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Ceballos-Rasgado M, Brazier AKM, Gupta S, Moran VH, Pierella E, Fekete K, Lowe NM. Methods of Assessment of Zinc Status in Humans: An Updated Review and Meta-analysis. Nutr Rev 2024:nuae072. [PMID: 38917458 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuae072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
CONTEXT The assessment of zinc status is difficult but essential for the identification of zinc deficiency and evaluation of interventions to improve zinc status. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this systematic review (SR) and meta-analysis was to update the previously published SR of biomarkers of zinc status, conducted by the European Micronutrient Recommendations Aligned (EURRECA) network in 2009, to answer the question: Which putative measures (biomarkers) of zinc status appropriately reflect a change in zinc intake of at least 2 weeks? DATA SOURCES A structured search strategy was used to identify articles published between January 2007 and September 2022 from MEDLINE (Ovid), Embase (Ovid), Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL). Relevant articles were identified using previously defined eligibility criteria. DATA EXTRACTION Data were extracted and combined with data from the previous SR. DATA ANALYSIS A random-effects model was used to calculate pooled mean differences using STATA (StataCorp). The risk of bias and the certainty of evidence for all outcomes were assessed. Additional data on 7 of the 32 previously reported biomarkers were identified, along with data on an additional 40 putative biomarkers from studies published since 2007. Pooled data analysis confirmed that, in healthy participants, both plasma/serum zinc concentration and urinary zinc excretion responded to changes in zinc intake (plasma/serum: mean effect [95% CI], controlled studies: 2.17 µmol/L [1.73, 2.61]; P < .005, I2 = 97.8; before-and-after studies: 2.87 µmol/L [2.45, 3.30]; P < .005, I2 = 98.1%; urine zinc: 0.39 mmol/mol creatinine [0.17, 0.62]; P < .005, I2 = 81.2; 3.09 µmol/day [0.16, 6.02]; P = .039, I2 = 94.3). CONCLUSION The updated analyses support the conclusion that plasma/serum and urinary zinc respond to changes in zinc intake in studies of healthy participants. Several additional putative biomarkers were identified, but more studies are needed to assess the sensitivity and reliability. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION PROSPERO no. CRD42020219843.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marena Ceballos-Rasgado
- Centre for Global Development, University of Central Lancashire, Preston PR1 2HE, United Kingdom
| | - Anna K M Brazier
- Centre for Global Development, University of Central Lancashire, Preston PR1 2HE, United Kingdom
| | - Swarnim Gupta
- Centre for Global Development, University of Central Lancashire, Preston PR1 2HE, United Kingdom
| | - Victoria H Moran
- Centre for Global Development, University of Central Lancashire, Preston PR1 2HE, United Kingdom
| | - Elisa Pierella
- Centre for Global Development, University of Central Lancashire, Preston PR1 2HE, United Kingdom
| | - Katalin Fekete
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, University of Pécs Medical School, Pécs 7624, Hungary
| | - Nicola M Lowe
- Centre for Global Development, University of Central Lancashire, Preston PR1 2HE, United Kingdom
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Wang X, Zhang M, Ma J, Tie Y, Wang S. Biochemical Markers of Zinc Nutrition. Biol Trace Elem Res 2024:10.1007/s12011-024-04091-x. [PMID: 38319550 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-024-04091-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
Zinc is an important trace element involved in the biochemical and physiological functions of the organism and is essential in the human body. It has been reported that 17.3% of people around the world are at risk of many diseases due to zinc deficiency, which has already affected people's healthy lives. Currently, mild zinc deficiency is difficult to diagnose early due to the lack of typical clinical manifestations, so finding zinc biomarkers is crucial for people's health. The present article reviews the main representative zinc biomarkers, such as body fluid zinc levels, zinc-dependent proteins, tissue zinc, and zinc-containing enzymes, to provide a reference for actively promoting the study of zinc nutritional status and early clinical diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinying Wang
- North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, Hebei Province, 063210, China
| | - Menghui Zhang
- North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, Hebei Province, 063210, China
| | - Jing Ma
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Hebei Reproductive Health Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, 050071, China
| | - Yanqing Tie
- Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, 050051, China.
| | - Shusong Wang
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Hebei Reproductive Health Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, 050071, China.
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Lekki-Porębski SA, Rakowski M, Grzelak A. Free zinc ions, as a major factor of ZnONP toxicity, disrupts free radical homeostasis in CCRF-CEM cells. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2023; 1867:130447. [PMID: 37619691 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2023.130447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
Nanotechnology has become a ubiquitous part of our everyday life. Besides the already-known nanoparticles (NPs), plenty of new nanomaterials are being synthesized every day. Here, we explain the mechanism of the zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) cytotoxicity in a cellular model of acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (CCRF-CEM). To do so, we investigated both possible hypotheses about the ZnONPs mechanism of toxicity: a free zinc ions release and/or reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. Presented here results show that: Our results support the hypothesis that the mechanism of ZnONPs cytotoxicity is based on the release of free zinc ions. Nevertheless, both previously quoted hypotheses incompletely described the mechanism of action of ZnONPs. In this paper, we show that the mechanism of cytotoxicity of ZnONPs is based on the induction of reductive stress in CCRF-CEM cells, which is caused by free zinc ions released from ZnONPs. Therefore, the increase of oxidative stress markers is most likely a secondary response of the cells towards the Zn2+. These results provide a crucial expansion of the zinc ion hypothesis and thus explain the biphasic cellular response of CCRF-CEM cells treated with ZnONPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Lekki-Porębski
- Cytometry Laboratory, Department of Oncobiology and Epigenetics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 90-236 Lodz, Poland; The Bio-Med-Chem Doctoral School of the University of Lodz and Lodz Institutes of the Polish Academy of Sciences, University of Lodz, 90-237 Lodz, Poland.
| | - M Rakowski
- Cytometry Laboratory, Department of Oncobiology and Epigenetics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 90-236 Lodz, Poland; The Bio-Med-Chem Doctoral School of the University of Lodz and Lodz Institutes of the Polish Academy of Sciences, University of Lodz, 90-237 Lodz, Poland
| | - A Grzelak
- Cytometry Laboratory, Department of Oncobiology and Epigenetics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 90-236 Lodz, Poland.
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4
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Yu L, Yi J, Chen Y, Huang M, Zhu N. Relative Bioavailability of Broiler Chickens Fed with Zinc Hydroxychloride and Sulfate Sources for Corn-Soybean Meal. Biol Trace Elem Res 2022; 200:4114-4125. [PMID: 34825318 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-021-03013-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
This study was conducted to determine relative bioavailability (RBV) of basic zinc chloride (BZC) compared to zinc sulfate monohydrate (ZSM) for broilers. A randomized design involving a 2 × 3 factorial arrangement of the different treatment regimens plus one negative control was set up for this study. A total of 630 newly hatched male AA broiler chicks were randomly allocated to 42 different pens (15 chickens/pen) and assigned to 7 dietary treatments in a completely randomized design. The diet was supplemented with 0, 20, 40, or 80 mg of Zn mg/kg of feed in the form of ZSM or BZC. The results showed that zinc supplementation altered average daily gain (ADG) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) (P < 0.05) for both zinc sources. It was observed that the weight gain increased linearly (P < 0.01) and FCR decreased linearly as dietary BZC and ZSM concentration increased. Moreover, compared with chickens fed with ZSM, chickens fed with BZC had higher ADG and lower FCR from days 0 to 14 (P < 0.05), and higher activity of plasma alkaline phosphatase (ALP) (P < 0.05), total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD), and CuZn superoxide dismutase (CuZn-SOD) (P < 0.01) in the plasma of chickens fed with BZC at zinc level 80 mg/kg at day 14. The pancreas divalent metal-ion transporter-1 (DMT1) mRNA expression of chickens fed with BZC was found to be significantly enhanced at day 28, and the pancreas metallothionein (MT) mRNA expression for BZC fed group was also markedly increased at Zn levels of 20 and 40 mg/kg respectively. The relative bioavailability (RBV) of BZC (Zn sulfate 100%) based on ADG in the starter phase was 110.82%, whereas the tibia zinc content, as well as the activities of plasma ALP and CuZn-SOD, and the pancreas MT mRNA level were in the range between 108 and 119%. It was thus concluded that BZC was more efficacious than Zn sulfate and could serve as a potentially novel zinc source in the broilers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longfei Yu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiang Yi
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingxing Huang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Nianhua Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China.
