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Cooke CB, Greatwood HC, McCullough D, Kirwan R, Duckworth LC, Sutton L, Gately PJ. The effect of discretionary snack consumption on overall energy intake, weight status, and diet quality: A systematic review. Obes Rev 2024; 25:e13693. [PMID: 38226404 DOI: 10.1111/obr.13693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
The consumption frequency and portion size of discretionary snacks are thought to contribute to a greater food intake and risk of overweight or obesity in the developed world but evidence from epidemiological studies is inconclusive. To investigate this, we systematically evaluated evidence on the effects of discretionary snack consumption on weight status, energy intake, and diet quality. Articles involving discretionary snacks reported against the outcome measures of any primary, peer-reviewed study using human participants from free-living conditions for all age groups were included. A total of 14,780 titles were identified and 40 eligible publications were identified. Three key outcomes were reported: weight status (n = 35), energy intake (n = 11), and diet quality (n = 3). Increased discretionary snack consumption may contribute modestly to energy intake, however, there is a lack of consistent associations with increased weight/BMI. Although cross-sectional analyses offered conflicting findings, longitudinal studies in adults showed a consistent positive relationship between discretionary snack intake and increasing weight or body mass index. Given that experimental findings suggest reducing the size of discretionary snacks could lead to decreased consumption and subsequent energy intake, food policy makers and manufacturers may find it valuable to consider altering the portion and/or packaging size of discretionary snacks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlton B Cooke
- Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK
| | | | | | - Richard Kirwan
- School of Sports and Exercise Science, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | | | - Louise Sutton
- Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK
| | - Paul J Gately
- Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK
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Papagiannaki M, Kerr MA. Food portion sizes: trends and drivers in an obesogenic environment. Nutr Res Rev 2024:1-17. [PMID: 38213262 DOI: 10.1017/s0954422424000027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
The prevalence of overweight and obesity in children and adults has increased worldwide. A strong environmental factor contributing to the obesity epidemic is food portion size (PS). This review evaluates the current evidence linking food PS to obesity, examines the effects of PS on energy intake (EI), and discusses the drivers of food PS selection. The leading causes of the rise in PS include globalisation, intensive farming methods, the impact of World War II, due to shortage of staple foods, and the notion of 'waste not, want not'. Large PS of energy-dense foods may stimulate overconsumption, leading to high EI levels. However, the studies have not shown a cause-and-effect relationship, due to confounding factors. Important mechanisms explaining the attractiveness of larger PS leading to higher EI levels are value for money, portion distortion, labels on food packaging, and tableware. Consumers depend on external rather than internal PS cues to guide consumption, irrespective of satiety levels. Further research is recommended on food consumption patterns to inform policymakers and provide information and insights about changes in diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Papagiannaki
- Nutrition Innovation Centre for Food and Health (NICHE), School of Biomedical Sciences, Ulster University, Coleraine, BT52 1SA, UK
- Middlesex University, Department of Natural Sciences, The Burroughs, London, NW4 4BT, UK
| | - Maeve A Kerr
- Nutrition Innovation Centre for Food and Health (NICHE), School of Biomedical Sciences, Ulster University, Coleraine, BT52 1SA, UK
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Kirchoff C, Abadia K, Palacios C. Perception about the effectiveness of different vending machine interventions to promote healthier snack selection among college students. JOURNAL OF AMERICAN COLLEGE HEALTH : J OF ACH 2024; 72:94-100. [PMID: 35025718 DOI: 10.1080/07448481.2021.2024207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Evaluate college students' perception of the effectiveness of different vending machine (VM) interventions for improving snack selection. PARTICIPANTS A total of 194 college students with the age of ≥18 years. METHOD A cross-sectional survey among a purposive sampling near VM. RESULTS Most students use VM frequently or occasionally (63.4%). The intervention perceived as most helpful for choosing healthier snacks was labeling (on or near) which snack is healthy (score 3.83/5) followed by lowering the price of healthy options (score 3.33/5), while the least helpful was having posters nearby explaining which snacks are healthier (2.35/5). Participants suggested including snacks high in protein (58.8%) and low in sugar (56.2%). Most would like to see more healthy options in VM (83.5%) and will purchase them if available (67%). CONCLUSIONS Lowering the price for healthy snacks and including labels to indicate which are healthy may be the interventions to test for improving snack intake among college students.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christie Kirchoff
- Department of Health Promotion & Disease Prevention, Robert Stempel College of Public Health & Social Work, Florida International University, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Karina Abadia
- Department of Dietetics and Nutrition, Robert Stempel College of Public Health & Social Work, Florida International University, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Cristina Palacios
- Department of Dietetics and Nutrition, Robert Stempel College of Public Health & Social Work, Florida International University, Miami, Florida, USA
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Bennett G, O'Hara C, Bardon LA, Gibney ER. Comparison of Meal Patterns Across Common Racial Groups in the UK and the USA, Examining Associations with Weight Status and Diet Quality: a Secondary Analysis of NDNS and NHANES Datasets. J Racial Ethn Health Disparities 2023:10.1007/s40615-023-01890-1. [PMID: 38102513 DOI: 10.1007/s40615-023-01890-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Understanding diets of population subgroups is essential for monitoring health of diversifying populations, but currently, meal patterns of many population subgroups are not widely known. This paper aimed to identify meal patterns of racial groups in the UK and USA, considering if racial groups exhibit similar patterns of intake irrespective of location and relationships between meal patterns and health parameters. DESIGN Data were extracted from the UK (National Diet and Nutrition Survey) and the USA (National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey) national dietary surveys. Temporal and content meal patterns among racial groups in the UK and USA (White, Black, Asian and Other, n = 1780 and n = 4339, respectively) were examined. Kruskal-Wallis tests were applied to understand differences across groups. Logistic regression models identified associations between meal patterns and body mass index and diet quality. RESULTS Black groups consumed fewer eating occasions than White and Other groups in both countries, while UK racial groups consumed significantly more snacks than USA groups. Food group contribution to eating occasion consumption was similar across countries where Asian groups in the USA and UK had the lowest meat intake at lunch and dinner. Meal frequency was positively associated with diet quality. CONCLUSIONS Overall, meal patterns differ across racial groups within a single country, and some differences were observed within groups of the same race across countries. Learnings from this research highlight the differences in consumption patterns across racial groups and the importance of considering a meal-based approach to dietary guidelines by racial group.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Bennett
- UCD Institute of Food and Health, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - C O'Hara
- UCD Institute of Food and Health, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Insight Centre for Data Analytics, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - L A Bardon
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - E R Gibney
- UCD Institute of Food and Health, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
- School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
- Insight Centre for Data Analytics, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
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Fiore G, Scapaticci S, Neri CR, Azaryah H, Escudero-Marín M, Pascuzzi MC, La Mendola A, Mameli C, Chiarelli F, Campoy C, Zuccotti G, Verduci E. Chrononutrition and metabolic health in children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutr Rev 2023:nuad122. [PMID: 37944081 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuad122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
CONTEXT Obesity has emerged as a global health issue for the pediatric population, increasing the need to investigate physiopathological aspects to prevent the appearance of its cardiometabolic complications. Chrononutrition is a field of research in nutritional sciences that investigates the health impact of 3 different dimensions of feeding behavior: regularity of meals, frequency, and timing of food intake. OBJECTIVE We carried out a systematic review and meta-analysis to investigate the association between chrononutrition in children and adolescents and the risk of overweight/obesity or a cluster of metabolic abnormalities related to glucose and lipid metabolism, blood pressure, and cardiovascular disease risk. DATA EXTRACTION A literature search was performed using PubMed, EMBASE, and The Cochrane Library for relevant articles published before August 2022. DATA ANALYSIS A total of 64 articles were included in the narrative synthesis (47 cross-sectional and 17 cohort studies), while 16 studies were included in the meta-analysis. Meta-analysis showed that non-daily breakfast consumers (≤6 d/wk) had a higher risk of overweight/obesity (odds ratio [OR], 1.45; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.08-1.82] compared with daily breakfast eaters (7 d/wk). Similarly, irregular breakfast consumption (only 0-to-3 times/wk) increased the risk of abdominal obesity (waist-to-height ratio ≥ 0.5) compared with regular consumption (5-to-7 times/wk) (OR, 1.38; 95% CI, 1.26-1.49). There was evidence to suggest that a regular frequency of meal consumption (≥4 times/d) is preventive against overweight/obesity development compared with fewer meals (≤3 times/d) (OR, 0.83; 95% CI, 0.70-0.97). In the narrative synthesis, snacking habits showed controversial results, while food timing was the most understudied dimension. CONCLUSION Overall, our data indicate a potential implication of chrononutrition in affecting pediatric metabolic health; however, the evidence of this association is limited and heterogeneous. Further prospective and intervention studies with a consistent approach to categorize the exposure are needed to elucidate the importance of chrononutrition for pediatric metabolic health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Fiore
- Department of Pediatrics, Vittore Buzzi Children's Hospital, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Serena Scapaticci
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Chieti "G. D'Annunzio", Chieti, Italy
| | - Costanza R Neri
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Chieti "G. D'Annunzio", Chieti, Italy
| | - Hatim Azaryah
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- EURISTIKOS Excellence Centre for Pediatric Research, Biomedical Research Centre (CIBM), University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Mireia Escudero-Marín
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- EURISTIKOS Excellence Centre for Pediatric Research, Biomedical Research Centre (CIBM), University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada (Ibs-GRANADA), San Cecilio University Hospital, Granada, Spain
- Neurosciences Institute Dr. Federico Oloriz, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Martina C Pascuzzi
- Department of Pediatrics, Vittore Buzzi Children's Hospital, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Alice La Mendola
- Department of Pediatrics, Vittore Buzzi Children's Hospital, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Chiara Mameli
- Department of Pediatrics, Vittore Buzzi Children's Hospital, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesco Chiarelli
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Chieti "G. D'Annunzio", Chieti, Italy
| | - Cristina Campoy
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- EURISTIKOS Excellence Centre for Pediatric Research, Biomedical Research Centre (CIBM), University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada (Ibs-GRANADA), San Cecilio University Hospital, Granada, Spain
- Neurosciences Institute Dr. Federico Oloriz, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Spanish Network of Biomedical Research in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Granada's Node, Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gianvincenzo Zuccotti
- Department of Pediatrics, Vittore Buzzi Children's Hospital, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Elvira Verduci
- Department of Pediatrics, Vittore Buzzi Children's Hospital, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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Nardone P, Spinelli A, Buoncristiano M, Andreozzi S, Bucciarelli M, Giustini M, Ciardullo S. Changes in Food Consumption and Eating Behaviours of Children and Their Families Living in Italy during the COVID-19 Pandemic: The EPaS-ISS Study. Nutrients 2023; 15:3326. [PMID: 37571263 PMCID: PMC10421235 DOI: 10.3390/nu15153326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the EPaS-ISS study was to describe the changes in food consumption and eating behaviours of children (mainly aged 8-9 years) and their families between the pre-COVID-19 period (before February/March 2020) and the COVID-19 period (from February/March 2020 to April 2022). A web questionnaire completed by parents was used to collect data. The sociodemographic characteristics of the children and their parents were also explored through the web questionnaire. Seventeen regions out of nineteen and the two autonomous provinces (PA) of Italy participated in the study. The survey was completed for 4863 children (47.9% females). The study showed that only small changes in children's food consumption happened between the pre-COVID-19 period and the COVID-19 period; in particular, about 25% of parents reported an increase in savoury snacks and sweet food. A decrease in fruit and vegetable (about 8%) and fish (14%) consumption was also found. However, the changes seem to have mainly affected children from most disadvantaged families. The results also indicate positive changes during the COVID-19 pandemic in some families' eating behaviours, such as eating more home-cooked meals (42%) and family meals (39%), as well as cooking more with children (42%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Nardone
- National Centre for Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Italian National Institute of Health, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy; (P.N.); (A.S.); (S.A.); (M.B.)
| | - Angela Spinelli
- National Centre for Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Italian National Institute of Health, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy; (P.N.); (A.S.); (S.A.); (M.B.)
| | | | - Silvia Andreozzi
- National Centre for Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Italian National Institute of Health, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy; (P.N.); (A.S.); (S.A.); (M.B.)
| | - Mauro Bucciarelli
- National Centre for Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Italian National Institute of Health, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy; (P.N.); (A.S.); (S.A.); (M.B.)
| | - Marco Giustini
- Environment and Health Department, Italian National Institute of Health, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy;
| | - Silvia Ciardullo
- National Centre for Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Italian National Institute of Health, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy; (P.N.); (A.S.); (S.A.); (M.B.)
