bone 2024:117220. [PMID: 39106937 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2024.117220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2024] [Revised: 07/28/2024] [Accepted: 07/30/2024] [Indexed: 08/09/2024]
Abstract
It is well understood that the balance of bone formation and resorption is dependent on both mechanical and biochemical factors. In addition to cell-secreted cytokines and growth factors, sex hormones like estrogen are critical to maintaining bone health. Although the direct osteoprotective function of estrogen and estrogen receptors (ERs) has been reported extensively, evidence that estrogen signaling also has a role in mediating the effects of mechanical loading on maintenance of bone mass and healing of bone injuries has more recently emerged. Recent studies have underscored the role of estrogen and ERs in many pathways of bone mechanosensation and mechanotransduction. Estrogen and ERs have been shown to augment integrin-based mechanotransduction as well as canonical Wnt/b-catenin, RhoA/ROCK, and YAP/TAZ pathways. Estrogen and ERs also influence the mechanosensitivity of not only osteocytes but also osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and marrow stromal cells. The current review will highlight these roles of estrogen and ERs in cellular mechanisms underlying bone mechanobiology and discuss their implications for management of osteoporosis and bone fractures. A greater understanding of the mechanisms behind interactions between estrogen and mechanical loading may be crucial to addressing the shortcomings of current hormonal and pharmaceutical therapies. A combined therapy approach including high-impact exercise therapy may mitigate adverse side effects and allow an effective long-term solution for the prevention, treatment, and management of bone fragility in at-risk populations. Furthermore, future implications to novel local delivery mechanisms of hormonal therapy for osteoporosis treatment, as well as the effects on bone health of applications of sex hormone therapy outside of bone disease, will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivian Shi
- Boston University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, 44 Cummington St, Boston 02215, MA, USA; Center for Multiscale and Translational Mechanobiology, Boston University, 44 Cummington St, Boston 02215, MA, USA
| | - Elise F Morgan
- Boston University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, 44 Cummington St, Boston 02215, MA, USA; Center for Multiscale and Translational Mechanobiology, Boston University, 44 Cummington St, Boston 02215, MA, USA.
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2
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Yu B, Gauthier R, Olivier C, Villanova J, Follet H, Mitton D, Peyrin F. 3D quantification of the lacunocanalicular network on human femoral diaphysis through synchrotron radiation-based nanoCT. J Struct Biol 2024; 216:108111. [PMID: 39059753 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2024.108111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Revised: 07/09/2024] [Accepted: 07/22/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
Osteocytes are the major actors in bone mechanobiology. Within bone matrix, they are trapped close together in a submicrometric interconnected network: the lacunocanalicular network (LCN). The interstitial fluid circulating within the LCN transmits the mechanical information to the osteocytes that convert it into a biochemical signal. Understanding the interstitial fluid dynamics is necessary to better understand the bone mechanobiology. Due to the submicrometric dimensions of the LCN, making it difficult to experimentally investigate fluid dynamics, numerical models appear as a relevant tool for such investigation. To develop such models, there is a need for geometrical and morphological data on the human LCN. This study aims at providing morphological data on the human LCN from measurement of 27 human femoral diaphysis bone samples using synchrotron radiation nano-computed tomography with an isotropic voxel size of 100 nm. Except from the canalicular diameter, the canalicular morphological parameters presented a high variability within one sample. Some differences in terms of both lacunar and canalicular morphology were observed between the male and female populations. But it has to be highlighted that all the canaliculi cannot be detected with a voxel size of 100 nm. Hence, in the current study, only a specific population of large canaliculi that could be characterize. Still, to the authors knowledge, this is the first time such a data set was introduced to the community. Further processing will be achieved in order to provide new insight on the LCN permeability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boliang Yu
- Univ Lyon, INSA Lyon, Universite Claude Bernard Lyon 1, UJM-Saint Etienne, CNRS UMR 5220, Inserm U1206, CREATIS, 69621 Lyon, France
| | - Remy Gauthier
- CNRS, INSA Lyon, Universite Claude Bernard Lyon 1 UCBL, MATEIS UMR CNRS 5510, Bât. Saint Exupéry, 23 Av. Jean Capelle, F-69621 Villeurbanne, France.
| | - Cécile Olivier
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, UA7 Synchrotron Radiation for Biomedicine, Saint-Martin d'Hères, France
| | | | - Hélène Follet
- Univ Lyon, Universite Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM, LYOS UMR1033, Lyon, France
| | - David Mitton
- Univ Lyon, Univ Gustave Eiffel, Universite Claude Bernard Lyon 1, LBMC UMR_T9406, 69622 Lyon, France
| | - Francoise Peyrin
- Univ Lyon, INSA Lyon, Universite Claude Bernard Lyon 1, UJM-Saint Etienne, CNRS UMR 5220, Inserm U1206, CREATIS, 69621 Lyon, France
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3
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Koh NYY, Miszkiewicz JJ, Fac ML, Wee NKY, Sims NA. Preclinical Rodent Models for Human Bone Disease, Including a Focus on Cortical Bone. Endocr Rev 2024; 45:493-520. [PMID: 38315213 PMCID: PMC11244217 DOI: 10.1210/endrev/bnae004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
Preclinical models (typically ovariectomized rats and genetically altered mice) have underpinned much of what we know about skeletal biology. They have been pivotal for developing therapies for osteoporosis and monogenic skeletal conditions, including osteogenesis imperfecta, achondroplasia, hypophosphatasia, and craniodysplasias. Further therapeutic advances, particularly to improve cortical strength, require improved understanding and more rigorous use and reporting. We describe here how trabecular and cortical bone structure develop, are maintained, and degenerate with aging in mice, rats, and humans, and how cortical bone structure is changed in some preclinical models of endocrine conditions (eg, postmenopausal osteoporosis, chronic kidney disease, hyperparathyroidism, diabetes). We provide examples of preclinical models used to identify and test current therapies for osteoporosis, and discuss common concerns raised when comparing rodent preclinical models to the human skeleton. We focus especially on cortical bone, because it differs between small and larger mammals in its organizational structure. We discuss mechanisms common to mouse and human controlling cortical bone strength and structure, including recent examples revealing genetic contributors to cortical porosity and osteocyte network configurations during growth, maturity, and aging. We conclude with guidelines for clear reporting on mouse models with a goal for better consistency in the use and interpretation of these models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Y Y Koh
- Bone Cell Biology & Disease Unit, St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, VIC 3065, Australia
- Department of Medicine at St. Vincent's Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, VIC 3065, Australia
| | - Justyna J Miszkiewicz
- School of Social Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
- Vertebrate Evolution Development and Ecology, Naturalis Biodiversity Center, 2333 CR Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Mary Louise Fac
- Bone Cell Biology & Disease Unit, St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, VIC 3065, Australia
- Department of Medicine at St. Vincent's Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, VIC 3065, Australia
| | - Natalie K Y Wee
- Bone Cell Biology & Disease Unit, St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, VIC 3065, Australia
- Department of Medicine at St. Vincent's Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, VIC 3065, Australia
| | - Natalie A Sims
- Bone Cell Biology & Disease Unit, St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, VIC 3065, Australia
- Department of Medicine at St. Vincent's Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, VIC 3065, Australia
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4
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Ding S, Chen Y, Huang C, Song L, Liang Z, Wei B. Perception and response of skeleton to mechanical stress. Phys Life Rev 2024; 49:77-94. [PMID: 38564907 DOI: 10.1016/j.plrev.2024.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Mechanical stress stands as a fundamental factor in the intricate processes governing the growth, development, morphological shaping, and maintenance of skeletal mass. The profound influence of stress in shaping the skeletal framework prompts the assertion that stress essentially births the skeleton. Despite this acknowledgment, the mechanisms by which the skeleton perceives and responds to mechanical stress remain enigmatic. In this comprehensive review, our scrutiny focuses on the structural composition and characteristics of sclerotin, leading us to posit that it serves as the primary structure within the skeleton responsible for bearing and perceiving mechanical stress. Furthermore, we propose that osteocytes within the sclerotin emerge as the principal mechanical-sensitive cells, finely attuned to perceive mechanical stress. And a detailed analysis was conducted on the possible transmission pathways of mechanical stress from the extracellular matrix to the nucleus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sicheng Ding
- Department of Minimally invasive spine surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524001, China
| | - Yiren Chen
- Department of Minimally invasive spine surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524001, China
| | - Chengshuo Huang
- Department of Minimally invasive spine surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524001, China
| | - Lijun Song
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524001, China
| | - Zhen Liang
- Department of Minimally invasive spine surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524001, China.
| | - Bo Wei
- Department of Minimally invasive spine surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524001, China.
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5
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Shen J, Hu L, Huang X, Mao J, Wu Y, Xie Z, Lan Y. Skeleton-derived extracellular vesicles in bone and whole-body aging: From mechanisms to potential applications. Bone 2024; 183:117076. [PMID: 38521235 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2024.117076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Revised: 03/09/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024]
Abstract
The skeleton serves as a supportive and protective organ for the body. As individuals age, their bone tissue undergoes structural, cellular, and molecular changes, including the accumulation of senescent cells. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) play a crucial role in aging through the cellular secretome and have been found to induce or accelerate age-related dysfunction in bones and to contribute further via the circulatory system to the aging of phenotypes of other bodily systems. However, the extent of these effects and their underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Therefore, this paper attempts to give an overview of the current understanding of age-related alteration in EVs derived from bones. The role of EVs in mediating communications among bone-related cells and other body parts is discussed, and the significance of bones in the whole-body aging process is highlighted. Ultimately, it is hoped that gaining a clearer understanding of the relationship between EVs and aging mechanisms may serve as a basis for new treatment strategies for age-related degenerative diseases in the skeleton and other systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahui Shen
- Stomatology Hospital, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Devices of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310000, China
| | - Lingling Hu
- Stomatology Hospital, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Devices of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310000, China
| | - Xiaoyuan Huang
- Stomatology Hospital, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Devices of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310000, China
| | - Jiajie Mao
- Stomatology Hospital, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Devices of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310000, China
| | - Yuzhu Wu
- Stomatology Hospital, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Devices of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310000, China
| | - Zhijian Xie
- Stomatology Hospital, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Devices of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310000, China.
| | - Yanhua Lan
- Stomatology Hospital, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Devices of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310000, China.