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Malekahmadi M, Firouzi S, Rezayi M, Ghazizadeh H, Ranjbar G, Ferns GA, Mobarhan MG. Association of Zinc and Copper Status with Cardiovascular Diseases and their Assessment Methods: A Review Study. Mini Rev Med Chem 2021; 20:2067-2078. [PMID: 32727323 DOI: 10.2174/1389557520666200729160416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Revised: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of mortality, morbidity, and financial losses and has a high prevalence across the world. Several studies have investigated the association between various CVD types with zinc and copper status as the essential minerals for the human body, proposing contradictory and similar results. This narrative review aimed to survey the correlations between zinc and copper status in the human body and some risk factors of CVD, as well as the assessment methods of zinc and copper status in the human body. According to the reviewed articles, zinc and copper deficiency may increase the risk of coronary heart disease, valvular regurgitation, and myocardial lesions, cardiac hypertrophy. Furthermore, it could lead to the expanded mitochondrial compartments of the heart, acute and chronic heart failure, and elevation of inflammation markers, such as interleukin-1 (IL-1) and IL-6. Two methods are primarily used for the assessment of zinc and copper in the human body, including the direct method (measurement of their concentrations) and indirect method (determining the activity of zinc- and copper-containing enzymes). Both these methods are considered reliable for the assessment of the zinc and copper levels in healthy individuals. Serum or plasma levels of these elements are also commonly used for the assessment of the correlation between zinc and copper status and CVD. But, which one is a more accurate indicator in relation to CVD is not yet clear; therefore, further studies are required in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahsa Malekahmadi
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Safieh Firouzi
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Majid Rezayi
- Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Hamideh Ghazizadeh
- Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Golnaz Ranjbar
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Gordon A Ferns
- Division of Medical Education, Brighton & Sussex Medical School, Falmer, Brighton, Sussex BN1 9PH, United Kingdom
| | - Majid Ghayour Mobarhan
- Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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Zinc in Dog Nutrition, Health and Disease: A Review. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11040978. [PMID: 33915721 PMCID: PMC8066201 DOI: 10.3390/ani11040978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary This work compiles the current state of knowledge regarding zinc requirements of healthy dogs and biomarkers of zinc status. To ensure an adequate zinc status, it is important to know the zinc content of foods and their bioavailability to assess the need and the ideal supplementation strategy regarding levels and sources of additives in complete dog foods. As zinc is required for enzymatic, structural, and regulatory functions in the animal body, its nutritional status has been associated with several pathologies that may be due to, or exacerbated by, a deficit of dietary zinc supply. Abstract Zinc is an essential trace element, required for enzymatic, structural, and regulatory functions. As body reserves are scarce, an adequate zinc status relies on proper dietary supply and efficient homeostasis. Several biomarkers have been proposed that enable the detection of poor zinc status, but more sensitive and specific ones are needed to detect marginal deficiencies. The zinc content of commercial dry dog foods has great variability, with a more frequent non-compliance with the maximum authorized limit than with the nutritional requirement. The bioavailability of dietary zinc also plays a crucial role in ensuring an adequate zinc status. Despite controversial results, organic zinc sources have been considered more bioavailable than inorganic sources, albeit the zinc source effect is more evident after a restriction period of dietary zinc. Many disorders have been associated with inadequate zinc status, not being clear whether the occurrence of the disease is the consequence or the cause. This review presents data on zinc requirements and biomarkers for zinc status, that can be applied for the development of supplementation strategies of zinc in complete pet foods. Moreover, it provides an understanding of the role zinc plays in the health of dogs, and how altered zinc status affects diseases in dogs.
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Sensitivity and reliability of zinc transporter and metallothionein gene expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells as indicators of zinc status: responses to ex vivo zinc exposure and habitual zinc intake in humans. Br J Nutr 2020; 125:361-368. [PMID: 32698913 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114520002810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Zn is an essential nutrient for humans; however, a sensitive biomarker to assess Zn status has not been identified. The objective of this study was to determine the reliability and sensitivity of Zn transporter and metallothionein (MT) genes in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) to Zn exposure ex vivo and to habitual Zn intake in human subjects. In study 1, human PBMCs were cultured for 24 h with 0-50 µm ZnSO4 with or without 5 µm N,N,N',N'-tetrakis(2-pyridylmethyl)ethylenediamine (TPEN), and mRNA expression of SLC30A1-10, SLC39A1-14, MT1 subtypes (A, B, E, F, G, H, L, M and X), MT2A, MT3 and MT4 mRNA was determined. In study 2, fifty-four healthy male and female volunteers (31·9 (sd 13·8) years, BMI 25·7 (sd 2·9) kg/m2) completed a FFQ, blood was collected, PBMCs were isolated and mRNA expression of selected Zn transporters and MT isoforms was determined. Study 1: MT1E, MT1F, MT1G, MT1H, MT1L, MT1M, MT1X, MT2A and SLC30A1 increased with increasing concentrations of Zn and declined with the addition of TPEN. Study 2: Average daily Zn intake was 16·0 (sd 5·3) mg/d (range: 9-31 mg/d), and plasma Zn concentrations were 15·5 (SD 2·8) μmol/l (range 11-23 μmol/l). PBMC MT2A was positively correlated with dietary Zn intake (r 0·306, P = 0·03) and total Zn intake (r 0·382, P < 0·01), whereas plasma Zn was not (P > 0·05 for both). Findings suggest that MT2A mRNA in PBMCs reflects dietary Zn intake in healthy adults and may be a component in determining Zn status.
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8
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Hess SY, Peerson JM, King JC, Brown KH. Use of Serum Zinc Concentration as an Indicator of Population Zinc Status. Food Nutr Bull 2016; 28:S403-29. [DOI: 10.1177/15648265070283s303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Assessing the prevalence and severity of zinc deficiency in populations is critical to determine the need for and appropriate targeting of zinc intervention programs and to assess their effectiveness for improving the health and well-being of high-risk populations. However, there is very little information on the zinc status of populations worldwide due to the lack of consensus on appropriate biochemical indicators of zinc status. The objective of this review was to evaluate the use of serum zinc concentration as an indicator of population zinc status. We have reviewed the response of serum zinc concentration to dietary zinc restriction and zinc supplementation. In addition, we completed pooled analyses of nine zinc intervention trials in young children to assess the relations between serum zinc concentration of individuals before treatment and their responses to zinc supplementation. Also, in updated combined analyses of previously published data, we investigated the relation between the mean initial serum zinc concentration of a study population and their mean growth responses to zinc supplementation in randomized intervention trials among children. The results from depletion/repletion studies indicate that serum zinc concentrations respond appreciably to severe dietary zinc restriction, although there is considerable interindividual variation in these responses. There is also clear evidence that both individual and population mean serum zinc concentrations increase consistently during zinc supplementation, regardless of the initial level of serum zinc concentration. By contrast, an individual's serum zinc concentration does not reliably predict that person's response to zinc supplementation. Serum zinc concentration can be considered a useful biomarker of a population's risk of zinc deficiency and response to zinc interventions, although it may not be a reliable indicator of individual zinc status.
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9
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittmarie Sandström
- Department of Human Nutrition in the Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University in Frederiksberg, Denmark
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10
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Chu A, Foster M, Ward S, Zaman K, Hancock D, Petocz P, Samman S. Zinc-induced upregulation of metallothionein (MT)-2A is predicted by gene expression of zinc transporters in healthy adults. GENES AND NUTRITION 2015; 10:44. [PMID: 26446034 DOI: 10.1007/s12263-015-0494-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2015] [Accepted: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The usefulness of zinc transporter and metallothionein (MT) gene expressions to detect changes in zinc intake remains unclear. This pilot study aimed to determine the effects of zinc supplementation on zinc transporter and MT gene expressions in humans. Healthy adults (n = 39) were randomised to zinc treatment (ZT), receiving 22 mg Zn/day (n = 19), or no treatment (NT) (n = 20). Blood samples were collected on Days 0, 2, 7, 14, and 21. Plasma zinc and serum C-reactive protein concentrations were analysed. Gene expression of zinc transporters and MT in peripheral blood mononuclear cells was analysed using real-time PCR. Using repeated-measures ANOVA, MT-2A gene expression and fold change were found to be higher in the ZT group (P = 0.025 and P = 0.016, respectively) compared to the NT group, specifically at Day 2 (40 ± 18 % increase from baseline, P = 0.011), despite no significant increase in plasma zinc concentration. In a multiple regression model exploring the changes in gene expressions between Days 0 and 21, the change in MT-2A gene expression was correlated with changes in all zinc transporter expressions (r (2) = 0.54, P = 0.029); the change in ZIP1 expression emerged as a univariate predictor (P = 0.003). Dietary zinc intake was predictive of zinc transporter and MT expressions (P = 0.030). Physical activity level was positively correlated with baseline ZIP7 expression (r = 0.36, P = 0.029). The present study shows that MT-2A expression is related to changing expression of zinc transporter genes, specifically ZIP1, in response to zinc supplementation. The current report adds to our understanding of MT in the coordinated nature of cellular zinc homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Chu
- Department of Human Nutrition, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin, 9054, New Zealand
- Discipline of Nutrition and Metabolism, School of Molecular Bioscience, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Meika Foster
- Department of Human Nutrition, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin, 9054, New Zealand
| | - Sarah Ward
- Discipline of Nutrition and Metabolism, School of Molecular Bioscience, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Kamrul Zaman
- Discipline of Nutrition and Metabolism, School of Molecular Bioscience, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Dale Hancock
- Discipline of Molecular Biology, School of Molecular Bioscience, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Peter Petocz
- Department of Statistics, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Samir Samman
- Department of Human Nutrition, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin, 9054, New Zealand.