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Magalhães P, Pereira B, Garcia F, Vilas C, Moreira T, Rosário P. Changes in Student's Breakfast and Snack Consumption during the Second COVID-19 Lockdown in Portugal: A Five-Wave Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:3034. [PMID: 36833732 PMCID: PMC9960398 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20043034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The circumstances of the COVID-19 lockdown affected many students' life spheres, including their feeding patterns and snack intake. The main goals of the present study were to: (a) analyze the changes in students' breakfast and snacking consumption during lockdown, and (b) analyze changes in the content of the students' snacks using the Healthy Eating Index. This study analyzed data from a sample of 726 students from 36 classes from the late elementary (i.e., fifth grade) through high school (i.e., twelfth grade) from two public schools in the north of Portugal. Data were collected in five moments during the 2020/2021 school year, pre-, during, and post-second lockdown moments. Throughout the five moments, almost 90% of the students ate breakfast, and the majority brought snacks from home to eat in school. Surprisingly, there was an increase in the quality of the snacks consumed during lockdown compared to the pre-lockdown moments (e.g., consumption of more whole and total fruits and less consumption of food with added sugar, saturated fats, refined grains, and fatty acids). Suggestions for healthy behavior promotion will be discussed, such as improving the school food environment and teaching children to prepare healthy lunch boxes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Magalhães
- School of Psychology, University of Minho, 4710-052 Braga, Portugal
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Monteiro LS, Rodrigues PRM, de Vasconcelos TM, Sperandio N, Yokoo EM, Sichieri R, Pereira RA. Snacking habits of Brazilian adolescents: Brazilian National Dietary Survey, 2017-2018. NUTR BULL 2022; 47:449-460. [PMID: 36317893 DOI: 10.1111/nbu.12586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2022] [Revised: 10/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
This study was aimed at describing the snack consumption among Brazilian adolescents. The Brazilian National Dietary Survey (2017-2018) is a nationwide representative cross-sectional study that collected food consumption data from 8264 adolescents (10 to 19 years old); data from one 24-h recall were used, in which all foods and beverages consumed throughout the day prior to the interview were described along with the amount, unit of measurement, time, place and occasion of consumption (breakfast, lunch, dinner or snack). Snacks were classified as follows: (a) Morning snack: "Snacks" consumed between 6 AM and 12 PM; (b) Afternoon snack: "Snacks" consumed between 1 PM and 5 PM; (c) Evening snack: "Snacks" consumed between 6 PM and 5 AM. Individuals were categorised according to the number of "Snacks" per day (zero, one, two or three or more). Among the evaluated adolescents, 52.8% were female and 23.0% were overweight. The consumption of at least one snack per day was mentioned by 88.2% of the adolescents, with an average of 2.33 snacks per day. An afternoon snack was consumed by 70.0% of the adolescents. Snack consumption was related to higher mean daily energy intake and a greater contribution of carbohydrates, added sugar and trans fat to the total daily energy intake. 'Cookies & Crackers' and 'Fast Foods' were the groups that contributed the most to the energy intake provided by snacks, showing, therefore, that less healthy foods were relevant components of the snacks consumed. For their important contribution to food intake, snacking habits deserve attention among the topics covered in dietary guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luana Silva Monteiro
- Instituto de Alimentação e Nutrição, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Macaé, Brazil
| | | | | | - Naiara Sperandio
- Instituto de Alimentação e Nutrição, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Macaé, Brazil
| | - Edna Massae Yokoo
- Departamento de Epidemiologia e Bioestatística, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brazil
| | - Rosely Sichieri
- Instituto de Medicina Social, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rosângela Alves Pereira
- Departamento de Nutrição Social e Aplicada, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Bawajeeh A, Zulyniak MA, Evans CEL, Cade JE. Characterizing Adolescents' Dietary Intake by Taste: Results From the UK National Diet and Nutrition Survey. Front Nutr 2022; 9:893643. [PMID: 35795580 PMCID: PMC9251474 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.893643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The taste of foods is a key factor for adolescents' food choices and intakes, yet, exploring taste characteristics of adolescents' diet is limited. Using food records for 284 adolescents (10–19 years old) from the National Diet and Nutrition Survey (NDNS), year 9 (2016–2017), we classified diets according to taste. Tastes for each food consumed were generated from a previous survey that asked participants to allocate one main taste to each food. Responses from that survey were processed and included in a Hierarchical Cluster Analysis (HCA) to identify taste clusters. The resulting tastes were then applied to the adolescents' food records in the NDNS. For each individual, the total weight of food per day for each taste was calculated. A linear regression model was used to explore dietary intakes from each taste. Findings reveal that adolescents' daily energy intake was highest (34%) from foods that taste sweet. Sweet foods were the main calorie contributors at breakfast and daytime snacking, while energy intake from neutral-tasting foods was higher at lunch and dinner. Sweet food intake was significantly positively associated with higher energy, sugar, and fat intakes. For each percentage increase in sweet foods, energy increased by 10 kcal/d (95% CI 6, 15; P < 0.01). Savory food intake was lower in carbohydrates and sugars; with neutral food consumption inversely associated with energy, carbohydrate, sugars, saturated and total fat. Higher salty food intake was linked to higher saturated fat as well as sodium consumption. Sweet and neutral foods dominate the UK adolescent diet, followed by savory tastes. Balancing the contributions of different tasting foods could assist in improving adolescent diet quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Areej Bawajeeh
- Nutritional Epidemiology Group, School of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Faculty of Human Sciences and Design, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- *Correspondence: Areej Bawajeeh
| | - Michael A. Zulyniak
- Nutritional Epidemiology Group, School of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Charlotte E. L. Evans
- Nutritional Epidemiology Group, School of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Janet E. Cade
- Nutritional Epidemiology Group, School of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
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Calvert SM, Dempsey RC, Povey R, Clark-Carter D. An in-school social norms approach intervention for reducing unhealthy snacking behaviours amongst 11-12-year-olds. Br J Health Psychol 2022; 27:891-914. [PMID: 35080782 DOI: 10.1111/bjhp.12581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Adolescents tend to overestimate the extent of peers' unhealthy snacking consumption and such misperceptions have been associated with increased personal unhealthy snacking. This study aims to test whether a Social Norms Approach (SNA) intervention which challenges these misperceptions of peers' unhealthy snacking will have a positive effect on students' personal unhealthy snacking behaviours, related attitudes, and behavioural intentions. DESIGN A quasi-experimental study tested the effectiveness of an in-school SNA intervention (n = 163) compared to a control condition (n = 95) among 11-12-year-old students. METHOD Both conditions received healthy eating information, while students in the SNA intervention received additional normative feedback (outlining the discrepancies between perceived and actual unhealthy snacking of the majority based on baseline data) delivered through an interactive poster-making session. Students completed self-reported measures of personal unhealthy snacking, related-attitudes, behavioural intentions, and normative perceptions (descriptive and injunctive) at baseline, post-intervention, and at a 3-month follow-up. RESULTS Students who received SNA feedback were significantly less likely to overestimate peers' unhealthy snacking attitudes post-intervention (F(1,232) = 16.405, p < .001), and at 3-month follow-up consumed fewer unhealthy snacks (F(1,232) = 6.133, p = .014) and had less positive attitudes towards unhealthy snacking (F(1,198) = 8.779, p = .003). The changes in personal snacking attitudes at 3-month follow-up were mediated by changes in normative misperceptions about peers' unhealthy snacking attitudes post-intervention, which indicated that the reductions in normative misperceptions following SNA messages mediated the effect of the intervention. CONCLUSION The results indicate that in-school SNA interventions which challenge normative misperceptions constitute a promising strategy for reducing unhealthy snacking in young adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sian M Calvert
- The Staffordshire Centre for Psychological Research, Staffordshire University, Stoke-on-Trent, UK
| | - Robert C Dempsey
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Health, Psychology and Social Care, Manchester Metropolitan University, UK
| | - Rachel Povey
- The Staffordshire Centre for Psychological Research, Staffordshire University, Stoke-on-Trent, UK
| | - David Clark-Carter
- The Staffordshire Centre for Psychological Research, Staffordshire University, Stoke-on-Trent, UK
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Leech RM, Spence AC, Lacy KE, Zheng M, Timperio A, McNaughton SA. Characterizing children's eating patterns: does the choice of eating occasion definition matter? Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2021; 18:165. [PMID: 34923993 PMCID: PMC8684678 DOI: 10.1186/s12966-021-01231-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recommendations to define eating occasions (EO) currently exist for research in adults, but not for children or adolescents. We examined how varying EO definitions affect the characterization of eating patterns in children and adolescents. METHODS Cross-sectional dietary data collected using a 24-h recall data during the 2011-12 Australian National Nutrition and Physical Activity Survey (1364 boys and 1337 girls aged 2-18 years) were analyzed. Eight definitions were applied: participant-identified, time-of-day, and 6 neutral definitions (EO separated by 15- or 60-min and/or an additional energy criterion of 21 or 210 kJ). Frequency of and total energy intake from meals, snacks, and all EO were estimated. F tests stratified by gender and age-group, were used to assess differences between definitions. Agreement between definitions of meal and snack frequencies was assessed using intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC). Linear regression was used to estimate the proportion of variance in total energy intake (kJ) and BMI z-score predicted by each definition. RESULTS Mean frequencies of meals and snacks differed between the participant-identified and time-of-day definitions, in boys and girls and for all age groups (P < 0.01). Across the six neutral definitions, there were differences between mean frequencies of EO with the largest mean difference observed for children aged 2-3 y (boys: 2.3, girls: 2.5; P < 0.003). Between the participant-identified and time-of-day definitions, there was good agreement for frequencies of snacks (ICC for both genders: 0.93) but not meals (boys: 0.36; girls: 0.38). The 15-min time interval plus 210 kJ definition of an EO consistently predicted the most variance in total energy intake (R2 range = 8.1-34.8). Definitions that delineated meals and snacks better predicted variance in BMI z-score, when compared to the neutral definitions. CONCLUSIONS How eating patterns are characterized vary depending on the EO definitions employed, particularly in young children. Variance in total energy intake was best predicted by a variation of the neutral definition whereas definitions that delineated meals and snacks performed better in relation to predicting BMI variance. Further international research that compares EO definitions in children will help inform a standard approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca M Leech
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Alison C Spence
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kathleen E Lacy
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Miaobing Zheng
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Anna Timperio
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sarah A McNaughton
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
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Sparvoli F, Giofré S, Cominelli E, Avite E, Giuberti G, Luongo D, Gatti E, Cianciabella M, Daniele GM, Rossi M, Predieri S. Sensory Characteristics and Nutritional Quality of Food Products Made with a Biofortified and Lectin Free Common Bean ( Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Flour. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13124517. [PMID: 34960069 PMCID: PMC8704223 DOI: 10.3390/nu13124517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 12/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) are an important source of nutrients with beneficial effects on human health. However, they contain lectins, that limit the direct use of flour in food preparations without thermal treatment, and phytic acid, that reduces mineral cation bioavailability. The objectives of this research were: to obtain biofortified snacks and a cream using an untreated common bean flour devoid of active lectins (lec-) and with reduced content of phytic acid (lpa) and to evaluate the sensorial appreciation for these products. The main results of the present work were: the products with the lpa lec- flour did not retain residual hemagglutinating activity due to lectins; they showed higher residual α-amylase inhibitor activity (from 2.2 to 135 times), reduced in vitro predicted glycemic index (about 5 units reduction) and increased iron bioavailability compared to the products with wild type flour; products with common bean flour were less appreciated than the reference ones without this flour, but the presence of an intense umami taste can be a positive attribute. Results confirmed that the use of the lpa lec- flour has important advantages in the preparation of safe and nutritionally improved products, and provide useful information to identify target consumers, such as children and elderly people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Sparvoli
- Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology, National Research Council, Via Bassini 15, 20133 Milano, Italy; (S.G.); (E.C.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Silvia Giofré
- Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology, National Research Council, Via Bassini 15, 20133 Milano, Italy; (S.G.); (E.C.)