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6
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Elaasser B, Arakil N, Mohammad KS. Bridging the Gap in Understanding Bone Metastasis: A Multifaceted Perspective. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2846. [PMID: 38474093 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25052846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The treatment of patients with advanced cancer poses clinical problems due to the complications that arise as the disease progresses. Bone metastases are a common problem that cancer patients may face, and currently, there are no effective drugs to treat these individuals. Prostate, breast, and lung cancers often spread to the bone, causing significant and disabling health conditions. The bone is a highly active and dynamic tissue and is considered a favorable environment for the growth of cancer. The role of osteoblasts and osteoclasts in the process of bone remodeling and the way in which their interactions change during the progression of metastasis is critical to understanding the pathophysiology of this disease. These interactions create a self-perpetuating loop that stimulates the growth of metastatic cells in the bone. The metabolic reprogramming of both cancer cells and cells in the bone microenvironment has serious implications for the development and progression of metastasis. Insight into the process of bone remodeling and the systemic elements that regulate this process, as well as the cellular changes that occur during the progression of bone metastases, is critical to the discovery of a cure for this disease. It is crucial to explore different therapeutic options that focus specifically on malignancy in the bone microenvironment in order to effectively treat this disease. This review will focus on the bone remodeling process and the effects of metabolic disorders as well as systemic factors like hormones and cytokines on the development of bone metastases. We will also examine the various therapeutic alternatives available today and the upcoming advances in novel treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basant Elaasser
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh 1153, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nour Arakil
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh 1153, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khalid S Mohammad
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh 1153, Saudi Arabia
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7
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Hashimoto M, Takahashi H, Tabata-Okubo K, Nagaoka N, Tokunaga K, Matsumori H, Ishihara Y, Kaku M, Iimura T, Hara T, Kamioka H. Bundling of collagen fibrils influences osteocyte network formation during bone modeling. Sci Rep 2023; 13:22028. [PMID: 38086873 PMCID: PMC10716128 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-48786-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteocytes form a cellular network by gap junctions between their cell processes. This network is important since intercellular communication via the network is essential for bone metabolism. However, the factors that influence the formation of this osteocyte network remain unknown. As the early stage of osteocyte network formation occurs on the bone surface, we observed a newly formed trabecular bone surface by orthogonal focused ion beam-scanning electron microscopy. The embedding late osteoblast processes tended to avoid bundled collagen fibrils and elongate into sparse collagen fibrils. Then, we examined whether the inhibition of bundling of collagen fibrils using a potent lysyl oxidase inhibitor, β-aminopropionitrile (BAPN) changed the cellular network of the chick calvaria. The osteocyte shape of the control group was spindle-shape, while that of the BAPN group was sphere-shaped. In addition, the osteocyte processes of the control group were elongated vertically to the long axis of the cell body, whereas the osteocyte processes of the BAPN group were elongated radially. Therefore, it was suggested that the bundling of collagen fibrils influences normal osteocyte network formation during bone modeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mana Hashimoto
- Department of Orthodontics, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, 2-5-1, Shikata-cho, Kita-Ku, Okayama, Okayama, 700-8525, Japan
| | - Haruka Takahashi
- Department of Orthodontics, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, 2-5-1, Shikata-cho, Kita-Ku, Okayama, Okayama, 700-8525, Japan
| | - Kaori Tabata-Okubo
- Department of Orthodontics, Okayama University Hospital, 2-5-1, Shikata-cho, Kita-Ku, Okayama, Okayama, 700-8525, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Nagaoka
- Advanced Research Center for Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, Okayama University Dental School, 2-5-1, Shikata-cho, Kita-Ku, Okayama, Okayama, 700-8525, Japan
| | - Kazuaki Tokunaga
- Nikon Corporation, 2-15-3 Konan, Minato-Ku, Tokyo, 108-6290, Japan
| | - Haruka Matsumori
- Nikon Corporation, 2-15-3 Konan, Minato-Ku, Tokyo, 108-6290, Japan
| | - Yoshihito Ishihara
- Department of Orthodontics, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, 2-5-1, Shikata-cho, Kita-Ku, Okayama, Okayama, 700-8525, Japan
| | - Masaru Kaku
- Division of Bio-prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry and Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, 2-5274 Gakkocho-dori, Chuo-Ku, Niigata, Niigata, 951-8514, Japan
| | - Tadahiro Iimura
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty and Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Hokkaido University, N13 W7, Kita-Ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8586, Japan
| | - Toru Hara
- Research Center for Structural Materials, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-2-1, Sengen, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0047, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kamioka
- Department of Orthodontics, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, 2-5-1, Shikata-cho, Kita-Ku, Okayama, Okayama, 700-8525, Japan.
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8
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Krasnova O, Neganova I. Assembling the Puzzle Pieces. Insights for in Vitro Bone Remodeling. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2023; 19:1635-1658. [PMID: 37204634 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-023-10558-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
As a highly dynamic organ, bone changes during throughout a person's life. This process is referred to as 'bone remodeling' and it involves two stages - a well-balanced osteoclastic bone resorption and an osteoblastic bone formation. Under normal physiological conditions bone remodeling is highly regulated that ensures tight coupling between bone formation and resorption, and its disruption results in a bone metabolic disorder, most commonly osteoporosis. Though osteoporosis is one of the most prevalent skeletal ailments that affect women and men aged over 40 of all races and ethnicities, currently there are few, if any safe and effective therapeutic interventions available. Developing state-of-the-art cellular systems for bone remodeling and osteoporosis can provide important insights into the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in skeletal homeostasis and advise better therapies for patients. This review describes osteoblastogenesis and osteoclastogenesis as two vital processes for producing mature, active bone cells in the context of interactions between cells and the bone matrix. In addition, it considers current approaches in bone tissue engineering, pointing out cell sources, core factors and matrices used in scientific practice for modeling bone diseases and testing drugs. Finally, it focuses on the challenges that bone regenerative medicine is currently facing.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Krasnova
- Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - I Neganova
- Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Saint-Petersburg, Russia.
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9
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Hanai A, Kawabata A, Nakajima K, Masuda K, Urakawa I, Abe M, Yamazaki Y, Fukumoto S. Single-cell RNA sequencing identifies Fgf23-expressing osteocytes in response to 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D 3 treatment. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1102751. [PMID: 36776964 PMCID: PMC9911654 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1102751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23), a hormone, mainly produced by osteocytes, regulates phosphate and vitamin D metabolism. By contrast, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, the active form of vitamin D, has been shown to enhance FGF23 production. While it is likely that osteocytes are heterogenous in terms of gene expression profiles, specific subpopulations of Fgf23-expressing osteocytes have not been identified. Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) technology can characterize the transcriptome of an individual cell. Recently, scRNA-seq has been used for bone tissue analysis. However, owing to technical difficulties associated with isolation of osteocytes, studies using scRNA-seq analysis to characterize FGF23-producing osteocytes are lacking. In this study, we characterized osteocytes secreting FGF23 from murine femurs in response to calcitriol (1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3) using scRNA-seq. We first detected Dmp1, Mepe, and Phex expression in murine osteocytes by in situ hybridization and used these as marker genes of osteocytes. After decalcification, enzyme digestion, and removal of CD45+ cells, femoral bone cells were subjected to scRNA-seq. We identified cell clusters containing osteocytes using marker gene expression. While Fgf23 expression was observed in some osteocytes isolated from femurs of calcitriol-injected mice, no Fgf23 expression was detected in untreated mice. In addition, the expression of several genes which are known to be changed after 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 treatment such as Ccnd2, Fn1, Igfbp7, Pdgfa, and Timp1 was also affected by calcitriol treatment in Fgf23-expressing osteocytes, but not in those lacking Fgf23 expression, even after calcitriol administration. Furthermore, box-and-whisker plots indicated that Fgf23 expression was observed in osteocytes with higher expression levels of the Fam20c, Dmp1, and Phex genes, whose inactivating mutations have been shown to cause FGF23-related hypophosphatemic diseases. These results indicate that osteocytes are heterogeneous with respect to their responsiveness to 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, and sensitivity to 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 is one of the characteristics of osteocytes with Fgf23 expression. It is likely that there is a subpopulation of osteocytes expressing several genes, including Fgf23, involved in phosphate metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayako Hanai
- R&D Division, Kyowa Kirin Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan,Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Hematology, Tokushima University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Tokushima, Japan,*Correspondence: Ayako Hanai,
| | | | | | | | | | - Masahiro Abe
- Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Hematology, Tokushima University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Tokushima, Japan
| | | | - Seiji Fukumoto
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, Fujii Memorial Institute of Medical Sciences, Institute of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
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10
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Sato M, Shah FA. Contributions of Resin Cast Etching to Visualising the Osteocyte Lacuno-Canalicular Network Architecture in Bone Biology and Tissue Engineering. Calcif Tissue Int 2023; 112:525-542. [PMID: 36611094 PMCID: PMC10106349 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-022-01058-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Recent years have witnessed an evolution of imaging technologies towards sophisticated approaches for visualising cells within their natural environment(s) and for investigating their interactions with other cells, with adjacent anatomical structures, and with implanted biomaterials. Resin cast etching (RCE) is an uncomplicated technique involving sequential acid etching and alkali digestion of resin embedded bone to observe the osteocyte lacuno-canalicular network using scanning electron microscopy. This review summarises the applicability of RCE to bone and the bone-implant interface. Quantitative parameters such as osteocyte size, osteocyte density, and number of canaliculi per osteocyte, and qualitative metrics including osteocyte shape, disturbances in the arrangement of osteocytes and canaliculi, and physical communication between osteocytes and implant surfaces can be investigated. Ageing, osteoporosis, long-term immobilisation, spinal cord injury, osteoarthritis, irradiation, and chronic kidney disease have been shown to impact osteocyte lacuno-canalicular network morphology. In addition to titanium, calcium phosphates, and bioactive glass, observation of direct connectivity between osteocytes and cobalt chromium provides new insights into the osseointegration potential of materials conventionally viewed as non-osseointegrating. Other applications include in vivo and in vitro testing of polymer-based tissue engineering scaffolds and tissue-engineered ossicles, validation of ectopic osteochondral defect models, ex vivo organ culture of whole bones, and observing the effects of gene dysfunction/deletion on the osteocyte lacuno-canalicular network. Without additional contrast staining, any resin embedded specimen (including clinical biopsies) can be used for RCE. The multitude of applications described here attest to the versatility of RCE for routine use within correlative analytical workflows, particularly in biomaterials science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mari Sato
- Oral Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Furqan A Shah
- Department of Biomaterials, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
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11
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Nishida T, Kubota S, Takigawa M. Novel Cell Biological Assays for Measuring Bone Remodeling Activities of CCN Proteins. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2582:255-268. [PMID: 36370355 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2744-0_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Although two-dimensional (2D) cultures from bone lineage cells are often used, it is well-known that this culture system is completely different from the in vivo bone matrix environment. In this paper, we describe a 3D culture method using both the mouse osteocytic cell line, MLO-Y4, and an osteocyte-enriched population of the cells isolated from mice. These cells are embedded in collagen gel with recombinant cellular communication network (CCN) factor proteins; then, osteoblasts or osteoclasts are inoculated and cultured on the collagen gel. Because this method mimics the in vitro bone matrix environment, it is useful for understanding the detailed mechanism of actions of CCN proteins in the bone matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Nishida
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Dentistry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan.
- Advanced Research Center for Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan.
| | - Satoshi Kubota
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Dentistry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Masaharu Takigawa
- Advanced Research Center for Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
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12
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Wang JS, Wein MN. Pathways Controlling Formation and Maintenance of the Osteocyte Dendrite Network. Curr Osteoporos Rep 2022; 20:493-504. [PMID: 36087214 PMCID: PMC9718876 DOI: 10.1007/s11914-022-00753-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The purpose of this review is to discuss the molecular mechanisms involved in osteocyte dendrite formation, summarize the similarities between osteocytic and neuronal projections, and highlight the importance of osteocyte dendrite maintenance in human skeletal disease. RECENT FINDINGS It is suggested that there is a causal relationship between the loss of osteocyte dendrites and the increased osteocyte apoptosis during conditions including aging, microdamage, and skeletal disease. A few mechanisms are proposed to control dendrite formation and outgrowth, such as via the regulation of actin polymerization dynamics. This review addresses the impact of osteocyte dendrites in bone health and disease. Recent advances in multi-omics, in vivo and in vitro models, and microscopy-based imaging have provided novel approaches to reveal the underlying mechanisms that regulate dendrite development. Future therapeutic approaches are needed to target the process of osteocyte dendrite formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jialiang S Wang
- Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Marc N Wein
- Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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13
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Esposito L, Minutolo V, Gargiulo P, Fraldi M. Symmetry breaking and effects of nutrient walkway in time-dependent bone remodeling incorporating poroelasticity. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2022; 21:999-1020. [PMID: 35394267 PMCID: PMC9132879 DOI: 10.1007/s10237-022-01573-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Bone is an extraordinary biological material that continuously adapts its hierarchical microstructure to respond to static and dynamic loads for offering optimal mechanical features, in terms of stiffness and toughness, across different scales, from the sub-microscopic constituents within osteons—where the cyclic activity of osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and osteocytes redesigns shape and percentage of mineral crystals and collagen fibers—up to the macroscopic level, with growth and remodeling processes that modify the architecture of both compact and porous bone districts. Despite the intrinsic complexity of the bone mechanobiology, involving coupling phenomena of micro-damage, nutrients supply driven by fluid flowing throughout hierarchical networks, and cells turnover, successful models and numerical algorithms have been presented in the literature to predict, at the macroscale, how bone remodels under mechanical stimuli, a fundamental issue in many medical applications such as optimization of femur prostheses and diagnosis of the risk fracture. Within this framework, one of the most classical strategies employed in the studies is the so-called Stanford’s law, which allows uploading the effect of the time-dependent load-induced stress stimulus into a biomechanical model to guess the bone structure evolution. In the present work, we generalize this approach by introducing the bone poroelasticity, thus incorporating in the model the role of the fluid content that, by driving nutrients and contributing to the removal of wastes of bone tissue cells, synergistically interacts with the classical stress fields to change homeostasis states, local saturation conditions, and reorients the bone density rate, in this way affecting growth and remodeling. Through two paradigmatic example applications, i.e. a cylindrical slice with internal prescribed displacements idealizing a tract of femoral diaphysis pushed out by the pressure exerted by a femur prosthesis and a bone element in a form of a bent beam, it is highlighted that the present model is capable to catch more realistically both the transition between spongy and cortical regions and the expected non-symmetrical evolution of bone tissue density in the medium–long term, unpredictable with the standard approach. A real study case of a femur is also considered at the end in order to show the effectiveness of the proposed remodeling algorithm.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Esposito
- Department Engineering, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Aversa, Italy
| | - V Minutolo
- Department Engineering, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Aversa, Italy
| | - P Gargiulo
- Institute for Biomedical and Neural Engineering, Reykjavík University, Reykjavík, Iceland
- Department of Science, Landspítali Hospital, Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - M Fraldi
- Department of Structures for Engineering and Architecture, University of Napoli "Federico II", Napoli, Italy.
