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Wang J, Zhu H, Li H, Xia S, Zhang F, Liu C, Zheng W, Yao W. Metabolic and microbial mechanisms related to the effects of dietary wheat levels on intramuscular fat content in finishing pigs. Meat Sci 2024; 216:109574. [PMID: 38909450 DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2024.109574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024]
Abstract
The current study aimed to investigate the metabolic and microbial mechanisms behind the effects of dietary wheat levels on intramuscular fat (IMF) content in the psoas major muscle (PM) of finishing pigs. Thirty-six barrows were arbitrarily assigned to two groups and fed with diets containing 25% or 55% wheat. Enhancing dietary wheat levels led to low energy states, resulting in reduced IMF content. This coincided with reduced serum glucose and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels. The AMP-activated protein kinase α2/sirtuin 1/peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator 1α pathway may be activated by high-wheat diets, causing downregulation of adipogenesis and lipogenesis genes, and upregulation of lipolysis and gluconeogenesis genes. High-wheat diets decreased relative abundance of Lactobacillus and Coprococcus, whereas increased SMB53 proportion, subsequently decreasing colonic propionate content. Microbial glycolysis/gluconeogenesis, d-glutamine and D-glutamate metabolism, flagellar assembly, and caprolactam degradation were linked to IMF content. Metabolomic analysis indicated that enhancing dietary wheat levels promoted the protein digestion and absorption and affected amino acids and lipid metabolism. Enhancing dietary wheat levels reduced serum glucose and colonic propionate content, coupled with strengthened amino acid metabolism, contributing to the low energy states. Furthermore, alterations in microbial composition and propionate resulted from high-wheat diets were associated with primary bile acid biosynthesis, arachidonic acid metabolism, steroid hormone biosynthesis, and biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids, as well as IMF content. Colonic microbiota played a role in reducing IMF content through modulating the propionate-mediated peroxisome proliferators-activated receptor signaling pathway. In conclusion, body energy and gut microbiota balance collectively influenced lipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiguang Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - He Zhu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Haojie Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Shuangshuang Xia
- Anyou Biotechnology Group Co., Ltd, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215400, China
| | - Fang Zhang
- Anyou Biotechnology Group Co., Ltd, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215400, China
| | - Chunxue Liu
- Anyou Biotechnology Group Co., Ltd, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215400, China
| | - Weijiang Zheng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Wen Yao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China; Key Lab of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China.
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Li Z, Li Y, Zhao Y, Wang G, Liu R, Li Y, Aftab Q, Sun Z, Zhong Q. Effects of the kinetic pattern of dietary glucose release on nitrogen utilization, the portal amino acid profile, and nutrient transporter expression in intestinal enterocytes in piglets. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2024; 15:49. [PMID: 38500230 PMCID: PMC10946174 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-024-01000-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Promoting the synchronization of glucose and amino acid release in the digestive tract of pigs could effectively improve dietary nitrogen utilization. The rational allocation of dietary starch sources and the exploration of appropriate dietary glucose release kinetics may promote the dynamic balance of dietary glucose and amino acid supplies. However, research on the effects of diets with different glucose release kinetic profiles on amino acid absorption and portal amino acid appearance in piglets is limited. This study aimed to investigate the effects of the kinetic pattern of dietary glucose release on nitrogen utilization, the portal amino acid profile, and nutrient transporter expression in intestinal enterocytes in piglets. METHODS Sixty-four barrows (15.00 ± 1.12 kg) were randomly allotted to 4 groups and fed diets formulated with starch from corn, corn/barley, corn/sorghum, or corn/cassava combinations (diets were coded A, B, C, or D respectively). Protein retention, the concentrations of portal amino acid and glucose, and the relative expression of amino acid and glucose transporter mRNAs were investigated. In vitro digestion was used to compare the dietary glucose release profiles. RESULTS Four piglet diets with different glucose release kinetics were constructed by adjusting starch sources. The in vivo appearance dynamics of portal glucose were consistent with those of in vitro dietary glucose release kinetics. Total nitrogen excretion was reduced in the piglets in group B, while apparent nitrogen digestibility and nitrogen retention increased (P < 0.05). Regardless of the time (2 h or 4 h after morning feeding), the portal total free amino acids content and contents of some individual amino acids (Thr, Glu, Gly, Ala, and Ile) of the piglets in group B were significantly higher than those in groups A, C, and D (P < 0.05). Cluster analysis showed that different glucose release kinetic patterns resulted in different portal amino acid patterns in piglets, which decreased gradually with the extension of feeding time. The portal His/Phe, Pro/Glu, Leu/Val, Lys/Met, Tyr/Ile and Ala/Gly appeared higher similarity among the diet treatments. In the anterior jejunum, the glucose transporter SGLT1 was significantly positively correlated with the amino acid transporters B0AT1, EAAC1, and CAT1. CONCLUSIONS Rational allocation of starch resources could regulate dietary glucose release kinetics. In the present study, group B (corn/barley) diet exhibited a better glucose release kinetic pattern than the other groups, which could affect the portal amino acid contents and patterns by regulating the expression of amino acid transporters in the small intestine, thereby promoting nitrogen deposition in the body, and improving the utilization efficiency of dietary nitrogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zexi Li
- Jilin Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Key Lab of Animal Production, Product Quality and Security, Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, 2888 Xincheng Street, Changchun City, Jilin Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunfei Li
- Jilin Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Key Lab of Animal Production, Product Quality and Security, Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, 2888 Xincheng Street, Changchun City, Jilin Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yufei Zhao
- Jilin Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Key Lab of Animal Production, Product Quality and Security, Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, 2888 Xincheng Street, Changchun City, Jilin Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Guifu Wang
- Jilin Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Key Lab of Animal Production, Product Quality and Security, Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, 2888 Xincheng Street, Changchun City, Jilin Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Rujie Liu
- Jilin Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Key Lab of Animal Production, Product Quality and Security, Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, 2888 Xincheng Street, Changchun City, Jilin Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yue Li
- Dongfeng County Sika Deer Industry Development Service Center, Dongfeng County, Liaoyuan City, Jilin Province, China
| | - Qamar Aftab
- Jilin Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Key Lab of Animal Production, Product Quality and Security, Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, 2888 Xincheng Street, Changchun City, Jilin Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Zewei Sun
- Jilin Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Key Lab of Animal Production, Product Quality and Security, Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, 2888 Xincheng Street, Changchun City, Jilin Province, People's Republic of China.
| | - Qingzhen Zhong
- Jilin Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Key Lab of Animal Production, Product Quality and Security, Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, 2888 Xincheng Street, Changchun City, Jilin Province, People's Republic of China.
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Khan MZ, Huang B, Kou X, Chen Y, Liang H, Ullah Q, Khan IM, Khan A, Chai W, Wang C. Enhancing bovine immune, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory responses with vitamins, rumen-protected amino acids, and trace minerals to prevent periparturient mastitis. Front Immunol 2024; 14:1290044. [PMID: 38259482 PMCID: PMC10800369 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1290044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Mastitis, the inflammatory condition of mammary glands, has been closely associated with immune suppression and imbalances between antioxidants and free radicals in cattle. During the periparturient period, dairy cows experience negative energy balance (NEB) due to metabolic stress, leading to elevated oxidative stress and compromised immunity. The resulting abnormal regulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS), along with increased non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) and β-hydroxybutyric acid (BHBA) are the key factors associated with suppressed immunity thereby increases susceptibility of dairy cattle to infections, including mastitis. Metabolic diseases such as ketosis and hypocalcemia indirectly contribute to mastitis vulnerability, exacerbated by compromised immune function and exposure to physical injuries. Oxidative stress, arising from disrupted balance between ROS generation and antioxidant availability during pregnancy and calving, further contributes to mastitis susceptibility. Metabolic stress, marked by excessive lipid mobilization, exacerbates immune depression and oxidative stress. These factors collectively compromise animal health, productive efficiency, and udder health during periparturient phases. Numerous studies have investigated nutrition-based strategies to counter these challenges. Specifically, amino acids, trace minerals, and vitamins have emerged as crucial contributors to udder health. This review comprehensively examines their roles in promoting udder health during the periparturient phase. Trace minerals like copper, selenium, and calcium, as well as vitamins; have demonstrated significant impacts on immune regulation and antioxidant defense. Vitamin B12 and vitamin E have shown promise in improving metabolic function and reducing oxidative stress followed by enhanced immunity. Additionally, amino acids play a pivotal role in maintaining cellular oxidative balance through their involvement in vital biosynthesis pathways. In conclusion, addressing periparturient mastitis requires a holistic understanding of the interplay between metabolic stress, immune regulation, and oxidative balance. The supplementation of essential amino acids, trace minerals, and vitamins emerges as a promising avenue to enhance udder health and overall productivity during this critical phase. This comprehensive review underscores the potential of nutritional interventions in mitigating periparturient bovine mastitis and lays the foundation for future research in this domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Zahoor Khan
- Liaocheng Research Institute of Donkey High-efficiency Breeding and Ecological Feeding, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, China
| | - Bingjian Huang
- Liaocheng Research Institute of Donkey High-efficiency Breeding and Ecological Feeding, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, China
- College of Life Sciences, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, China
| | - Xiyan Kou
- Liaocheng Research Institute of Donkey High-efficiency Breeding and Ecological Feeding, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, China
| | - Yinghui Chen
- Liaocheng Research Institute of Donkey High-efficiency Breeding and Ecological Feeding, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, China
| | - Huili Liang
- Liaocheng Research Institute of Donkey High-efficiency Breeding and Ecological Feeding, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, China
| | - Qudrat Ullah
- Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Agriculture, Dera Ismail Khan, Pakistan
| | | | - Adnan Khan
- Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Wenqiong Chai
- Liaocheng Research Institute of Donkey High-efficiency Breeding and Ecological Feeding, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, China
| | - Changfa Wang
- Liaocheng Research Institute of Donkey High-efficiency Breeding and Ecological Feeding, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, China
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Wang C, Chen W, Xu Y, Fu S, Fu J, Huang X, Xiao J, Liu T, Jiang X. Laminaria japonica Polysaccharides Improves the Growth Performance and Faecal Digestive Enzyme Activity of Weaned Piglets. Vet Sci 2023; 11:11. [PMID: 38250917 PMCID: PMC10821088 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci11010011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
The aim of this experiment was to investigate the effect of Laminaria japonica polysaccharide (LJP) supplementation at levels of 100, 200, or 400 mg/kg on the growth performance, faecal digestive enzyme activity, and serum biochemistry and amino acids of weaned piglets. One hundred and twenty weaned piglets (Barkshire × Licha Black, 21 days old, 6.13 ± 0.16 kg) were randomly divided into four groups with five replicates of six piglets in each group based on body weight. Piglets were fed with different levels (0, 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg) of LJP for a 21-day trial. On day 21, faecal and blood samples were collected from one piglet per pen. The results showed that the supplementation of the 200 and 400 mg/kg LJP significantly increased average daily gain (ADG) and average daily feed intake (ADFI) compared to the control group (p = 0.007; p = 0.002), and dietary LJP linearly increased ADG and ADFI (p = 0.002; p < 0.001). In addition, the supplementation of the 200 and 400 mg/kg LJP significantly increased faecal amylase activity (p < 0.001) compared to the control group, and dietary LJP linearly increased faecal amylase and lipase activities (p = 0.001; p = 0.037). Moreover, dietary LJP at 400 mg/kg increased serum histidine content compared to the other groups (p = 0.002), and dietary LJP linearly increased the contents of serum histidine and asparagine in piglets (p < 0.001; p = 0.046). In conclusion, supplementation of 200 and 400 mg/kg LJP could enhance growth performance and faecal digestive enzyme activity and modulate the serum amino acid content of weaned piglets, potentially contributing to the health of weaned piglets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengwei Wang
- College of Life Science, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang 330013, China; (Y.X.); (S.F.); (J.F.)
| | - Wenning Chen
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China;
| | - Yun Xu
- College of Life Science, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang 330013, China; (Y.X.); (S.F.); (J.F.)
| | - Shaomeng Fu
- College of Life Science, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang 330013, China; (Y.X.); (S.F.); (J.F.)
| | - Jiamin Fu
- College of Life Science, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang 330013, China; (Y.X.); (S.F.); (J.F.)