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Ambientali, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Eleonora Cominelli
- Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology, National Research Council, Via Bassini 15, 20133 Milano, Italy; (S.G.); (E.C.)
| | - Elena Avite
- Blumen Group SPA, Corso Savona 168, 14100 Asti, Italy;
| | - Gianluca Giuberti
- Department for Sustainable Food Process, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Via Emilia Parmense 84, 29122 Piacenza, Italy;
| | - Diomira Luongo
- Institute of Food Science, National Research Council, Via Roma 64, 83100 Avellino, Italy; (D.L.); (M.R.)
| | - Edoardo Gatti
- Institute for BioEconomy, National Research Council, Via Piero Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy; (E.G.); (M.C.); (G.M.D.); (S.P.)
| | - Marta Cianciabella
- Institute for BioEconomy, National Research Council, Via Piero Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy; (E.G.); (M.C.); (G.M.D.); (S.P.)
| | - Giulia Maria Daniele
- Institute for BioEconomy, National Research Council, Via Piero Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy; (E.G.); (M.C.); (G.M.D.); (S.P.)
| | - Mauro Rossi
- Institute of Food Science, National Research Council, Via Roma 64, 83100 Avellino, Italy; (D.L.); (M.R.)
| | - Stefano Predieri
- Institute for BioEconomy, National Research Council, Via Piero Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy; (E.G.); (M.C.); (G.M.D.); (S.P.)
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Roy D, Boss R, Saroj S, Karandikar B, Pradhan M, Pandey H. Snack Food Consumption across the Pune Transect in India: A Comparison of Dietary Behaviors Based on Consumer Characteristics and Locations. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13124325. [PMID: 34959878 PMCID: PMC8707810 DOI: 10.3390/nu13124325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 11/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
This study examines patterns of snack food consumption (SFC) in the rural-urban-slum transect (RUST) of a large city Pune and its precincts (population 10 million) in India. The transect structure aims to mimic a representative survey for the location capturing differences by age, gender, urbanicity, and socio-economic levels. Dietary data from 1405 individuals were used to describe snacking patterns and other food consumed at different frequencies; extent of physical activity; and Body Mass Index (BMI) and waist circumference of children, adolescents, and adults. Our results indicate high incidence of SFC across all population age groups, gender, socio-economic levels, and locations. A distinctive finding in relation to studies in high income countries is the prevalence of hunger snacking with 70% identifying hunger as the primary reason for SFC. Apart from hunger, particularly for adolescents, peer influence and social interactions played a significant role in SFC. Dietary behaviors of slum dwellers were characterized by three-quarters of them having SFC together with family members at home. SFC supplemented calories for low-income consumers and complemented calorie intake for high income ones. No significant association with BMI is possibly due to obesogenic SFC being likely offset by lower consumption of non-snack food and higher physical activity among poor and slum dwellers. Promoting awareness about diets and lifestyles, improving physical and economic access to healthier snacks and nutrient dense foods can improve diet quality in a large and heterogeneous population such as Pune.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devesh Roy
- International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), Agriculture for Nutrition and Health (A4NH), New Delhi 110012, India;
- Correspondence:
| | - Ruchira Boss
- International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), Agriculture for Nutrition and Health (A4NH), New Delhi 110012, India;
| | - Sunil Saroj
- International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), South-Asia Office (SAO), New Delhi 110012, India; (S.S.); (M.P.)
| | | | - Mamata Pradhan
- International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), South-Asia Office (SAO), New Delhi 110012, India; (S.S.); (M.P.)
| | - Himanshi Pandey
- Centre for Chronic Disease Control (CCDC), New Delhi 110016, India;
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14
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Healthy snacking in the school environment: Exploring children and mothers' perspective using projective techniques. Food Qual Prefer 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodqual.2020.104173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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15
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Almoraie NM, Saqaan R, Alharthi R, Alamoudi A, Badh L, Shatwan IM. Snacking patterns throughout the life span: potential implications on health. Nutr Res 2021; 91:81-94. [PMID: 34144310 DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2021.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 05/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Eating outside the three main meals - in other words, snacking - is a part of the dietary pattern of individuals in all stages of life. The quality and pattern of snacking have an impact on health during the life span. Thus, the aim of this review was to evaluate various patterns and health outcomes of the snacking habits of different demographical groups, from children to the elderly, throughout their life span. We discuss the snacking pattern among children and adolescents, which is characterized by consuming high energy foods with low nutrient value, and which is associated with increased risk of obesity. During university years, study stress and lack of time were obstacles to a healthy dietary pattern involving nutritious snacks, although awareness of the importance of healthy snacks was higher in this group than among younger age groups. Employment status and skipping regular meals were important factors affecting snacking quality and patterns in adulthood. Unhealthy snacks, high in energy, sugar, and salt and low in nutrients, were demonstrated to have a negative impact on individuals' health, such as oral health, blood pressure, obesity, and diabetes. In conclusion, encouraging individuals to consume healthy snacks that are high in nutrients through education to help them plan for their snacks is important to enhance health and reduce disease risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noha M Almoraie
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Faculty of Human Sciences and Design, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Rula Saqaan
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Faculty of Human Sciences and Design, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Razan Alharthi
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Faculty of Human Sciences and Design, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amal Alamoudi
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Faculty of Human Sciences and Design, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Lujain Badh
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Faculty of Human Sciences and Design, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Israa M Shatwan
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Faculty of Human Sciences and Design, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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Davison J, Stewart-Knox B, Connolly P, Lloyd K, Dunne L, Bunting B. Exploring the association between mental wellbeing, health-related quality of life, family affluence and food choice in adolescents. Appetite 2020; 158:105020. [PMID: 33171225 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2020.105020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Young people choose energy-dense, nutrient-poor diets, yet understanding of potential determinants is limited. Associations between food choices, mental wellbeing, health-related quality of life (HRQoL) and family affluence were explored to identify targets for intervention to promote dietary health and wellbeing in young people. Adolescents were recruited via post-primary schools in the UK and surveyed at two time-points when aged 13-14 years and 15-16 years. The questionnaire enquired about mental wellbeing using the Short Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Wellbeing Scale, HRQoL using the KIDSCREEN-10, socio-economic status using the Family Affluence Scale and food choice by Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ). With missing and anomalous cases excluded, the sample comprised 1208 cases. Factor analysis on the FFQ indicated five food choice factors: 'Junk Food'; 'Meat'; 'Healthy Protein'; 'Fruit/Vegetables'; 'Bread/Dairy'. Multivariate regression analysis indicated that frequent consumption of Junk Food was associated with being male and lower mental wellbeing. Frequent Meat intake was associated with being male and with lower HRQoL. Frequent choice of Bread/Dairy foods was more common among males and associated with higher wellbeing and greater affluence. Those who consumed Fruit/Vegetables frequently were more likely to be female, have higher HRQoL, higher mental wellbeing, and greater family affluence. These direct associations endured between time points. The dietary factors were not mutually exclusive. Those who frequently chose Junk Food were less likely to choose Fruit/Vegetables. Frequent choice of Meat was associated with more frequent choice of Junk Food and Healthy Protein. Intervention to improve dietary and psychological health in young people should target males, those in less affluent households, seek to reduce consumption of 'junk' food, and increase fruit and vegetable intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Davison
- Psychology Research Institute, Ulster University, Cromore Road, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, BT52 1SA, UK.