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14
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Man J, Graham T, Squires-Donelly G, Laslett AL. The effects of microgravity on bone structure and function. NPJ Microgravity 2022; 8:9. [PMID: 35383182 PMCID: PMC8983659 DOI: 10.1038/s41526-022-00194-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Humans are spending an increasing amount of time in space, where exposure to conditions of microgravity causes 1–2% bone loss per month in astronauts. Through data collected from astronauts, as well as animal and cellular experiments conducted in space, it is evident that microgravity induces skeletal deconditioning in weight-bearing bones. This review identifies contentions in current literature describing the effect of microgravity on non-weight-bearing bones, different bone compartments, as well as the skeletal recovery process in human and animal spaceflight data. Experiments in space are not readily available, and experimental designs are often limited due to logistical and technical reasons. This review introduces a plethora of on-ground research that elucidate the intricate process of bone loss, utilising technology that simulates microgravity. Observations from these studies are largely congruent to data obtained from spaceflight experiments, while offering more insights behind the molecular mechanisms leading to microgravity-induced bone loss. These insights are discussed herein, as well as how that knowledge has contributed to studies of current therapeutic agents. This review also points out discrepancies in existing data, highlighting knowledge gaps in our current understanding. Further dissection of the exact mechanisms of microgravity-induced bone loss will enable the development of more effective preventative and therapeutic measures to protect against bone loss, both in space and possibly on ground.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joey Man
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) Manufacturing, Clayton, Victoria, 3168, Australia. .,Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, 3800, Australia. .,Space Technology Future Science Platform, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Clayton, Victoria, 3168, Australia.
| | - Taylor Graham
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) Manufacturing, Clayton, Victoria, 3168, Australia.,Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, 3800, Australia
| | - Georgina Squires-Donelly
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) Manufacturing, Clayton, Victoria, 3168, Australia.,Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, 3800, Australia
| | - Andrew L Laslett
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) Manufacturing, Clayton, Victoria, 3168, Australia. .,Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, 3800, Australia. .,Space Technology Future Science Platform, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Clayton, Victoria, 3168, Australia.
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15
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Atake OJ, Eames BF. Mineralized Cartilage and Bone-Like Tissues in Chondrichthyans Offer Potential Insights Into the Evolution and Development of Mineralized Tissues in the Vertebrate Endoskeleton. Front Genet 2022; 12:762042. [PMID: 35003210 PMCID: PMC8727550 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.762042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The impregnation of biominerals into the extracellular matrix of living organisms, a process termed biomineralization, gives rise to diverse mineralized (or calcified) tissues in vertebrates. Preservation of mineralized tissues in the fossil record has provided insights into the evolutionary history of vertebrates and their skeletons. However, current understanding of the vertebrate skeleton and of the processes underlying its formation is biased towards biomedical models such as the tetrapods mouse and chick. Chondrichthyans (sharks, skates, rays, and chimaeras) and osteichthyans are the only vertebrate groups with extant (living) representatives that have a mineralized skeleton, but the basal phylogenetic position of chondrichthyans could potentially offer unique insights into skeletal evolution. For example, bone is a vertebrate novelty, but the internal supporting skeleton (endoskeleton) of extant chondrichthyans is commonly described as lacking bone. The molecular and developmental basis for this assertion is yet to be tested. Subperichondral tissues in the endoskeleton of some chondrichthyans display mineralization patterns and histological and molecular features of bone, thereby challenging the notion that extant chondrichthyans lack endoskeletal bone. Additionally, the chondrichthyan endoskeleton demonstrates some unique features and others that are potentially homologous with other vertebrates, including a polygonal mineralization pattern, a trabecular mineralization pattern, and an unconstricted perichordal sheath. Because of the basal phylogenetic position of chondrichthyans among all other extant vertebrates with a mineralized skeleton, developmental and molecular studies of chondrichthyans are critical to flesh out the evolution of vertebrate skeletal tissues, but only a handful of such studies have been carried out to date. This review discusses morphological and molecular features of chondrichthyan endoskeletal tissues and cell types, ultimately emphasizing how comparative embryology and transcriptomics can reveal homology of mineralized skeletal tissues (and their cell types) between chondrichthyans and other vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oghenevwogaga J Atake
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Pharmacology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - B Frank Eames
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Pharmacology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
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16
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Yadav AM, Bagade MM, Ghumnani S, Raman S, Saha B, Kubatzky KF, Ashma R. The phytochemical plumbagin reciprocally modulates osteoblasts and osteoclasts. Biol Chem 2021; 403:211-229. [PMID: 34882360 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2021-0290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Bone metabolism is essential for maintaining bone mineral density and bone strength through a balance between bone formation and bone resorption. Bone formation is associated with osteoblast activity whereas bone resorption is linked to osteoclast differentiation. Osteoblast progenitors give rise to the formation of mature osteoblasts whereas monocytes are the precursors for multi-nucleated osteoclasts. Chronic inflammation, auto-inflammation, hormonal changes or adiposity have the potential to disturb the balance between bone formation and bone loss. Several plant-derived components are described to modulate bone metabolism and alleviate osteoporosis by enhancing bone formation and inhibiting bone resorption. The plant-derived naphthoquinone plumbagin is a bioactive compound that can be isolated from the roots of the Plumbago genus. It has been used as traditional medicine for treating infectious diseases, rheumatoid arthritis and dermatological diseases. Reportedly, plumbagin exerts its biological activities primarily through induction of reactive oxygen species and triggers osteoblast-mediated bone formation. It is plausible that plumbagin's reciprocal actions - inhibiting or inducing death in osteoclasts but promoting survival or growth of osteoblasts - are a function of the synergy with bone-metabolizing hormones calcitonin, Parathormone and vitamin D. Herein, we develop a framework for plausible molecular modus operandi of plumbagin in bone metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avinash M Yadav
- Department of Zoology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune 411007, Maharashtra, India
| | - Manali M Bagade
- Department of Zoology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune 411007, Maharashtra, India
| | - Soni Ghumnani
- Department of Zoology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune 411007, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sujatha Raman
- Center for Complementary and Integrative Health (CCIH), Interdisciplinary School of Health Sciences (ISHS), Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune 411007, Maharashtra, India
| | - Bhaskar Saha
- National Center for Cell Science, Pune-411007, Maharashtra, India
| | - Katharina F Kubatzky
- Zentrum für Infektiologie, Medizinische Mikrobiologie und Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 324, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Richa Ashma
- Department of Zoology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune 411007, Maharashtra, India
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17
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Hirashima S, Ohta K, Togo A, Nakamura KI. 3D Mesoscopic Architecture of a Heterogeneous Cellular Network in the Cementum-Periodontal Ligament-Alveolar Bone Complex. Microscopy (Oxf) 2021; 71:22-33. [PMID: 34850074 DOI: 10.1093/jmicro/dfab051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell-to-cell communication orchestrates various cell and tissue functions. This communication enables cells to form cellular networks with each other through direct contact via intercellular junctions. Because these cellular networks are closely related to tissue and organ functions, elucidating the morphological characteristics of cellular networks could lead to the development of novel therapeutic approaches. The tooth, periodontal ligament (PDL), and alveolar bone form a complex via collagen fibres. Teeth depend on the co-ordinated activity of this complex to maintain their function, with cellular networks in each of its three components. Imaging methods for three-dimensional (3D) mesoscopic architectural analysis include focused ion beam/scanning electron microscopy (FIB/SEM), which is characterised by its ability to select observation points and acquire data from complex tissue after extensive block-face imaging, without the need to prepare numerous ultrathin sections. Previously, we employed FIB/SEM to analyse the 3D mesoscopic architecture of hard tissue including the PDL, which exists between the bone and tooth root. The imaging results showed that the cementum, PDL, and alveolar bone networks are in contact and form a heterogeneous cellular network. This cellular network may orchestrate mechanical loading-induced remodelling of the cementum-PDL-alveolar bone complex as the remodelling of each complex component is coordinated, as exemplified by tooth movement due to orthodontic treatment and tooth dislocation due to occlusal loss. In this review, we summarise and discuss the 3D mesoscopic architecture of cellular networks in the cementum, PDL, and alveolar bone as observed in our recent mesoscopic and morphological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shingo Hirashima
- Division of Microscopic and Developmental Anatomy, Department of Anatomy, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, 830-0011, Japan.,Dental and Oral Medical Center, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, 830-0011, Japan
| | - Keisuke Ohta
- Division of Microscopic and Developmental Anatomy, Department of Anatomy, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, 830-0011, Japan.,Advanced Imaging Research Center, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, 830-0011, Japan
| | - Akinobu Togo
- Advanced Imaging Research Center, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, 830-0011, Japan
| | - Kei-Ichiro Nakamura
- Division of Microscopic and Developmental Anatomy, Department of Anatomy, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, 830-0011, Japan.,Cognitive and Molecular Research Institute of Brain Diseases, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, 830-0011, Japan
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18
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Ishimoto T, Kawahara K, Matsugaki A, Kamioka H, Nakano T. Quantitative Evaluation of Osteocyte Morphology and Bone Anisotropic Extracellular Matrix in Rat Femur. Calcif Tissue Int 2021; 109:434-444. [PMID: 34009396 PMCID: PMC8429393 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-021-00852-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Osteocytes are believed to play a crucial role in mechanosensation and mechanotransduction which are important for maintenance of mechanical integrity of bone. Recent investigations have revealed that the preferential orientation of bone extracellular matrix (ECM) mainly composed of collagen fibers and apatite crystallites is one of the important determinants of bone mechanical integrity. However, the relationship between osteocytes and ECM orientation remains unclear. In this study, the association between ECM orientation and anisotropy in the osteocyte lacuno-canalicular system, which is thought to be optimized along with the mechanical stimuli, was investigated using male rat femur. The degree of ECM orientation along the femur longitudinal axis was significantly and positively correlated with the anisotropic features of the osteocyte lacunae and canaliculi. At the femur middiaphysis, there are the osteocytes with lacunae that highly aligned along the bone long axis (principal stress direction) and canaliculi that preferentially extended perpendicular to the bone long axis, and the highest degree of apatite c-axis orientation along the bone long axis was shown. Based on these data, we propose a model in which osteocytes can change their lacuno-canalicular architecture depending on the mechanical environment so that they can become more susceptible to mechanical stimuli via fluid flow in the canalicular channel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Ishimoto
- Division of Materials and Manufacturing Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamada-Oka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Keita Kawahara
- Division of Materials and Manufacturing Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamada-Oka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Aira Matsugaki
- Division of Materials and Manufacturing Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamada-Oka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kamioka
- Department of Orthodontics, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan
| | - Takayoshi Nakano
- Division of Materials and Manufacturing Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamada-Oka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
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19
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Osumi R, Wang Z, Ishihara Y, Odagaki N, Iimura T, Kamioka H. Changes in the intra- and peri-cellular sclerostin distribution in lacuno-canalicular system induced by mechanical unloading. J Bone Miner Metab 2021; 39:148-159. [PMID: 32844318 DOI: 10.1007/s00774-020-01135-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/26/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Mechanical stimuli regulate Sclerostin (Scl), a negative regulator of bone formation, expression in osteocytes. However, the detailed Scl distribution in osteocytes in response to mechanical unloading remains unclear. MATERIALS AND METHODS Twelve-week-old male rats were used. The sciatic and femoral nerves on the right side were excised as mechanical unloading treatment. A sham operation was performed on the left side. One week after neurotrauma, the bone density of the femora was evaluated by peripheral quantitative computed tomography, and immunofluorescence was performed in coronal sections of the femoral diaphysis. The mean fluorescence intensity and fluorescent profile of Scl from the marrow to the periosteal side were analyzed to estimate the Scl expression and determine to which side (marrow or periosteal) the Scl prefers to distribute in response to mechanical unloading. The most sensitive region indicated by the immunofluorescence results was further investigated by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) with immunogold staining to show the Scl expression changes in different subcellular structures. RESULTS In femur distal metaphysis, neurotrauma-induced mechanical unloading significantly decreased the bone density, made the distribution of Scl closer to the marrow on the anterior and medial side, and increased the Scl expression only on the lateral side. TEM findings showed that only the expression of Scl in canaliculi was increased by mechanical unloading. CONCLUSIONS Our results showed that even short-term mechanical unloading is enough to decrease bone density, and mechanical unloading not only regulated the Scl expression but also changed the Scl distribution in both the osteocyte network and subcellular structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryuta Osumi
- Department of Orthodontics, Okayama University Hospital, Okayama, Japan
| | - Ziyi Wang
- Department of Orthodontics, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Okayama, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan
- Research Fellow of Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Naoya Odagaki
- Department of Orthodontics, Okayama University Hospital, Okayama, Japan
| | - Tadahiro Iimura
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kamioka
- Department of Orthodontics, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Okayama, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan.