| | - Xiaohong Huang
- Jiangxi Biotech Vocational College, Nanchang 330200, China;
| | - Junfeng Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Swine Nutrition and Feed Science of Fujian Province, Aonong Group, Zhangzhou 363000, China;
| | - Tao Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1065, USA;
| | - Xianren Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China;
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Bikker P, Jansman AJM. Review: Composition and utilisation of feed by monogastric animals in the context of circular food production systems. Animal 2023; 17 Suppl 3:100892. [PMID: 37479667 DOI: 10.1016/j.animal.2023.100892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Food production has a major impact on environmental emissions, climate change and land-use. To reduce this impact, the circularity of future food production systems is expected to become increasingly important. In a circular food system, crop land is primarily used for plant-based food production, while low-opportunity cost feed materials (LCF), i.e. crop residues, co-products of the food industry, grass from marginal land and food waste form the basis of future, animal feeds. Animal diets thus contain much less cereals and soybean meal and include a higher proportion of diverse co-products, residues and novel human-inedible ingredients. These diets are characterised by a lower starch content, and a higher content of fibre, protein, fat, and phytate compared to present diets. In this review, possible consequences of the development towards a more circular food system for the type, volume and nutritional characteristics of feed materials and complete feeds are addressed and related research questions in the area of animal nutrition, physiology and metabolism are discussed. Additional attention is given to possible effects on intestinal health and gut functionality and to (bio)technological processing of LCF to improve their suitability for feeding farm animals, with a focus on the effects in pigs and poultry. It is concluded that an increased use of LCF may limit the use of presently used criteria for the efficiency of animal production and nutrient utilisation. Development of characteristics that reflect the efficacy and efficiency of the net contribution of animal production in a circular food system is required. Animal scientists can have an important role in the development of more circular food production systems by focussing on the optimal use of LCF in animal diets for the production of animal-source food, while minimising the use of human-edible food in animal feed.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Bikker
- Wageningen Livestock Research, Wageningen University & Research, PO Box 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, the Netherlands.
| | - A J M Jansman
- Wageningen Livestock Research, Wageningen University & Research, PO Box 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, the Netherlands
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Luo C, Chen Y, Yin D, Yuan J. Effects of Different Dietary Starch Sources and Digestible Lysine Levels on Carcass Traits, Serum Metabolites, Liver Lipid and Breast Muscle Protein Metabolism in Broiler Chickens. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2104. [PMID: 37443902 DOI: 10.3390/ani13132104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of digestible lysine (dLys) in different dietary starch sources on liver lipid metabolism and breast muscle protein metabolism in broiler chickens. The experimental design was a 3 × 3 two-factor completely randomized design. A total of 702 one-day-old male Arbor Acres Plus broilers were randomly divided into nine treatments of six replicate cages with thirteen birds each. The treatments consisted of three different starch sources (corn, cassava and waxy corn) with three different dLys levels (1.08%, 1.20% and 1.32%). The trial lasted from 1 to 21 days. Carcass traits, serum metabolites, breast muscle protein and liver lipid metabolism were evaluated. A significant interaction effect (p < 0.05) for dietary starch sources and dLys levels was noted in the percentage of abdominal fat and gene expression related to breast muscle protein metabolism throughout the experimental period. The waxy corn starch diet and a 1.08% dLys level in the diet increased both the percentage of abdominal fat (p < 0.01) and blood total cholesterol (p < 0.05) in the broilers. The waxy corn starch diet significantly upregulated the mRNA expressions of Eif4E, AMPK, FABP1, ACC and CPT1 (p < 0.05). The 1.32% dLys level significantly upregulated the mRNA expressions of mTOR, S6K1, Eif4E, AMPK and PPARα (p < 0.05) and significantly downregulated the mRNA expressions of MuRF and Atrogin-1 (p < 0.05). In summary, the waxy corn starch diet resulted in significantly higher expression levels of fat-synthesis-related genes than lipolysis-related genes, leading to abdominal fat deposition in broilers. Increasing the level of dLys in the diet increased the protein content in muscle by promoting protein synthesis and inhibiting protein degradation and also promoted the expression of lipolysis-related genes, thereby degrading the generation of abdominal fat in broilers. Our findings signify that increasing the dLys level to 1.32% when using the waxy corn starch diet could improve carcass traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caiwei Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yanhong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Dafei Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
- College of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Jianmin Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
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Khan MZ, Liu S, Ma Y, Ma M, Ullah Q, Khan IM, Wang J, Xiao J, Chen T, Khan A, Cao Z. Overview of the effect of rumen-protected limiting amino acids (methionine and lysine) and choline on the immunity, antioxidative, and inflammatory status of periparturient ruminants. Front Immunol 2023; 13:1042895. [PMID: 36713436 PMCID: PMC9878850 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1042895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is a well-known phenomenon experienced by ruminants, especially during the transition from late gestation to successful lactation. This overproduction of ROS may lead to oxidative stress (OS), which compromises the immune and anti-inflammatory systems of animals, thus predisposing them to health issues. Besides, during the periparturient period, metabolic stress is developed due to a negative energy balance, which is followed by excessive fat mobilization and poor production performance. Excessive lipolysis causes immune suppression, abnormal regulation of inflammation, and enhanced oxidative stress. Indeed, OS plays a key role in regulating the metabolic activity of various organs and the productivity of farm animals. For example, rapid fetal growth and the production of large amounts of colostrum and milk, as well as an increase in both maternal and fetal metabolism, result in increased ROS production and an increased need for micronutrients, including antioxidants, during the last trimester of pregnancy and at the start of lactation. Oxidative stress is generally neutralized by the natural antioxidant system in the body. However, in some special phases, such as the periparturient period, the animal's natural antioxidant system is unable to cope with the situation. The effect of rumen-protected limiting amino acids and choline on the regulation of immunity, antioxidative, and anti-inflammatory status and milk production performance, has been widely studied in ruminants. Thus, in the current review, we gathered and interpreted the data on this topic, especially during the perinatal and lactational stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Zahoor Khan
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Beijing Engineering Technology Research Center of Raw Milk Quality and Safety Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China,Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, the University of Agriculture, Dera Ismail Khan, Pakistan
| | - Shuai Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Beijing Engineering Technology Research Center of Raw Milk Quality and Safety Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yulin Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Beijing Engineering Technology Research Center of Raw Milk Quality and Safety Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Mei Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Beijing Engineering Technology Research Center of Raw Milk Quality and Safety Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Qudrat Ullah
- Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, the University of Agriculture, Dera Ismail Khan, Pakistan
| | - Ibrar Muhammad Khan
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Embryo Development and Reproduction Regulation, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Environmental Hormone and Reproduction, School of Biological and Food Engineering, Fuyang Normal University, Fuyang, China
| | - Jingjun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Beijing Engineering Technology Research Center of Raw Milk Quality and Safety Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jianxin Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Beijing Engineering Technology Research Center of Raw Milk Quality and Safety Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Tianyu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Beijing Engineering Technology Research Center of Raw Milk Quality and Safety Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Adnan Khan
- Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhijun Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Beijing Engineering Technology Research Center of Raw Milk Quality and Safety Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China,*Correspondence: Zhijun Cao,
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Telles FG, Saleh MAD, de Paula VRC, Alvarenga PVA, Leonel M, Araújo LF, Ruiz UDS, Berto DA, Tse MLP. Pig diets formulated with different sources of starch based in vitro kinetics of starch digestion. Livest Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2022.105149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Zhou J, Tu J, Wang L, Yang L, Yang G, Zhao S, Zeng X, Qiao S. Free Amino Acid-Enriched Diets Containing Rapidly but Not Slowly Digested Carbohydrate Promote Amino Acid Absorption from Intestine and Net Fluxes across Skeletal Muscle of Pigs. J Nutr 2022; 152:2471-2482. [PMID: 36774113 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxac165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 05/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The approach to matching appropriate carbohydrates alongside free amino acids to achieve optimal muscle growth remains unclear. OBJECTIVES We investigated whether the consumption of a diet containing rapidly digested carbohydrate and free amino acids can enhance intestinal absorption and muscular uptake of amino acids in pigs. METHOD Twelve barrows (28 kg; 11 wk old) with catheters installed in the portal vein, mesenteric vein, femoral artery, and femoral vein were randomly assigned to consume 1 of 2 free amino acid-enriched diets (3.34%) containing rapidly [waxy corn starch (WCS)] or slowly [pea starch (PS)] digested carbohydrate for 27 d. Blood was collected to determine the fluxes of plasma glucose and amino acids across the portal vein and the hindlimb muscle. Dietary in vitro carbohydrate digestive rates were also determined. Data were analyzed using repeated-measures (time × group) ANOVA. RESULTS Carbohydrate in vitro cumulative digestibility at 30 and 240 min was 69.00% and 95.25% for WCS and 23.25% and 81.15% for PS, respectively. The animal experiment presented WCS increased individual amino acids (lysine, 0.67 compared with 0.53 mmol/min; threonine, 0.40 compared with 0.29 mmol/min; isoleucine, 0.33 compared with 0.22 mmol/min; glutamate, 0.51 compared with 0.35 mmol/min; and proline, 0.51 compared with 0.27 mmol/min), essential amino acid (EAA; 3.26 compared with 2.65 mmol/min), and branched-chain amino acid (BCAA; 0.86 compared with 0.65 mmol/min) fluxes across the portal vein during 8 h postprandial, as well as individual amino acids (isoleucine, 0.08 compared with 0.02 mmol/min; leucine, 0.06 compared with 0.02 mmol/min; and glutamine, 0.44 compared with 0.25 mmol/min), EAA (0.50 compared with 0.21 mmol/min), and BCAA (0.17 compared with 0.06 mmol/min) net fluxes across the hindlimb muscle during 8 h postprandial compared with PS (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS A diet containing rapidly digested carbohydrate and free amino acids can promote intestinal absorption and net fluxes across hindlimb muscle of amino acids in pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junyan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture Feed Industry Centre, China Agricultural University, Beijing, PR China; Beijing Bio-feed additives Key Laboratory, Beijing, PR China
| | - Jiayu Tu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture Feed Industry Centre, China Agricultural University, Beijing, PR China; Beijing Bio-feed additives Key Laboratory, Beijing, PR China
| | - Lu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture Feed Industry Centre, China Agricultural University, Beijing, PR China; Beijing Bio-feed additives Key Laboratory, Beijing, PR China
| | - Lijie Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture Feed Industry Centre, China Agricultural University, Beijing, PR China; Beijing Bio-feed additives Key Laboratory, Beijing, PR China
| | - Guangxin Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture Feed Industry Centre, China Agricultural University, Beijing, PR China; Beijing Bio-feed additives Key Laboratory, Beijing, PR China
| | - Shengjun Zhao
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Xiangfang Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture Feed Industry Centre, China Agricultural University, Beijing, PR China; Beijing Bio-feed additives Key Laboratory, Beijing, PR China
| | - Shiyan Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture Feed Industry Centre, China Agricultural University, Beijing, PR China; Beijing Bio-feed additives Key Laboratory, Beijing, PR China.
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Effects of Dietary Amylose-Amylopectin Ratio on Growth Performance and Intestinal Digestive and Absorptive Function in Weaned Piglet Response to Lipopolysaccharide. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12141833. [PMID: 35883380 PMCID: PMC9311517 DOI: 10.3390/ani12141833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of diet with different amylose−amylopectin ratios (AAR) on the growth performance, intestinal morphology, digestive enzyme activities and mRNA expression of nutrients transporters in piglets with short-term lipopolysaccharide (LPS) intraperitoneal injections. Sixty 21 days-old piglets (Landrace × Yorkshire; 6.504 ± 0.079) were randomly assigned based on their body weight (BW) and litters of origins to five groups with experimental diets with an AAR of 0.00, 0.20, 0.40, 0.60, or 0.80 (namely, the 0.00, 0.20, 0.40, and 0.80 groups), respectively. Each treatment included 12 piglets (one piglet per pen). This experiment lasted for 28 days. On the 28th day, six piglets in each treatment were randomly selected for an LPS intraperitoneal injection (100 μg/kg BW), and other piglets were injected with normal saline. Twelve hours after LPS injection, all piglets were sacrificed to collect small intestinal mucosa for analysis. Although different AAR did not influence the final BW in piglets, the piglets in the 0.40 group represented the poorest feed-to-gain ratio (F/G) in the first, second and fourth week (p < 0.05) and the lowest average daily gain (ADG) in the fourth week (p < 0.05) compared with other groups. In terms of the small intestinal morphology, piglets in the 0.20 and 0.60 groups showed better ileal villous width (p < 0.05). Piglets in the 0.60 group presented greater activities of jejunal maltase, sucrase and alkaline phosphatase (p < 0.05) than those of 0.20 and 0.40. However, a low amylose diet increased the mRNA expression of jejunal glucose and amino acid transporters (p < 0.05). In addition, compared to saline injection, the LPS challenge significantly lessened jejunal digestive enzyme activities (p < 0.01) and, ileal villous width and downregulated the gene expression of glucose and amino acid transporters (p < 0.05) in piglets. Interestingly, certain diet -LPS interactions on duodenal VH/CD, jejunal maltase activity (p < 0.05) and the expression of glucose transporters (p < 0.05) were observed. Taken together, in terms of small intestinal digestion and absorption capacity, these results demonstrated that a diet with an AAR of 0.60 diets could improve the intestinal digestive and absorptive capability by affecting small intestinal morphology, digestive enzymes, and nutrients absorptions in piglets. In addition, the diets containing an AAR of 0.40−0.60 were more likely to resist the damage of LPS stress to intestinal morphology and nutrient absorption.