| | - Barbara Stewart-Knox
- Division of Psychology, University of Bradford, Bradford, West Yorkshire, BD7 1DP, UK
| | - Paul Connolly
- Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences, Lancaster University, FASS Building, Lancaster, LA1 4YL, UK
| | - Katrina Lloyd
- Centre for Evidence and Social Innovation, Queens University Belfast, University Road, Belfast, Northern Ireland, BT7 1NN, UK
| | - Laura Dunne
- Centre for Evidence and Social Innovation, Queens University Belfast, University Road, Belfast, Northern Ireland, BT7 1NN, UK
| | - Brendan Bunting
- Psychology Research Institute, Ulster University, Cromore Road, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, BT52 1SA, UK
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Xu H, Wu X, Wan Y, Zhang S, Yang R, Wang W, Zeng H, Geng M, Dou L, Zhang G, Xu H, Tao F. Interaction effects of co-consumption of fast food and sugar-sweetened beverages on psychological symptoms: Evidence from a nationwide survey among Chinese adolescents. J Affect Disord 2020; 276:104-111. [PMID: 32697688 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2020.07.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2018] [Revised: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although fast food and sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) consumption have been closely linked to childhood and adolescent obesity, the data regarding their co-consumption and relationship to mental health remains controversial. METHODS A multi-centered population-based survey was conducted among Chinese adolescents from grades 7 to 12. Data about participants' consumption of fast foods and SSBs were obtained from self-reported questionnaires. Psychological symptoms were assessed using the Multi-dimensional Sub-health Questionnaire of Adolescents (MSQA). The association between co-consumption of fast food and SSBs and psychological symptoms was assessed using quantile regression analysis, adjusting for covariates. RESULTS Approximately one-fifth of the 14,500 participants reported psychological symptoms. The regression coefficient (β) value increased as the quantile of fast food, SSBs, and co-consumption increased in the quantile regression model, and the model had an excellent goodness-of-fit (F = 192.51, p < 0.001). In the interaction model, fast food and SSBs in combination were associated with greater odds of psychological symptoms (aOR = 1.90, 95% CI: 1.69, 2.12). The synergy index, relative excess risk of interaction, and attributable proportions were 1.86 (95% CI: 1.17, 2.96), 0.4 (95% CI: 0.20, 0.63), and 0.22 (95% CI: 0.11, 0.33), respectively. LIMITATIONS Information bias is inevitable in self-reported data among participants. The ability to assess causal relationships is reduced by a cross-sectional study design. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that co-consumption of fast food and SSBs was cross-sectionally associated with mental health problems among adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honglv Xu
- School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui, PR China; Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle (Anhui Medical University), Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui, PR China; NHC Key Laboratory of Study on Abnormal Gametes and Reproductive Tract, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui, PR China; Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Population Health and Aristogenics, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui, PR China
| | - Xiaoyan Wu
- School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui, PR China; Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle (Anhui Medical University), Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui, PR China; NHC Key Laboratory of Study on Abnormal Gametes and Reproductive Tract, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui, PR China; Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Population Health and Aristogenics, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui, PR China
| | - Yuhui Wan
- School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui, PR China; Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle (Anhui Medical University), Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui, PR China; NHC Key Laboratory of Study on Abnormal Gametes and Reproductive Tract, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui, PR China; Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Population Health and Aristogenics, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui, PR China
| | - Shichen Zhang
- School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui, PR China; Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle (Anhui Medical University), Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui, PR China; NHC Key Laboratory of Study on Abnormal Gametes and Reproductive Tract, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui, PR China; Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Population Health and Aristogenics, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui, PR China
| | - Rong Yang
- School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui, PR China; Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle (Anhui Medical University), Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui, PR China; NHC Key Laboratory of Study on Abnormal Gametes and Reproductive Tract, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui, PR China; Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Population Health and Aristogenics, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui, PR China
| | - Wei Wang
- School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui, PR China; Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle (Anhui Medical University), Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui, PR China; NHC Key Laboratory of Study on Abnormal Gametes and Reproductive Tract, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui, PR China; Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Population Health and Aristogenics, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui, PR China
| | - Hanjun Zeng
- School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui, PR China; Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle (Anhui Medical University), Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui, PR China; NHC Key Laboratory of Study on Abnormal Gametes and Reproductive Tract, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui, PR China; Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Population Health and Aristogenics, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui, PR China
| | - Menglong Geng
- School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui, PR China; Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle (Anhui Medical University), Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui, PR China; NHC Key Laboratory of Study on Abnormal Gametes and Reproductive Tract, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui, PR China; Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Population Health and Aristogenics, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui, PR China
| | - Lianjie Dou
- School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui, PR China; Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle (Anhui Medical University), Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui, PR China; NHC Key Laboratory of Study on Abnormal Gametes and Reproductive Tract, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui, PR China; Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Population Health and Aristogenics, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui, PR China
| | - Guobao Zhang
- School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui, PR China; Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle (Anhui Medical University), Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui, PR China; NHC Key Laboratory of Study on Abnormal Gametes and Reproductive Tract, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui, PR China; Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Population Health and Aristogenics, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui, PR China
| | - Huiqiong Xu
- School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui, PR China; Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle (Anhui Medical University), Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui, PR China; NHC Key Laboratory of Study on Abnormal Gametes and Reproductive Tract, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui, PR China; Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Population Health and Aristogenics, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui, PR China
| | - Fangbiao Tao
- School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui, PR China; Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle (Anhui Medical University), Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui, PR China; NHC Key Laboratory of Study on Abnormal Gametes and Reproductive Tract, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui, PR China; Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Population Health and Aristogenics, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui, PR China.
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Vatanparast H, Islam N, Masoodi H, Shafiee M, Patil RP, Smith J, Whiting SJ. Time, location and frequency of snack consumption in different age groups of Canadians. Nutr J 2020; 19:85. [PMID: 32799862 PMCID: PMC7429728 DOI: 10.1186/s12937-020-00600-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The location and time of snack consumption may influence the composition, nutrient content and portion sizes of snacks. In this study, we aimed to determine and compare the time, location and frequency of snack consumption among different age groups of Canadians. Methods Nationally representative dietary data from the 2015 Canadian Community Health Survey (CCHS) were used (19,677 participants aged ≥2 years). Dietary data were obtained using 24-h dietary recalls. Participants were categorized according to the frequency of snack consumption (1 time, 2–3 times, ≥4 times). The snack consumption over 24 h was divided into four time periods: before 10 am, 10 am to 3 pm, 3 pm to 8 pm and 8 pm to 12 am. Meal and snack location was categorized as at home; someone else’s home; restaurants; and other. Results Snacking 2–3 times per day was the most common reported frequency (53.0%). Snacking at home (73.0%) was more prevalent than snacking away from home (27.0%). The most frequently reported time for snacking among Canadians was 3 pm to 8 pm (36.3%), and the least frequently reported time was before 10 am (8.1%). Snacking contributed to a high proportion of Milk and Alternatives (23.7%) and Vegetables and Fruit (23.4%) food groups and lesser proportions of Grain Products (15.4%) and Meat & Alternatives (9.4%) food groups among Canadians. Conclusions Home is the main location, 3 pm to 8 pm is the main time, and 2–3 times per day is the most common reported frequency for snacking. A full understanding of snacking behaviors is needed in order to develop targeted strategies to improve the quality of snack food choices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Vatanparast
- College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 4Z2, Canada. .,School of Public Health, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 4Z2, Canada.
| | - Naorin Islam
- College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 4Z2, Canada
| | | | - Mojtaba Shafiee
- College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 4Z2, Canada
| | - Rashmi Prakash Patil
- College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 4Z2, Canada
| | - Jessica Smith
- Bell Institute of Health and Nutrition, General Mills, Minneapolis, MN, 55427-3870, USA
| | - Susan J Whiting
- College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 4Z2, Canada
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Sun M, Hu X, Li F, Deng J, Shi J, Lin Q. Eating Habits and Their Association with Weight Status in Chinese School-Age Children: A Cross-Sectional Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:E3571. [PMID: 32443674 PMCID: PMC7277406 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17103571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Poor eating habits increase children's risk of chronic diseases such as overweight and obesity, adult diabetes, and cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. Therefore, this study aimed to examine the eating habits of school-age children and their impact on children's body mass index. METHODS Multistage cluster sampling was used to sample 2224 students in grades 4 to 6 from 16 primary schools in Changsha. A self-designed questionnaire was used to collect general demographic, eating habit, and snack consumption data from school-age children. Height and weight were measured so that the body mass index Z-score could be calculated and evaluated according to the 2007 World Health Organization's Body Mass Index (BMI) reference standard. RESULTS The prevalence rates of overweight and obesity in school-age children were 17.0% and 8.3%, respectively. Boys had higher rates of overweight and obesity than girls (19.9% vs. 13.6%, 12.9% vs. 3.0%, respectively, p < 0.05). Among the total population of children, 71.6% reported picky eating habits, and 55.1% had late-night snacks. Children who skipped breakfast (OR 1.507 and 95% CI 1.116~2.035) and ate puffed food (OR 1.571 and 95% CI 1.170~2.110) were more likely to be overweight/obese. CONCLUSIONS The eating habits of school-age children are closely related to their weight status. Poor eating habits can be risk factors for overweight and obesity. The dietary management of children should be strengthened so that they develop good eating habits and the incidence of overweight and obesity in school-age children decreases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minghui Sun
- Department of Nutrition Science and Food Hygiene, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, 110 Xiangya Rd., Changsha 410078, China; (M.S.); (X.H.)
| | - Xiangying Hu
- Department of Nutrition Science and Food Hygiene, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, 110 Xiangya Rd., Changsha 410078, China; (M.S.); (X.H.)
| | - Fang Li
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, 110 Xiangya Rd., Changsha 410078, China; (F.L.); (J.D.); (J.S.)
| | - Jing Deng
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, 110 Xiangya Rd., Changsha 410078, China; (F.L.); (J.D.); (J.S.)
| | - Jingcheng Shi
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, 110 Xiangya Rd., Changsha 410078, China; (F.L.); (J.D.); (J.S.)
| | - Qian Lin
- Department of Nutrition Science and Food Hygiene, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, 110 Xiangya Rd., Changsha 410078, China; (M.S.); (X.H.)
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Blundell-Birtill P, Hetherington MM. Determinants of Portion Size in Children and Adolescents: Insights from the UK National Diet and Nutrition Survey Rolling Programme (2008-2016). Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11122957. [PMID: 31817139 PMCID: PMC6950001 DOI: 10.3390/nu11122957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Revised: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Large portion sizes have been identified as contributing to overweight and obesity, particularly in children and adolescents. This study examined predictors of portion sizes of high energy snack foods eaten by children aged 1.5–18 years. Specifically, we examined whether portion sizes were adjusted for age, and what external features of the environment might be linked to large portion sizes. Portion sizes were derived from four-day food diaries that form the UK National Diet and Nutrition Survey. Diaries from 5942 children were examined and multilevel models were used to discover whether age, gender, location, time of day, household income, and watching TV while eating predicted portion sizes of savoury snacks, chocolate, confectionery and biscuits. Portion sizes of all the target foods were predicted by age. Boys had larger portions, and portion sizes were larger when target foods were consumed later in the day. Portion sizes were larger outside the home, for example in leisure venues, but the target foods were eaten more frequently in the home. As dietary patterns change to include more snack intake outside the home, these locations could be an important space to target for interventions for portion control.
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Socioeconomic Differences and the Potential Role of Tribes in Young People's Food and Drink Purchasing Outside School at Lunchtime. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16142447. [PMID: 31295801 PMCID: PMC6678615 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16142447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 07/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Socioeconomic deprivation has been linked to food consumption practices, but studies investigating the food environment around schools provide mixed findings. Peer influence and marketing cues are considered important influencers of young people's behaviors. This study used a tribal theory lens to investigate the factors affecting pupils' purchasing and consumption of food/drinks outside schools at lunchtime. A survey was conducted with 243 pupils from seven UK secondary schools of differing socioeconomic status (SES). A purchasing recall questionnaire (PRQ) was developed and administered online at the participating schools to capture food and drink purchasing, intake, and expenditure. No significant differences were found in terms of energy and nutrients consumed or food/drink expenditure between pupils from schools of lower and higher SES. Enjoyment of food shopping with friends was linked with higher food energy intake and spend. Higher susceptibility to peer influence was associated with greater influence from food advertising and endorsements. Without ignoring the impact that SES can have on young people's food choices, we suggest that tribal theory can be additionally used to understand pupils' eating behaviors and we present implications for social marketers and policy makers.