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20
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Conceição F, Sousa DM, Paredes J, Lamghari M. Sympathetic activity in breast cancer and metastasis: partners in crime. Bone Res 2021; 9:9. [PMID: 33547275 PMCID: PMC7864971 DOI: 10.1038/s41413-021-00137-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The vast majority of patients with advanced breast cancer present skeletal complications that severely compromise their quality of life. Breast cancer cells are characterized by a strong tropism to the bone niche. After engraftment and colonization of bone, breast cancer cells interact with native bone cells to hinder the normal bone remodeling process and establish an osteolytic "metastatic vicious cycle". The sympathetic nervous system has emerged in recent years as an important modulator of breast cancer progression and metastasis, potentiating and accelerating the onset of the vicious cycle and leading to extensive bone degradation. Furthermore, sympathetic neurotransmitters and their cognate receptors have been shown to promote several hallmarks of breast cancer, such as proliferation, angiogenesis, immune escape, and invasion of the extracellular matrix. In this review, we assembled the current knowledge concerning the complex interactions that take place in the tumor microenvironment, with a special emphasis on sympathetic modulation of breast cancer cells and stromal cells. Notably, the differential action of epinephrine and norepinephrine, through either α- or β-adrenergic receptors, on breast cancer progression prompts careful consideration when designing new therapeutic options. In addition, the contribution of sympathetic innervation to the formation of bone metastatic foci is highlighted. In particular, we address the remarkable ability of adrenergic signaling to condition the native bone remodeling process and modulate the bone vasculature, driving breast cancer cell engraftment in the bone niche. Finally, clinical perspectives and developments on the use of β-adrenergic receptor inhibitors for breast cancer management and treatment are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Conceição
- grid.5808.50000 0001 1503 7226I3S—Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal ,grid.5808.50000 0001 1503 7226INEB—Instituto Nacional de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal ,grid.5808.50000 0001 1503 7226ICBAS—Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Daniela M. Sousa
- grid.5808.50000 0001 1503 7226I3S—Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal ,grid.5808.50000 0001 1503 7226INEB—Instituto Nacional de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Joana Paredes
- grid.5808.50000 0001 1503 7226I3S—Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal ,grid.5808.50000 0001 1503 7226IPATIMUP—Instituto de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular da Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal ,grid.5808.50000 0001 1503 7226FMUP—Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
| | - Meriem Lamghari
- grid.5808.50000 0001 1503 7226I3S—Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal ,grid.5808.50000 0001 1503 7226INEB—Instituto Nacional de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal ,grid.5808.50000 0001 1503 7226ICBAS—Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
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21
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Yu B, Pacureanu A, Olivier C, Cloetens P, Peyrin F. Quantification of the bone lacunocanalicular network from 3D X-ray phase nanotomography images. J Microsc 2020; 282:30-44. [PMID: 33125757 DOI: 10.1111/jmi.12973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
There is a growing interest in developing 3D microscopy for the exploration of thick biological tissues. Recently, 3D X-ray nanocomputerised tomography has proven to be a suitable technique for imaging the bone lacunocanalicular network. This interconnected structure is hosting the osteocytes which play a major role in maintaining bone quality through remodelling processes. 3D images have the potential to reveal the architecture of cellular networks, but their quantitative analysis remains a challenge due to the density and complexity of nanometre sized structures and the need to handle and process large datasets, for example, 20483 voxels corresponding to 32 GB per individual image in our case. In this work, we propose an efficient image processing approach for the segmentation of the network and the extraction of characteristic parameters describing the 3D structure. These parameters include the density of lacunae, the porosity of lacunae and canaliculi, and morphological features of lacunae (volume, surface area, lengths, anisotropy etc.). We also introduce additional parameters describing the local environment of each lacuna and its canaliculi. The method is applied to analyse eight human femoral cortical bone samples imaged by magnified X-ray phase nanotomography with a voxel size of 120 nm, which was found to be a good compromise to resolve canaliculi while keeping a sufficiently large field of view of 246 μm in 3D. The analysis was performed on a total of 2077 lacunae showing an average length, width and depth of 17.1 μm × 9.2 μm × 4.4 μm, with an average number of 58.2 canaliculi per lacuna and a total lacuno-canalicular porosity of 1.12%. The reported descriptive parameters provide information on the 3D organisation of the lacuno-canalicular network in human bones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boliang Yu
- Univ Lyon, CNRS, INSERM, INSA Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, UJM-Saint Etienne, CREATIS, UMR 5220, U1206, Lyon, France
| | - Alexandra Pacureanu
- Univ Lyon, CNRS, INSERM, INSA Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, UJM-Saint Etienne, CREATIS, UMR 5220, U1206, Lyon, France
| | - Cecile Olivier
- Univ Lyon, CNRS, INSERM, INSA Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, UJM-Saint Etienne, CREATIS, UMR 5220, U1206, Lyon, France.,ESRF, the European Synchrotron, Grenoble, France
| | | | - Francoise Peyrin
- Univ Lyon, CNRS, INSERM, INSA Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, UJM-Saint Etienne, CREATIS, UMR 5220, U1206, Lyon, France.,ESRF, the European Synchrotron, Grenoble, France
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22
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Hirashima S, Ohta K, Kanazawa T, Togo A, Tsuneyoshi R, Kusukawa J, Nakamura KI. Cellular network across cementum and periodontal ligament elucidated by FIB/SEM tomography. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 69:53-58. [PMID: 32047915 DOI: 10.1093/jmicro/dfz117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Revised: 12/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Cementocytes in cementum form a lacuna-canalicular network. However, the 3D ultrastructure and range of the cementocyte network are unclear. Here, the 3D ultrastructure of the cementocyte network at the interface between cementum and periodontal ligament (PDL) was investigated on the mesoscale using FIB/SEM tomography. The results revealed a cellular network of cementocytes and PDL cells. A previous histomorphological study revealed the osteocyte-osteoblast-PDL cellular network. We extended this knowledge and revealed the cementum-PDL-bone cellular network, which may orchestrate the remodeling and modification of periodontal tissue, using a suitable method for imaging of complex tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shingo Hirashima
- Division of Microscopic and Developmental Anatomy, Department of Anatomy, Kurume University School of Medicine, 67 Asahi-machi, Kurume, Fukuoka 830-0011, Japan.,Dental and Oral Medical Center, Kurume University School of Medicine, 67 Asahi-machi, Kurume, Fukuoka 830-0011, Japan
| | - Keisuke Ohta
- Division of Microscopic and Developmental Anatomy, Department of Anatomy, Kurume University School of Medicine, 67 Asahi-machi, Kurume, Fukuoka 830-0011, Japan.,Advanced Imaging Research Center, Kurume University School of Medicine, 67 Asahi-machi, Kurume, Fukuoka 830-0011, Japan
| | - Tomonoshin Kanazawa
- Division of Microscopic and Developmental Anatomy, Department of Anatomy, Kurume University School of Medicine, 67 Asahi-machi, Kurume, Fukuoka 830-0011, Japan
| | - Akinobu Togo
- Advanced Imaging Research Center, Kurume University School of Medicine, 67 Asahi-machi, Kurume, Fukuoka 830-0011, Japan
| | - Risa Tsuneyoshi
- Division of Microscopic and Developmental Anatomy, Department of Anatomy, Kurume University School of Medicine, 67 Asahi-machi, Kurume, Fukuoka 830-0011, Japan
| | - Jingo Kusukawa
- Dental and Oral Medical Center, Kurume University School of Medicine, 67 Asahi-machi, Kurume, Fukuoka 830-0011, Japan
| | - Kei-Ichiro Nakamura
- Division of Microscopic and Developmental Anatomy, Department of Anatomy, Kurume University School of Medicine, 67 Asahi-machi, Kurume, Fukuoka 830-0011, Japan
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23
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Isolation of Murine and Human Osteocytes. Methods Mol Biol 2020. [PMID: 32979194 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0989-7_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Osteocytes are thought to be the mechanosensors of bone by sensing mechanical loads imposed upon the bone and transmitting these signals to the other bone cells to initiate bone modeling and remodeling. The location of osteocytes deep within bone is ideal for their function. However, this location makes the study of osteocytes in vivo technically difficult. There are several methods for obtaining and culturing primary osteocytes for in vitro experiments and ex vivo observation. In this chapter, several proven methods are discussed including the isolation of avian osteocytes from chicks and osteocytes from calvaria and long bones of young mice. A detailed protocol for the isolation of osteocytes from hypermineralized bone of mature and aged animals is provided. In addition, a modified version of this protocol that can be used to isolate osteocytes from human trabecular bone is described.
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24
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Hongo H, Hasegawa T, Saito M, Tsuboi K, Yamamoto T, Sasaki M, Abe M, Henrique Luiz de Freitas P, Yurimoto H, Udagawa N, Li M, Amizuka N. Osteocytic Osteolysis in PTH-treated Wild-type and Rankl-/- Mice Examined by Transmission Electron Microscopy, Atomic Force Microscopy, and Isotope Microscopy. J Histochem Cytochem 2020; 68:651-668. [PMID: 32942927 DOI: 10.1369/0022155420961375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
To demonstrate the ultrastructure of osteocytic osteolysis and clarify whether osteocytic osteolysis occurs independently of osteoclastic activities, we examined osteocytes and their lacunae in the femora and tibiae of 11-week-old male wild-type and Rankl-/- mice after injection of human parathyroid hormone (PTH) [1-34] (80 µg/kg/dose). Serum calcium concentration rose temporarily 1 hr after PTH administration in wild-type and Rankl-/- mice, when renal arteries and veins were ligated. After 6 hr, enlargement of osteocytic lacunae was evident in the cortical bones of wild-type and Rankl-/- mice, but not so in their metaphyses. Von Kossa staining and transmission electron microscopy showed broadly demineralized bone matrix peripheral to enlarged osteocytic lacunae, which contained fragmented collagen fibrils and islets of mineralized matrices. Nano-indentation by atomic force microscopy revealed the reduced elastic modulus of the PTH-treated osteocytic perilacunar matrix, despite the microscopic verification of mineralized matrix in that region. In addition, 44Ca deposition was detected by isotope microscopy and calcein labeling in the eroded osteocytic lacunae of wild-type and Rankl-/- mice. Taken together, our findings suggest that osteocytes can erode the bone matrix around them and deposit minerals on their lacunar walls independently of osteoclastic activity, at least in the murine cortical bone. (J Histochem Cytochem 68: -XXX, 2020).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiromi Hongo
- Developmental Biology of Hard Tissue, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Tomoka Hasegawa
- Developmental Biology of Hard Tissue, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Masami Saito
- Bruker Japan K.K., Nano Surfaces & Metrology Division, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kanako Tsuboi
- Dental Surgery, Haibara General Hospital, Makinohara, Japan
| | - Tomomaya Yamamoto
- Department of Dentistry, Japan Ground Self Defense Force Camp Asaka, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Muneteru Sasaki
- Department of Applied Prosthodontics, Medical and Dental Sciences, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Miki Abe
- Developmental Biology of Hard Tissue, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | | | - Hisayoshi Yurimoto
- Isotope Imaging Laboratory, Creative Research Institution, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Udagawa
- Department of Biochemistry, Matsumoto Dental University, Shiojiri, Japan
| | - Minqi Li
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine, School of Stomatology, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Norio Amizuka
- Developmental Biology of Hard Tissue, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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25
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Dallas SL, Moore DS. Using confocal imaging approaches to understand the structure and function of osteocytes and the lacunocanalicular network. Bone 2020; 138:115463. [PMID: 32512167 PMCID: PMC7423610 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2020.115463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Although overlooked in the past, osteocytes have come to the forefront of skeletal biology and are now recognized as a key cell type that integrates hormonal, mechanical and other signals to control bone mass through regulation of both osteoblast and osteoclast activity. With the surge of recent interest in osteocytes as bone regulatory cells and the discovery that they also function as endocrine regulators of phosphate homeostasis, there has been renewed interest in understanding the structure and function of these unique and relatively inaccessible cells. Osteocytes are embedded within the mineralized bone matrix and are housed within a complex lacunocanalicular system which connects them with the circulation and with other organ systems. This has presented unique challenges for imaging these cells. This review summarizes recent advances in confocal imaging approaches for visualizing osteocytes and their lacunocanalicular networks in both living and fixed bone specimens and discusses how computational approaches can be combined with live and fixed cell imaging techniques to generate quantitative outputs and predictive models. The integration of advanced imaging with computational approaches promises to lead to a more in depth understanding of the structure and function of osteocyte networks and the lacunocanalicular system in the healthy and aging state as well as in pathological conditions in bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah L Dallas
- Department of Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Missouri Kansas City, Kansas City, MO 64108, United States of America.