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Zhou J, Wang L, Yang G, Yang L, Zeng X, Qiao S. Pea starch increases the dry matter flow at the distal ileum and reduces the amino acids digestibility in ileal digesta collected after 4 hours postprandial of pigs fed low-protein diets. Anim Biosci 2022; 35:1021-1029. [PMID: 34991224 PMCID: PMC9271377 DOI: 10.5713/ab.21.0354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The study was aimed to investigate the rules of postprandial changes in intestine digesta dry matter (DM) flow and amino acid digestibility of growing pigs fed low-protein (LP) diets made of different starch. Methods Eight barrows (28.8±2.1 kg) with a T-cannula at the distal ileum were randomly allotted to an 8×3 Youden square design. Treatments included: waxy corn starch LP (WLP); corn starch LP (CLP) and pea starch LP (PLP). Diets were given at 08:00 and 20:00. Digesta samples were collected in six 2-h stages from 08:00 to 20:00. Results The Cr concentrations of ileal digesta increased and then decreased in WLP and CLP, while increased continuously in PLP as time passed after postprandial (p<0.05). Higher average Cr concentrations (0.78% and 0.84% vs 0.70%; p<0.05) and lower average DM flow (181.1 g/kg and 166.3 g/kg vs 240.3 g/kg; p<0.001) were observed in WLP and CLP, compared with PLP. The apparent ileal digestibility coefficient of most amino acids in WLP and CLP increased compared with that in PLP. No difference in lysine or methionine digestibility was observed. When digesta were collected in 2-h periods, the apparent ileal digestibility coefficient of amino acids did not change over time. When digesta was collected in 4-h periods from 16:00 to 20:00 and 6-h periods from 14:00 to 20:00 (p<0.05), WLP and CLP showed markedly higher amino acid digestibility than PLP Conclusion High-amylose slowly digested starch can increase the DM flow at the distal ileum and reduce the apparent ileal digestibility coefficient of amino acids of pigs fed LP diets. Compared with waxy corn starch and corn starch, pea starch reduced the digestibility of amino acids in digesta collected after 4 h postprandial.
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12
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Zhou J, Wang L, Yang L, Yang G, Zeng X, Qiao S. Different dietary starch patterns in low-protein diets: effect on nitrogen efficiency, nutrient metabolism, and intestinal flora in growing pigs. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2022; 13:78. [PMID: 35659366 PMCID: PMC9167541 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-022-00704-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Protein releases amino acids faster than starch releases glucose in digestive tract of pigs fed low-protein (LP) diets. Poor synchronization of dietary glucose and amino acids supply leads to compromised nitrogen efficiency. Dietary starch patterns modulation may improve this situation. Methods Growing barrows (29.7 ± 2.0 kg) were randomly allotted into 5 dietary treatments with LP diets consisting of different purified starches. Treatments included: waxy corn starch (W LP), corn starch + waxy corn starch (C + W LP), corn starch (C LP), pea starch + waxy corn starch (P + W LP) and pea starch (P LP). In the experiment, growth performance, protein deposition, nutrient metabolism, and fecal microbial community of pigs were investigated. In vitro starch digestion was used for predicting the in vivo glucose response. Results Dietary starch in vitro glucose release profile was determined by starch source and the ratio of amylopectin and amylose. C + W LP treatment showed decreased total nitrogen excretion and plasma citrulline concentration and improved plasma leptin concentration among treatments (P < 0.05). Besides, the highest nitrogen apparent biological value, whole-body protein deposition and growth performance and lowest urinary nitrogen excretion were also observed in C + W LP treatment. Compared with the other groups, C + W LP and C LP showed increased plasma pyruvate, IGF-1, and lipase concentrations (P < 0.05). The W LP group presented dramatically increased plasma alanine and urea nitrogen concentration and decreased aldolase and leptin concentrations (P < 0.05). Dietary starch patterns did not make an impact on bacterial richness and diversity, but changed the taxonomic and functional structures of the microbial communities. Microbial protein fermentation product (isobutyrate and isovalerate) presented increased in P LP treatments compared with the other treatments (P < 0.05). Conclusions Dietary starch patterns modulation can regulate dietary glucose release profile, nutrient metabolism, protein turnover, and fecal microbial fermentation in pigs. The optimal dietary glucose release profile effectively strengthened whole-body protein deposition and improve nitrogen efficiency and growth performance in growing pigs fed LP diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junyan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China.,Beijing Bio-feed additives Key Laboratory, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Lu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China.,Beijing Bio-feed additives Key Laboratory, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Lijie Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China.,Beijing Bio-feed additives Key Laboratory, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Guangxin Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China.,Beijing Bio-feed additives Key Laboratory, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangfang Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China.,Beijing Bio-feed additives Key Laboratory, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Shiyan Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China. .,Beijing Bio-feed additives Key Laboratory, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China.
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13
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Yang Z, Xu C, Wang W, Xu X, Yang HM, Wang ZY, Rose P, Pirgozliev V. Dietary amylose and amylopectin ratio changes starch digestion and intestinal microbiota diversity in goslings. Br Poult Sci 2022; 63:691-700. [PMID: 35583929 DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2022.2079398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
1. Research has confirmed that amylopectin (AP) is more easily digested than amylose (AM) because AP polymers have more intramolecular hydrogen bonds and less surface area. Studying the relationship between the amylose:amylopectin (AM:AP) ratio and intestine digestion in goslings can provide useful information for effective utilisation of starch.2. A total of 288 healthy male Jiangnan White Goslings, aged three days old, were randomly allotted to four groups, which included six pen replicates per treatment with 12 goslings per replicate. Four diets were formulated with maize, long-grained rice and glutinous rice as starch sources, with AM:AP ratios of 0.12, 0.23, 0.34, and 0.45. In vitro starch digestion of the four diets was measured, as well as the effect of AM:AP ratio on growth performance, serum amino-acid concentration and intestinal microbiota diversity of goslings.3. In terms of in vitro starch digestion, the increase in dietary AM:AP ratio resulted in a decrease followed by an increase in both rapidly and slowly digestible starch. The glucose release rate at an AM:AP ratio of 0.34 showed a steady upward trend.4. The in vivo study showed that increasing the AM:AP ratio resulted in a quadratic increase in body weight (BW) and average daily feed intake (ADFI; P<0.05). Goslings fed diets with an AM:AP ratio of 0.34 had lower (P<0.05) histidine and valine serum concentrations compared with the other three starch sources. Higher AM was beneficial to jejunal microbial and diversity. The species colonisation level of the jejunum microbiota samples at an AM:AP ratio of 0.34 was higher than that in the other groups.5. The results indicated that diets with an AM:AP ratio of 0.34 improved the growth performance and intestinal microbiota diversity of goslings. This may have been due to the higher level of resistant starch in amylose, which resulted in a slow release of intestinal glucose that acted as a substrate for the microbial species, thus providing conditions that were more conducive to growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Yang
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - C Xu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - W Wang
- Taizhou Zhongnong Model Feed Technology Co., Ltd., Taizhou 225009, China
| | - X Xu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - H M Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Z Y Wang
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China.,College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - P Rose
- The National Institute of Poultry Husbandry, Harper Adams University, Newport TF10 8NB, UK
| | - V Pirgozliev
- The National Institute of Poultry Husbandry, Harper Adams University, Newport TF10 8NB, UK
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Liu L, Lin Y, Lei S, Zhang Y, Zeng H. Synergistic Effects of Lotus Seed Resistant Starch and Sodium Lactate on Hypolipidemic Function and Serum Nontargeted Metabolites in Hyperlipidemic Rats. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:14580-14592. [PMID: 34735157 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c05993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The synergistic effects of lotus seed resistant starch (LRS3) and sodium lactate (SL; a postbiotics of RS3) on hypolipidemic function and serum nontargeted metabolites of hyperlipidemia rats were investegated. Rats fed a high-fat diet were orally administered with LRS3 (HLRS group) or SL (HSL group) either alone or in combination (HLRSSL group) for consecutive 4 weeks. HLRSSL was found to control weight gain, regulate blood lipid levels, reduce accumulation of fat in liver cells, and improve lesions in rat cardiac arteries, liver, small intestine, and colon tissues more effectively compared to HLRS or HSL group alone. Compared to the high-fat control group (HMC), l-phenylalanine and LysoPC(22:6(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)) in serum were upregulated in HLRSSL rats, while aconitic acid and suberic acid were decreased. Correlation analysis showed that SM(d18:0/16:1(9Z)), taurochenodeoxycholic acid, LysoPC(22:6(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)), oleic acid, and retinol were negatively correlated with total cholesterol (TCHO), triglyceride (TG), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and positively correlated with high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C). Moreover, glutamic acid and serine showed a significant positive correlation with LDL-C and negative correlation with HDL-C. These differential metabolites were associated with reducing serum lipid levels in hyperlipidemia rats potentially through metabolic pathways such as linoleic acid, glutamine and glutamate, pyruvate, citric acid cycle, and glycerophospholipid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Liu
- College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou350002, China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Quality Science and Processing Technology in Special Starch, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou350002, China
| | - Yongjie Lin
- College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou350002, China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Quality Science and Processing Technology in Special Starch, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou350002, China
| | - Suzhen Lei
- College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou350002, China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Quality Science and Processing Technology in Special Starch, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou350002, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou350002, China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Quality Science and Processing Technology in Special Starch, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou350002, China
- China-Ireland International Cooperation Centre for Food Material Science and Structure Design, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou350002, China
| | - Hongliang Zeng
- College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou350002, China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Quality Science and Processing Technology in Special Starch, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou350002, China
- China-Ireland International Cooperation Centre for Food Material Science and Structure Design, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou350002, China
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15
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Zhou J, Wang L, Zhou J, Zeng X, Qiao S. Effects of using cassava as an amylopectin source in low protein diets on growth performance, nitrogen efficiency, and postprandial changes in plasma glucose and related hormones concentrations of growing pigs. J Anim Sci 2021; 99:skab332. [PMID: 34850908 PMCID: PMC8722424 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skab332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
This study was aimed to explore the effect of using cassava as an amylopectin source in low protein (LP) diets on growth performance, nitrogen efficiency, and postprandial changes in plasma glucose and related hormones concentrations of growing pigs. Three animal experiments were included in the present study. Treatments included corn-soybean meal LP (Corn LP), corn-cassava-soybean meal LP (Corn + Cassava LP), and cassava-soybean meal LP (Cassava LP). The in vitro digestion proved that Corn + Cassava LP and Cassava LP diets induced more rapid starch digestion and glucose release, compared with Corn LP diet. The results of animal experiments are as follows: Cassava LP diet caused the most rapid changes in plasma glucose and relevant hormones concentrations after a meal. It decreased the concentrations of fasting plasma insulin, glucagon, and leptin concentrations compared with other treatments (P < 0.05). These modulations above led to a strong desire to eat and increased feed intake and then weight gain in growing pigs fed Cassava LP diet. Besides, feeding Cassava LP diet caused diarrhea, increased noxious gas release from feces, and increased concentrations of fecal isobutyrate and isovalerate (P < 0.05). Compared with Corn LP group, Corn + Cassava LP group showed significantly decreased urinary nitrogen (P < 0.05) and improved post-absorptive amino acid utilization efficiency. In conclusion, the use of cassava as an amylopectin source in LP diets could modulate glucose absorption and related gut secreted hormones secretion, subsequently strengthened the desire to eat, improved growth performance, and enhanced nitrogen efficiency in growing pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junyan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China
- Beijing Bio-feed additives Key Laboratory, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Lu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China
- Beijing Bio-feed additives Key Laboratory, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | | | - Xiangfang Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China
- Beijing Bio-feed additives Key Laboratory, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Shiyan Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China
- Beijing Bio-feed additives Key Laboratory, Beijing 100193, PR China
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16
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Aranda-Aguirre E, Robles-Jimenez LE, Osorio-Avalos J, Vargas-Bello-Pérez E, Gonzalez-Ronquillo M. A systematic-review on the role of exogenous enzymes on the productive performance at weaning, growing and finishing in pigs. Vet Anim Sci 2021; 14:100195. [PMID: 34522821 PMCID: PMC8427232 DOI: 10.1016/j.vas.2021.100195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Supplementation of exogenous enzymes in the general diet improves production characteristics in all stages of production. Phytases are the most supplemented enzymes in all productive stages of pigs. The inclusion of Phytases, used in the pig's diet showed an average dry matter digestibility (g/kg) 840.6 ± 25.5 in weaning, 862.5 ± 7.4 in growing and 802.0 ± 1.41 in finishing. The inclusion of xylanases used in the pig's diet showed an average in dry matter digestibility (g/kg) 829.5 ± 7.14 in weaning and 759.1 ± 6.93 in finishing stages.