- Discipline of Nutrition and Metabolism, School of Molecular Bioscience, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia.
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11
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King JC, Brown KH, Gibson RS, Krebs NF, Lowe NM, Siekmann JH, Raiten DJ. Biomarkers of Nutrition for Development (BOND)-Zinc Review. J Nutr 2015; 146:858S-885S. [PMID: 26962190 PMCID: PMC4807640 DOI: 10.3945/jn.115.220079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 301] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Revised: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 12/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Zinc is required for multiple metabolic processes as a structural, regulatory, or catalytic ion. Cellular, tissue, and whole-body zinc homeostasis is tightly controlled to sustain metabolic functions over a wide range of zinc intakes, making it difficult to assess zinc insufficiency or excess. The BOND (Biomarkers of Nutrition for Development) Zinc Expert Panel recommends 3 measurements for estimating zinc status: dietary zinc intake, plasma zinc concentration (PZC), and height-for-age of growing infants and children. The amount of dietary zinc potentially available for absorption, which requires an estimate of dietary zinc and phytate, can be used to identify individuals and populations at risk of zinc deficiency. PZCs respond to severe dietary zinc restriction and to zinc supplementation; they also change with shifts in whole-body zinc balance and clinical signs of zinc deficiency. PZC cutoffs are available to identify individuals and populations at risk of zinc deficiency. However, there are limitations in using the PZC to assess zinc status. PZCs respond less to additional zinc provided in food than to a supplement administered between meals, there is considerable interindividual variability in PZCs with changes in dietary zinc, and PZCs are influenced by recent meal consumption, the time of day, inflammation, and certain drugs and hormones. Insufficient data are available on hair, urinary, nail, and blood cell zinc responses to changes in dietary zinc to recommend these biomarkers for assessing zinc status. Of the potential functional indicators of zinc, growth is the only one that is recommended. Because pharmacologic zinc doses are unlikely to enhance growth, a growth response to supplemental zinc is interpreted as indicating pre-existing zinc deficiency. Other functional indicators reviewed but not recommended for assessing zinc nutrition in clinical or field settings because of insufficient information are the activity or amounts of zinc-dependent enzymes and proteins and biomarkers of oxidative stress, inflammation, or DNA damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet C King
- Children’s Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, CA
- University of California, Davis, Davis, CA
| | - Kenneth H Brown
- University of California, Davis, Davis, CA
- Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, WA
| | | | - Nancy F Krebs
- University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
| | - Nicola M Lowe
- University of Central Lancashire, Preston, United Kingdom; and
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Reed S, Qin X, Ran-Ressler R, Brenna JT, Glahn RP, Tako E. Dietary zinc deficiency affects blood linoleic acid: dihomo-γ-linolenic acid (LA:DGLA) ratio; a sensitive physiological marker of zinc status in vivo (Gallus gallus). Nutrients 2014; 6:1164-80. [PMID: 24658588 PMCID: PMC3967184 DOI: 10.3390/nu6031164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2014] [Revised: 03/01/2014] [Accepted: 03/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Zinc is a vital micronutrient used for over 300 enzymatic reactions and multiple biochemical and structural processes in the body. To date, sensitive and specific biological markers of zinc status are still needed. The aim of this study was to evaluate Gallus gallus as an in vivo model in the context of assessing the sensitivity of a previously unexplored potential zinc biomarker, the erythrocyte linoleic acid: dihomo-γ-linolenic acid (LA:DGLA) ratio. Diets identical in composition were formulated and two groups of birds (n = 12) were randomly separated upon hatching into two diets, Zn(+) (zinc adequate control, 42.3 μg/g zinc), and Zn(−) (zinc deficient, 2.5 μg/g zinc). Dietary zinc intake, body weight, serum zinc, and the erythrocyte fatty acid profile were measured weekly. At the conclusion of the study, tissues were collected for gene expression analysis. Body weight, feed consumption, zinc intake, and serum zinc were higher in the Zn(+) control versus Zn(−) group (p < 0.05). Hepatic TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 gene expression were higher in the Zn(+) control group (p < 0.05), and hepatic Δ6 desaturase was significantly higher in the Zn(+) group (p < 0.001). The LA:DGLA ratio was significantly elevated in the Zn(−) group compared to the Zn(+) group (22.6 ± 0.5 and 18.5 ± 0.5, % w/w, respectively, p < 0.001). This study suggests erythrocyte LA:DGLA is able to differentiate zinc status between zinc adequate and zinc deficient birds, and may be a sensitive biomarker to assess dietary zinc manipulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Spenser Reed
- USDA-ARS, Robert Holley Center for Agriculture & Health, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
| | - Xia Qin
- Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
| | - Rinat Ran-Ressler
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
| | - James Thomas Brenna
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
| | - Raymond P Glahn
- USDA-ARS, Robert Holley Center for Agriculture & Health, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
| | - Elad Tako
- USDA-ARS, Robert Holley Center for Agriculture & Health, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
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13
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Polizzi PS, Romero MB, Chiodi Boudet LN, Das K, Denuncio PE, Rodríguez DH, Gerpe MS. Metallothioneins pattern during ontogeny of coastal dolphin, Pontoporia blainvillei, from Argentina. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2014; 80:275-281. [PMID: 24467859 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2013.10.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2013] [Revised: 10/17/2013] [Accepted: 10/20/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Metallothioneins are signals of metal exposure and widely used in biomonitoring. Franciscana dolphin is an endemic cetacean from the Southwestern Atlantic Ocean, classified as Vulnerable A3d by the IUCN. Metallothionein, copper and zinc in Franciscana were assessed in two geographic groups; one inhabits La Plata River estuary, anthropogenically impacted, and the other inhabits marine coastal ecosystems, with negligible pollution. Despite the environment, hepatic and renal MT concentrations were similar, but there was a declining trend from early to later developmental stages. Metallothionein K/L, Cu and Zn levels corresponded to normal reported ranges. MT was not related with Cd. Fetal concentrations were higher than its mother. These results and the health status of dolphins are suggesting that MT correspond to physiological ranges for the species, and they are closely to homeostasis of Zn and Cu, according to its ontogenetic changes. The information constitutes the first MT information on Franciscana dolphin and can be considered as baseline for the species conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- P S Polizzi
- Toxicología Ambiental, Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras (IIMyC), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, Funes 3350, (CP. 7600) Mar del Plata, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina.
| | - M B Romero
- Toxicología Ambiental, Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras (IIMyC), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, Funes 3350, (CP. 7600) Mar del Plata, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina.
| | - L N Chiodi Boudet
- Toxicología Ambiental, Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras (IIMyC), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, Funes 3350, (CP. 7600) Mar del Plata, Argentina.
| | - K Das
- Laboratory for Oceanology - MARE Center B6c, University of Liege, Liege 4000, Belgium.
| | - P E Denuncio
- Toxicología Ambiental, Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras (IIMyC), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, Funes 3350, (CP. 7600) Mar del Plata, Argentina; Biología, Ecología y Conservación de Mamíferos Marinos, Departamento de Ciencias Marinas, IIMyC, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, Argentina, Funes 3350, CP. 7600 Mar del Plata, Argentina.
| | - D H Rodríguez
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina; Biología, Ecología y Conservación de Mamíferos Marinos, Departamento de Ciencias Marinas, IIMyC, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, Argentina, Funes 3350, CP. 7600 Mar del Plata, Argentina.
| | - M S Gerpe
- Toxicología Ambiental, Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras (IIMyC), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, Funes 3350, (CP. 7600) Mar del Plata, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina.