| | - David S Moore
- Department of Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Missouri Kansas City, Kansas City, MO 64108, United States of America
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26
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Taylor-King JP, Buenzli PR, Chapman SJ, Lynch CC, Basanta D. Modeling Osteocyte Network Formation: Healthy and Cancerous Environments. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:757. [PMID: 32793566 PMCID: PMC7387425 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Advanced cancers, such as prostate and breast cancers, commonly metastasize to bone. In the bone matrix, dendritic osteocytes form a spatial network allowing communication between osteocytes and the osteoblasts located on the bone surface. This communication network facilitates coordinated bone remodeling. In the presence of a cancerous microenvironment, the topology of this network changes. In those situations, osteocytes often appear to be either overdifferentiated (i.e., there are more dendrites than healthy bone) or underdeveloped (i.e., dendrites do not fully form). In addition to structural changes, histological sections from metastatic breast cancer xenografted mice show that number of osteocytes per unit area is different between healthy bone and cancerous bone. We present a stochastic agent-based model for bone formation incorporating osteoblasts and osteocytes that allows us to probe both network structure and density of osteocytes in bone. Our model both allows for the simulation of our spatial network model and analysis of mean-field equations in the form of integro-partial differential equations. We considered variations of our model to study specific physiological hypotheses related to osteoblast differentiation; for example predicting how changing biological parameters, such as rates of bone secretion, rates of cancer formation, and rates of osteoblast differentiation can allow for qualitatively different network topologies. We then used our model to explore how commonly applied therapies such as bisphosphonates (e.g., zoledronic acid) impact osteocyte network formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jake P Taylor-King
- Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Systems Biology, ETHZ, Zurich, Switzerland.,Mathematical Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.,Integrated Mathematical Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Pascal R Buenzli
- School of Mathematical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - S Jon Chapman
- Mathematical Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Conor C Lynch
- Department of Tumor Biology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - David Basanta
- Integrated Mathematical Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, United States
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27
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Assessment of the human bone lacuno-canalicular network at the nanoscale and impact of spatial resolution. Sci Rep 2020; 10:4567. [PMID: 32165649 PMCID: PMC7067834 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-61269-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, increasing attention has been given to the study of osteocytes, the cells that are thought to play an important role in bone remodeling and in the mechanisms of bone fragility. The interconnected osteocyte system is deeply embedded inside the mineralized bone matrix and lies within a closely fitted porosity known as the lacuno-canalicular network. However, quantitative data on human samples remain scarce, mostly measured in 2D, and there are gaps to be filled in terms of spatial resolution. In this work, we present data on femoral samples from female donors imaged with isotropic 3D spatial resolution by magnified X-ray phase nano computerized-tomography. We report quantitative results on the 3D structure of canaliculi in human femoral bone imaged with a voxel size of 30 nm. We found that the lacuno-canalicular porosity occupies on average 1.45% of the total tissue volume, the ratio of the canalicular versus lacunar porosity is about 37.7%, and the primary number of canaliculi stemming from each lacuna is 79 on average. The examination of this number at different distances from the surface of the lacunae demonstrates branching in the canaliculi network. We analyzed the impact of spatial resolution on quantification by comparing parameters extracted from the same samples imaged with 120 nm and 30 nm voxel sizes. To avoid any bias related to the analysis region, the volumes at 120 nm and 30 nm were registered and cropped to the same field of view. Our results show that the measurements at 120 and 30 nm are strongly correlated in our data set but that the highest spatial resolution provides more accurate information on the canaliculi network and its branching properties.
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28
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Hardy E, Fernandez-Patron C. Destroy to Rebuild: The Connection Between Bone Tissue Remodeling and Matrix Metalloproteinases. Front Physiol 2020; 11:47. [PMID: 32116759 PMCID: PMC7013034 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone is a dynamic organ that undergoes constant remodeling, an energetically costly process by which old bone is replaced and localized bone defects are repaired to renew the skeleton over time, thereby maintaining skeletal health. This review provides a general overview of bone’s main players (bone lining cells, osteocytes, osteoclasts, reversal cells, and osteoblasts) that participate in bone remodeling. Placing emphasis on the family of extracellular matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), we describe how: (i) Convergence of multiple protease families (including MMPs and cysteine proteinases) ensures complexity and robustness of the bone remodeling process, (ii) Enzymatic activity of MMPs affects bone physiology at the molecular and cellular levels and (iii) Either overexpression or deficiency/insufficiency of individual MMPs impairs healthy bone remodeling and systemic metabolism. Today, it is generally accepted that proteolytic activity is required for the degradation of bone tissue in osteoarthritis and osteoporosis. However, it is increasingly evident that inactivating mutations in MMP genes can also lead to bone pathology including osteolysis and metabolic abnormalities such as delayed growth. We argue that there remains a need to rethink the role played by proteases in bone physiology and pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Carlos Fernandez-Patron
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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29
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Goggin P, Ho EML, Gnaegi H, Searle S, Oreffo ROC, Schneider P. Development of protocols for the first serial block-face scanning electron microscopy (SBF SEM) studies of bone tissue. Bone 2020; 131:115107. [PMID: 31669251 PMCID: PMC6961117 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2019.115107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Revised: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
There is an unmet need for a high-resolution three-dimensional (3D) technique to simultaneously image osteocytes and the matrix in which these cells reside. In serial block-face scanning electron microscopy (SBF SEM), an ultramicrotome mounted within the vacuum chamber of a microscope repeatedly sections a resin-embedded block of tissue. Backscattered electron scans of the block face provide a stack of high-resolution two-dimensional images, which can be used to visualise and quantify cells and organelles in 3D. High-resolution 3D images of biological tissues from SBF SEM have been exploited considerably to date in the neuroscience field. However, non-brain samples, in particular hard biological tissues, have appeared more challenging to image by SBF SEM due to the difficulties of sectioning and rendering the samples conductive. We have developed and propose protocols for bone tissue preparation using SBF SEM, for imaging simultaneously soft and hard bone tissue components in 3D. We review the state of the art in high-resolution imaging of osteocytes, provide a historical perspective of SBF SEM, and we present first SBF SEM proof-of-concept studies for murine and human tissue. The application of SBF SEM to hard tissues will facilitate qualitative and quantitative 3D studies of tissue microstructure and ultrastructure in bone development, ageing and pathologies such as osteoporosis and osteoarthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Goggin
- Bioengineering Science Research Group, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Elaine M L Ho
- Bioengineering Science Research Group, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | | | | | - Richard O C Oreffo
- Bone and Joint Research Group, Centre for Human Development, Stem Cells and Regeneration, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Philipp Schneider
- Bioengineering Science Research Group, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.
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30
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Liu X, Li W, Cai J, Yan Z, Shao X, Xie K, Guo XE, Luo E, Jing D. Spatiotemporal characterization of microdamage accumulation and its targeted remodeling mechanisms in diabetic fatigued bone. FASEB J 2020; 34:2579-2594. [PMID: 31908007 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201902011rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Revised: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The skeleton of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) has deteriorated mechanical integrity and increased fragility, whereas the mechanisms are not fully understood. Load-induced microdamage naturally occurs in bone matrix and can be removed by initiating endogenous targeted bone remodeling. However, the microdamage accumulation in diabetic skeleton and the corresponding bone remodeling mechanisms remain poorly understood. Herein, streptozotocin-induced T1DM rats and age-matched non-diabetic rats were subjected to daily uniaxial ulnar loading for 1, 4, 7, and 10 days, respectively. The SPECT/CT and basic fuchsin staining revealed significant higher-density spatial accumulation of linear and diffuse microdamage in diabetic ulnae than non-diabetic ulnae. Linear microcracks increased within 10-day loading in diabetic bone, whereas peaked at Day 7 in non-diabetic bone. Moreover, diabetic fatigued ulnae had more severe disruptions of osteocyte canaliculi around linear microcracks. Immunostaining results revealed that diabetes impaired targeted remodeling in fatigued bone at every key stage, including increased apoptosis of bystander osteocytes, decreased RANKL secretion, reduced osteoclast recruitment and bone resorption, and impaired osteoblast-mediated bone formation. This study characterizes microdamage accumulation and abnormal remodeling mechanisms in the diabetic skeleton, which advances our etiologic understanding of diabetic bone deterioration and increased fragility from the aspect of microdamage accumulation and bone remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiyu Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jing Cai
- College of Basic Medicine, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, China
| | - Zedong Yan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xi Shao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Kangning Xie
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - X Edward Guo
- Bone Bioengineering Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Erping Luo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Da Jing
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
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31
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van Tol AF, Roschger A, Repp F, Chen J, Roschger P, Berzlanovich A, Gruber GM, Fratzl P, Weinkamer R. Network architecture strongly influences the fluid flow pattern through the lacunocanalicular network in human osteons. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2019; 19:823-840. [PMID: 31782029 PMCID: PMC7203595 DOI: 10.1007/s10237-019-01250-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
A popular hypothesis explains the mechanosensitivity of bone due to osteocytes sensing the load-induced flow of interstitial fluid squeezed through the lacunocanalicular network (LCN). However, the way in which the intricate structure of the LCN influences fluid flow through the network is largely unexplored. We therefore aimed to quantify fluid flow through real LCNs from human osteons using a combination of experimental and computational techniques. Bone samples were stained with rhodamine to image the LCN with 3D confocal microscopy. Image analysis was then performed to convert image stacks into mathematical network structures, in order to estimate the intrinsic permeability of the osteons as well as the load-induced fluid flow using hydraulic circuit theory. Fluid flow was studied in both ordinary osteons with a rather homogeneous LCN as well as a frequent subtype of osteons-so-called osteon-in-osteons-which are characterized by a ring-like zone of low network connectivity between the inner and the outer parts of these osteons. We analyzed 8 ordinary osteons and 9 osteon-in-osteons from the femur midshaft of a 57-year-old woman without any known disease. While the intrinsic permeability was 2.7 times smaller in osteon-in-osteons compared to ordinary osteons, the load-induced fluid velocity was 2.3 times higher. This increased fluid velocity in osteon-in-osteons can be explained by the longer path length, needed to cross the osteon from the cement line to the Haversian canal, including more fluid-filled lacunae and canaliculi. This explanation was corroborated by the observation that a purely structural parameter-the mean path length to the Haversian canal-is an excellent predictor for the average fluid flow velocity. We conclude that osteon-in-osteons may be particularly significant contributors to the mechanosensitivity of cortical bone, due to the higher fluid flow in this type of osteons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander F van Tol
- Department of Biomaterials, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, 14476, Potsdam, Germany. .,Berlin-Brandenburg School of Regenerative Therapies (BSRT), Föhrer Str. 15, 13353, Berlin, Germany.