Supplementing exogenous enzymes in pig diets is an alternative solution to increase dietary energy and fiber digestibility to improve pig production performance at a low production cost and to reduce environmental impact with lower N and P excretions. The production stage, diet composition, enzyme source, amount and number of enzymes added, are factors to consider before using them. A database composed by 227 individual diets, resulting from 43 studies with 48 experimental records were divided in different production stages, with 19 records for weaning, 17 records for growing and 12 records for finishing. A descriptive statistical analysis of the chemical composition of the diets and enzyme doses was carried out. The data with normal distribution were analyzed calculating the mean, the minimum and maximum length, the standard deviation and the coefficient of variation. It was found that combined enzymes are the most widely reported enzyme combination in the supplementation of pigs at all stages of production. Phytases and Mannanases are commonly used at weaning and growing stages. Xylanases and Proteases have been reported to be used in all production stages. However, the highest yielding enzymes at weaning, growing and finishing stages were Phytases and Mannanases. Dietary supplementation of exogenous enzymes improves production characteristics at all stages of production. However, an improvement in growth performance and nutrient digestibility is not always observed. Future studies should focus on the interaction between production stages, composition of the diet, origin of the enzyme and the amount and number of enzymes added.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edgar Aranda-Aguirre
- Departamento de Nutrición Animal, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Instituto Literario 100 Ote. Toluca, Estado de México. 50000. Mexico
| | - Lizbeth E Robles-Jimenez
- Departamento de Nutrición Animal, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Instituto Literario 100 Ote. Toluca, Estado de México. 50000. Mexico
| | - Jorge Osorio-Avalos
- Departamento de Nutrición Animal, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Instituto Literario 100 Ote. Toluca, Estado de México. 50000. Mexico
| | - Einar Vargas-Bello-Pérez
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Grønnegårdsvej 3, DK-1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Manuel Gonzalez-Ronquillo
- Departamento de Nutrición Animal, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Instituto Literario 100 Ote. Toluca, Estado de México. 50000. Mexico
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17
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Macelline SP, Chrystal PV, Liu SY, Selle PH. The Dynamic Conversion of Dietary Protein and Amino Acids into Chicken-Meat Protein. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:2288. [PMID: 34438749 PMCID: PMC8388418 DOI: 10.3390/ani11082288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
This review considers the conversion of dietary protein and amino acids into chicken-meat protein and seeks to identify strategies whereby this transition may be enhanced. Viable alternatives to soybean meal would be advantageous but the increasing availability of non-bound amino acids is providing the opportunity to develop reduced-crude protein (CP) diets, to promote the sustainability of the chicken-meat industry and is the focus of this review. Digestion of protein and intestinal uptakes of amino acids is critical to broiler growth performance. However, the transition of amino acids across enterocytes of the gut mucosa is complicated by their entry into either anabolic or catabolic pathways, which reduces their post-enteral availability. Both amino acids and glucose are catabolised in enterocytes to meet the energy needs of the gut. Therefore, starch and protein digestive dynamics and the possible manipulation of this 'catabolic ratio' assume importance. Finally, net deposition of protein in skeletal muscle is governed by the synchronised availability of amino acids and glucose at sites of protein deposition. There is a real need for more fundamental and applied research targeting areas where our knowledge is lacking relative to other animal species to enhance the conversion of dietary protein and amino acids into chicken-meat protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shemil P. Macelline
- Poultry Research Foundation, Department of Animal Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, NSW 2570, Australia; (S.P.M.); (P.V.C.); (S.Y.L.)
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, NSW 2570, Australia
| | - Peter V. Chrystal
- Poultry Research Foundation, Department of Animal Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, NSW 2570, Australia; (S.P.M.); (P.V.C.); (S.Y.L.)
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, NSW 2570, Australia
| | - Sonia Y. Liu
- Poultry Research Foundation, Department of Animal Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, NSW 2570, Australia; (S.P.M.); (P.V.C.); (S.Y.L.)
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, NSW 2570, Australia
| | - Peter H. Selle
- Poultry Research Foundation, Department of Animal Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, NSW 2570, Australia; (S.P.M.); (P.V.C.); (S.Y.L.)
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, NSW 2570, Australia
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18
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Zeng Y, Wang Z, Zou T, Chen J, Li G, Zheng L, Li S, You J. Bacteriophage as an Alternative to Antibiotics Promotes Growth Performance by Regulating Intestinal Inflammation, Intestinal Barrier Function and Gut Microbiota in Weaned Piglets. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:623899. [PMID: 33585620 PMCID: PMC7874526 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.623899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the effects of dietary bacteriophage supplementation on growth performance, intestinal morphology, barrier function, and intestinal microbiota of weaned piglets fed antibiotic-free diet. A total of 120 weaned piglets were allotted to four dietary treatments with five pens/treatment and six piglets/pen in a 21-d feeding trial. The control diet was supplemented with 25 mg/kg quinocetone and 11.25 mg/kg aureomycin in the basal diet, while the three treatment diets were supplemented with 200, 400, or 600 mg/kg bacteriophage in the basal diet, respectively. There was no difference for growth performance and all measured indices of serum and intestinal tissues between 200 mg/kg bacteriophage group and the control group with antibiotics (P > 0.05). More importantly, compared with the control diet, dietary 400 mg/kg bacteriophage inclusion increased average daily gain and average daily feed intake, and decreased feed/gain ratio and diarrhea incidence of weaned piglets (P < 0.05). Also, piglets fed 400 mg/kg bacteriophage had elevated villi height (VH) in jejunum and ileum, reduced crypt depth (CD) in jejunum and ileum, and elevated VH/CD ratio in duodenum, jejunum and ileum (P < 0.05). Compared to the control group, piglets fed 400 mg/kg bacteriophage had lower interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and higher interleukin-10 (IL-10) concentration in serum, and higher secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA), intestinal trefoil factor (ITF), and tumor growth factor-alpha (TGF-α) content in the ileal mucosa (P < 0.05). Besides, dietary addition with 400 mg/kg bacteriophage decreased the D-lactate concentration and diamine oxidase (DAO) activity in serum, and increased the relative mRNA expression of ZO-1, Claudin-1, Occludin, TLR2, TLR4, and TLR9, as well as the relative protein expression of Occludin in the jejunum (P < 0.05). However, the growth performance and all analyzed parameters in serum and intestinal tissues were not further improved when piglets fed 600 vs. 400 mg/kg bacteriophage (P > 0.05). MiSeq sequencing analysis showed that bacteriophage regulated the microbial composition in caecum digesta, as indicated by higher observed_species, Chao1, and ACE richness indices, as well as changes in the relative abundance of Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, and Tenericutes (P < 0.05). Collectively, 400 mg/kg bacteriophage can be used as an antibiotics alternative for promoting the growth of weaned piglets. The underlying mechanism is associated with a positive effect of bacteriophage on intestinal inflammation, intestinal barrier function and gut microbiota in weaned piglets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongdi Zeng
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China.,Jiangxi Province Key Innovation Center of Integration in Production and Education for High-Quality and Safe Livestock and Poultry, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Zirui Wang
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China.,Jiangxi Province Key Innovation Center of Integration in Production and Education for High-Quality and Safe Livestock and Poultry, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Tiande Zou
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China.,Jiangxi Province Key Innovation Center of Integration in Production and Education for High-Quality and Safe Livestock and Poultry, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Jun Chen
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China.,Jiangxi Province Key Innovation Center of Integration in Production and Education for High-Quality and Safe Livestock and Poultry, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Guanhong Li
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China.,Jiangxi Province Key Innovation Center of Integration in Production and Education for High-Quality and Safe Livestock and Poultry, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Liuzhen Zheng
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China.,Jiangxi Province Key Innovation Center of Integration in Production and Education for High-Quality and Safe Livestock and Poultry, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Shuo Li
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China.,Jiangxi Province Key Innovation Center of Integration in Production and Education for High-Quality and Safe Livestock and Poultry, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Jinming You
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China.,Jiangxi Province Key Innovation Center of Integration in Production and Education for High-Quality and Safe Livestock and Poultry, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
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Caballero K, Mandal R, Pratap-Singh A, Kitts DD, Ball RO, Pencharz PB, Courtney-Martin G, Elango R. Lysine Bioavailability in School-Age Children Consuming Rice Is Reduced by Starch Retrogradation. J Nutr 2020; 150:3208-3215. [PMID: 33025006 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxaa276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rice is one of the most commonly consumed cereal grains and is part of staple diets in the majority of the world. However, it is regarded as an incomplete protein, with lysine being a limiting amino acid. OBJECTIVES Our objectives were to determine the bioavailability of lysine in school-age children consuming cooked white rice and to assess the effect of rice starch retrogradation. METHODS Bioavailability or metabolic availability (MA) of lysine was determined using the indicator amino acid oxidation (IAAO) method in a repeated-measures design. Six healthy school-age children (3 boys, 3 girls) with a mean ± SD age of 6.8 ± 0.98 y randomly received 4 crystalline l-lysine intakes (2, 6, 10, 14 mg · kg-1 · d-1), and 5 rice intakes to provide lysine at 8, 11, or 14 mg · kg-1 · d-1. The 14 mg · kg-1 · d-1 intakes were measured twice as warm rice and once as cold rice (to assess the impact of starch retrogradation on MA). Diets provided protein at 1.5 g · kg-1 · d-1 and calories at 1.7 times the participant's measured resting energy requirement, and were isonitrogenous. Breath samples were collected at baseline and during an isotopic steady state for 13C enrichment measurement. The MA of lysine from rice was determined by comparing the IAAO response of rice with l-lysine using the slope-ratio and single intake methods. Starch retrogradation was characterized using differential scanning calorimetry. RESULTS MA of lysine in warm rice measured in school-age children was 97.5% and was similar to a repeated rice study (97.1%) within the same study population. MA of lysine was reduced significantly (P < 0.05) to 86.1% when the cooked rice was consumed cold, which corresponded to detectable starch retrogradation. CONCLUSIONS To our knowledge, this is the first study to measure the MA of lysine from rice in school-age children. Although the bioavailability of lysine from rice is high, it can be reduced by retrogradation of its starch component.This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT04135040.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katia Caballero
- Food, Nutrition, and Health, Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Ronit Mandal
- Food, Nutrition, and Health, Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Anubhav Pratap-Singh
- Food, Nutrition, and Health, Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - David D Kitts
- Food, Nutrition, and Health, Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Ronald O Ball
- Department of Agricultural, Food, and Nutritional Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Paul B Pencharz
- Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Rajavel Elango
- Food, Nutrition, and Health, Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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20
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Yu M, Li Z, Rong T, Wang G, Liu Z, Chen W, Li J, Li J, Ma X. Different dietary starch sources alter the carcass traits, meat quality, and the profile of muscle amino acid and fatty acid in finishing pigs. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2020; 11:78. [PMID: 32782789 PMCID: PMC7412799 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-020-00484-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND With increasing health awareness among consumers, the demand for healthier, tastier, higher quality and nutritional value pork is increasing. It has been shown that different dietary starch sources can alter the carcass traits and meat quality. However, research on the effects of different starch sources with clear different amylose/amylopectin ratio on the amino acid and fatty acid composition in Longissimus thoracis (L. thoracis) muscle of pigs is limited. This study aimed to investigate the effects of different dietary starch sources on carcass traits, meat quality, muscle amino acid and fatty acid composition, and the mRNA expression levels of genes involved in lipid metabolism and muscle fiber characteristics in finishing pigs. A total of 72 Duroc × Landrace × Large White barrows were randomly allocated to 3 different dietary treatment groups with 8 replicate pens/group and 3 pigs per pen. Tapioca starch (TS), corn starch (CS), and pea starch (PS), with amylose/amylopectin ratio of 0.11, 0.25, and 0.44, respectively, were used as their dietary starch sources for 40 days. RESULTS Results showed that the PS diet significantly increased (P < 0.05) the final body weight, average daily gain, loin-eye area, and fat-free lean index compared with the TS diet, but significantly decreased (P < 0.05) the feed to gain ratio and backfat thickness. Compared with the TS diet, PS diet also increased (P < 0.05) the pH45 min, marbling scores, the content of intramuscular fat and inosine monophosphate in the L. thoracis, and decreased (P < 0.05) the drip loss and shear force. In addition, compared with the TS diet, PS diet increased (P < 0.05) the proportions of flavor amino acids, DHA, EPA, and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) in the L. thoracis compared with TS diet, but decreased (P < 0.05) the ratio of n-6/n-3 PUFA. Furthermore, compared with the TS diet, PS diet also upregulated (P < 0.05) the lipogenic genes (FAS, LPL, SCD, ACCα) and myosin heavy-chain (MyHC)-IIa mRNA expression levels compared with the TS diet, but downregulated (P < 0.05) the CPT1B and MyHC-IIb mRNA levels. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, these results provided compelling evidence that the different dietary starch source altered the carcass traits, meat flavor and quality in finishing pigs, and consumption of a diet with higher amylose/amylopectin ratio results in the production of a healthy, higher quality, and nutritional value pork.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Yu
- Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences; State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding; Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition; Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center of animal Meat quality and Safety Control and Evaluation; Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510640 Guangdong China
| | - Zhenming Li
- Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences; State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding; Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition; Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center of animal Meat quality and Safety Control and Evaluation; Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510640 Guangdong China
| | - Ting Rong
- Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences; State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding; Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition; Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center of animal Meat quality and Safety Control and Evaluation; Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510640 Guangdong China
| | - Gang Wang
- Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences; State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding; Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition; Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center of animal Meat quality and Safety Control and Evaluation; Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510640 Guangdong China
| | - Zhichang Liu
- Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences; State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding; Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition; Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center of animal Meat quality and Safety Control and Evaluation; Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510640 Guangdong China
| | - Weidong Chen
- Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences; State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding; Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition; Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center of animal Meat quality and Safety Control and Evaluation; Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510640 Guangdong China
| | - Jiazhou Li
- Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences; State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding; Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition; Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center of animal Meat quality and Safety Control and Evaluation; Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510640 Guangdong China
| | - Jianhao Li
- Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences; State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding; Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition; Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center of animal Meat quality and Safety Control and Evaluation; Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510640 Guangdong China
| | - Xianyong Ma
- Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences; State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding; Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition; Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center of animal Meat quality and Safety Control and Evaluation; Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510640 Guangdong China
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21
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Gao X, Yu B, Yu J, Mao X, Huang Z, Luo Y, Luo J, Zheng P, He J, Chen D. Effects of Dietary Starch Structure on Growth Performance, Serum Glucose-Insulin Response, and Intestinal Health in Weaned Piglets. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10030543. [PMID: 32213990 PMCID: PMC7142567 DOI: 10.3390/ani10030543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Carbohydrates are the most important energy source for monogastric animals, including humans, and dysregulation of carbohydrate metabolism has been associated with metabolic syndromes, such as type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), hypertension, and obesity. Starch is the major carbohydrate source, consisting of amylose and amylopectin. This study investigated the effects of dietary starch structure on growth performance, serum glucose–insulin response, and intestinal health in weaned piglets, which may contribute to the principles of carbohydrate nutrition and facilitate the utilization of dietary starches. Abstract To investigate the effects of dietary starch structure (amylose/amylopectin ratio, AR) on serum glucose absorption metabolism and intestinal health, a total of ninety weaned piglets (Duroc × (Yorkshire × Landrace)) were randomly assigned to 5 dietary treatments and fed with a diet containing different AR (2.90, 1.46, 0.68, 0.31, and 0.14). The trial lasted for 21 d. In this study, the growth performance was not affected by the dietary starch structure (p > 0.05). Diets with higher amylose ratios (i.e., AR 2.90 and 1.46) led to a significant reduction of the serum glucose concentration at 3 h post-prandium (p < 0.01), while high amylopectin diets (AR 0.31 and 0.14) significantly elevated The expression of gene s at this time point (p < 0.01). High amylopectin diets also increased the apparent digestibility of crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE), dry matter (DM), gross energy (GE), and crude ash (p < 0.001). Interestingly, diet rich in amylose (AR 2.90) significantly elevated the butyric acid content (p < 0.05) and decreased the pH value (p < 0.05) in the cecal digesta. In contrast, diet rich in amylopectin (i.e., AR 0.14) significantly elevated the total bacteria populations in the cecal digesta (p < 0.001). Moreover, a high amylopectin diet (AR 0.14) tended to elevate the mRNA level of fatty acid synthase (FAS, p = 0.083), but significantly decreased the mRNA level of sodium-dependent glucose transporter 1 (SGLT1, p < 0.05) in the duodenal and jejunal mucosa, respectively. These results suggested that blood glucose and insulin concentrations were improved in high AR diets, and the diet also helped to maintain the intestinal health.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jun He
- Correspondence: (J.H.); (D.C.); Fax: +86-28-86290922 (J.H.); +86-835-2885106 (D.C.)
| | - Daiwen Chen
- Correspondence: (J.H.); (D.C.); Fax: +86-28-86290922 (J.H.); +86-835-2885106 (D.C.)
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22
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Ma J, Yang T, Yang M, Yan Z, Zhao L, Yao L, Chen J, Chen Q, Tan B, Li T, Yin J, Yin Y. Effects of dietary amylose/amylopectin ratio and amylase on growth performance, energy and starch digestibility, and digestive enzymes in broilers. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2020; 104:928-935. [PMID: 32141136 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.13338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Revised: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
This study was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary amylose/amylopectin (AM/AP) ratio and amylase on growth performance, apparent digestibility of energy and starch, serum biochemical index, and digestive enzymes. The experiment used a 4 × 3 factor design, and 960 one-day-old Arbor Acres (AA) broilers were randomly divided into 12 groups fed diets containing different AM/AP ratio of 0.11, 0.23, 0.35 and 0.47 and combined with 0, 3,000 and 6,000 U/kg amylase. Results showed that 0.23-0.35 AM/AP ratio increased growth performance, while dietary addition of 6,000 U/kg amylase significantly reduced average daily weight gain in broilers. The energy digestibility was significantly reduced along with the increase of dietary AM/AP ratio and in the 6,000 U/Kg amylase-supplemented groups. The digestibility of starch also decreased significantly with the increase of dietary AM/AP ratio, but high dose (6,000 U/Kg) of amylase increased. High AM/AP diet reduced serum insulin concentration, which was increased in amylase-supplemented groups. Furthermore, exogenous amylase increased amylase activity in the jejunal chyme. In conclusion, dietary 0.23-0.35 AM/AP ratio was suggested to maintain a higher growth performance in broilers and high AM/AP ratio diets reduced energy and starch digestibility and serum insulin concentration, which was reversed by dietary amylase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Ma
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agriculture University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Co-Innovation Center of Animal Production Safety, Changsha, China
| | - Tai Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agriculture University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Co-Innovation Center of Animal Production Safety, Changsha, China
| | - Mei Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agriculture University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Co-Innovation Center of Animal Production Safety, Changsha, China
| | - Zhaoming Yan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agriculture University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Co-Innovation Center of Animal Production Safety, Changsha, China
| | - Lei Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agriculture University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Co-Innovation Center of Animal Production Safety, Changsha, China
| | - Linglong Yao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agriculture University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Co-Innovation Center of Animal Production Safety, Changsha, China
| | - Jiashun Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agriculture University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Co-Innovation Center of Animal Production Safety, Changsha, China
| | - Qinghua Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agriculture University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Co-Innovation Center of Animal Production Safety, Changsha, China
| | - Bie Tan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agriculture University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Co-Innovation Center of Animal Production Safety, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China.,Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Changsha, China
| | - Tiejun Li
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China.,Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Changsha, China
| | - Jie Yin
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agriculture University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Co-Innovation Center of Animal Production Safety, Changsha, China
| | - Yulong Yin
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agriculture University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Co-Innovation Center of Animal Production Safety, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China.,Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Changsha, China
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23
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Gao X, Yu B, Yu J, Mao X, Huang Z, Luo Y, Luo J, Zheng P, He J, Chen D. Influences of dietary starch structure on intestinal morphology, barrier functions, and epithelium apoptosis in weaned pigs. Food Funct 2020; 11:4446-4455. [DOI: 10.1039/c9fo02652e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effects of dietary starch structure on intestinal health of weaned pigs by determining the intestinal morphology, barrier functions, epithelium apoptosis and digestive enzymes.
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24
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Feed intake patterns nor growth rates of pigs are affected by dietary resistant starch, despite marked differences in digestion. Animal 2019; 14:1402-1412. [PMID: 31852553 DOI: 10.1017/s1751731119002945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Current feed evaluation systems often assume that fermented starch (i.e. resistant starch (RS)) yields less energy than digested starch. However, growth rates of pigs fed low and high RS diets are often the same when feed is available ad libitum. This may be explained by its effect on digestive processes changing feeding behavior, and consequently energy utilization. This study aims to investigate the effect of RS on nutrient digestion and digesta passage rate in pigs, in combination with its effect on feeding behavior and growth performance under ad libitum conditions. In experiment 1, 20 male pigs (40 ± 2.82 kg) were fed diets containing either 50% waxy maize starch (low in RS (LRS)) or high-amylose maize starch (high in RS (HRS)), and soluble and insoluble indigestible markers. After 14 days of adaptation to the diets, pigs were fed hourly to reach steady state (6 h), dissected, and digesta were collected from eight segments. From the collected samples, nutrient digestion and passage rate of the solid and liquid digesta fraction were determined. In experiment 2, 288 pigs (80 ± 0.48 kg; sex ratio per pen 1 : 1; boar : gilt) were housed in groups of 6. Pigs were ad libitum-fed one of the experimental diets, and slaughtered at approximately 115 kg. Feed intake, growth and carcass parameters were measured. Ileal starch digestibility was greater for LRS-fed than for HRS-fed pigs (98.0% v. 74.0%; P < 0.001), where the additional undigested starch in HRS-fed pigs was fermented in the large intestine. No effects of RS on digesta passage rate of the solid or liquid digesta fraction and on feeding behavior were observed. Growth rate and feed intake did not differ between diets, whereas feed efficiency of HRS-fed pigs was 1%-unit higher than that of LRS-fed pigs (P = 0.041). The efficiency of feed used for carcass gain did not differ between diets indicating that the difference in feed efficiency was determined by the non-carcass fraction. Despite a 30% greater RS intake (of total starch) with HRS than with LRS, carcass gain and feed efficiency used for carcass gain were unaffected. RS did not affect digesta passage rate nor feeding behavior suggesting that the difference in energy intake between fermented and digested starch is compensated for post-absorptively. Our results indicate that the net energy value of fermented starch currently used in pig feed evaluation systems is underestimated and should be reconsidered.