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Snack Consumption Patterns among Canadians. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11051152. [PMID: 31126080 PMCID: PMC6567092 DOI: 10.3390/nu11051152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Revised: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The snacking prevalence, frequency of daily snack consumption, and the contribution of snacks to daily energy intake have substantially increased globally. The aim of this study was to examine the patterns of snack consumption among a representative sample of Canadians aged 2 and older. Nationally representative dietary data from the Canadian Community Health Survey (CCHS) conducted in 2015 (n = 19,677 participants aged ≥2 years) were used to describe snacking patterns. In all, 80.4% of Canadians reported consuming at least one snack per day, which varied between different age groups from 77.0% (≥55 years) to 96.4% (2–5 years). About 37% of snack consumers reported only one snack episode per day but nearly 10% reported four or more episodes of snacking. Snacking contributed to nearly 23% of total daily energy intake in Canadians, which was highest among younger children (27%) and lowest among older adults (20.8%). There were no significant differences in obesity measures comparing snack consumers and non-consumers in children and adults. Snacking considerably contributes to total nutrient and energy intake of Canadians. Promoting nutrient-dense snacks provides an opportunity to improve overall diet quality.
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Wills W, Danesi G, Kapetanaki AB, Hamilton L. Socio-Economic Factors, the Food Environment and Lunchtime Food Purchasing by Young People at Secondary School. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16091605. [PMID: 31071922 PMCID: PMC6540591 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16091605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this paper is to report on the lunchtime food purchasing practices of secondary school students and some of the factors related to this purchasing, including the influence of socio-economic status (SES) and the food environment within and around schools. A mixed-methods study incorporating an online purchasing recall questionnaire and multiple qualitative methods was undertaken at seven UK secondary schools. The analysis shows that SES was intricately woven with lunchtime food practices. Three-quarters of participants regularly purchased food outside of school; those at low SES schools were more likely to report regularly leaving school to buy food. Young people’s perception of food sold in schools in areas of low SES was often negative and they left school to find “better” food and value for money. Taste, ingredients and advertisements were factors that mattered to young people at schools with low or mixed SES; health as a driver was only mentioned by pupils at a high SES school. For public health initiatives to be effective, it is critical to consider food purchasing practices as complex socio-economically driven phenomena and this study offers important insights along with suggestions for designing interventions that consider SES. Availability of food outlets may be less important than meeting young people’s desires for tasty food and positive relationships with peers, caterers and retailers, all shaped by SES. Innovative ways to engage young people, taking account of SES, are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy Wills
- Centre for Research in Public Health and Community Care (CRIPACC), University of Hertfordshire, College Lane, Hatfield, Herts AL10 9AB, UK.
| | - Giada Danesi
- Faculty of Social and Political Sciences, University of Lausanne, UNIL-Mouline, Bâtiment Géopolis, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Ariadne Beatrice Kapetanaki
- Department of Marketing and Enterprise, Hertfordshire Business School, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, Herts AL10 9AB, UK.
| | - Laura Hamilton
- Thomas Coram Research Unit, UCL Institute of Education, 27⁻28 Woburn Square, London WC1H 0AA, UK.
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Determinants of Diet and Physical Activity in Malaysian Adolescents: A Systematic Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16040603. [PMID: 30791423 PMCID: PMC6406561 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16040603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Revised: 02/09/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The increased prevalence of unhealthy eating habits and sedentary lifestyles among Malaysian adolescents has become a public health concern. The aim of this systematic review was to summarize evidence from observational studies related to diet and physical activity (PA) among Malaysian adolescents (13–18 years) and to recognize the associations between determinants of diet and PA and diet and PA behaviours. A systematic search for observational studies published from August 1990 through August 2017 was conducted via PubMed, Science Direct, Cochrane and Web of Science. A total of 18 studies met the inclusion criteria; these were independently extracted by two reviewers. Gender and ethnicity were the most commonly studied correlates of diet and PA; males were more physically active and they tended to have poorer diet quality and higher energy and macronutrient intakes in comparison to females; Malay adolescents had a lower diet quality and Chinese adolescents spent less time in PA compared to other ethnicities. However, the significance of these associations was often small or inconsistent. This review highlights the lack of longitudinal observational studies but summarizes the best available evidence for policymakers and public health practitioners to improve the diet and the level of PA in Malaysian adolescents.
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25
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How do adults define the treats they give to children? A thematic analysis. Appetite 2019; 133:115-122. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2018.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Revised: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Carstairs SA, Caton SJ, Blundell-Birtill P, Rolls BJ, Hetherington MM, Cecil JE. Can Reduced Intake Associated with Downsizing a High Energy Dense Meal Item be Offset by Increased Vegetable Variety in 3⁻5-year-old Children? Nutrients 2018; 10:E1879. [PMID: 30513873 PMCID: PMC6315468 DOI: 10.3390/nu10121879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2018] [Revised: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Large portions of energy dense foods promote overconsumption but offering small portions might lead to compensatory intake of other foods. Offering a variety of vegetables could help promote vegetable intake and offset the effect of reducing the portion size (PS) of a high energy dense (HED) food. Therefore, we tested the effect on intake of reducing the PS of a HED unit lunch item while varying the variety of the accompanying low energy dense (LED) vegetables. In a within-subjects design, 43 3⁻5-year-old pre-schoolers were served a lunch meal in their nursery on 8 occasions. Children were served a standard (100%) or downsized (60%) portion of a HED sandwich with a side of LED vegetables offered as a single (carrot, cherry tomato, cucumber) or variety (all 3 types) item. Reducing the PS of a HED sandwich reduced sandwich (g) (p < 0.001) and total meal intake (kcal) consumption (p = 0.001) without an increased intake of other foods in the meal (LED vegetables (p = 0.169); dessert (p = 0.835)). Offering a variety of vegetables, compared with a single vegetable, increased vegetable intake (g) (p = 0.003) across PS conditions. Downsizing and variety were effective strategies individually for altering pre-schoolers' intakes of HED and LED meal items, however, using variety to offset HED downsizing was not supported in the present study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon A Carstairs
- Population and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, University of St Andrews, St Andrews KY16 9TF, UK.
| | - Samantha J Caton
- School of Health and Related Research (ScHARR), University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 4DA, UK.
| | | | - Barbara J Rolls
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, College of Health and Human Development, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
| | | | - Joanne E Cecil
- Population and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, University of St Andrews, St Andrews KY16 9TF, UK.
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Kairey L, Matvienko-Sikar K, Kelly C, McKinley MC, O'Connor EM, Kearney PM, Woodside JV, Harrington JM. Plating up appropriate portion sizes for children: a systematic review of parental food and beverage portioning practices. Obes Rev 2018; 19:1667-1678. [PMID: 30160009 DOI: 10.1111/obr.12727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2018] [Revised: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Consumption of larger portion sizes is associated with higher energy intake and weight status in children. As parents play a pivotal role in child feeding, we synthesized literature on 'parental portioning practices' using a mixed methods systematic design to inform future strategies addressing portion sizes served to children. Electronic databases PubMed, EMBASE, SCOPUS, PsycINFO and CINAHL Plus were searched. Two reviewers independently screened 385 abstracts and assessed 71 full-text articles against eligibility criteria: studies assessing portioning of foods or beverages by parent(s) with ≥1 child aged 2-12 years. Narrative synthesis of 14 quantitative studies found that portion sizes parents serve vary substantially and are influenced by amounts parents serve themselves, perceived child hunger and parent and child body size. Thematic synthesis of 14 qualitative studies found that parents serve the portion sizes they learn to be appropriate for their child to be fed. Portioning is influenced by parents' desires for a healthy child with a balanced diet. Future guidance on appropriate portion sizes for children would ideally present recommended portion sizes for first serving, incremental with age. Future research is however needed to assess the adoption and efficacy of providing such guidance to families.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Kairey
- HRB Centre for Health and Diet Research, School of Public Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - K Matvienko-Sikar
- HRB Centre for Health and Diet Research, School of Public Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - C Kelly
- Health Promotion Research Centre, School of Health Sciences, NUI Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - M C McKinley
- Northern Ireland Centre of Excellence for Public Health, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queens University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - E M O'Connor
- Department of Biological Sciences, and Health Research Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - P M Kearney
- HRB Centre for Health and Diet Research, School of Public Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - J V Woodside
- Northern Ireland Centre of Excellence for Public Health, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queens University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - J M Harrington
- HRB Centre for Health and Diet Research, School of Public Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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Gębski J, Jezewska-Zychowicz M, Guzek D, Świątkowska M, Stangierska D, Plichta M. The Associations between Dietary Patterns and Short Sleep Duration in Polish Adults (LifeStyle Study). INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 15:E2497. [PMID: 30413064 PMCID: PMC6266400 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15112497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Revised: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Short sleep duration appears to put adults at risk of excessive energy intake and obesity; less is known specifically about how sleep quantity relates to dietary patterns. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the associations of dietary patterns (DPs) with short sleep duration. The data were collected in November 2016 through a cross-sectional quantitative survey among 972 Polish adults with both normal weight and excessive weight. Principal components analysis (PCA) was conducted to derive DPs. Logistic regression analysis was used to verify associations between short sleep duration (independent variable) and DPs (dependent variables). Five DPs ('Fast foods & sweets'-FF&S; 'Meat & meat products'-M&MP; 'Fruit & vegetable'-F&V; 'Wholemeal food'-WF; and 'Fruit & vegetable juices'-F&VJ) were identified. Adults whose diet was based both on fruit and vegetables (OR 0.62, 95% CI: 0.44⁻0.88; p < 0.01) and on fast food and sweets (OR 0.63, 95% CI: 0.44⁻0.99; p < 0.01) were less likely to be short sleepers on weekdays. On weekdays short sleep duration was associated with smaller odds of FF&S both for men (OR 0.58, 95% CI: 0.33⁻0.97; p < 0.05) and for women (OR 0.61, 95% CI: 0.38⁻0.98; p < 0.05), and with smaller odds of F&V (OR 0.34, 95% CI: 0.20⁻0.58; p < 0.001) for men. Short sleep duration on weekend days was associated with a smaller odds of F&VJ (OR 0.56, 95% CI: 0.30⁻0.96; p < 0.05- only in crude model) and higher odds of F&V (OR 1.70, 95% CI: 1.02⁻3.11; p < 0.05) for women, and with a smaller odds of FF&S (OR 0.37, 95% CI: 0.17⁻0.79; p < 0.05) for men. The number of significant associations between dietary patterns and sleep duration was higher among people with normal weight and overweight compared to those with BMI ≥ 30. We found that both short sleep duration on weekdays and weekend days was associated with some dietary patterns including both healthy and unhealthy DPs. Gender significantly differed these relationships in groups with normal and excessive weight. Findings of the study confirmed the potential effectiveness of combined use of sleep duration and dietary patterns in the development of recommendations for prevention of obesity. Future studies are called for to evaluate these links using dietary patterns identified according to food intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerzy Gębski
- Department of Organization and Consumption Economics, Faculty of Human Nutrition and Consumer Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (SGGW-WULS), 159C Nowoursynowska Street, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Marzena Jezewska-Zychowicz
- Department of Organization and Consumption Economics, Faculty of Human Nutrition and Consumer Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (SGGW-WULS), 159C Nowoursynowska Street, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Dominika Guzek
- Department of Organization and Consumption Economics, Faculty of Human Nutrition and Consumer Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (SGGW-WULS), 159C Nowoursynowska Street, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Monika Świątkowska
- Department of Organization and Consumption Economics, Faculty of Human Nutrition and Consumer Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (SGGW-WULS), 159C Nowoursynowska Street, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Dagmara Stangierska
- Section of Horticultural Economic, Faculty of Horticulture, Biotechnology and Landscape Architecture, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (SGGW-WULS), 159C Nowoursynowska Street, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Marta Plichta
- Department of Organization and Consumption Economics, Faculty of Human Nutrition and Consumer Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (SGGW-WULS), 159C Nowoursynowska Street, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland.