| | - A Roschger
- Department of Biomaterials, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, 14476, Potsdam, Germany.,Chemistry and Physics of Materials, Paris Lodron University of Salzburg, Jakrob-Haringer Straße 2a, 5020, Salzburg, Austria
| | - F Repp
- Department of Biomaterials, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - J Chen
- Department of Biomaterials, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, 14476, Potsdam, Germany.,College of Engineering, Mathematics, and Physical Science, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4QF, UK
| | - P Roschger
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute of Osteology at the Hanusch Hospital of WGKK and AUVA Trauma Centre Meidling, 1st Medical Department, Hanusch Hospital, Heinrich Collin Str. 30, 1140, Vienna, Austria
| | - A Berzlanovich
- Center of Forensic Science, Medical University of Vienna, Sensengasse 2, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - G M Gruber
- Department of Anatomy, Center for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - P Fratzl
- Department of Biomaterials, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Richard Weinkamer
- Department of Biomaterials, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
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32
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Delgado-Ruiz RA, Calvo-Guirado JL, Romanos GE. Effects of occlusal forces on the peri-implant-bone interface stability. Periodontol 2000 2019; 81:179-193. [PMID: 31407438 DOI: 10.1111/prd.12291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The occlusal forces and their influence on the initiation of peri-implant bone loss or their relationship with peri-implantitis have created discussion during the past 30 years given the discrepancies observed in clinical, animal, and finite element analysis studies. Beyond these contradictions, in the case of an osseointegrated implant, the occlusal forces can influence the implant-bone interface and the cells responsible for the bone remodeling in different ways that may result in the maintenance or loss of the osseointegration. This comprehensive review focuses on the information available about the forces transmitted through the implant-crown system to the implant-bone interface and the mechano-transduction phenomena responsible for the bone cells' behavior and their interactions. Knowledge of the basic molecular biology of the peri-implant bone would help clinicians to understand the complex phenomenon of occlusal forces and their effects on the implant-bone interface, and would allow better control of the negative effects of mechanical stresses, leading to therapy with fewer risks and complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Arcesio Delgado-Ruiz
- Department of Prosthodontics and Digital Technology, School of Dental Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
| | - Jose Luis Calvo-Guirado
- International Dentistry Research Cathedra, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Universidad Catolica San Antonio De Murcia (UCAM), Murcia, Spain
| | - Georgios E Romanos
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dental Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA.,Department of Oral Surgery and Implant Dentistry, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
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33
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Prenatal Zidovudine Treatment Modifies Early Development of Rat Osteoid - Confocal Microspectroscopy Analysis. J Fluoresc 2019; 29:1257-1263. [PMID: 31620936 PMCID: PMC6853851 DOI: 10.1007/s10895-019-02429-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Autofluorescence of the bone extracellular matrix (ECM) has not been widely explored although the ECM plays a very important role in bone development. In our research we focused on examining the bone matrix of very young animals due to the intense growth process during the first month of life. Structure images and fluorescence spectra of the bone surface were carried out using confocal fluorescence microscope Eclipse Ti-S inverted CLSM (NIKON, Japan) for compact tibia of healthy 7-, 14- and 28-day-old rat newborns after prenatal zidovudine administration in comparison with control. Spectral features of ECM autofluorescence were analyzed statistically by taking into consideration p < 0.05. The CLSM technique allows for simultaneous examination of the structure and autofluorescence from selected areas of the bone surface. Excessive autofluorescence of ECM after prenatal zidovudine administration influences bone growth incommensurably to the newborns’ age. Therefore the possibility of an additional non-enzymatic mechanism of collagen cross-linking in the first two weeks of life of newborn rats prenatally treated with zidovudine has been considered. Our results suggest that ECM autofluorescence can be an indicator of bone development in the normal and pathological state.
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34
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Jin J, Bakker AD, Wu G, Klein-Nulend J, Jaspers RT. Physicochemical Niche Conditions and Mechanosensing by Osteocytes and Myocytes. Curr Osteoporos Rep 2019; 17:235-249. [PMID: 31428977 PMCID: PMC6817749 DOI: 10.1007/s11914-019-00522-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Bone and muscle mass increase in response to mechanical loading and biochemical cues. Bone-forming osteoblasts differentiate into early osteocytes which ultimately mature into late osteocytes encapsulated in stiff calcified matrix. Increased muscle mass originates from muscle stem cells (MuSCs) enclosed between their plasma membrane and basal lamina. Stem cell fate and function are strongly determined by physical and chemical properties of their microenvironment, i.e., the cell niche. RECENT FINDINGS The cellular niche is a three-dimensional structure consisting of extracellular matrix components, signaling molecules, and/or other cells. Via mechanical interaction with their niche, osteocytes and MuSCs are subjected to mechanical loads causing deformations of membrane, cytoskeleton, and/or nucleus, which elicit biochemical responses and secretion of signaling molecules into the niche. The latter may modulate metabolism, morphology, and mechanosensitivity of the secreting cells, or signal to neighboring cells and cells at a distance. Little is known about how mechanical loading of bone and muscle tissue affects osteocytes and MuSCs within their niches. This review provides an overview of physicochemical niche conditions of (early) osteocytes and MuSCs and how these are sensed and determine cell fate and function. Moreover, we discuss how state-of-the-art imaging techniques may enhance our understanding of these conditions and mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianfeng Jin
- Department of Oral Cell Biology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Astrid D Bakker
- Department of Oral Cell Biology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gang Wu
- Department of Oral Implantology and Prosthetic Dentistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jenneke Klein-Nulend
- Department of Oral Cell Biology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Richard T Jaspers
- Laboratory for Myology, Faculty of Behavioral and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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35
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Three-dimensional ultrastructural imaging and quantitative analysis of the periodontal ligament. Anat Sci Int 2019; 95:1-11. [DOI: 10.1007/s12565-019-00502-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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The Role of Exosomes in Bone Remodeling: Implications for Bone Physiology and Disease. DISEASE MARKERS 2019; 2019:9417914. [PMID: 31485281 PMCID: PMC6710799 DOI: 10.1155/2019/9417914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Revised: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Bone remodeling represents a physiological phenomenon of continuous bone tissue renewal that requires fine orchestration of multiple cell types, which is critical for the understanding of bone disease but not yet clarified in precise detail. Exosomes, which are cell-secreted nanovesicles drawing increasing attention for their broad biosignaling functions, can shed new light on how multiple heterogeneous cells communicate for the purpose of bone remodeling. In the healthy bone, exosomes transmit signals favoring both bone synthesis and resorption, regulating the differentiation, recruitment, and activity of most cell types involved in bone remodeling and even assuming an active role in extracellular matrix mineralization. Additionally, in the ailing bone, they actively participate in pathogenic processes constituting also potential therapeutic agents and drug vectors. The present review summarizes the current knowledge on bone exosomes and bone remodeling in health and disease.
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Thrivikraman G, Athirasala A, Gordon R, Zhang L, Bergan R, Keene DR, Jones JM, Xie H, Chen Z, Tao J, Wingender B, Gower L, Ferracane JL, Bertassoni LE. Rapid fabrication of vascularized and innervated cell-laden bone models with biomimetic intrafibrillar collagen mineralization. Nat Commun 2019; 10:3520. [PMID: 31388010 PMCID: PMC6684598 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-11455-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone tissue, by definition, is an organic–inorganic nanocomposite, where metabolically active cells are embedded within a matrix that is heavily calcified on the nanoscale. Currently, there are no strategies that replicate these definitive characteristics of bone tissue. Here we describe a biomimetic approach where a supersaturated calcium and phosphate medium is used in combination with a non-collagenous protein analog to direct the deposition of nanoscale apatite, both in the intra- and extrafibrillar spaces of collagen embedded with osteoprogenitor, vascular, and neural cells. This process enables engineering of bone models replicating the key hallmarks of the bone cellular and extracellular microenvironment, including its protein-guided biomineralization, nanostructure, vasculature, innervation, inherent osteoinductive properties (without exogenous supplements), and cell-homing effects on bone-targeting diseases, such as prostate cancer. Ultimately, this approach enables fabrication of bone-like tissue models with high levels of biomimicry that may have broad implications for disease modeling, drug discovery, and regenerative engineering. Bone tissue is a complex organic-inorganic nanocomposite and strategies that replicate the characteristics of bone tissue are scarce. Here the authors demonstrate the deposition of nanoscale apatite in collagen embedded with mesenchymal, vascular and nerve cells, using a protein-guided biomineralization approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greeshma Thrivikraman
- Division of Biomaterials and Biomechanics, Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, 97201, USA
| | - Avathamsa Athirasala
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Ryan Gordon
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Limin Zhang
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Raymond Bergan
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | | | - James M Jones
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Hua Xie
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Zhiqiang Chen
- Center for Electron Microscopy and Nanofabrication, Portland State University, Portland, OR, 97201, USA
| | - Jinhui Tao
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99354, USA
| | - Brian Wingender
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32603, USA
| | - Laurie Gower
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32603, USA
| | - Jack L Ferracane
- Division of Biomaterials and Biomechanics, Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, 97201, USA
| | - Luiz E Bertassoni
- Division of Biomaterials and Biomechanics, Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, 97201, USA. .,Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA. .,Center for Regenerative Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA. .,Cancer Early Detection Advanced Research (CEDAR), Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Osteocytes are the main mechanosensitive cells in bone. Integrin-based adhesions have been shown to facilitate mechanotransduction, and therefore play an important role in load-induced bone formation. This review outlines the role of integrins in osteocyte function (cell adhesion, signalling, and mechanotransduction) and possible role in disease. RECENT FINDINGS Both β1 and β3 integrins subunits have been shown to be required for osteocyte mechanotransduction. Antagonism of these integrin subunits in osteocytes resulted in impaired responses to fluid shear stress. Various disease states (osteoporosis, osteoarthritis, bone metastases) have been shown to result in altered integrin expression and function. Osteocyte integrins are required for normal cell function, with dysregulation of integrins seen in disease. Understanding the mechanism of faulty integrins in disease may aid in the creation of novel therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivor P Geoghegan
- Department of Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering, Mechanobiology and Medical Device Research Group (MMDRG), Biomedical Engineering, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
- Centre for Research in Medical Devices (CÚRAM), National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - David A Hoey
- Centre for Research in Medical Devices (CÚRAM), National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
- Trinity Centre for Bioengineering, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, School of Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
- Advanced Materials and Bioengineering Research Centre, Trinity College Dublin & RCSI, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Laoise M McNamara
- Department of Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering, Mechanobiology and Medical Device Research Group (MMDRG), Biomedical Engineering, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland.
- Centre for Research in Medical Devices (CÚRAM), National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland.
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Nishida T, Kubota S, Yokoi H, Mukoyama M, Takigawa M. Roles of matricellular CCN2 deposited by osteocytes in osteoclastogenesis and osteoblast differentiation. Sci Rep 2019; 9:10913. [PMID: 31358778 PMCID: PMC6662664 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-47285-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the effect of CCN2 (cellular communication network factor 2), previously termed connective tissue growth factor, deposited in bone matrix on osteoclastogenesis and osteoblast differentiation. To mimic the bone matrix environment, osteocytic MLO-Y4 cells had been embedded in collagen-gel with recombinant CCN2 (rCCN2), and mouse macrophage-like RAW264.7 cells were inoculated on the gel and treated with receptor activator of NF-κB ligand (RANKL). NFATc1 and cathepsin K (CTSK) productions were more increased in the combination of RAW264.7 and MLO-Y4 cells treated with rCCN2 than the combination without rCCN2. Next, we isolated an osteocyte-enriched population of cells and osteoclast progenitor cells from wild type and tamoxifen-inducible Ccn2-deficient (KO) mice and performed similar analysis. NFATc1 and CTSK productions were decreased in the KO osteocyte-enriched population at 6 months after the tamoxifen injection, regardless of the origin of the osteoclast progenitor cells. Interestingly, CTSK production was rather increased in KO osteocytes at 1 year after the injection. Finally, the combination of osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 and MLO-Y4 cells in rCCN2-containing bone matrix revealed the up-regulation of osteoblastic marker genes. These findings suggest that CCN2 supplied by osteocytes regulates both osteoclastogenesis and osteoblast differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Nishida
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Dentistry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan. .,Advanced Research Center for Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, Okayama University Dental School, Okayama, Japan.