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14
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Krizkova S, Ryvolova M, Masarik M, Zitka O, Adam V, Hubalek J, Eckschlager T, Kizek R. Modern bioanalysis of proteins by electrophoretic techniques. Methods Mol Biol 2014; 1129:381-396. [PMID: 24648089 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-977-2_28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In 1957, protein rich in cysteine able to bind cadmium was isolated from horse kidney and named as metallothionein according to its structural properties. Further, this protein and metallothionein-like proteins have been found in tissues of other animal species, yeasts, fungi and plants. MT is as a potential cancer marker in the focus of interest, and its properties, functions, and behavior under various conditions are intensively studied. Our protocol describes separation of two major mammalian isoforms of MT (MT-1 and MT-2) using capillary electrophoresis (CE) coupled with UV detector. This protocol enables separation of MT isoforms and studying of their basic behavior as well as their quantification with detection limit in units of ng per μL. Sodium borate buffer (20 mM, pH 9.5) was optimized as a background electrolyte, and the separation was carried out in fused silica capillary with internal diameter of 75 μm and electric field intensity of 350 V/cm. Optimal detection wavelength was 254 nm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sona Krizkova
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Agronomy, Mendel University, Brno, Czech Republic
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15
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Shen SF, Wang RL, Lu L, Li SF, Liu SB, Xie JJ, Zhang LY, Wang ML, Luo XG. Effect of intravenously injected zinc on tissue zinc and metallothionein gene expression of broilers. Br Poult Sci 2013; 54:381-90. [PMID: 23705842 DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2013.787158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
1. The effect of intravenously injected zinc (Zn) on tissue Zn concentrations and pancreas metallothionein (MT) gene expression in broilers was investigated to detect differences in the tissue utilisation of Zn from different Zn sources. 2. A total of 432 male chickens were randomly allotted on d 22 post-hatch to one of nine treatments in a completely randomised design. Chickens were injected with either a 0.9% (w/v) NaCl solution (control) or a saline solution supplemented with Zn sulphate or one of three organic Zn chelates with weak (Zn-AA W), moderate (Zn-Pro M) or strong (Zn-Pro S) chelation strengths at two injected Zn dosages calculated according to two Zn absorbability levels (6 and 12%). 3. Bone and pancreas Zn concentrations, pancreas MT mRNA levels and MT concentrations increased on d 6 and 12 after Zn injections as the injected Zn dosages increased. Chickens injected with the Zn-Pro S had lower bone Zn concentration than those injected with the Zn-Pro M or Zn-AA W on d 6 after injections. However, no differences among Zn sources were observed in bone Zn concentration on d 12 after injections, pancreas Zn concentrations, pancreas MT mRNA levels and MT concentrations on both d 6 and d 12 after injections. 4. It was concluded that the injected Zn-Pro S was the least favourable for bone Zn utilisation of broilers. The pancreas Zn concentration and pancreas MT gene expressions might not be sensitive enough to detect differences in the tissue utilisation of injected Zn in broilers between organic and inorganic Zn sources or among organic Zn sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- S F Shen
- Mineral Nutrition Research Division, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences,No. 2Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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16
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Ryvolova M, Adam V, Kizek R. Analysis of metallothionein by capillary electrophoresis. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1226:31-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2011] [Revised: 09/30/2011] [Accepted: 10/01/2011] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Ryu MS, Langkamp-Henken B, Chang SM, Shankar MN, Cousins RJ. Genomic analysis, cytokine expression, and microRNA profiling reveal biomarkers of human dietary zinc depletion and homeostasis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 108:20970-5. [PMID: 22171008 PMCID: PMC3248538 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1117207108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Implementation of zinc interventions for subjects suspected of being zinc-deficient is a global need, but is limited due to the absence of reliable biomarkers. To discover molecular signatures of human zinc deficiency, a combination of transcriptome, cytokine, and microRNA analyses was applied to a dietary zinc depletion/repletion protocol with young male human subjects. Concomitant with a decrease in serum zinc concentration, changes in buccal and blood gene transcripts related to zinc homeostasis occurred with zinc depletion. Microarray analyses of whole blood RNA revealed zinc-responsive genes, particularly, those associated with cell cycle regulation and immunity. Responses of potential signature genes of dietary zinc depletion were further assessed by quantitative real-time PCR. The diagnostic properties of specific serum microRNAs for dietary zinc deficiency were identified by acute responses to zinc depletion, which were reversible by subsequent zinc repletion. Depression of immune-stimulated TNFα secretion by blood cells was observed after low zinc consumption and may serve as a functional biomarker. Our findings introduce numerous novel candidate biomarkers for dietary zinc status assessment using a variety of contemporary technologies and which identify changes that occur prior to or with greater sensitivity than the serum zinc concentration which represents the current zinc status assessment marker. In addition, the results of gene network analysis reveal potential clinical outcomes attributable to suboptimal zinc intake including immune function defects and predisposition to cancer. These demonstrate through a controlled depletion/repletion dietary protocol that the illusive zinc biomarker(s) can be identified and applied to assessment and intervention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moon-Suhn Ryu
- Food Science and Human Nutrition Department, Center for Nutritional Sciences, College of Agricultural and Life Sciences; and
| | - Bobbi Langkamp-Henken
- Food Science and Human Nutrition Department, Center for Nutritional Sciences, College of Agricultural and Life Sciences; and
| | - Shou-Mei Chang
- Food Science and Human Nutrition Department, Center for Nutritional Sciences, College of Agricultural and Life Sciences; and
| | - Meena N. Shankar
- UF Clinical Research Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611
| | - Robert J. Cousins
- Food Science and Human Nutrition Department, Center for Nutritional Sciences, College of Agricultural and Life Sciences; and
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18
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Foster M, Samman S. Zinc and redox signaling: perturbations associated with cardiovascular disease and diabetes mellitus. Antioxid Redox Signal 2010; 13:1549-73. [PMID: 20568953 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2010.3111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cellular signal transduction pathways are influenced by the zinc and redox status of the cell. Numerous chronic diseases, including cardiovascular disease (CVD) and diabetes mellitus (DM), have been associated with impaired zinc utilization and increased oxidative stress. In humans, mutations in the MT-1A and ZnT8 genes, both of which are involved in the maintenance of zinc homeostasis, have been linked with DM development. Changes in levels of intracellular free zinc may exacerbate oxidative stress in CVD and DM by impacting glutathione homeostasis, nitric oxide signaling, and nuclear factor-kappa B-dependent cellular processes. Zinc ions have been shown to influence insulin and leptin signaling via the phosphoinositide 3′-kinase/Akt pathway, potentially linking an imbalance of zinc at the cellular level to insulin resistance and dyslipidemia. The oxidative modification of cysteine residues in zinc coordination sites in proteins has been implicated in cellular signaling and regulatory pathways. Despite the many interactions between zinc and cellular stress responses, studies investigating the potential therapeutic benefit of zinc supplementation in the prevention and treatment of oxidative stress-related chronic disease in humans are few and inconsistent. Further well-designed randomized controlled trials are needed to determine the effects of zinc supplementation in populations at various stages of CVD and DM progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meika Foster
- Discipline of Nutrition and Metabolism, School of Molecular Bioscience, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Tokar EJ, Diwan BA, Waalkes MP. Early life inorganic lead exposure induces testicular teratoma and renal and urinary bladder preneoplasia in adult metallothionein-knockout mice but not in wild type mice. Toxicology 2010; 276:5-10. [PMID: 20600549 PMCID: PMC2951012 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2010.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2010] [Revised: 06/10/2010] [Accepted: 06/15/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Inorganic lead compounds are carcinogenic in animals and have carcinogenic potential in humans. In mice, lead (Pb) is a transplacental carcinogen in the kidney. Metallothionein (MT) is a metal-binding protein that can reduce the toxicity of various metals, including Pb, either by direct sequestration or as an antioxidant for metals that generate reactive oxygen species. Although MT appears to reduce Pb carcinogenicity in adult mice it is unknown how MT deficiency may affect Pb carcinogenicity from early life exposure. Thus, groups (n=10) of pregnant MT-I/II double knockout (MT-null) or 129/SVJ MT wild type (WT) mice were exposed to Pb acetate in the drinking water (0, 2000, 4000ppm Pb) from gestation day 8 through birth and during lactation. Maternal drinking water Pb exposure continued to wean at 4 weeks of age and the male offspring were then directly exposed to Pb until 8 weeks of age and observed until 2 years old. High dose (4000ppm) but not low dose (2000ppm) Pb reduced survival in the latter part of the study in both MT-null and WT mice. In MT-null mice, but not WT, early life Pb exposure caused a dose-related increase in testicular teratomas, to a maximum incidence of 28% compared to control (4%). Pb-induced renal cystic hyperplasia, considered preneoplastic, was a prominent occurrence in MT-null mice but nearly absent in WT mice. Pb dose-related increases in renal cystic hyperplasia occurred in adult MT-null with early life exposure with maximal incidence of 52%. Pb-treated MT-null mice also showed dose-related increases in urinary bladder hyperplasia with occasional papilloma that were absent in WT mice. Thus, MT deficiency made mice more sensitive to early life Pb exposure with regard to testes tumors, and renal and urinary bladder preneoplastic lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik J. Tokar
- Inorganic Carcinogenesis Section, Laboratory of Comparative Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Institute at the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, and National Toxicology Program, the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709
| | - Bhalchandra A. Diwan
- Basic Science Program, SAIC-Frederick, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD, 21702
| | - Michael P. Waalkes
- Inorganic Carcinogenesis Section, Laboratory of Comparative Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Institute at the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, and National Toxicology Program, the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709
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20
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Sunde RA. Molecular biomarker panels for assessment of selenium status in rats. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2010; 235:1046-52. [PMID: 20724535 DOI: 10.1258/ebm.2010.010111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular biomarkers are mRNA transcripts that indicate the (nutrient) status of an organism or tissue. Molecular biomarker panels have the potential to readily and more accurately determine nutrient status than individual traditional biomarkers. To study the efficacy of molecular biomarker panels for predicting selenium (Se) status, we examined 30 biomarkers from rats fed graded levels of Se from deficient to eight times the minimum Se requirement, including four liver and four kidney traditional biomarkers, and 13 liver and nine kidney selenoprotein mRNA levels. Multiple regression analysis against liver and kidney Se and glutathione peroxidase-1 (Gpx1) activity, with stepwise single elimination of biomarkers that did not significantly contribute, was used to identify biomarker panels with significant (P < 0.05) regression coefficients. Resulting regression equations were then used to predict Se status, and compared with traditional Se biomarkers panels. Over the full spectrum of Se status from 0 to 0.8 microg Se/g diet, the resulting 4-selenoprotein mRNA biomarker panel predicted liver Se concentration with a correlation of 0.948, which was nominally higher and statistically the same as the correlation of 0.909 for the panel based on Gpx1 activity. The molecular biomarker panels for predicting kidney Se and liver and kidney Gpx1 activity were all comparable to predictions based on traditional biomarkers. These analyses show that molecular biomarker panels can be used to predict accurately two traditional biomarkers of Se status. The resulting analyses also illustrate that additional orthogonal biomarkers reflecting higher Se intakes are needed to better predict supernutritional Se status and further strengthen this approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger A Sunde
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin, 1415 Linden Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
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21
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Cummings JE, Kovacic JP. The ubiquitous role of zinc in health and disease. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 2009; 19:215-40. [PMID: 19691507 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-4431.2009.00418.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To review zinc physiology and pathophysiology and the importance of zinc toxicity and deficiency in veterinary patients. DATA SOURCES A review of human and veterinary medical literature. HUMAN DATA SYNTHESIS There is a significant amount of original research in humans and animals on the role of zinc in multiple organ systems. There is also significant data available on human patients with zinc abnormalities. VETERINARY DATA SYNTHESIS Zinc deficiency has been studied in dogs with genetic disease and dietary deficiency leading to dermatological disease and immune deficiency. Zinc toxicity has been described after ingestion of metallic foreign bodies containing zinc. CONCLUSIONS Historically, the role of zinc in health and disease has been studied through patients with toxicity or severe deficiency with obvious clinical signs. As the ubiquitous contribution of zinc to structure and function in biological systems was discovered, clinically significant but subtle deficiency states have been revealed. In human medicine, mild zinc deficiencies are currently thought to cause chronic metabolic derangement leading to or exacerbating immune deficiency, gastrointestinal problems, endocrine disorders, neurologic dysfunction, cancer, accelerated aging, degenerative disease, and more. Determining the causal relationships between mild zinc deficiency and concurrent disease is complicated by the lack of sensitive or specific tests for zinc deficiency. The prevalence of zinc deficiency and its contribution to disease in veterinary patients is not well known. Continued research is warranted to develop more sensitive and specific tests to assess zinc status, to determine which patients are at risk for deficiency, and to optimize supplementation in health and disease.