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25
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Wang H, Li P, Du T, Pu G, Fan L, Gao C, Niu P, Wu C, Zhou W, Huang R. Effects of Increasing Levels of Defatted Rice Bran on Intestinal Physical Barrier and Bacteria in Finishing Pigs. Animals (Basel) 2019; 9:ani9121039. [PMID: 31795068 PMCID: PMC6940934 DOI: 10.3390/ani9121039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Revised: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The aims of this study were to assess the effects of increasing levels of DFRB as a replacement for corns on intestinal physical barrier function and bacteria of finishing pigs. A total of 35 castrated finishing pigs (age: 158.5 ± 2.0 d, initial body weight: 62.9 ± 0.8 kg) were randomly divided into five dietary treatments (seven replicates/treatment) for a 28-day experimental period, i.e., a control diet with basal diet, and four experimental diets in which maize was replaced by 7%, 14%, 21%, and 28% DFRB, respectively. The results showed that serum endotoxins concentration and diamine oxidase (DAO) activity were both increased (linear, p = 0.0004, 0.001, respectively) with DFRB level. However, compared with control group, serum endotoxins concentration and DAO activity were not different in pigs fed with 7% DFRB in the diet. There was a quadratic response in serum D-lactate concentration to the increased DFRB (quadratic, p = 0.021). In the cecum, thickness of the intestinal wall significantly increased with increasing levels of DFRB in the diets (linear, p = 0.033), while crypt depth/thickness of the intestinal wall ratio significantly decreased with increasing level of DFRB in the diets (linear, p = 0.043). In the jejunum, total bacteria, Escherichia coli, and Bifidobacterium all responded quadratically to increasing levels of DFRB in the diets (quadratic, p = 0.003, 0.001, 0.006, respectively). Additionally, there was no difference in Escherichia coli in pigs fed 0%, 7%, and 14% DFRB diets. In the colon, there were quadratic responses in C. perfringens to the increased DFRB (quadratic, p = 0.023). C. perfringens reduced as the DFRB concentration increased from 0% to 14% and then increased. When D-lactate, total bacteria, Escherichia coli, Bifidobacterium, and C. perfringens were considered, the optimal substitution level of DFRB were 12.00%, 11.84%, 7.50%, 8.92%, and 15.92%, respectively. In conclusion, 7% DFRB had a beneficial effect on intestinal wall thickness, Bifidobacterium and C. perfringens, and had no adverse effect on intestinal permeability and Escherichia coli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Wang
- Institute of Swine Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Huaian Academy, Nanjing Agricultural University, Huaian 223003, China
| | - Pinghua Li
- Institute of Swine Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Huaian Academy, Nanjing Agricultural University, Huaian 223003, China
- Industrial Technology System Integration Innovation Center of Jiangsu Modern Agriculture (PIG), Nanjing 210095, China
- Nanjing Agricultural University’s New Rural Research and Development Corporation of Huaian City, Huaian 223003, China
- Correspondence:
| | - Taoran Du
- Institute of Swine Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Huaian Academy, Nanjing Agricultural University, Huaian 223003, China
| | - Guang Pu
- Institute of Swine Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Huaian Academy, Nanjing Agricultural University, Huaian 223003, China
| | - Lijuan Fan
- Institute of Swine Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Huaian Academy, Nanjing Agricultural University, Huaian 223003, China
| | - Chen Gao
- Institute of Swine Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Huaian Academy, Nanjing Agricultural University, Huaian 223003, China
| | - Peipei Niu
- Huaian Academy, Nanjing Agricultural University, Huaian 223003, China
| | - Chengwu Wu
- Institute of Swine Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Huaian Academy, Nanjing Agricultural University, Huaian 223003, China
| | - Wuduo Zhou
- Institute of Swine Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Industrial Technology System Integration Innovation Center of Jiangsu Modern Agriculture (PIG), Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Ruihua Huang
- Institute of Swine Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Huaian Academy, Nanjing Agricultural University, Huaian 223003, China
- Industrial Technology System Integration Innovation Center of Jiangsu Modern Agriculture (PIG), Nanjing 210095, China
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26
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Tasaka Y, Tachihara K, Kagawa R, Takada R. Effects of rice feeding on growth performance and protein (amino acids) metabolism in weanling piglets. Anim Sci J 2019; 91:e13311. [PMID: 31691460 DOI: 10.1111/asj.13311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Revised: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the effects of rice feeding on growth performance and protein (amino acids) metabolism of weanling piglets. In all, 16 weanling piglets with an average initial weight of 7.5 kg were divided into two groups. One group was fed a corn-soybean meal-based diet, and the other was fed a rice-soybean meal diet, containing around 46% of corn or rice, respectively. A two-week growth trial was conducted. The average daily gain (p = .025) and feed efficiency (p = .011) in rice-fed piglets were significantly higher than those in corn-fed piglets. Liver lysine-ketoglutarate reductase activity tended to be lower (p = .073) in rice-fed piglets than in corn-fed piglets. Plasma urea nitrogen concentration in rice-fed piglets was significantly lower than that in corn-fed piglets. Plasma glucose and insulin concentrations were significantly higher in rice-fed piglets than in corn-fed piglets. Plasma-free valine, isoleucine, and tryptophan concentrations were significantly higher in rice-fed piglets than in corn-fed piglets. In contrast, plasma histidine concentration was significantly lower in rice-fed piglets than in corn-fed piglets. Overall, these results show that rice feeding improves the growth performance and affects the protein (amino acids) metabolism in weanling piglets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Tasaka
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, Niigata City, Niigata, Japan
| | - Kanako Tachihara
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, Niigata City, Niigata, Japan
| | - Ryutaro Kagawa
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, Niigata City, Niigata, Japan
| | - Ryozo Takada
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, Niigata City, Niigata, Japan
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Sun L, Zhang H, Wang Z, Fan Y, Guo Y, Wang F. Dietary rumen-protected arginine and N-carbamylglutamate supplementation enhances fetal growth in underfed ewes. Reprod Fertil Dev 2019; 30:1116-1127. [PMID: 31039923 DOI: 10.1071/rd17164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 12/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study was conducted with an ovine intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) model to test the hypothesis that dietary rumen-protected l-arginine (RP-Arg) or N-carbamylglutamate (NCG) supplementation in underfed ewes is effective in enhancing fetal growth. Between Days 35 and 110 of pregnancy, 32 multiparous ewes carrying two fetuses were randomly assigned to one of four groups: a control (CG) group (n=8; 100% National Research Council (NRC) requirements for pregnant sheep), a nutrient-restricted (RG) group (n=8; fed 50% NRC requirements, and two treatment (ARG and NCG) groups (n=8 in each group; fed 50% NRC requirements supplemented with 20gday-1 RP-Arg or 5gday-1 NCG. All ewes were killed on Day 110 of pregnancy to determine fetal weight and fetal organ weights, and metabolites and hormones in fetal plasma, amino acid concentrations in the fetal liver and longissimus dorsi muscle, and expression of mRNAs in the somatotropic axis. Maternal and fetal bodyweight and the weight of most fetal organs expressed as a percentage of bodyweight increased in response to ARG and NCG compared with values for fetuses from RG ewes. Fetal plasma concentrations of insulin, insulin-like growth factor 1, total amino acids, lactate, thyroxine, and the thyroxine/tri-iodothyronine ratio were lower in fetuses from RG ewes compared with the other treatment groups, but concentrations of growth hormone, non-esterified fatty acids, and total cholesterol were greater in fetuses from RG ewes. Maternal RP-Arg or NCG supplementation increased concentrations of amino acids in fetal tissues and expression of mRNAs for somatotropic axis proteins in fetuses from RG ewes. These findings suggest that maternal RP-Arg and NCG supplementation of underfed ewes decreases fetal IUGR by improving metabolic homeostasis of fetal endocrinology, increasing the availability of amino acids in the fetal liver and longissimus dorsi muscle and affecting the expression of somatotropic axis genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingwei Sun
- Jiangsu Engineering Technology Research Center of Meat Sheep and Goat Industry, Nanjing Agricultural University, #1, Tongwei Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210095, PR China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Jiangsu Engineering Technology Research Center of Meat Sheep and Goat Industry, Nanjing Agricultural University, #1, Tongwei Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210095, PR China
| | - Ziyu Wang
- Jiangsu Engineering Technology Research Center of Meat Sheep and Goat Industry, Nanjing Agricultural University, #1, Tongwei Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210095, PR China
| | - Yixuan Fan
- Jiangsu Engineering Technology Research Center of Meat Sheep and Goat Industry, Nanjing Agricultural University, #1, Tongwei Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210095, PR China
| | - Yixuan Guo
- Jiangsu Engineering Technology Research Center of Meat Sheep and Goat Industry, Nanjing Agricultural University, #1, Tongwei Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210095, PR China
| | - Feng Wang
- Jiangsu Engineering Technology Research Center of Meat Sheep and Goat Industry, Nanjing Agricultural University, #1, Tongwei Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210095, PR China
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Selle P, Liu SY. The Relevance of Starch and Protein Digestive Dynamics in Poultry. J APPL POULTRY RES 2019. [DOI: 10.3382/japr/pfy026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Yu M, Li Z, Chen W, Rong T, Wang G, Ma X. Microbiome-Metabolomics Analysis Investigating the Impacts of Dietary Starch Types on the Composition and Metabolism of Colonic Microbiota in Finishing Pigs. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1143. [PMID: 31191480 PMCID: PMC6549541 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study used a combination of 16S rRNA MiSeq sequencing strategy and gas chromatograph time of flight mass spectrometer (GC-TOF/MS) technique to investigate the effects of starch sources on the colonic microbiota and their metabolites in finishing pigs. A total of 72 crossbred barrows were allocated to three different experimental diets with eight replicates and three pigs per replicate. The diet types included tapioca starch (TS), corn starch (CS), and pea starch (PS) (amylose/amylopectin were 0.11, 0.25, and 0.44, respectively). Results showed that the PS diet markedly increased (adjusted P < 0.05) the abundance of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and lactate producers, such as Lactobacillus, Prevotella, Faecalibacterium, and Megasphaera, while decreased (adjusted P < 0.05) the abundance of Escherichia coli when compared with the TS diet. The metabolomic and biochemistry analyses demonstrated that the PS diet increased (adjusted P < 0.05) the concentrations of organic acids (acetate, propionate, butyrate, valerate, and lactate) and some macronutrients (sugars and long-chain fatty acids), and decreased (adjusted P < 0.05) the amino acids and their derivatives (leucine, glycine, putrescine, cadaverine, skatole, indole, and phenol) when compared with the TS diet. Additionally, Spearman’s correlation analysis revealed that the changes in the colonic metabolites were associated with changes in the microbial composition. Correlatively, these findings demonstrated that the different dietary starch types treatment significantly altered the intestinal microbiota and metabolite profiles of the pigs, and dietary with higher amylose may offer potential benefits for gut health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Yu
- Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South China, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Meat Quality and Safety Control and Evaluation, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhenming Li
- Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South China, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Meat Quality and Safety Control and Evaluation, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weidong Chen
- Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South China, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Meat Quality and Safety Control and Evaluation, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ting Rong
- Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South China, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Meat Quality and Safety Control and Evaluation, Guangzhou, China
| | - Gang Wang
- Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South China, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Meat Quality and Safety Control and Evaluation, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xianyong Ma
- Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South China, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Meat Quality and Safety Control and Evaluation, Guangzhou, China
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Li T, Huang S, Li J, Liu H, Wang W, Li N, Shi M, Tao S, Zhang S, Li Z, Wang J. Dynamic changes of postprandial plasma metabolites after intake of corn-soybean meal or casein-starch diets in growing pigs. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2019; 10:48. [PMID: 31161037 PMCID: PMC6542062 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-019-0351-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Postprandial nutrients utilization and metabolism of a certain diet is a complicated process. The metabolic feature of pigs after intake of corn-soybean meal or casein-starch diets are largely unknown. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate the dynamic postprandial changes of plasma metabolic profile using growing pigs using metabolomics. Methods Twenty-four growing pigs with average initial body weight (BW) about 30 kg were placed in metabolic cages and then fitted with precaval vein catheters. Pigs were fed daily 4% of initial body weight. Two experimental diets were included: (i) a starch-casein based purified diet (PD) and (ii) a common corn-soybean meal diet (CD). Plasma was collected before feeding and 0.5 h, 1 h, 2 h, 4 h, 8 h after feeding. Results In both diets, compared to prior to feeding, the concentrations of glucose, most amino acids, metabolites such as 5-aminopentanoic acid, pipecolic acid, ornithine and 5-hydroxy-L-tryptophan were significantly increased in plasma during the first hour, whereas the concentrations of plasma triglycerides, glutamate, glycine, palmitelaidic acid, 13-HODE and oleic acid were decreased in the first hour. Compared with PD group, concentration of plasma leucine and isoleucine declined at 30 min in CD group. Plasma linoleic acid, sphingosine and many dipeptides were significantly higher in pigs fed CD. Conclusion Most significant metabolic changes occurred during the first hour after feeding and then became relatively stable after 2 h in both diets. These results show a broad scope picture of postprandial changes in plasma metabolites after intake of PD and CD and could be a reference for further nutrition intervention as well as the design of nutritional studies. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s40104-019-0351-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiantian Li
- 1State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Shimeng Huang
- 1State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Juntao Li
- 1State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Hu Liu
- 1State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Wei Wang
- 1State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Na Li
- 1State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Meng Shi
- 1State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Shiyu Tao
- 1State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Shuai Zhang
- 1State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Zhen Li
- 2State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Junjun Wang
- 1State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