| | - Satoshi Kubota
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Dentistry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan.,Advanced Research Center for Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, Okayama University Dental School, Okayama, Japan
| | - Hideki Yokoi
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Masashi Mukoyama
- Department of Nephrology, Kumamoto University Graduate School of Medical Science, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Masaharu Takigawa
- Advanced Research Center for Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, Okayama University Dental School, Okayama, Japan
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40
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Wang Z, Ishihara Y, Ishikawa T, Hoshijima M, Odagaki N, Ei Hsu Hlaing E, Kamioka H. Screening of key candidate genes and pathways for osteocytes involved in the differential response to different types of mechanical stimulation using a bioinformatics analysis. J Bone Miner Metab 2019; 37:614-626. [PMID: 30413886 DOI: 10.1007/s00774-018-0963-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to predict the key genes and pathways that are activated when different types of mechanical loading are applied to osteocytes. mRNA expression datasets (series number of GSE62128 and GSE42874) were obtained from Gene Expression Omnibus database (GEO). High gravity-treated osteocytic MLO-Y4 cell-line samples from GSE62128 (Set1), and fluid flow-treated MLO-Y4 samples from GSE42874 (Set2) were employed. After identifying the differentially expressed genes (DEGs), functional enrichment was performed. The common DEGs between Set1 and Set2 were considered as key DEGs, then a protein-protein interaction (PPI) network was constructed using the minimal nodes from all of the DEGs in Set1 and Set2, which linked most of the key DEGs. Several open source software programs were employed to process and analyze the original data. The bioinformatic results and the biological meaning were validated by in vitro experiments. High gravity and fluid flow induced opposite expression trends in the key DEGs. The hypoxia-related biological process and signaling pathway were the common functional enrichment terms among the DEGs from Set1, Set2 and the PPI network. The expression of almost all the key DEGs (Pdk1, Ccng2, Eno2, Egln1, Higd1a, Slc5a3 and Mxi1) were mechano-sensitive. Eno2 was identified as the hub gene in the PPI network. Eno2 knockdown results in expression changes of some other key DEGs (Pdk1, Mxi1 and Higd1a). Our findings indicated that the hypoxia response might have an important role in the differential responses of osteocytes to the different types of mechanical force.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyi Wang
- Department of Orthodontics, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8525, Japan
| | | | - Takanori Ishikawa
- Department of Orthodontics, Okayama University Hospital, Okayama, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiro Hoshijima
- Department of Orthodontics, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8525, Japan
| | - Naoya Odagaki
- Department of Orthodontics, Okayama University Hospital, Okayama, Japan
| | - Ei Ei Hsu Hlaing
- Department of Orthodontics, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8525, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kamioka
- Department of Orthodontics, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8525, Japan.
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Sakamoto M, Fukunaga T, Sasaki K, Seiryu M, Yoshizawa M, Takeshita N, Takano-Yamamoto T. Vibration enhances osteoclastogenesis by inducing RANKL expression via NF-κB signaling in osteocytes. Bone 2019; 123:56-66. [PMID: 30902792 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2019.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
To shorten the duration of orthodontic treatment it is important not only to reduce risks such as dental caries, periodontal disease, and root resorption, but also to decrease pain and discomfort caused by a fixed appliance. Several studies have investigated the effect of vibration applied to fixed appliances to accelerate tooth movement. Although it was reported that vibration accelerates orthodontic tooth movement by enhancing alveolar bone resorption, the underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms remain unclear. In this study, we investigated the effects of vibration on osteoclastogenesis in vitro and in vivo. Vibration applied to pre-osteoclast cell line RAW264.7 cells enhanced cell proliferation but did not affect their differentiation into osteoclasts. Osteocytes in bone are known to be mechanosensitive and to act as receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) ligand (RANKL). Therefore, in the present study, vibration was applied to cells from the osteocyte-like cell line MLO-Y4. In MLO-Y4 cells, vibration induced phosphorylation of the inhibitor of NF-κB (IκB) and caused nuclear localization of NF-κB p65. Additionally, vibration increased RANKL mRNA expression, but did not affect osteoprotegerin (OPG) mRNA expression in MLO-Y4 cells, thus resulting in an increased RANKL/OPG ratio. Consistent with these findings, vibration applied during experimental tooth movement increased NF-κB activation and RANKL expression in osteocytes on the compression side of alveolar bone in vivo, whereas vibration had no such effects on the tension side. Furthermore, in a co-culture of MLO-Y4 cells and RAW264.7 cells, vibration applied to MLO-Y4 cells enhanced osteoclastogenesis. These findings suggest that vibration could accelerate orthodontic tooth movement by enhancing osteoclastogenesis through increasing the number of pre-osteoclasts and up-regulating RANKL expression in osteocytes on the compression side of alveolar bone via NF-κB activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayuri Sakamoto
- Division of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, 4-1, Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan.
| | - Tomohiro Fukunaga
- Division of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, 4-1, Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan.
| | - Kiyo Sasaki
- Division of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, 4-1, Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan.
| | - Masahiro Seiryu
- Division of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, 4-1, Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan.
| | - Mitsuhiro Yoshizawa
- Division of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, 4-1, Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan.
| | - Nobuo Takeshita
- Division of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, 4-1, Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan.
| | - Teruko Takano-Yamamoto
- Division of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, 4-1, Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan; Department of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 13, Nishi 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8586, Japan.
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42
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Zhang C, Xu S, Zhang S, Liu M, Du H, Sun R, Jing B, Sun Y. Ageing characteristics of bone indicated by transcriptomic and exosomal proteomic analysis of cortical bone cells. J Orthop Surg Res 2019; 14:129. [PMID: 31077243 PMCID: PMC6509863 DOI: 10.1186/s13018-019-1163-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Degenerative changes in the skeleton play an important role in ageing. As the foremost sensors and orchestrators of bone remodelling, osteocytes contribute significantly to the health of the skeleton. Embedded in a mineralized bone matrix, the osteocyte network and the surrounding lacunar canaliculae work together as a functional syncytium-the osteocytic lacunar-canalicular system (OLCS). However, changes in the OLCS during ageing and related mechanisms cannot be fully understood by using traditional histological analysis. METHODS To link the phenotypes of aged osteocytes and their functional changes during ageing, we analysed the changes in the gene expression profiles of bone cells and the proteomic profiles of OLCS exosomes derived from aged and young cortical bone. RESULTS Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) suggested that a decline in cell energy metabolism and an increased level of the proinflammatory state are major characteristics of bone ageing. Moreover, some DEGs were key regulators of bone mechanical sensation and bone remodelling, which are indicative of reduced bone-specific function with age. Further, the identified proteins in OLCS exosomes showed potential changes in the secretory function bone. Compared with young controls, the decreased functional proteins in aged OLCS exosomes were enriched mainly in GO terms that included regulating bone development and remodelling, cell-matrix adhesion, and cell clearance and homeostasis. Notably, several functions of exosomal proteins of the aged group revealed potential new roles, such as regulating innate and adaptive immunity, wound healing, and angiogenesis and eliminating oxidative stress. CONCLUSION The information obtained from bone cells and OLCS exosomes will help us discover new features of bone ageing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenyang Zhang
- Department of Oral Implantology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Tongji University, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and Regeneration, 399 Middle Yanchang Road, Shanghai, 200072 China
| | - Shuyu Xu
- Department of Oral Implantology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Tongji University, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and Regeneration, 399 Middle Yanchang Road, Shanghai, 200072 China
| | - Shufan Zhang
- Department of Oral Implantology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Tongji University, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and Regeneration, 399 Middle Yanchang Road, Shanghai, 200072 China
| | - Mengmeng Liu
- Department of Oral Implantology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Tongji University, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and Regeneration, 399 Middle Yanchang Road, Shanghai, 200072 China
| | - Haiming Du
- Department of Oral Implantology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Tongji University, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and Regeneration, 399 Middle Yanchang Road, Shanghai, 200072 China
| | - Ruinan Sun
- Department of Oral Implantology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Tongji University, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and Regeneration, 399 Middle Yanchang Road, Shanghai, 200072 China
| | - Bo Jing
- Department of Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yao Sun
- Department of Oral Implantology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Tongji University, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and Regeneration, 399 Middle Yanchang Road, Shanghai, 200072 China
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43
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Tiede-Lewis LM, Dallas SL. Changes in the osteocyte lacunocanalicular network with aging. Bone 2019; 122:101-113. [PMID: 30743014 PMCID: PMC6638547 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2019.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Osteoporosis is an aging-related disease of reduced bone mass that is particularly prevalent in post-menopausal women, but also affects the aged male population and is associated with increased fracture risk. Osteoporosis is the result of an imbalance whereby bone formation by osteoblasts no longer keeps pace with resorption of bone by osteoclasts. Osteocytes are the most abundant cells in bone and, although previously thought to be quiescent, they are now known to be active, multifunctional cells that play a key role in the maintenance of bone mass by regulating both osteoblast and osteoclast activity. They are also thought to regulate bone mass through their role as mechanoresponsive cells in bone that coordinate adaptive responses to mechanical loading. Osteocytes form an extensive interconnected network throughout the mineralized bone matrix and receive their nutrients as well as hormones and signaling factors through the lacunocanalicular system. Several studies have shown that the extent and connectivity of the lacunocanalicular system and osteocyte networks degenerates in aged humans as well as in animal models of aging. It is also known that the bone anabolic response to loading is decreased with aging. This review summarizes recent research on the degenerative changes that occur in osteocytes and their lacunocanalicular system as a result of aging and discusses the implications for skeletal health and homeostasis as well as potential mechanisms that may underlie these degenerative changes. Since osteocytes are such key regulators of skeletal homeostasis, maintaining the health of the osteocyte network would seem critical for maintenance of bone health. Therefore, a more complete understanding of the structure and function of the osteocyte network, its lacunocanalicular system, and the degenerative changes that occur with aging should lead to advances in our understanding of age related bone loss and potentially lead to improved therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- LeAnn M Tiede-Lewis
- Department of Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO 64108, United States of America
| | - Sarah L Dallas
- Department of Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO 64108, United States of America.
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44
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Zhang D, Miranda M, Li X, Han J, Sun Y, Rojas N, He S, Hu M, Lin L, Li X, Ke HZ, Qin YX. Retention of osteocytic micromorphology by sclerostin antibody in a concurrent ovariectomy and functional disuse model. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2019; 1442:91-103. [PMID: 30644553 PMCID: PMC6465143 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.13991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Revised: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Prolonged mechanical unloading in bedridden patients and concurrent hormonal dysregulation represents the cause of one of the severest forms of osteoporosis, a condition for which there are very few efficacious interventions available to date. Sclerostin, a Wnt antagonist, acts as a negative regulator of bone formation. Sclerostin antibody (Scl-Ab)-mediated blockade of sclerostin can dramatically enhance bone formation and reduce bone resorption. This study was designed to investigate the therapeutic effect of the Scl-Ab on severe bone loss induced by concurrent mechanical unloading and estrogen deficiency in a hindlimb-suspended and ovariectomized rat model, and to study the cellular mechanisms underlying severe osteoporosis and Scl-Ab action. Unloading and ovariectomy resulted in severe loss of trabecular and cortical bone mass and strength; Scl-Ab can significantly counteract the deterioration of bone in unloaded and/or ovariectomized rats, with noticeably increased cortical bone formation. Scanning electron microscopy analysis revealed that unloading and ovariectomy lead to multiple morphological and structural abnormalities of osteocytes in cortical bone and the abnormalities were abolished by Scl-Ab administration. This study extends our previous conclusion that Scl-Ab represents a promising therapeutic approach for severe bone loss that occurs after being exposed to estrogen deficiency and prolonged mechanical unloading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongye Zhang
- Dept. of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY
| | - Marianna Miranda
- Dept. of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY
| | - Xiaofei Li
- Dept. of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY
| | - Jiangmeng Han
- Dept. of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY
| | - Yueli Sun
- Dept. of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY
| | - Nancy Rojas
- Dept. of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY
| | - Shan He
- Dept. of Material Science Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY
| | - Minyi Hu
- Dept. of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY
| | - Liangjun Lin
- Dept. of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY
| | - Xiaodong Li
- Dept. of Metabolic Disorders, Amgen, Inc., Thousand Oaks, CA
| | | | - Yi-Xian Qin
- Dept. of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY
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45
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Murshid S, Takano-Yamamoto T, Kamioka H. Differential distribution of microtubules in immature osteocytes in vivo. J Oral Biosci 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.job.2018.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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46
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Tanaka T, Hoshijima M, Sunaga J, Nishida T, Hashimoto M, Odagaki N, Osumi R, Aadachi T, Kamioka H. Analysis of Ca 2+ response of osteocyte network by three-dimensional time-lapse imaging in living bone. J Bone Miner Metab 2018; 36:519-528. [PMID: 29027020 DOI: 10.1007/s00774-017-0868-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Osteocytes form a three-dimensional (3D) cellular network within the mineralized bone matrix. The cellular network has important roles in mechanosensation and mechanotransduction related to bone homeostasis. We visualized the embedded osteocyte network in chick calvariae and observed the flow-induced Ca2+ signaling in osteocytes using 3D time-lapse imaging. In response to the flow, intracellular Ca2+ ([Ca2+]i) significantly increased in developmentally mature osteocytes in comparison with young osteocytes in the bone matrix. To investigate the differences in response between young and developmentally mature osteocytes in detail, we evaluated the expression of osteocyte-related genes using the osteocyte-like cell line MLO-Y4, which was 3D-cultured within type I collagen gels. We found that the c-Fos, Cx43, Panx3, Col1a1, and OCN mRNA levels significantly increased on day 15 in comparison with day 7. These findings indicate that developmentally mature osteocytes are more responsive to mechanical stress than young osteocytes and have important functions in bone formation and remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoyo Tanaka
- Department of Orthodontics, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, 5-1 Shikata-cho, 2-chome, Kitaku, Okayama, 700-8525, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiro Hoshijima
- Department of Orthodontics, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, 5-1 Shikata-cho, 2-chome, Kitaku, Okayama, 700-8525, Japan
- Advanced Research Center for Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, Dental School, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Junko Sunaga
- Laboratory of Biomechanics, Department of Biosystems Science, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takashi Nishida
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Dentistry, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Mana Hashimoto
- Department of Orthodontics, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, 5-1 Shikata-cho, 2-chome, Kitaku, Okayama, 700-8525, Japan
| | - Naoya Odagaki
- Department of Orthodontics, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, 5-1 Shikata-cho, 2-chome, Kitaku, Okayama, 700-8525, Japan
| | - Ryuta Osumi
- Department of Orthodontics, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, 5-1 Shikata-cho, 2-chome, Kitaku, Okayama, 700-8525, Japan
| | - Taiji Aadachi
- Laboratory of Biomechanics, Department of Biosystems Science, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kamioka
- Department of Orthodontics, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, 5-1 Shikata-cho, 2-chome, Kitaku, Okayama, 700-8525, Japan.