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Morin C, Gandy J, Moreno LA, Kavouras SA, Martinez H, Salas-Salvadó J, Guelinckx I. A comparison of drinking behavior using a harmonized methodology (Liq.In 7 ) in six countries. Eur J Nutr 2018; 57:101-112. [PMID: 29923118 PMCID: PMC6008358 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-018-1744-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To assess drinking occasions (volume and type) according to consumption with food in or outside meals, and location, for six countries. METHODS A total of 10,521 participants aged 4-65 years from Argentina, Brazil, China, Indonesia, Mexico and Uruguay completed a validated 7-day fluid intake record. For each drinking event, the volume consumed, the fluid type, the location of intake, and whether the drink was accompanied by food (meal or snack) or not, was recorded. RESULTS Similar drinking behaviors were found in Mexico and Argentina; fluid intake during meals was 48 and 45% of total fluid intake (TFI), respectively. In Brazil (55%), Indonesia (58%) and China (66%) most fluid was consumed without food. In Uruguay, 34% of TFI was with a main meal, 31% with food between meals and 35% without food. Indonesia had the highest median (25-75th percentile) TFI; 2520 (1750-3347) mL/day, and China the lowest 1138 (818-3347) mL/day. Water was consumed with meals for 37% of Chinese and 87% of Indonesian participants, while the four Latin-American American countries showed a preference for sweet drinks; 54% in Mexico, 67% in Brazil, 55% in Argentina and 59% in Uruguay. Diversity in fluid type was noted when drinking with food between meals. Apart from China, most drinking occasions (> 75%) occurred at home. CONCLUSIONS Three distinct drinking behaviors were identified, namely, drinking with meals, drinking as a stand-alone activity, and a type of 'grazing' (i.e., frequent drinks throughout the day) behavior. Most drinking occasions occurred at home.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Morin
- Department of Hydration and Health, Danone Research, Route Départemental 128, 91767, Palaiseau, France
| | - J Gandy
- British Dietetic Association, Birmingham, UK
- School of Life Medical Services, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, UK
| | - L A Moreno
- GENUD (Growth, Exercise, NUtrition and Development) Research Group, Faculty of Health Sciences, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón (IA2), Instituto Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IIS Aragón), Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
- CIBERobn (Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - S A Kavouras
- Hydration Science Lab, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
- Division of Endocrinology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - H Martinez
- Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - J Salas-Salvadó
- CIBERobn (Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Biochemistry and Biotechnology Department, Human Nutrition Unit, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Hospital Universitari de Sant Joan de Reus, Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain
| | - I Guelinckx
- Department of Hydration and Health, Danone Research, Route Départemental 128, 91767, Palaiseau, France.
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Potter M, Vlassopoulos A, Lehmann U. Snacking Recommendations Worldwide: A Scoping Review. Adv Nutr 2018; 9:86-98. [PMID: 29659681 PMCID: PMC5962965 DOI: 10.1093/advances/nmx003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Revised: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 10/12/2017] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Across the globe, dietary habits include the consumption of foods and drinks between main meals. Although often described as "snacks" or "snacking," there is no scientific consensus of what constitutes a snack, either as an eating occasion or as a snack food. Nonetheless, food-based dietary guidelines, compiled at national or regional levels by governments, learned societies, and health organizations, frequently refer to snacking habits and desirable or undesirable snack food choices. This review aims to provide a comprehensive snapshot of snacking recommendations worldwide. From a search of 207 countries and organizations, 49 countries and 7 regional or global organizations were identified that referred to snacks, snack foods, or snacking. A total of 136 snacking-specific recommendations or examples were identified, which varied in nature whereby some provided advice on the quality of the snack food choice and others focused on the frequency or energy and nutrient composition of such snacks. Guidelines varied in terms of the detail of foods and drinks identified, wherein some recommendations focused only on foods or food categories to include (e.g., fruit or dairy) or to exclude (e.g., processed foods), whereas other recommendations made reference to both. Both individual foods (e.g., apples) and food categories (e.g., fruit) were mentioned. Reasons or rationales to support the snacking choices were less frequently identified and varied across regions. It is hoped that this analysis will stimulate discussion on the need for a consensus in the scientific community and beyond with regard to snacking. An agreed-upon definition of snacks, snacking, and snack foods could be used to inform a number of stakeholders and ultimately help consumers adhere to healthful diets as defined locally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Potter
- Nutrient Profiling, Consumer Science and Applied Nutrition, Institute of Material Sciences, Nestlé Research Center, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Antonis Vlassopoulos
- Nutrient Profiling, Consumer Science and Applied Nutrition, Institute of Material Sciences, Nestlé Research Center, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Undine Lehmann
- Nutrient Profiling, Consumer Science and Applied Nutrition, Institute of Material Sciences, Nestlé Research Center, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Murakami K. Associations between nutritional quality of meals and snacks assessed by the Food Standards Agency nutrient profiling system and overall diet quality and adiposity measures in British children and adolescents. Nutrition 2018; 49:57-65. [PMID: 29499494 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2017.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Revised: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This cross-sectional study examined how the nutritional quality of meals and snacks was associated with overall diet quality and adiposity measures. METHODS Based on 7-d weighed dietary record data, all eating occasions were divided into meals or snacks based on time (meals: 06:00-09:00 h, 12:00-14:00 h, and 17:00-20:00 h; snacks: others) or contribution to energy intake (meals: ≥15%; snacks: <15%) in British children aged 4-10 (n = 808) and adolescents aged 11-18 (n = 809). The nutritional quality of meals and snacks was assessed as the arithmetical energy intake-weighted means of the Food Standards Agency (FSA) nutrient profiling system score of each food and beverage consumed, based on the contents of energy, saturated fatty acid, total sugar, sodium, fruits/vegetables/nuts, dietary fiber, and protein. RESULTS Regardless of the definition of meals and snacks, higher FSA score (lower nutritional quality) of meals was inversely associated with overall diet quality assessed by the Mediterranean diet score in both children and adolescents (P <0.0001), whereas the inverse associations for the FSA score of snacks did not reach statistical significance. The FSA score of meals based on time was inversely associated with body mass index z-score only in children, whereas that of snacks based on time showed a positive association. CONCLUSION Lower nutritional quality of meals, but not snacks, assessed by the FSA score was associated with lower overall diet quality, whereas no consistent associations were observed with regard to adiposity measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Murakami
- Interfaculty Initiative in Information Studies, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
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Fayet-Moore F, Peters V, McConnell A, Petocz P, Eldridge AL. Weekday snacking prevalence, frequency, and energy contribution have increased while foods consumed during snacking have shifted among Australian children and adolescents: 1995, 2007 and 2011-12 National Nutrition Surveys. Nutr J 2017; 16:65. [PMID: 28974206 PMCID: PMC5627470 DOI: 10.1186/s12937-017-0288-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background There are limited data on the evolution of eating habits, including snacking, in Australia. This study aimed to understand snacking trends among Australian children over three previous National Nutrition Surveys. Methods Data were analysed from a single weekday 24-h recall in the National Nutrition Surveys 1995, 2007, 2011–12 among children 2-16y (n = 8258). A snacking occasion was defined as an eating occasion that occurred between meals based on time of day. Results The percentage of children snacking increased over time (92.5 ± 0.5(SE) % in 1995, 98.1 ± 0.3% in 2007, and 95.8 ± 0.4% in 2011–12) (P < 0.001), particularly among those having four or more snacking occasions (7.1 ± 0.5% in 1995, 17.9 ± 0.6% in 2007, and 18.5 ± 0.8% in 2011–2) (P < 0.001). The mean number of snacking occasions increased from 2.0 ± 0.0 in 1995, to 2.5 ± 0.0 in 2007 and 2011–12 (P < 0.001). The energy contribution from snacking increased from 24.1 ± 0.3% in 1995 to 27.7 ± 0.3% in 2007 and 30.5 ± 0.4% in 2011–12 (P < 0.001), while the energy from discretionary food during snacking decreased from 56.5 ± 0.7% in 1995 to 47.3 ± 0.5% in 2007 and 47.9 ± 0.7% in 2011–12 (P < 0.001). There were differences in the top foods consumed during snacking: non-alcoholic beverages were prominent contributors in 1995 but not in 2007 or 2011, and pome fruit was the second top energy contributor during snacking in 2007 and 2011 but only fourth in 1995. Conclusions Snacking is a prominent dietary pattern that has increased over time in frequency and energy contribution. Foods and beverages consumed during snacking occasions include a mix of core foods and discretionary foods, and while the contribution of discretionary foods has decreased, there is still an opportunity to encourage consumption of more nutrient dense foods during snacking. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12937-017-0288-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flávia Fayet-Moore
- Nutrition Research Australia, Level 13 167 Macquarie St, Sydney, NSW, 2000, Australia.
| | | | - Andrew McConnell
- Nutrition Research Australia, Level 13 167 Macquarie St, Sydney, NSW, 2000, Australia
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Affiliation(s)
- S. M. Robinson
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit; University of Southampton; Southampton UK
- NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre; Southampton UK
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van der Bend D, Bucher T, Schumacher TL, Collins K, De Vlieger N, Rollo M, Burrows TL, Watson JF, Collins CE. Trends in Food and Beverage Portion Sizes in Australian Children; a Time-Series Analysis Comparing 2007 and 2011-2012 National Data. CHILDREN-BASEL 2017; 4:children4080069. [PMID: 28777355 PMCID: PMC5575591 DOI: 10.3390/children4080069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Revised: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
In 2011–2012 approximately 26% of Australian children aged between 5–17 years were reported to be overweight or obese. Furthermore, the increase in prevalence of overweight and obesity among US children parallels reported increases in energy intake and portion sizes of common foods, leading to the recognition that availability of larger portion sizes contributes to the rise in overweight and obesity prevalence. Thus, the aim of this time-series analysis was to investigate whether selected food portion sizes in Australian children aged 2–16 years changed between 2007 and 2011–2012. Portion size data from 24-h recalls collected in Australian nutrition surveys were compared between 2007 and 2011–2012. Portion sizes changed significantly in 23% of items with increases in 15% and decreases in 8%. Changes in portion sizes varied by age, sex, and food group. Changes occurred for many meat-based items, energy-dense, nutrient-poor food items, breads, cereals, and some fruits and vegetables. Vegetable and fruit portion sizes were below the respective serving sizes of 75 g and 150 g in the Australian Guide to Healthy Eating, while portion sizes of some energy-dense, nutrient-poor foods have increased. These findings suggest approaches to increasing consumption of nutrient-dense core foods and reducing energy-dense, nutrient-poor food items in children are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daphne van der Bend
- School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Priority Research Centre in Physical Activity and Nutrition, The University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan NSW 2308, Australia.