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22
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Huang YL, Lu L, Li SF, Luo XG, Liu B. Relative bioavailabilities of organic zinc sources with different chelation strengths for broilers fed a conventional corn-soybean meal diet. J Anim Sci 2009; 87:2038-46. [PMID: 19213702 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2008-1212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2023] Open
Abstract
An experiment was conducted to estimate relative bioavailability of Zn in 3 organic zinc sources with different chelation strength (Q(f)) compared with ZnSO(4). A total of 1,092, 1-d-old male broiler chicks were assigned randomly to 6 replicate cages (14 chicks per cage) for each of 13 treatments. Dietary treatments included the basal corn-soybean meal diet (27.82 mg of Zn/kg of DM) supplemented with 0, 30, 60, or 90 mg of added Zn as reagent ZnSO(4), or Zn sources with Q(f) of 6.5 (11.93% Zn; Zn AA C), 30.7 (13.27% Zn; Zn Pro B), or 944.0 (18.61% Zn; Zn Pro A)/kg, which are considered as weak, moderate, or strong Q(f), respectively. Bone Zn, pancreas Zn, pancreas metallothionein (MT) concentration, and pancreas MT messenger RNA (mRNA) were analyzed at 6, 10, or 14 d of age. The results showed that bone Zn, pancreas Zn, pancreas MT concentration, and pancreas MT mRNA increased linearly (P < 0.001) as dietary Zn concentration increased at all ages. At 6 d of age, pancreas MT mRNA differed (P < 0.001) among dietary Zn sources, and the same tendency was observed at 10 (P = 0.08) or 14 d (P = 0.06) of age. The R(2) for a linear model was greater on d 6 than d 10 or 14 for all the response criteria. Based on slope ratios from the multiple linear regression of pancreas MT mRNA concentration on daily intake of dietary Zn, the bioavailability of Zn AA C, Zn Pro B, and Zn Pro A relative to ZnSO(4) (100%) were 100.0, 121.1, and 72.3%, respectively, at 6 d of age. The results indicated that MT mRNA concentration in pancreas was more sensitive in reflecting differences in bioavailability among organic Zn sources than the MT concentration in pancreas or other indices. Moreover, the bioavailability of organic Zn sources was closely related to their Q(f).
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Affiliation(s)
- Y L Huang
- Mineral Nutrition Research Division, State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100094, PR China
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23
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Lowe NM, Fekete K, Decsi T. Methods of assessment of zinc status in humans: a systematic review. Am J Clin Nutr 2009; 89:2040S-2051S. [PMID: 19420098 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.2009.27230g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 288] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Zinc is an essential micronutrient for human health and has numerous structural and biochemical roles. The search for a reliable, sensitive, and specific index of zinc status has been the subject of considerable research, which has resulted in the identification of a number of potentially useful biomarkers. OBJECTIVE The objective was to assess the usefulness of biomarkers of zinc status in humans. DESIGN The methods included a structured search strategy using Ovid MEDLINE, EMBASE (Ovid), and the Cochrane Library CENTRAL databases; formal inclusion and exclusion criteria; data extraction into an Access database; quality and validity assessment; and meta-analysis. RESULTS Data on 32 potential biomarkers from 46 publications were analyzed. Plasma zinc concentration responded in a dose-dependent manner to dietary manipulation in adults, women, men, pregnant and lactating women, the elderly, and those at low and moderate baseline zinc status. Urinary zinc excretion responded to zinc status overall and in all subgroups for which there were sufficient data. Hair zinc concentration also responded, but there were insufficient studies for subgroup analysis. Platelet, polymorphonuclear cell, mononuclear cell, and erythrocyte zinc concentration and alkaline phosphatase activity did not appear to be effective biomarkers of zinc status. CONCLUSIONS This systematic review confirms that in healthy individuals, plasma, urinary, and hair zinc are reliable biomarkers of zinc status. Further high-quality studies using these biomarkers are required, particularly in infants, adolescents, and immigrant population groups for whom there are limited data. Studies are also required to fully assess a range of additional potential zinc biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola M Lowe
- Centre for Applied Sport and Exercise Sciences, School of Psychology, the University of Central Lancashire, Preston, United Kingdom.
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24
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Abstract
The role of zinc deficiency as an important cause of morbidity and impaired linear growth has prompted the need to identify indicators of population zinc status. Three indicators have been recommended - prevalence of zinc intakes below the estimated average requirement (EAR), percentage with low serum zinc concentrations, and percentage of children aged < 5 years who are stunted. This review outlines steps to estimate the prevalence of inadequate intakes, and confirm their validity based on the EARs set by International Zinc Nutrition Collaborative Group. Next, the appropriateness of serum zinc as a biochemical marker for population zinc status is confirmed by a summary of: (a) the response of serum zinc concentrations to zinc intakes; (b) usefulness of serum zinc concentrations to predict functional responses to zinc interventions; (c) relationship between initial serum zinc and change in serum zinc in response to interventions. Height- or length-for-age was chosen as the best functional outcome after considering the responses of growth, infectious diseases (diarrhoea, pneumonia), and developmental outcomes in zinc supplementation trials and correlation studies. The potential of other zinc biomarkers such as zinc concentrations in hair, cells, zinc-metalloenzymes, and zinc-binding proteins, such as metallothionein, is also discussed. Molecular techniques employing reverse transcriptase (RT)-polymerase chain reaction to measure mRNA in metallothionein and ZIP1 transporter hold promise, as do kinetic markers such as exchangeable zinc pools (EZP) and plasma zinc turnover rates. More research is needed to establish the validity, specificity, sensitivity, and feasibility of these new biomarkers, especially in community-settings.