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Friis I, Solov’yov IA. Activation of the DNA-repair mechanism through NBS1 and MRE11 diffusion. PLoS Comput Biol 2018; 14:e1006362. [PMID: 30052627 PMCID: PMC6082579 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1006362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Revised: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The non-homologous end joining of a DNA double strand break is initiated by the MRE11-NBS1-RAD50 complex whose subunits are the first three proteins to arrive to the breakage site thereby making the recruitment time of MRE11, NBS1 and RAD50 essential for cell survival. In the present investigation, the nature of MRE11 and NBS1 transportation from the cytoplasm to the nucleus, hosting the damaged DNA strand, is hypothesized to be a passive diffusive process. The feasibility of such a mechanism is addressed through theoretical and computational approaches which permit establishing the characteristic recruitment time of MRE11 and NBS1 by the nucleus. A computational model of a cell is constructed from a set of biological parameters and the kinetic Monte Carlo algorithm is used to simulate the diffusing MRE11 and NBS1 particles as a random walk process. To accurately describe the experimented data, it is discovered that MRE11 and NBS1 should start diffusion from significantly different starting positions which suggests that diffusion might not be the only transport mechanism of repair protein recruitment to the DNA break. The DNA repair mechanism is crucial for a cell to avoid apoptosis, and is a complicated process involving many different repair proteins. The mean of transportation of these repair proteins is largely unknown as their transportation mechanisms need clarification. We have focused on the transportation of some of the first proteins to arrive to the damaged DNA from the cytoplasm, namely the MRE11 and NBS1. Our hypothesis of diffusion as the transportation mechanism of MRE11 and NBS1 is tested against a theoretical model as well as simulation data and experiments, revealing a possibility for diffusion to be the method of recruiting MRE11 and NBS1 to the DNA break.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ida Friis
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230 Odense M, Denmark
- * E-mail: (IF); (IAS)
| | - Ilia A. Solov’yov
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230 Odense M, Denmark
- On leave from the Ioffe Institute, Politechnicheskaya Str. 26, 94021, St. Petersburg, Russia
- * E-mail: (IF); (IAS)
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Lee J, Kolb I, Forest CR, Rozell CJ. Cell Membrane Tracking in Living Brain Tissue Using Differential Interference Contrast Microscopy. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON IMAGE PROCESSING : A PUBLICATION OF THE IEEE SIGNAL PROCESSING SOCIETY 2018; 27:1847-1861. [PMID: 29346099 PMCID: PMC5839128 DOI: 10.1109/tip.2017.2787625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Differential interference contrast (DIC) microscopy is widely used for observing unstained biological samples that are otherwise optically transparent. Combining this optical technique with machine vision could enable the automation of many life science experiments; however, identifying relevant features under DIC is challenging. In particular, precise tracking of cell boundaries in a thick ( ) slice of tissue has not previously been accomplished. We present a novel deconvolution algorithm that achieves the state-of-the-art performance at identifying and tracking these membrane locations. Our proposed algorithm is formulated as a regularized least squares optimization that incorporates a filtering mechanism to handle organic tissue interference and a robust edge-sparsity regularizer that integrates dynamic edge tracking capabilities. As a secondary contribution, this paper also describes new community infrastructure in the form of a MATLAB toolbox for accurately simulating DIC microscopy images of in vitro brain slices. Building on existing DIC optics modeling, our simulation framework additionally contributes an accurate representation of interference from organic tissue, neuronal cell-shapes, and tissue motion due to the action of the pipette. This simulator allows us to better understand the image statistics (to improve algorithms), as well as quantitatively test cell segmentation and tracking algorithms in scenarios, where ground truth data is fully known.
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Boyce RW, Brown D, Felx M, Mellal N, Locher K, Pyrah I, Ominsky MS, Taylor S. Decreased osteoprogenitor proliferation precedes attenuation of cancellous bone formation in ovariectomized rats treated with sclerostin antibody. Bone Rep 2018; 8:90-94. [PMID: 29955626 PMCID: PMC6020110 DOI: 10.1016/j.bonr.2018.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Revised: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Sclerostin antibody (Scl-Ab) stimulates bone formation, which with long-term treatment, attenuates over time. The cellular and molecular mechanisms responsible for the attenuation of bone formation are not well understood, but in aged ovariectomized (OVX) rats, the reduction in vertebral cancellous bone formation is preceded by a reduction in osteoprogenitor (OP) number and significant induction of signaling pathways known to suppress mitogenesis and cell cycle progression in the osteocyte (OCy) (Taylor et al., 2016). To determine if the reduction in OP number is associated with a decrease in proliferation, aged OVX rats were administered vehicle or Scl-Ab for 9 or 29 days and implanted with continuous-delivery 5-bromo-2′-deoxyuridine (BrdU) mini-osmotic pumps 5 days prior to necropsy. The total number of BrdU-labeled osteoblasts (OB) was quantified in vertebral cancellous bone to indirectly assess the effects of Scl-Ab treatment on OP proliferation at the time of activation of modeling-based bone formation at day 9 and at the time of maximal mineralizing surface, initial decrease in OP number, and transcriptional changes in the OCy at day 29. Compared with vehicle, Scl-Ab resulted in an increase in the total number of BrdU-positive OB (+260%) at day 9 that decreased with continued treatment (+50%) at day 29. These differences in proliferation occurred at time points when the increase in total OB number was significant and similar in magnitude. These findings suggest that reduced OP proliferation contributes to the decrease in OP numbers, an effect that would limit the OB pool and contribute to the attenuation of bone formation that occurs with long-term Scl-Ab treatment. Sclerostin antibody stimulates bone formation (BF) that attenuates over time. Osteoprogenitor (OP) proliferation increases early with treatment. Attenuation of BF is preceded by a decrease in OP proliferation. Decrease is coincident with molecular signaling consistent with cell cycle arrest. Decreased OP proliferation contributes to the attenuation of BF.
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Key Words
- ANOVA, analysis of variance
- Anabolics
- Bone
- BrdU, 5-bromo-2′-deoxyuridine
- CDKN1A, cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1A
- CDKN2A, CDKN inhibitor 2A
- CE, coefficient of error
- CV, coefficient of variation
- Cell signaling
- D, day
- E2F1, E2F transcription factor 1
- FOXM1, Forkhead box protein M1
- MS/BS, mineralizing surface per bone surface
- MYC, v-myc avian myelocytomatosis viral oncogene homolog
- MYCN, MYC neuroblastoma-derived homolog
- OB, osteoblast(s)
- OCy, osteocyte(s)
- OP, osteoprogenitor(s)
- OVX, ovariectomized
- Ob.N, OB number
- Osteoporosis
- Osteoprogenitors
- PROBE, precision range of an optimally balanced estimator
- RB1, retinoblastoma protein 1
- RUNX2, Runt-related transcription factor 2
- SURS, systematic uniform random sampling
- Scl-Ab, sclerostin antibody
- Scl-AbVI, 50 mg/kg of a Scl-Ab
- TP53, tumor protein p53
- VEH, vehicle
- Wnt signaling
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Affiliation(s)
- Rogely Waite Boyce
- Department of Comparative Biology and Safety Sciences, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320, United States
| | - Danielle Brown
- Charles River Laboratories, 4025 Stirrup Creek Drive, Suite 150, Durham, NC 27703, United States
| | - Melanie Felx
- Charles River Laboratories, 22022 Transcanadienne, Senneville, QC H9X 3R3, Canada
| | - Nacera Mellal
- Charles River Laboratories, 22022 Transcanadienne, Senneville, QC H9X 3R3, Canada
| | - Kathrin Locher
- Department of Comparative Biology and Safety Sciences, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320, United States
| | - Ian Pyrah
- Department of Comparative Biology and Safety Sciences, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320, United States
| | - Michael S Ominsky
- Department of CardioMetabolic Disorders, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320, United States
| | - Scott Taylor
- Department of Comparative Biology and Safety Sciences, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320, United States
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50
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Wall M, Butler D, El Haj A, Bodle JC, Loboa EG, Banes AJ. Key developments that impacted the field of mechanobiology and mechanotransduction. J Orthop Res 2018; 36:605-619. [PMID: 28817244 DOI: 10.1002/jor.23707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Advances in mechanobiology have evolved through insights from multiple disciplines including structural engineering, biomechanics, vascular biology, and orthopaedics. In this paper, we reviewed the impact of key reports related to the study of applied loads on tissues and cells and the resulting signal transduction pathways. We addressed how technology has helped advance the burgeoning field of mechanobiology (over 33,600 publications from 1970 to 2016). We analyzed the impact of critical ideas and then determined how these concepts influenced the mechanobiology field by looking at the citation frequency of these reports as well as tracking how the overall number of citations within the field changed over time. These data allowed us to understand how a key publication, idea, or technology guided or enabled the field. Initial observations of how forces acted on bone and soft tissues stimulated the development of computational solutions defining how forces affect tissue modeling and remodeling. Enabling technologies, such as cell and tissue stretching, compression, and shear stress devices, allowed more researchers to explore how deformation and fluid flow affect cells. Observation of the cell as a tensegrity structure and advanced methods to study genetic regulation in cells further advanced knowledge of specific mechanisms of mechanotransduction. The future of the field will involve developing gene and drug therapies to simulate or augment beneficial load regimens in patients and in mechanically conditioning organs for implantation. Here, we addressed a history of the field, but we limited our discussions to advances in musculoskeletal mechanobiology, primarily in bone, tendon, and ligament tissues. © 2017 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 36:605-619, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Wall
- Flexcell International Corp., 2730 Tucker St., Suite 200, Burlington, 27215, North Carolina
| | - David Butler
- Department of Biomedical, Chemical, and Environmental Engineering, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Alicia El Haj
- Institute for Science & Technology in Medicine, Keele University, Staffordshire, UK
| | | | | | - Albert J Banes
- Flexcell International Corp., 2730 Tucker St., Suite 200, Burlington, 27215, North Carolina.,Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
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