| | - Tamara Bucher
- School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Priority Research Centre in Physical Activity and Nutrition, The University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan NSW 2308, Australia.
| | - Tracy L Schumacher
- School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Priority Research Centre in Physical Activity and Nutrition, The University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan NSW 2308, Australia.
| | - Kate Collins
- The New South Wales Department of Health, Northern NSW Health Districs, Maclean Community Health Centre, MacLean NSW 2463, Australia.
| | - Nienke De Vlieger
- School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Priority Research Centre in Physical Activity and Nutrition, The University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan NSW 2308, Australia.
| | - Megan Rollo
- School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Priority Research Centre in Physical Activity and Nutrition, The University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan NSW 2308, Australia.
| | - Tracy L Burrows
- School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Priority Research Centre in Physical Activity and Nutrition, The University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan NSW 2308, Australia.
- School of Education, Faculty of Education and Arts, Priority Research Centre in Physical Activity and Nutrition, The University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan NSW 2300, Australia.
| | | | - Clare E Collins
- School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Priority Research Centre in Physical Activity and Nutrition, The University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan NSW 2308, Australia.
- School of Education, Faculty of Education and Arts, Priority Research Centre in Physical Activity and Nutrition, The University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan NSW 2300, Australia.
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What is a nutritious snack? Level of processing and macronutrient content influences young adults' perceptions. Appetite 2017; 114:55-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2017.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2016] [Revised: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Associations between energy density of meals and snacks and overall diet quality and adiposity measures in British children and adolescents: the National Diet and Nutrition Survey. Br J Nutr 2017; 116:1633-1645. [PMID: 27823581 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114516003731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
This cross-sectional study examined how energy density (ED) of meals and snacks are associated with overall diet quality and adiposity measures in 1617 British children aged 4-18 years from the 1997 National Diet and Nutrition Survey. On the basis of data from 7-d weighed dietary record, all eating occasions were divided into meals or snacks on the basis of time (meals: 06.00-09.00, 12.00-14.00 and 17.00-20.00 hours; snacks: all others) or contribution to energy intake (EI) (meals: ≥15 %; snacks: <15 %). ED of meals and snacks was calculated on the basis of food only. Overall diet quality was assessed using the Mediterranean diet score (range 0-8). Irrespective of the definition of meals and snacks, ≥67 % of EI was derived from meals, whereas ED of meals was lower than ED of snacks (mean: 8·50-8·75 v. 9·69-10·52 kJ/g). Both ED of meals and ED of snacks were inversely associated with total intakes of vegetables, fruits, dietary fibre and overall diet quality and positively associated with total intakes of fat. However, the associations were stronger for ED of meals. The change in the Mediterranean diet score with a 1-unit increase of ED (kJ/g) was -0·35 to -0·30 for ED of meals and -0·09 to -0·06 for ED of snacks (all P<0·0001). After adjustment for potential confounders, all measures of ED of meals and snacks did not show positive associations with adiposity measures. In conclusion, although both ED of meals and ED of snacks were associated with adverse profiles of overall diet quality (but not adiposity measures), stronger associations were observed for ED of meals.
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Jacquier EF, Gatrell A, Bingley A. “We don't snack”: Attitudes and perceptions about eating in-between meals amongst caregivers of young children. Appetite 2017; 108:483-490. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2016.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Revised: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Estimation of the average nutrient profile of UK snacks and development of a control snack intervention for utilisation in dietary intervention studies. Proc Nutr Soc 2017. [DOI: 10.1017/s0029665117003366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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De Cock N, Van Camp J, Kolsteren P, Lachat C, Huybregts L, Maes L, Deforche B, Verstraeten R, Vangeel J, Beullens K, Eggermont S, Van Lippevelde W. Development and validation of a quantitative snack and beverage food frequency questionnaire for adolescents. J Hum Nutr Diet 2016; 30:141-150. [DOI: 10.1111/jhn.12411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- N. De Cock
- Department of Food Safety and Food Quality; Ghent University; Ghent Belgium
| | - J. Van Camp
- Department of Food Safety and Food Quality; Ghent University; Ghent Belgium
| | - P. Kolsteren
- Department of Food Safety and Food Quality; Ghent University; Ghent Belgium
| | - C. Lachat
- Department of Food Safety and Food Quality; Ghent University; Ghent Belgium
| | - L. Huybregts
- Department of Food Safety and Food Quality; Ghent University; Ghent Belgium
- Poverty; Health and Nutrition Division International Food Policy Research Institute; Washington DC USA
| | - L. Maes
- Department of Public Health; Ghent University; Ghent Belgium
| | - B. Deforche
- Department of Public Health; Ghent University; Ghent Belgium
- Physical Activity; Nutrition and Health Research Unit; Faculty of Physical Education and Physical Therapy; Vrije Universiteit Brussel; Brussels Belgium
| | | | - J. Vangeel
- Leuven School for Mass Communication Research; KU Leuven; Leuven Belgium
| | - K. Beullens
- Leuven School for Mass Communication Research; KU Leuven; Leuven Belgium
- Research Foundation Flanders (FWO); Brussel Belgium
| | - S. Eggermont
- Leuven School for Mass Communication Research; KU Leuven; Leuven Belgium
| | - W. Van Lippevelde
- Physical Activity; Nutrition and Health Research Unit; Faculty of Physical Education and Physical Therapy; Vrije Universiteit Brussel; Brussels Belgium
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40
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Age and time trends in eating frequency and duration of nightly fasting of German children and adolescents. Eur J Nutr 2016; 56:2507-2517. [DOI: 10.1007/s00394-016-1286-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Does dietary knowledge influence the eating behaviour of adolescents? SOUTH AFRICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL NUTRITION 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/16070658.2010.11734283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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42
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High variation in manufacturer-declared serving size of packaged discretionary foods in Australia. Br J Nutr 2016; 115:1810-8. [DOI: 10.1017/s0007114516000799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
AbstractDespite the potential of declared serving size to encourage appropriate portion size consumption, most countries including Australia have not developed clear reference guidelines for serving size. The present study evaluated variability in manufacturer-declared serving size of discretionary food and beverage products in Australia, and how declared serving size compared with the 2013 Australian Dietary Guideline (ADG) standard serve (600 kJ). Serving sizes were obtained from the Nutrition Information Panel for 4466 packaged, discretionary products in 2013 at four large supermarkets in Sydney, Australia, and categorised into fifteen categories in line with the 2013 ADG. For unique products that were sold in multiple package sizes, the percentage difference between the minimum and the maximum serving size across different package sizes was calculated. A high variation in serving size was found within the majority of food and beverage categories – for example, among 347 non-alcoholic beverages (e.g. soft drinks), the median for serving size was 250 (interquartile range (IQR) 250, 355) ml (range 100–750 ml). Declared serving size for unique products that are available in multiple package sizes also showed high variation, particularly for chocolate-based confectionery, with median percentage difference between minimum and maximum serving size of 183 (IQR 150) %. Categories with a high proportion of products that exceeded the 600 kJ ADG standard serve included cakes and muffins, pastries and desserts (≥74 % for each). High variability in declared serving size may confound interpretation and understanding of consumers interested in standardising and controlling their portion selection. Future research is needed to assess if and how standardising declared serving size might affect consumer behaviour.
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Adolescents' non-core food intake: a description of what, where and with whom adolescents consume non-core foods. Public Health Nutr 2016; 19:1645-53. [PMID: 26878965 DOI: 10.1017/s1368980016000124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Little is known about adolescents' non-core food intake in the UK and the eating context in which they consume non-core foods. The present study aimed to describe types of non-core foods consumed by British adolescents in total and across different eating contexts. DESIGN A descriptive analysis, using cross-sectional data from food diaries. Non-core foods were classified based on cut-off points of fat and sugar from the Australian Guide to Healthy Eating. Eating context was defined as 'where' and 'with whom' adolescents consumed each food. Percentages of non-core energy were calculated for each food group in total and across eating contexts. A combined ranking was then created to account for each food's contribution to non-core energy intake and its popularity of consumption (percentage of consumers). SETTING The UK National Diet and Nutrition Survey 2008-2011. SUBJECTS Adolescents across the UK aged 11-18 years (n 666). RESULTS Non-core food comprised 39·5 % of total energy intake and was mostly 'Regular soft drinks', 'Crisps & savoury snacks', 'Chips & potato products', 'Chocolate' and 'Biscuits'. Adolescents ate 57·0 % and 51·3 % of non-core food at 'Eateries' or with 'Friends', compared with 33·2 % and 32·1 % at 'Home' or with 'Parents'. Persistent foods consumed across eating contexts were 'Regular soft drinks' and 'Chips & potato products'. CONCLUSIONS Regular soft drinks contribute the most energy and are the most popular non-core food consumed by adolescents regardless of context, and represent a good target for interventions to reduce non-core food consumption.
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Voráčová J, Sigmund E, Sigmundová D, Kalman M. Changes in Eating Behaviours among Czech Children and Adolescents from 2002 to 2014 (HBSC Study). INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2015; 12:15888-99. [PMID: 26694428 PMCID: PMC4690964 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph121215028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Revised: 12/06/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Many children skip breakfast, consume soft drinks/sweets and do not eat the recommended amounts of fruit and vegetables. Poor eating habits in children tend to be carried over into adulthood. The changes in eating behaviours of Czech 11-, 13- and 15-year-old children were examined by frequency of breakfast (on weekdays and weekends), fruit, vegetable, sweet and soft drink consumption using data obtained from the Health Behaviour in School-aged Children (HBSC) surveys in 2002, 2006, 2010 and 2014. Logistic regression was used to analyze changes in eating behaviours. The findings showed a significant increase (only in girls, p ≤ 0.001) in prevalence of breakfast consumption (on weekdays) and a decrease in daily consumption of soft drinks (in boys and girls, p ≤ 0.001), sweets (in boys and girls, p ≤ 0.01) and fruit (in boys, p ≤ 0.01; in girls, p ≤ 0.001) between 2002 and 2014. Daily vegetable and breakfast on weekends consumption remained statistically unchanged over time. More frequent daily fruit, vegetable and breakfast (on weekends) consumption was reported by girls and younger children, whereas daily soft drink intake was more prevalent in boys and older children. There is a need for re-evaluation of current policies and new initiatives to improve the eating habits of Czech children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaroslava Voráčová
- Institute of Active Lifestyle, Faculty of Physical Culture, Palacký University Olomouc, Tr. Miru 117, Olomouc 77111, Czech Republic.
| | - Erik Sigmund
- Institute of Active Lifestyle, Faculty of Physical Culture, Palacký University Olomouc, Tr. Miru 117, Olomouc 77111, Czech Republic.
| | - Dagmar Sigmundová
- Institute of Active Lifestyle, Faculty of Physical Culture, Palacký University Olomouc, Tr. Miru 117, Olomouc 77111, Czech Republic.
| | - Michal Kalman
- Institute of Active Lifestyle, Faculty of Physical Culture, Palacký University Olomouc, Tr. Miru 117, Olomouc 77111, Czech Republic.