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25
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Malavolta M, Cipriano C, Costarelli L, Giacconi R, Tesei S, Muti E, Piacenza F, Pierpaoli S, Larbi A, Pawelec G, Dedoussis G, Herbein G, Monti D, Jajte J, Rink L, Mocchegiani E. Metallothionein Downregulation in Very Old Age: A Phenomenon Associated with Cellular Senescence? Rejuvenation Res 2008; 11:455-9. [DOI: 10.1089/rej.2008.0679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Marco Malavolta
- Immunology Center, Section of Nutrition, Immunity and Ageing, Res. Department INRCA, Ancona, Italy
| | - Catia Cipriano
- Immunology Center, Section of Nutrition, Immunity and Ageing, Res. Department INRCA, Ancona, Italy
| | - Laura Costarelli
- Immunology Center, Section of Nutrition, Immunity and Ageing, Res. Department INRCA, Ancona, Italy
| | - Robertina Giacconi
- Immunology Center, Section of Nutrition, Immunity and Ageing, Res. Department INRCA, Ancona, Italy
| | - Silvia Tesei
- Immunology Center, Section of Nutrition, Immunity and Ageing, Res. Department INRCA, Ancona, Italy
| | - Elisa Muti
- Immunology Center, Section of Nutrition, Immunity and Ageing, Res. Department INRCA, Ancona, Italy
| | - Francesco Piacenza
- Immunology Center, Section of Nutrition, Immunity and Ageing, Res. Department INRCA, Ancona, Italy
| | - Sara Pierpaoli
- Immunology Center, Section of Nutrition, Immunity and Ageing, Res. Department INRCA, Ancona, Italy
| | - Annis Larbi
- Center for Medical Research, ZMF, University of Tubingen Medical School, Tubingen, Germany
| | - Graham Pawelec
- Center for Medical Research, ZMF, University of Tubingen Medical School, Tubingen, Germany
| | - George Dedoussis
- Department of Nutrition Science and Dietetics, Harokopio University of Athens, Greece
| | - George Herbein
- Department of Virology, Franche-Comte University, Besancon, France
| | - Daniela Monti
- Experimental Pathology and Oncology, University of Florence, Italy
| | - Jolanta Jajte
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University, Lodz, Poland
| | - Lothar Rink
- Institute of Immunology, RWTH-Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
| | - Eugenio Mocchegiani
- Immunology Center, Section of Nutrition, Immunity and Ageing, Res. Department INRCA, Ancona, Italy
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26
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Huang YL, Lu L, Luo XG, Liu B. An optimal dietary zinc level of broiler chicks fed a corn-soybean meal diet. Poult Sci 2007; 86:2582-9. [PMID: 18029804 DOI: 10.3382/ps.2007-00088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
An experiment was conducted to estimate the optimal dietary zinc level for broiler chicks fed a corn-soybean meal diet. A total of 384 one-day-old male broiler chicks were assigned randomly to dietary treatments for 21 d. These treatments included a basal corn-soybean meal diet (28.32 mg of Zn/kg) supplemented with 0, 20, 40, 60, 80, 100, 120, or 140 mg of Zn/kg in the form of reagent-grade ZnSO(4).7H(2)O. All treatments were replicated 6 times using 8 chicks per pen. Tissue Zn concentration, Zn metalloenzyme activity, metallothionein (MT) concentration, MT mRNA level, and Zn transporter-2 (ZnT-2) mRNA level were analyzed for choosing suitable criterion to determine the optimal dietary Zn level for broilers. Regression analysis was performed to estimate optimal dietary Zn level in the presence of quadratic or asymptotic responses. Results showed that weight gain and feed intake were increased with dietary Zn level (P < 0.05), and the maximum weight gain and feed intake were observed in the diet supplemented with 20 mg of Zn/kg (48.37 mg/kg, total dietary Zn). Pancreas MT and MT mRNA increased linearly with Zn supplementation. According to the asymptotic model, the optimal Zn requirement of chicks from hatch to 21 d of age was 59.15 mg/kg for pancreas Zn and 61.70 mg/kg for bone Zn respectively. Quadratic responses were exhibited by serum 5'-nucleotidase activity and pancreas Zn transporter-2 mRNA level, resulting in total optimal dietary levels of 80.50 and 84.09 mg/kg, respectively. Based on results from this study, the optimal dietary Zn level of chicks from hatch to 21 d of age is 84 mg/kg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y L Huang
- Mineral Nutrition Research Division, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100094, China
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27
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Fairweather-Tait SJ, Harvey LJ, Ford D. Does ageing affect zinc homeostasis and dietary requirements? Exp Gerontol 2007; 43:382-8. [PMID: 18079083 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2007.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2007] [Revised: 10/25/2007] [Accepted: 10/30/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Dietary intakes of zinc are lower in the elderly because of reduced energy requirements, and it is not clear whether ageing impacts on adaptive homeostatic mechanisms, namely absorptive efficiency and endogenous losses in the GI tract. Physiological requirements for zinc are unlikely to change significantly, but there are several attributes of ageing that may affect aspects of zinc metabolism (e.g. changes in gut structure and function, disease states, chronic inflammation, epigenetic changes in genes that express zinc-related proteins and drug regimens) that are worthy of further investigation. There is, as yet, no information on the effects of ageing on zinc transporters, and there are no sensitive and specific measures of zinc status, therefore dietary recommendations for zinc have been derived from factorial calculations using information on zinc absorption and loss, and estimates of dietary bioavailability.
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Liu J, Cheng ML, Yang Q, Shan KR, Shen J, Zhou Y, Zhang X, Dill AL, Waalkes MP. Blood metallothionein transcript as a biomarker for metal sensitivity: low blood metallothionein transcripts in arsenicosis patients from Guizhou, China. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2007; 115:1101-6. [PMID: 17637929 PMCID: PMC1913577 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.10035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2006] [Accepted: 04/18/2007] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Because metallothionein (MT) is a metal-binding protein that protects against metal intoxication, it could be a biomarker for individual sensitivity to metal toxicity. OBJECTIVE We assessed the use of bloodborne MT transcript as a reflection of tissue MT levels and examined the potential role of MT in arsenic toxicity in an environmentally exposed human population. METHOD Rodents were treated with zinc or nonmetallic MT inducers for 4 days, and the blood and tissues were collected for MT transcript analysis by real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and MT protein determination by the cadmium-hemoglobin assay. Blood and buccal cell samples were collected from arsenicosis patients and healthy subjects residing in Guizhou, China, and total RNA was isolated for MT transcript analysis. RESULTS There was a positive correlation between blood MT-1 and MT-2 transcripts and corresponding hepatic or renal MT transcript levels in rats and mice. Furthermore, there was a positive correlation between blood MT-1 and MT-2 transcript and tissue MT protein levels in these animals. A positive correlation also occurred between human blood MT and buccal cell MT transcript levels. MT-1A and MT-2A were the major isoform transcripts in human blood and buccal cells, and significantly lower MT levels were seen in arsenicosis patients compared with healthy subjects. CONCLUSIONS Blood MT transcript appears to be a useful biomarker of tissue MT levels. Arsenicosis patients in Guizhou show significantly lower MT transcript levels in blood, which may have predisposed this population to arsenic intoxication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Liu
- Inorganic Carcinogenesis Section, Laboratory of Comparative Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Institute at the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | | | - Qin Yang
- Guiyang Medical College, Guiyang, China
| | | | - Jun Shen
- Inorganic Carcinogenesis Section, Laboratory of Comparative Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Institute at the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Yushu Zhou
- Southwest Prefecture Center for Disease Control, Xingyi, Guizhou, China
| | | | - Anna L. Dill
- Inorganic Carcinogenesis Section, Laboratory of Comparative Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Institute at the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Michael P. Waalkes
- Inorganic Carcinogenesis Section, Laboratory of Comparative Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Institute at the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
- Address correspondence to M.P. Waalkes, Inorganic Carcinogenesis Section, Laboratory of Comparative Carcinogenesis, NCI at NIEHS, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709 USA. Telephone: (919) 541-2328. Fax: (919) 541-3970. E-mail:
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Kwon CS, Kountouri AM, Mayer C, Gordon MJ, Kwun IS, Beattie JH. Mononuclear cell metallothionein mRNA levels in human subjects with poor zinc nutrition. Br J Nutr 2007; 97:247-54. [PMID: 17298692 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114507328614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Human zinc deficiency is thought to be prevalent worldwide, particularly in populations with diets low in zinc and animal protein and high in inhibitors of zinc absorption, such as phytic acid. Confirmation of zinc deficiency is, however, difficult in the absence of a reliable and sensitive marker of zinc status. Under controlled conditions, T-lymphocyte metallothionein-2A (MT-2A) mRNA levels change in relation to zinc status and the objective of the present study was to investigate whether these transcript levels could be related to dietary zinc intake, plasma zinc or other biochemical parameters influenced by, or influencing, zinc metabolism in human subjects likely to be zinc deficient. Rural Koreans (n 110, age 50-80 years) with a range of zinc and phytic acid dietary intake were recruited for the study and blood samples were analysed for plasma zinc, HDL, LDL, alpha-tocopherol and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, mononuclear cell (MNC) MT-2A mRNA, serum protein and albumin, and blood haematocrit, Hb and glucose. Multiple correlation and principal component analysis showed a significant negative correlation between plasma zinc and MNC MT-2A mRNA levels. Female subjects had higher MT-2A transcript levels than males and MT-2A mRNA levels tended to increase with age. There was no significant association between dietary zinc intake or any index of zinc intake relating to dietary inhibitors of zinc absorption. It is concluded that MNC MT-2A mRNA levels cannot be used to predict poor zinc nutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong-Suk Kwon
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Andong National University, Kyungpook, 760-749, South Korea
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Hodkinson CF, Kelly M, Alexander HD, Bradbury I, Robson PJ, Bonham MP, O'Connor JM, Coudray C, Strain JJ, Wallace JMW. Effect of Zinc Supplementation on the Immune Status of Healthy Older Individuals Aged 55-70 Years: The ZENITH Study. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2007; 62:598-608. [PMID: 17595415 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/62.6.598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging is associated with alterations in the immune system, effects which may be exacerbated by inadequate zinc (Zn) status. We examined the relationship between Zn status and markers of immunity and the effect of supplementation with 15 mg or 30 mg Zn/d for 6 months on immune status in healthy individuals. Zn status was assessed by dietary intake and biochemical indices. Immune status was assessed by multiple flow cytometric methods. At baseline, Zn concentration was positively associated with lymphocyte subpopulation counts and T-lymphocyte activation. Zn supplementation of 30 mg/d significantly lowered B-lymphocyte count, albeit at month 3 only. Lower doses of Zn (15 mg Zn/d) significantly increased the ratio of CD4 to CD8 T lymphocytes at month 6. Overall, these findings suggest that total Zn intake (diet plus supplementation) of up to 40 mg Zn/d do not have significant long-term effects on immune status in apparently healthy persons aged 55-70 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clare F Hodkinson
- Northern Ireland Centre for Food and Health (NICHE), University of Ulster, Coleraine, Northern Ireland
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31
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Carlson D, Beattie JH, Poulsen HD. Assessment of zinc and copper status in weaned piglets in relation to dietary zinc and copper supply. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2007; 91:19-28. [PMID: 17217387 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0396.2006.00637.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to determine the effect of weaning and the effect of increasing dietary zinc concentrations on the zinc and copper status of weaned piglets (study 1) and to study the effect of high concentrations of dietary zinc and/or copper on zinc and copper status of weaned piglets (study 2). Study 1 included 54 piglets (six litters of nine piglets). One piglet from every litter was killed 1 day before weaning. The remaining 48 piglets were allocated at weaning (28 days) to four dietary zinc treatments (100, 250, 1000 or 2500 ppm) and subsequently killed 1-2, 5-6 or 14-15 days after weaning. Study 2 included 48 piglets (six litters of eight piglets) allocated to four dietary treatments, consisting of low or high dietary zinc (100 or 2500 ppm) in combination with low or high dietary copper (20 or 175 ppm). All piglets in study 2 were killed 5-7 days after weaning. In both studies, the trace mineral status was assessed by zinc and copper concentrations and alkaline phosphatase (AP) activity in plasma and mucosal tissue. In study 2, lymphocyte metallothionein (MT) mRNA and intestinal mucosa MT mRNA concentrations were included as zinc status markers. The results showed that the zinc status, measured as zinc in plasma and mucosa, was not affected by weaning of the piglets. Plasma copper concentrations decreased during the first 2 weeks after weaning. High dietary copper concentrations did not affect the concentration of copper in plasma, but increased the concentration of copper in mucosa and the concentration of zinc in plasma. The dietary zinc treatments increased the zinc concentration in plasma as well as the zinc and MT mRNA concentration in mucosa. Lymphocyte MT mRNA concentrations did not reflect the differences in dietary zinc supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Carlson
- Department of Animal Health, Welfare and Nutrition, Danish Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Research Centre Foulum, Tjele, Denmark.
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Tricon S, Willers S, Smit HA, Burney PG, Devereux G, Frew AJ, Halken S, Host A, Nelson M, Shaheen S, Warner JO, Calder PC. Nutrition and allergic disease. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2006.00114.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Waalkes MP, Liu J, Kasprzak KS, Diwan BA. Hypersusceptibility to cisplatin carcinogenicity in metallothionein-I/II double knockout mice: production of hepatocellular carcinoma at clinically relevant doses. Int J Cancer 2006; 119:28-32. [PMID: 16432836 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.21245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Metallothionein (MT) is a high-affinity metal binding protein thought to mitigate the toxicity of various metals. Cisplatin is a widely used cancer chemotherapeutic that is a rodent carcinogen and may have carcinogenic potential in humans. MT seems to reduce cisplatin toxicity by binding the metal compound but how MT deficiency might impact the carcinogenic effects of cisplatin is unknown. Thus, groups (n = 25) of male MT-I/II double knockout (MT-null) or MT wild-type (WT) mice were exposed to a single treatment of cisplatin (5 or 10 mg/kg, i.p.), or left untreated (control) and observed over the next 104 weeks. The doses of cisplatin used equate to only a fraction of the total dose used typically in clinical settings. In cisplatin-treated MT-null mice, a dose-related increase in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) occurred (control, 0%; 5 mg/kg, 17%; 10 mg/kg, 36%) that was not seen in WT mice. Similarly, liver carcinoma multiplicity (HCC/liver) was increased markedly by cisplatin but only in MT-null mice, indicating the formation of multiple primaries in MT deficient mice. Harderian gland carcinoma incidence was also increased by cisplatin treatment in MT-null mice but not WT mice. Our results indicate that MT-null mice are hypersusceptible to the hepatocarcinogenic effects of cisplatin, and poor MT expression may be a predisposing factor for cisplatin-induced secondary tumors after chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael P Waalkes
- Inorganic Carcinogenesis Section, Laboratory of Comparative Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Institute at the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA.
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Montes-Bayon M, Pröfrock D, Sanz-Medel A, Prange A. Direct comparison of capillary electrophoresis and capillary liquid chromatography hyphenated to collision-cell inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry for the investigation of Cd-, Cu- and Zn-containing metalloproteins. J Chromatogr A 2006; 1114:138-44. [PMID: 16519892 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2006.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2005] [Revised: 02/06/2006] [Accepted: 02/09/2006] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Capillary liquid chromatography (cLC) and capillary electrophoresis (CE) have been critically compared for the separation of metalloproteins when using collision-cell inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-CC-MS) as detection system. For cLC separation, the selected column was a C8 (0.3 mm I.D.) and the separation conditions involved a gradient up to 80% methanol in 10mM ammonium acetate buffer (pH 7.4). The low flow rate used (3 microL min(-1)) permitted the utilization of a high methanol content maintaining the sensitivity along the whole chromatographic run. For this purpose, a new low-flow interface has been developed based on a total consumption nebulizer. Similarly, CE has been studied as separation technique using a 75 microm I.D. fused silica capillary and a running buffer of 20 mM Tris-HNO3 (pH 7.4) and working at 30 kV. Metallothionein (mixture of MT-I and -II) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) have been used as protein models in order to evaluate the separation/detection capabilities using the same injection volumes in both systems (20 nL). For both hybrid systems, separation parameters such as retention factor, numbers of theoretical plates, tailing factor and resolution have been critically compared. Also, the analytical performance characteristics of both hybrid systems have been evaluated and tested by analyzing the Cu-, Zn-species present in red blood cell extracts in order to explore more adequate separation methodology for the analysis of metalloproteins in complex matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Montes-Bayon
- University of Oviedo, Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, Julian Clavería, 8, 33006 Oviedo, Spain.