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Recharla N, Kim D, Ramani S, Song M, Park J, Balasubramanian B, Puligundla P, Park S. Dietary multi-enzyme complex improves In Vitro nutrient digestibility and hind gut microbial fermentation of pigs. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0217459. [PMID: 31136616 PMCID: PMC6538249 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0217459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was conducted in two stages to investigate the potential of multi-enzyme supplementation on the nutrient digestibility, growth performance, and gut microbial composition of pigs. In stage 1, effects of multi-enzyme complex (xylanase, α-amylase, β-glucanase, and protease) supplementation on the ileal and total tract dry matter (DM) digestibility of feed-stuffs were investigated with in vitro two-stage and three-stage enzyme incubation methods. A wide range of feed ingredients, namely, corn meal, wheat meal, soybean meal, fish meal, Oriental herbal extract, Italian rye-grass (IRG) and peanut hull were used as substrates. Supplementation of the multi-enzyme complex increased (P < 0.05) the digestibility of the Oriental herbal extract and corn meal. In stage 2, in vivo animal studies were performed to further investigate the effects of the dietary multi-enzyme complex on the nutrient utilization, growth performance, and fecal microbial composition of pigs. A total of 36 weaned pigs were fed corn- and soybean meal-based diets without (control) and with the multi-enzyme complex (treatment) for 6 weeks. Fecal samples were collected from 12 pigs to analyze the microbial communities by using DNA sequencing and bioinformatics tools. Multi-enzyme supplementation had no effect on apparent digestibility of nutrients and growth performance of pigs compared to control. Taxonomic analysis of the fecal samples indicated that the bacteria in both control and treatment samples predominantly belonged to Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes. In addition, the proportion of the phylum Firmicutes was slightly higher in the treatment group. At the genus level, the abundance of Treponema and Barnesiella increased in the treatment group; whereas the numbers ofthe genera including Prevotella, Butyricicoccus, Ruminococcus and Succinivibrio decreased in the treatment group. These results suggest that multi-enzyme supplementation with basal diets have the potential to improve nutrient digestibility and modify microbial communities in the hind-gut of pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neeraja Recharla
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Sejong University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Duwan Kim
- National Institute of Animal Science, Swine division, RDA, Sunghwan, Korea
| | | | - Minho Song
- Division of Animal and Dairy Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Juncheol Park
- National Institute of Animal Science, Swine division, RDA, Sunghwan, Korea
| | | | - Pradeep Puligundla
- Department of Food Science & Biotechnology, Gachon University, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Sungkwon Park
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Sejong University, Seoul, Korea
- * E-mail:
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Adebowale T, Shunshun J, Yao K. The effect of dietary high energy density and carbohydrate energy ratio on digestive enzymes activity, nutrient digestibility, amino acid utilization and intestinal morphology of weaned piglets. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2019; 103:1492-1502. [PMID: 31106906 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.13123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2019] [Revised: 03/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
This study evaluated the effect of high or low digestible energy ratio of carbohydrate in a high or normal dietary energy density on performance, amino acid utilization and intestinal functions of weaned piglets. A total of 32 healthy weaners (9.60 ± 0.13 kg) were allocated to two dietary energy densities (3,400 and 3,800 kcal/kg) and two digestible energy ratio of carbohydrate to fat (9:1 and 3:1) in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement. There were eight piglets per treatment. The feed intake of piglets was significantly increased by dietary high carbohydrate ratio (9:1) (p < 0.01); however, this did not result in improved body weight gain (p > 0.05). The piglets fed high carbohydrate energy ratio had a reduced villus height/crypt depth (VH/CD) ratio in the duodenum (p < 0.05), and dietary high energy density further decreased the VH/CD ratio in the ileum (p < 0.01). In the duodenum, the lymphocyte count was increased by dietary high energy density (p < 0.05), while dietary energy density and carbohydrate energy ratio interacted to increase lymphocyte count in the ileum (p < 0.05). The serum cholesterol, triglyceride and low-density lipoprotein were not significantly affected (p > 0.05), but dietary energy density interacted with dietary energy ratio to increase high-density lipoprotein concentration (p < 0.05) in piglets fed reduced carbohydrate energy ratio. Dietary high energy density reduced energy digestibility (p < 0.05), whereas high carbohydrate energy ratio increased crude protein digestibility in the piglets (p < 0.05). The intestinal sucrase, lactase activities and serum concentrations of histidine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, alanine, glycine, tyrosine and citrulline were higher in the piglets fed dietary increased carbohydrate energy ratio. Oxidative stress markers and volatile fatty acids concentrations were altered by the dietary treatments. It was concluded that dietary high energy density could be detrimental to piglets intestinal functions and that increased carbohydrate energy ratio could affect amino acid utilization and body weight gain in weaner pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tolulope Adebowale
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Healthy Livestock, Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Hunan Co-Innovation Center of Animal Production Safety, Hunan, China
| | - Jin Shunshun
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Healthy Livestock, Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Hunan Co-Innovation Center of Animal Production Safety, Hunan, China
| | - Kang Yao
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Healthy Livestock, Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Hunan Co-Innovation Center of Animal Production Safety, Hunan, China
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Tretola M, Ottoboni M, Luciano A, Rossi L, Baldi A, Pinotti L. Former food products have no detrimental effects on diet digestibility, growth performance and selected plasma variables in post-weaning piglets. ITALIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/1828051x.2019.1607784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Marco Tretola
- Dipartimento di Scienze veterinarie per la salute, la produzione animale e la sicurezza alimentare, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Matteo Ottoboni
- Dipartimento di Scienze veterinarie per la salute, la produzione animale e la sicurezza alimentare, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Alice Luciano
- Dipartimento di Scienze veterinarie per la salute, la produzione animale e la sicurezza alimentare, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Luciana Rossi
- Dipartimento di Scienze veterinarie per la salute, la produzione animale e la sicurezza alimentare, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Antonella Baldi
- Dipartimento di Scienze veterinarie per la salute, la produzione animale e la sicurezza alimentare, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Luciano Pinotti
- Dipartimento di Scienze veterinarie per la salute, la produzione animale e la sicurezza alimentare, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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Yin D, Selle PH, Moss AF, Wang Y, Dong X, Xiao Z, Guo Y, Yuan J. Influence of starch sources and dietary protein levels on intestinal functionality and intestinal mucosal amino acids catabolism in broiler chickens. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2019; 10:26. [PMID: 30988947 PMCID: PMC6449925 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-019-0334-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background There is growing interest in carbohydrate and protein nutrition to enhance the efficiency of animal production. Reduced-crude protein diets depress environmental pollution and feeding cost, but the challenge to their adoption is maintaining digestive function and growth performance of birds. The present study was conducted to evaluate the influence of different dietary starch sources and protein levels on intestinal functionality and mucosal amino acid catabolism. Methods Six dietary treatments, based on maize and soybean meal, were offered to 360 AA+ male chicks from 6 to 35 d post-hatch as a 3 × 2 factorial array. Either waxy rice or amylose was added to a conventional maize-soy diet to provide three sources of starch with different digestion rates and relatively high and low dietary protein levels. Growth performance, parameters of intestinal functionality and concentrations of free amino acid in the portal circulation were determined. Results In the grower phase, starch source influenced (P < 0.02) weight gain as diets containing amylose supported significantly higher weight gains than waxy rice. Significant increase of ileal ATP concentrations and Na+/K+-ATPase activity were found in amylose treatment. Also, amylose decreased BrdU positive cell numbers and down-regulated mRNA expression for CASP-3. GOT activity in the ileum was higher (P < 0.01) in birds offered low protein diets and there was a trend (P = 0.057) for waxy rice as a starch source to increase ileal GOT activities. There was a significant influence on the concentration of seventeen amino acids in the portal circulation with tryptophan the one exception. Waxy rice as a starch source generated 13.6% and 22.4% numerically higher concentrations of non-essential amino acids than maize and amylose, respectively. Conclusions Amino acid catabolism in the gut mucosa is subject to nutritional regulation. Given that amino acids can be spared from catabolism in the gut mucosa by supplementation of amylose, it follows their post-enteral availability would be improved and intestinal energy would be derived more efficiently from glucose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dafei Yin
- 1State key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 People's Republic of China
| | - Peter H Selle
- 2Poultry Research Foundation, The University of Sydney, Werombi Road, Camden, NSW 2570 Australia
| | - Amy F Moss
- 2Poultry Research Foundation, The University of Sydney, Werombi Road, Camden, NSW 2570 Australia
| | - Youli Wang
- 1State key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyu Dong
- 1State key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 People's Republic of China
| | - Zhibin Xiao
- 1State key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 People's Republic of China
| | - Yuming Guo
- 1State key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 People's Republic of China
| | - Jianmin Yuan
- 1State key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 People's Republic of China
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Yang C, He J, Yu B, Chen D, Mao X, Yu J, Yin Y. Long-term ingestion of low amylose/amylopectin ratio diet affects aspects of meat quality by changing muscle fibre characteristics in growing-finishing pigs. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2018; 103:644-652. [PMID: 30368950 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.12967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Amylose plays important role in body health. It is controversial whether changing dietary amylose/amylopectin ratio (DAR) will improve meat quality in growing-finishing pigs. A total of 48 Duroc × Landrace × Large White castrated male pigs (initial body weight 49.8 ± 2.8 kg) were randomly allotted to two treatments, and fed ad libitum either with a low DAR diet (LR, amylose/amylopectin: 12/88) or a high DAR diet (HR, amylose/amylopectin: 30/70) for 68 days. Feed intake was recorded every day, body weight was weighed at 46th and 68th day to calculate average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI) and Feed:gain ratio. Blood was collected at -30 min (fasting 12 hr), 60, 90, 120, 180 min postprandial at 64th day and then serum was obtained by centrifugation of blood at 1,500× g at 4°C. After pigs were slaughtered, samples such as longissimus dorsi, iliopsoas and semitendinosus were collected. Density, diameter and types of muscle fibres were analysed. Results showed that ADG, ADFI, Feed:Gain ratio, cross-sectional area of longissimus dorsi muscle, backfat thickness, colour scores were not affected by DAR. Ingestion of LR diet increased the fasting glucose (p < 0.05) and insulin (p < 0.05) concentrations in serum. The drip loss and firmness were decreased significantly in LR vs. HR animals (p < 0.05). Densities of muscle fibre in longissimus dorsi, iliopsoas and semitendinosus were greater in LR pigs (p < 0.05). Moreover, ingestion of LR diet significantly increased myosin heavy chain (MyHC) IIa mRNA level and decreased MyHC IIb gene expression in longissimus dorsi muscle (LM) (p < 0.05). Therefore, intake of diet low in amylose/amylopectin ratio induces a better meat quality (lower drip loss and lower firmness), which could attribute to smaller myofibres, a shift to slower and/or more oxidative fibres.
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Affiliation(s)
- Can Yang
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Yaan, Sichuan, China.,College of Life Sciences and Environment, Hengyang Normal University, Hengyang, Hunan, China.,Animal Nutrition and Human Health Laboratory, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jun He
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Yaan, Sichuan, China
| | - Bing Yu
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Yaan, Sichuan, China
| | - Daiwen Chen
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Yaan, Sichuan, China
| | - XiangBing Mao
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Yaan, Sichuan, China
| | - Jie Yu
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Yaan, Sichuan, China
| | - Yulong Yin
- Animal Nutrition and Human Health Laboratory, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China
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Yang C, He J, Yu B, Yu J, Mao XB, Chen DW, Yin YL. The effect of dietary amylose/amylopectin ratio on serum and hepatic lipid content and its molecular mechanisms in growing-finishing pigs. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2018; 102:1657-1665. [DOI: 10.1111/jpn.12884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- C. Yang
- Institute of Animal Nutrition; Sichuan Agricultural University; Yaan Sichuan China
- College of Life Sciences and Environment; Hengyang Normal University; Hengyang Hunan China
- Animal Nutrition and Human Health Laboratory; Hunan Normal University; Changsha Hunan China
| | - J. He
- Institute of Animal Nutrition; Sichuan Agricultural University; Yaan Sichuan China
| | - B. Yu
- Institute of Animal Nutrition; Sichuan Agricultural University; Yaan Sichuan China
| | - J. Yu
- Institute of Animal Nutrition; Sichuan Agricultural University; Yaan Sichuan China
| | - X. B. Mao
- Institute of Animal Nutrition; Sichuan Agricultural University; Yaan Sichuan China
| | - D. W. Chen
- Institute of Animal Nutrition; Sichuan Agricultural University; Yaan Sichuan China
| | - Y. L. Yin
- Animal Nutrition and Human Health Laboratory; Hunan Normal University; Changsha Hunan China
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The role of methionine on metabolism, oxidative stress, and diseases. Amino Acids 2017; 49:2091-2098. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-017-2494-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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38
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Xie C, Li Y, Li J, Zhang L, Zhou G, Gao F. Dietary starch types affect liver nutrient metabolism of finishing pigs. Br J Nutr 2017; 118:353-359. [PMID: 28901894 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114517002252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the effect of different starch types on liver nutrient metabolism of finishing pigs. In all ninety barrows were randomly allocated to three diets with five replicates of six pigs, containing purified waxy maize starch (WMS), non-waxy maize starch (NMS) and pea starch (PS) (the amylose to amylopectin ratios were 0·07, 0·19 and 0·28, respectively). After 28 d of treatments, two per pen (close to the average body weight of the pen) were weighed individually, slaughtered and liver samples were collected. Compared with the WMS diet, the PS diet decreased the activities of glycogen phosphorylase, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase and the expression of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase 1 in liver (P0·05). Compared with the WMS diet, the PS diet reduced the expressions of glutamate dehydrogenase and carbamoyl phosphate synthetase 1 in liver (P<0·05). PS diet decreased the expression of the insulin receptor, and increased the expressions of mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 and ribosomal protein S6 kinase β-1 in liver compared with the WMS diet (P<0·05). These findings indicated that the diet with higher amylose content could down-regulate gluconeogenesis, and cause less fat deposition and more protein deposition by affecting the insulin/PI3K/protein kinase B signalling pathway in liver of finishing pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Xie
- Key Laboratory of Animal Origin Food Production and Safety Guarantee of Jiangsu Province,Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Meat Production and Processing, Quality and Safety Control,College of Animal Science and Technology,Nanjing Agricultural University,Nanjing 210095,People's Republic of China
| | - Yanjiao Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Origin Food Production and Safety Guarantee of Jiangsu Province,Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Meat Production and Processing, Quality and Safety Control,College of Animal Science and Technology,Nanjing Agricultural University,Nanjing 210095,People's Republic of China