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De Vet E, Stok FM, De Wit JB, De Ridder DT. The habitual nature of unhealthy snacking: How powerful are habits in adolescence? Appetite 2015; 95:182-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2015.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2014] [Revised: 05/30/2015] [Accepted: 07/09/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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46
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Davison J, Share M, Hennessy M, Bunting B, Markovina J, Stewart-Knox B. Correlates of food choice in unemployed young people: The role of demographic factors, self-efficacy, food involvement, food poverty and physical activity. Food Qual Prefer 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodqual.2015.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Azadbakht L, Hajishafiee M, Golshahi J, Esmaillzadeh A. Snacking Behavior and Obesity among Female Adolescents in Isfahan, Iran. J Am Coll Nutr 2015; 35:405-12. [PMID: 26595591 DOI: 10.1080/07315724.2015.1030474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE The high prevalence of obesity in the pediatric age groups draws attention to lifestyle factors including diet and physical activity. Data on obesity in adolescents and their snacking behavior are conflicting. This study aimed to assess the association of snacking behavior and obesity among female adolescents in Isfahan, Iran. SUBJECTS AND DESIGN This cross-sectional study was carried out on 265 female Isfahanian students who were chosen by systematic cluster random sampling. Dietary intake was assessed using a validated self-administered semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire that included 53 food items. Snacking behavior was defined by healthy snack score in combination with the frequency of snack intake. RESULTS Individuals who consumed more healthy snacks and those with snacking frequency of 4 times a day or more had significantly lower weight, body mass index (BMI), and waist circumference (p < 0.001). Decreased consumption of healthy snacks was significantly associated with a greater chance of being overweight, generally obese, and abdominally obese among adolescents (odds ratio [OR] = 1.98; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.00-3.14, ptrend = 0.04 and OR = 2.10; 95% CI, 1.01-3.13, ptrend = 0.04, respectively). Frequency of snack intake was inversely related to overweight, general obesity, and abdominal obesity (OR = 3.23; 95% CI, 1.73-5.61, ptrend = 0.03 and OR = 1.84; 95% CI, 1.05-3.20, ptrend = 0.04, respectively). Healthy snack score in combination with frequency of snacking showed that those in the lowest tertile of snacking who consumed snacks less than 4 times/day had the highest risk of obesity compared to other categories (OR = 2.09, 95% CI, 1.11-3.20, p < 0.001). CONCLUSION More frequent consumption of healthy snacks is associated with decreased prevalence of overweight, general obesity, and abdominal obesity in adolescents. Further studies, in particular of a prospective nature, are required to examine this association in other populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Azadbakht
- a Food Security Research Center (L.A., M.H., A.E.).,b Department of Community Nutrition (L.A., M.H., A.E).,d Isfahan University of Medical Sciences , Isfahan , IRAN
| | - Maryam Hajishafiee
- a Food Security Research Center (L.A., M.H., A.E.).,b Department of Community Nutrition (L.A., M.H., A.E).,d Isfahan University of Medical Sciences , Isfahan , IRAN
| | - Jafar Golshahi
- c Isfahan Cardiovascular Research Center, Cardiovascular Research Institute and Department of Cardiology, School of Medicine (J.G.).,d Isfahan University of Medical Sciences , Isfahan , IRAN
| | - Ahmad Esmaillzadeh
- a Food Security Research Center (L.A., M.H., A.E.).,b Department of Community Nutrition (L.A., M.H., A.E).,d Isfahan University of Medical Sciences , Isfahan , IRAN
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Davison KK, Blake CE, Blaine RE, Younginer NA, Orloski A, Hamtil HA, Ganter C, Bruton YP, Vaughn AE, Fisher JO. Parenting around child snacking: development of a theoretically-guided, empirically informed conceptual model. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2015; 12:109. [PMID: 26377320 PMCID: PMC4573676 DOI: 10.1186/s12966-015-0268-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2015] [Accepted: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Snacking contributes to excessive energy intakes in children. Yet factors shaping child snacking are virtually unstudied. This study examines food parenting practices specific to child snacking among low-income caregivers. METHODS Semi-structured interviews were conducted in English or Spanish with 60 low-income caregivers of preschool-aged children (18 non-Hispanic white, 22 African American/Black, 20 Hispanic; 92% mothers). A structured interview guide was used to solicit caregivers' definitions of snacking and strategies they use to decide what, when and how much snack their child eats. Interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed verbatim and analyzed using an iterative theory-based and grounded approach. A conceptual model of food parenting specific to child snacking was developed to summarize the findings and inform future research. RESULTS Caregivers' descriptions of food parenting practices specific to child snacking were consistent with previous models of food parenting developed based on expert opinion [1, 2]. A few noteworthy differences however emerged. More than half of participants mentioned permissive feeding approaches (e.g., my child is the boss when it comes to snacks). As a result, permissive feeding was included as a higher order feeding dimension in the resulting model. In addition, a number of novel feeding approaches specific to child snacking emerged including child-centered provision of snacks (i.e., responding to a child's hunger cues when making decisions about snacks), parent unilateral decision making (i.e., making decisions about a child's snacks without any input from the child), and excessive monitoring of snacks (i.e., monitoring all snacks provided to and consumed by the child). The resulting conceptual model includes four higher order feeding dimensions including autonomy support, coercive control, structure and permissiveness and 20 sub-dimensions. CONCLUSIONS This study formulates a language around food parenting practices specific to child snacking, identifies dominant constructs, and proposes a conceptual framework to guide future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten K Davison
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 665 Huntington Ave, Boston, MA, 02445, USA.
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 665 Huntington Ave, Boston, MA, 02445, USA.
| | - Christine E Blake
- Department of Health Promotion, Education and Behavior, University of South Carolina, 915 Greene Street, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
| | - Rachel E Blaine
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 665 Huntington Ave, Boston, MA, 02445, USA
- Department of Family and Consumer Sciences, California State University, Long Beach, , 1250 Bellflower Blvd, Long Beach, CA, 90840-0501, USA
| | - Nicholas A Younginer
- Department of Health Promotion, Education and Behavior, University of South Carolina, 915 Greene Street, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
| | - Alexandria Orloski
- Center for Obesity Research and Education, Temple University, 3323 N Broad St, Suite 175, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Heather A Hamtil
- Center for Obesity Research and Education, Temple University, 3323 N Broad St, Suite 175, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Claudia Ganter
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 665 Huntington Ave, Boston, MA, 02445, USA
| | - Yasmeen P Bruton
- Center for Obesity Research and Education, Temple University, 3323 N Broad St, Suite 175, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Amber E Vaughn
- Center for Health Promotion and Disease Prevention, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 1700 Martin L. King Jr. Blvd, CB 7426, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-7426, USA
| | - Jennifer O Fisher
- Center for Obesity Research and Education, Temple University, 3323 N Broad St, Suite 175, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
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Abstract
Unhealthy dietary behaviours may contribute to obesity along with energy imbalance. Both positive and null associations of snacking and BMI have been reported, but the association between snacking and total adiposity or pattern of fat deposition remains unevaluated. The objective of this study was to investigate the associations between snacking frequency and detailed adiposity measurements. A total of 10 092 adults residing in Cambridgeshire, England, self-completed eating pattern snacking frequency, FFQ and physical activity questionnaires. Measurements included anthropometry, body composition using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry scan and ultrasound and assessment of physical activity energy expenditure using heart rate and movement sensing. Linear regression analyses were conducted adjusted for age, socio-demographics, dietary quality, energy intake, PAEE and screen time by sex and BMI status. Among normal-weight individuals (BMI<25 kg/m2), each additional snack was inversely associated with obesity measures: lower total body fat in men and women (−0·41 (95 % CI −0·74, −0·07) %, −0·41 (−0·67, −0·15) %, respectively) and waist circumference (−0·52 (−0·90, −0·14) cm) in men. In contrast, among the overweight/obese (BMI≥25 kg/m2), there were positive associations: higher waist circumference (0·80 (0·34, 0·28) cm) and subcutaneous fat (0·06 (0·01, 0·110) cm) in women and waist circumference (0·37 (0·00, 0·73) cm) in men. Comparing intakes of snack-type foods showed that participants with BMI≥25 kg/m2 had higher intakes of crisps, sweets, chocolates and ice-creams and lower intakes of yoghurt and nuts compared with normal-weight participants. Adjusting for these foods in a model that included a BMI–snacking interaction term attenuated all the associations to null. Snacking frequency may be associated with higher or lower adiposity, with the direction of association being differential by BMI status and dependent on snack food choice. Improving snack choices could contribute to anti-obesity public health interventions.
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Abstract
PURPOSE To describe the effects of number of eating occasions and snacks on dietary quality (DQ), defined as adherence to dietary recommendations. METHODS A sample of 884 adolescents (11-18 years) in the UK National Diet and Nutrition Survey (NDNS) were included. The Diet Quality Index for Adolescents (DQI-A) was implemented. The total number of eating occasions and snacks was frequency of food or beverages consumed over 24 h and frequency of foods or beverages consumed outside of the three mealtimes, respectively. Results were generated with and without low-energy food under 210 kJ (50 kcal). Regression models were generated with DQ score as the outcome variable and number of eating occasions and snacks as predictors. RESULTS The mean (95 % CI) DQ score was 31.1 % (30.2, 32.0). The mean number of eating occasions and snacks was 7.5 (7.3, 7.7) and 2.6 (2.6, 2.7) times/day, respectively. When low-energy events were excluded, the mean number of eating occasions and snacks reduced to 6.2 (6.1, 6.4) and 2.0 (2.0, 2.1) times/day, respectively. DQ score increased by 0.74 points (0.42, 1.05; p < 0.01) and 0.55 points (-0.08, 0.69; p = 0.17) for total eating occasions and snacks, respectively. When low-energy events were excluded, DQ score increased by 0.30 points (-0.84, 0.69; p = 0.13) for each eating occasion and decreased by 1.20 points (-2.1, -0.3; p < 0.01) for each snack. CONCLUSION Eating more frequently improves dietary quality especially if some eating occasions are low in energy. A focus on replacing high-energy snacks with low-energy alternatives rather than reducing the number of eating occasions may result in improved dietary quality in adolescents.
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