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Leslie EM, Liu J, Klaassen CD, Waalkes MP. Acquired cadmium resistance in metallothionein-I/II(-/-) knockout cells: role of the T-type calcium channel Cacnalpha1G in cadmium uptake. Mol Pharmacol 2005; 69:629-39. [PMID: 16282520 DOI: 10.1124/mol.105.014241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Metallothioneins (MTs) are cytoplasmic proteins that sequester certain divalent cations and are considered a primary cellular defense against the toxic transition metal cadmium (Cd(2+)). MT-I/II(-/-) knockout [MT(-/-)] cells are available and serve as an excellent tool to study non-MT-related mechanisms in metal tolerance. In the current study, Cd(2+)-resistant MT(-/-) (CdR) and CdR revertant (CdR-rev) cell lines were developed and characterized to investigate non-MT-mediated cellular protection mechanisms. Resistance to Cd(2+) was approximately 70-fold higher in CdR than the parental MT(-/-) cell line (IC(50) = 20 versus 0.3 microM, respectively) and was stable in the absence of Cd(2+) for 35 days. Accumulation of Cd(2+) by the CdR cell line was reduced by approximately 95% compared with parental cells, primarily because of a decreased Cd(2+) uptake. Cd(2+) uptake by the MT(-/-) parental cell line was independent of sodium, energy, and electrogenic potential. Uptake was saturable (K(m) = 65 nM; V(max) = 4.9 pmol/mg/min) and pH-dependent (maximal at pH 6.5-7). Potent inhibitors of Cd(2+) uptake included Zn(2+) (IC(50) = 7 microM), Mn(2+) (IC(50) = 0.4 microM), and the T-type Ca(2+) channel antagonist mibefradil (IC(50) = 5 microM), whereas other metals (including Fe(2+)) and L-type Ca(2+) channel antagonists had little effect. Immunoblot and real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analysis indicated that the Cacnalpha(1G) T-type Ca(2+) channel was expressed at a reduced level in CdR compared with the parental MT(-/-) cell line, suggesting it is important for Cd(2+) uptake. The CdR1-rev cell line was found to have a Cd(2+) uptake and sensitivity level in between that of the CdR1 and MT(-/-) cell lines. Consistent with this was an intermediate expression of Cacnalpha(1G) in the CdR-rev cell line. These data suggest that decreased expression of Cacnalpha(1G) protects cells from Cd(2+) exposure by limiting Cd(2+) uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine M Leslie
- Inorganic Carcinogenesis Section, Laboratory of Comparative Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Institute and National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
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36
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Duggan C, MacLeod WB, Krebs NF, Westcott JL, Fawzi WW, Premji ZG, Mwanakasale V, Simon JL, Yeboah-Antwi K, Hamer DH. Plasma zinc concentrations are depressed during the acute phase response in children with falciparum malaria. J Nutr 2005; 135:802-7. [PMID: 15795438 DOI: 10.1093/jn/135.4.802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasma concentrations of some micronutrients are altered in the setting of acute infectious or inflammatory stress. Previous studies have provided conflicting evidence concerning the extent and direction of changes in plasma zinc concentrations during the acute phase response. We carried out an observational cohort study in 689 children enrolled in a randomized trial of zinc supplementation during acute falciparum malaria in order to evaluate the relation between plasma zinc concentration and the acute phase response. Plasma zinc was measured by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. On admission, 70% of all subjects had low plasma zinc (<9.2 micromol/L). Multivariate analysis of predictors of admission plasma zinc showed that admission C-reactive protein (CRP), parasite density, and study site were the most important predictors. Predictors of changes in plasma zinc from admission to 72 h included baseline CRP, change in CRP, treatment group, study site, and baseline zinc concentration. In children with acute malaria infection, baseline plasma zinc concentrations were very low and were inversely correlated with CRP (r = -0.24, P < 0.0001) and the degree of parasitemia (r = -0.19, P < 0.0001). Even when CRP and time were taken into account, zinc supplementation increased plasma zinc concentration from admission to 72 h. When available, plasma zinc concentrations should be interpreted with concurrent measures of the acute phase response such as CRP. In children whose age, diet, and/or nutritional status place them at risk of zinc deficiency, those with low plasma zinc levels should be supplemented with oral zinc and followed for clinical and/or biochemical response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Duggan
- Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
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Pfaffl MW, Gerstmayer B, Bosio A, Windisch W. Effect of zinc deficiency on the mRNA expression pattern in liver and jejunum of adult rats: monitoring gene expression using cDNA microarrays combined with real-time RT-PCR. J Nutr Biochem 2004; 14:691-702. [PMID: 14690761 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2003.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In the study presented here, the effect of zinc deficiency on mRNA expression levels in liver and jejunum of adult rats was analyzed. Feed intake was restricted to 8 g/day. The semi-synthetic diet was fortified with pure phytate and contained either 2 microg Zn/g (Zn deficiency, n = 6) or 58 microg Zn/g (control, n = 7). After 29 days of Zn depletion feeding, entire jejunum and liver were retrieved and total RNA was extracted. Tissue specific expression pattern were screened and quantified by microarray analysis and verified individually via real-time RT-PCR. A relative quantification was performed with the newly developed Relative Expression Software Tool Copyright on numerous candidate genes which showed a differential expression. This study provides the first comparative view of gene expression regulation and fully quantitative expression analysis of 35 candidate genes in a non-growing Zn deficient adult rat model. The expression results indicate the existence of individual expression pattern in liver and jejunum and their tissue specific regulation under Zn deficiency. In addition, in jejunum a number of B-cell related genes could be demonstrated to be suppressed at Zn deficiency. In liver, metallothionein subtype 1 and 2 (MT-1 and MT-2) genes could be shown to be dramatically repressed and therefore represent putative markers for Zn deficiency. Expression results imply that some genes are expressed constitutively, whereas others are highly regulated in tissues responsible for Zn homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael W Pfaffl
- Institute of Physiology, Department of Animal Sciences, Centre of Life and Food Sciences, Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising, Germany.
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Andree KB, Kim J, Kirschke CP, Gregg JP, Paik H, Joung H, Woodhouse L, King JC, Huang L. Investigation of lymphocyte gene expression for use as biomarkers for zinc status in humans. J Nutr 2004; 134:1716-23. [PMID: 15226459 DOI: 10.1093/jn/134.7.1716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A bioassay for zinc status in humans has been sought due to the importance of zinc, an essential trace metal, for many divergent functions in the human body; however, a sensitive bioassay for zinc status in humans is lacking. To address this issue, we established gene expression profiles of human lymphoblastoid cells treated with 0 or 30 micro mol/L ZnSO(4) using microarray technology. A limited number of genes were responsive to 30 micro mol/L zinc based on the analysis of Affymetrix human genome U133A GeneChips. We also examined the gene expression patterns of zinc transporters in human lymphoblastoid cells using quantitative RT-PCR analysis. ZNT1 was upregulated in lymphoblastoid cells, whereas ZIP1 was downregulated in response to the increased zinc concentrations in the culture media. To evaluate the potential applications of using both zinc transporter genes as biomarkers of zinc status, we measured the expression levels of ZIP1 and ZNT1 in the peripheral leukocytes collected from 2 different age groups of Korean women. After administration of a zinc supplement (22 mg zinc gluconate/d for 27 d), ZIP1 expression decreased by 17% (P < 0.01) and 21% (P < 0.05) in the peripheral leukocytes collected from 15 young (20-25 y) and 10 elderly (64-75 y) subjects, respectively. ZNT1 expression was not affected by taking the zinc supplement. These data suggest a potential application of ZIP1 as a biomarker of zinc status in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl B Andree
- Western Human Nutrition Research Center, Agriculture Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, USA
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Abstract
The emerging public health importance of zinc and selenium and the continuing public health challenges of iron and iodine draw attention to the unmet need for improved biomarkers of trace element status. Currently available biomarkers of these four trace elements are critiqued including the outstanding lack of satisfactory biomarkers for the assessment of zinc intake and status. Other trace elements are reviewed briefly including copper, for which human dietary deficiencies and excesses have been documented, and chromium, which is of possible but unconfirmed public health significance. Evolving strategies of considerable potential include molecular techniques such as the measurement of metallothionein mRNA in lymphocytes as a biomarker of zinc status, an assay that can now be performed with a dried blood spot. The judicious application of tracer techniques also has a role in advancing the quality of zinc biomarkers. Also of special current interest is full definition of the potential of plasma-soluble transferrin receptor concentrations as the biomarker of choice for the detection of early functional iron deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Hambidge
- University of Colorado Health Science Center, Denver, CO 80262, USA.
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Pfaffl MW, Windisch W. Influence of zinc deficiency on the mRNA expression of zinc transporters in adult rats. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2003; 17:97-106. [PMID: 14531638 DOI: 10.1016/s0946-672x(03)80005-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The accumulation of zinc in the cell is a sum of influx and efflux processes via transporter proteins, like the four Zn transporters (ZnT1-4), the divalent cation transporter 1 (DCT1) and of storage processes mainly bound to metallothionein (MT). To study the effect of Zn deficiency on mRNA expression levels, adult rats were used as an animal model. Food intake was restricted to 8 g/day containing 2 microg Zn/g fortified with pure phytate in Zn deficiency rats and 58 microg Zn/g in controls (n = 7). At day 1, 2, 4, 7, 11, 16, 22, and 29 of Zn deficiency, 3 animals were sacrificed, respectively (n = 24). Zn deficiency was evident from reduced plasma Zn, plasma alkaline phosphatase activity and severe mobilization of Zn from tissue stores (mainly skeleton), while food intake and body weight remained unaffected. Tissues representing Zn absorption (jejunum, colon), Zn storage and utilization (muscle, liver), and Zn excretion (kidney) were retrieved. Total RNA contents increased in colon (p = 0.003) and trend to decrease in liver (p = 0.086). Zn deficiency was without effect on tissue total RNA concentrations in muscle tissue and kidney. Real-time reverse transcription (RT) polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays were developed and a relative quantification on the basis of GAPDH was applied. Assays allowed a relative and accurate quantification of mRNA molecules with a sufficiently high sensitivity and repeatability. All known Zn transporter subtypes were found in the tissues. ZnT3 was newly elucidated and sequenced in rat tissues. Expression patterns and reactions to Zn deficiency were specific for the tissue analysed. Expression results imply that some transporters are expressed constitutively, whereas others are highly regulated in tissues responsible for Zn homeostasis. The most distinct changes of expression levels were shown in colon which can therefore be postulated as a highly Zn sensitive tissue. MT was down-regulated in all tissues, massively in liver (p < 0.001) and in colon (p = 0.002) and in tendency also in the jejunum and kidney. In parallel with intracellular Zn status it is a potent candidate gene for Zn deficiency. ZnT1 and ZnT2 showed a significant up-regulation of mRNA expression in colon (p = 0.032 and p = 0.026) and for ZnT2 a trend of down regulation in jejunum (p = 0.098). This study provides the first comparative view of regulation of gene expression and fully quantitative expression analysis of all known Zn transporters in a non growing adult rat model on a constant platform and therefore allows a direct comparison.
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