| | - Jiaolong Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Origin Food Production and Safety Guarantee of Jiangsu Province,Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Meat Production and Processing, Quality and Safety Control,College of Animal Science and Technology,Nanjing Agricultural University,Nanjing 210095,People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Origin Food Production and Safety Guarantee of Jiangsu Province,Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Meat Production and Processing, Quality and Safety Control,College of Animal Science and Technology,Nanjing Agricultural University,Nanjing 210095,People's Republic of China
| | - Guanghong Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Animal Origin Food Production and Safety Guarantee of Jiangsu Province,Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Meat Production and Processing, Quality and Safety Control,College of Animal Science and Technology,Nanjing Agricultural University,Nanjing 210095,People's Republic of China
| | - Feng Gao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Origin Food Production and Safety Guarantee of Jiangsu Province,Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Meat Production and Processing, Quality and Safety Control,College of Animal Science and Technology,Nanjing Agricultural University,Nanjing 210095,People's Republic of China
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Yang HS, Wu F, Long LN, Li TJ, Xiong X, Liao P, Liu HN, Yin YL. Effects of yeast products on the intestinal morphology, barrier function, cytokine expression, and antioxidant system of weaned piglets. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 2017; 17:752-762. [PMID: 27704745 DOI: 10.1631/jzus.b1500192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The goal of this study was to evaluate the effects of a mixture of yeast culture, cell wall hydrolysates, and yeast extracts (collectively "yeast products," YP) on the performance, intestinal physiology, and health of weaned piglets. A total of 90 piglets weaned at 21 d of age were blocked by body weight, sex, and litter and randomly assigned to one of three treatments for a 14-d feeding experiment, including (1) a basal diet (control), (2) 1.2 g/kg of YP, and (3) 20 mg/kg of colistin sulfate (CSE). No statistically significant differences were observed in average daily feed intake, average daily weight gain, or gain-to-feed ratio among CSE, YP, and control piglets. Increased prevalence of diarrhea was observed among piglets fed the YP diet, whereas diarrhea was less prevalent among those fed CSE. Duodenal and jejunal villus height and duodenal crypt depth were greater in the control group than they were in the YP or CSE groups. Intraepithelial lymphocytes (IEL) in the duodenal and jejunal villi were enhanced by YP, whereas IEL in the ileal villi were reduced in weaned piglets fed YP. Secretion of jejunal and ileal interleukin-10 (IL-10) was higher and intestinal and serum antioxidant indexes were affected by YP and CSE. In YP- and CSE-supplemented animals, serum D-lactate concentration and diamine oxidase (DAO) activity were both increased, and intestinal mRNA expressions of occludin and ZO-1 were reduced as compared to the control animals. In conclusion, YP supplementation in the diets of weaned piglets appears to increase the incidence of diarrhea and has adverse effects on intestinal morphology and barrier function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan-Sheng Yang
- Observation and Experiment Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central China, Ministry of Agriculture; Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production; Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha 410125, China.,School of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410006, China.,Fujian Aonong Bio-Technology Co., Ltd., Xiamen 361008, China
| | - Fei Wu
- Observation and Experiment Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central China, Ministry of Agriculture; Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production; Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha 410125, China
| | - Li-Na Long
- Observation and Experiment Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central China, Ministry of Agriculture; Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production; Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha 410125, China
| | - Tie-Jun Li
- Observation and Experiment Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central China, Ministry of Agriculture; Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production; Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha 410125, China
| | - Xia Xiong
- Observation and Experiment Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central China, Ministry of Agriculture; Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production; Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha 410125, China.,National Research Center of Engineering Technology for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients from Botanicals, Provincial Co-Innovation Center for Utilization of Botanical Function Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Peng Liao
- Observation and Experiment Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central China, Ministry of Agriculture; Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production; Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha 410125, China
| | - Hong-Nan Liu
- Observation and Experiment Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central China, Ministry of Agriculture; Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production; Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha 410125, China
| | - Yu-Long Yin
- Observation and Experiment Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central China, Ministry of Agriculture; Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production; Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha 410125, China
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Liu H, Wan H, Xu S, Fang Z, Lin Y, Che L, Li J, Li Y, Su X, Wu D. Influence of extrusion of corn and broken rice on energy content and growth performance of weaning pigs. Anim Sci J 2016; 87:1386-1395. [PMID: 26935985 DOI: 10.1111/asj.12578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2015] [Revised: 09/24/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Two experiments were conducted to study the effects of extrusion on the energy content of corn and broken rice and on growth performance of weaning pigs. In experiment 1, 24 barrows (28 days old, 7.28 ± 0.90 kg body weight (BW)) were used to compare the effects of extrusion of corn and broken rice on the values of digestible energy (DE) in weaned pigs. The DE content in extruded corn (17.45 MJ/kg dry matter (DM)) was significantly greater (P < 0.05) by 5.54% compared with that in corn (16.48 MJ/kg DM), while no significant difference in DE content was observed between extruded broken rice (17.66 MJ/kg DM) and broken rice (17.76 MJ/kg DM). In experiment 2, 120 weanling pigs (21 days old, 5.76 ± 0.07 kg BW) were used to evaluate the influence of substitution corn and extruded corn by different proportions of raw and extruded broken rice on growth performance of pigs. The inclusion of broken rice in the diets improved (P < 0.05) growth performance of pigs during the first week and the 2 weeks post-weaning but not thereafter. However, there was no significant difference in growth performance between treatments in other periods. Overall, this study indicates that feeding weaning pigs with broken rice has beneficial results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Liu
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of the Ministry of Agriculture of China, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, China
| | - Haifeng Wan
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of the Ministry of Agriculture of China, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, China
| | - Shengyu Xu
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of the Ministry of Agriculture of China, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, China
| | - Zhengfeng Fang
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of the Ministry of Agriculture of China, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, China
| | - Yan Lin
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of the Ministry of Agriculture of China, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, China
| | - Lianqiang Che
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of the Ministry of Agriculture of China, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, China
| | - Jian Li
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of the Ministry of Agriculture of China, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, China
| | - Yong Li
- Guangxi shangda tech Co. Ltd., Guang Xi, China
| | - Xiang Su
- Guangxi shangda tech Co. Ltd., Guang Xi, China
| | - De Wu
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of the Ministry of Agriculture of China, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, China.
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Effects of Glutamate and Aspartate on Serum Antioxidative Enzyme, Sex Hormones, and Genital Inflammation in Boars Challenged with Hydrogen Peroxide. Mediators Inflamm 2016; 2016:4394695. [PMID: 27777497 PMCID: PMC5061961 DOI: 10.1155/2016/4394695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. Oxidative stress is associated with infertility. This study was conducted to determine the effects of glutamate and aspartate on serum antioxidative enzymes, sex hormones, and genital inflammation in boars suffering from oxidative stress. Methods. Boars were randomly divided into 4 groups: the nonchallenged control (CON) and H2O2-challenged control (BD) groups were fed a basal diet supplemented with 2% alanine; the other two groups were fed the basal diet supplemented with 2% glutamate (GLU) or 2% aspartate (ASP). The BD, GLU, and ASP groups were injected with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) on day 15. The CON group was injected with 0.9% sodium chloride solution on the same day. Results. Dietary aspartate decreased the malondialdehyde (MDA) level in serum (P < 0.05) compared with the BD group. Additionally, aspartate maintained serum luteinizing hormone (LH) at a relatively stable level. Moreover, glutamate and aspartate increased transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) and interleukin-10 (IL-10) levels in the epididymis and testis (P < 0.05) compared with the BD group. Conclusion. Both glutamate and aspartate promoted genital mRNA expressions of anti-inflammatory factors after oxidative stress. Aspartate more effectively decreased serum MDA and prevented fluctuations in serum sex hormones after H2O2 challenge than did glutamate.
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Araújo DD, Amorim AB, Saleh MAD, Curcelli F, Perdigón PL, Bicudo SJ, Berto DA. Nutritional evaluation of integral cassava root silages for growing pigs. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 2:149-153. [PMID: 29767007 PMCID: PMC5941008 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2016.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The experiment aimed at determining the nutritional value of integral cassava root silages with yogurt as inoculant or wastewater (manipueira) by liquid addition ensiling process. Eighteen crossbred piglets (Large White × Landrace), castrated males with an initial average weight of 50 kg were allocated in metabolism cages throughout 11-day trial duration (6 days for animal's adaptation to the cages and to the experimental diets, and 5 days of urine and faeces collection). The experimental design was a randomized block arrangement with 3 treatments and 6 replicates: basal diet (100%); mixture composed of 75% basal diet and 25% integral cassava root silage with yogurt as inoculant; a mixture composed of 75% of basal diet and 25% integral cassava root silage with wastewater. The silages with wastewater and yogurt presented the following values of apparent digestibility of dry matter 89.96% and 90.01%, apparent digestibility of crude protein of 60.67% and 66.43%, apparent digestibility of gross energy of 90.43% and 91.48%, gross energy metabolizability coefficients of 87.88% and 88.93%, digestible energy values of 3,705 and 3,783 kcal/kg on a dry matter (DM) basis, and metabolizable energy values of 3,600 and 3,676 kcal/kg DM, respectively. The results have demonstrated that integral cassava root silages with wastewater or yogurt have a high nutritional value and can be used as an alternative energy source in growing pig's diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego D Araújo
- Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, UNESP - São Paulo State University, Botucatu 18618-000, Brazil
| | - Alessandro B Amorim
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences and Technologies, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Rondonópolis 78735-902, Brazil
| | - Mayra A D Saleh
- Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, UNESP - São Paulo State University, Botucatu 18618-000, Brazil
| | - Felipe Curcelli
- Department of Crop Science, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, UNESP - São Paulo State University, Botucatu 18618-000, Brazil
| | - Pedro L Perdigón
- Instituto de Ciencia Animal (ICA), San José de las Lajas 32700, Cuba
| | - Silvio J Bicudo
- Department of Crop Science, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, UNESP - São Paulo State University, Botucatu 18618-000, Brazil
| | - Dirlei A Berto
- Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, UNESP - São Paulo State University, Botucatu 18618-000, Brazil
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43
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Li YH, Li FN, Wu L, Liu YY, Wei HK, Li TJ, Tan BE, Kong XF, Wu F, Duan YH, Oladele OA, Yin YL. Reduced dietary protein level influences the free amino acid and gene expression profiles of selected amino acid transceptors in skeletal muscle of growing pigs. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2016; 101:96-104. [PMID: 27045856 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.12514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 03/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of reduced dietary protein level on growth performance, muscle mass weight, free amino acids (FAA) and gene expression profile of selected amino acid transceptors in different fibre type of skeletal muscle tissues (longissimus dorsi, psoas major, biceps femoris) of growing pigs. A total of 18 cross-bred growing pigs (Large White × Landrace × Duroc) with initial body weight (9.57 ± 0.67 kg) were assigned into three dietary treatments: 20% crude protein (CP) diet (normal recommended, NP), 17% CP diet (low protein, LP) and 14% CP diet (very low protein, VLP). The results indicated improved feed-to-gain ratio was obtained for pigs fed LP and NP diets (p < 0.01), while the pigs fed VLP diet showed the worst growth performance (p < 0.01). There was no significant difference in the weights of longissimus dorsi and psoas major muscle between LP and NP groups (p > 0.05). Majority of the determined FAA concentration of LP group were greater than or equal to those of NP group in both longissimus dorsi and psoas major muscle (p < 0.01). Further, the mRNA expression levels of sodium-coupled neutral amino acid transceptor 2, L-type amino acid transceptor 1 and proton-assisted amino acid transceptors 2 were higher in skeletal muscle tissue in LP group compared to those of the pigs fed NP or VLP diet. These results suggested that reduced dietary protein level (3 points of percentage less than recommended level) would upregulate the mRNA expression of amino acid transceptors to enhance the absorption of FAA in skeletal muscle of growing pigs. There seems to be a relationship between response of AA transceptors to the dietary protein level in skeletal muscle tissue of different fibre type. To illustrate the underlying mechanisms will be beneficial to animal nutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y H Li
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Healthy Livestock, Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - F N Li
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Healthy Livestock, Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Hunan Co-Innovation Center of Animal Production Safety (CICAPS), Changsha, China
| | - L Wu
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Healthy Livestock, Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Y Y Liu
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Healthy Livestock, Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - H K Wei
- College of Animal Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - T J Li
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Healthy Livestock, Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - B E Tan
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Healthy Livestock, Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - X F Kong
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Healthy Livestock, Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - F Wu
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Healthy Livestock, Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Y H Duan
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Healthy Livestock, Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - O A Oladele
- Animal Nutrition Department, College of Animal Science and Livestock Production, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria
| | - Y L Yin
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Healthy Livestock, Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan, China
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Li Y, Tan B, Wang J, Duan Y, Guo Q, Liu Y, Kong X, Li T, Tang Y, Yin Y. Alteration of inflammatory cytokines, energy metabolic regulators, and muscle fiber type in the skeletal muscle of postweaning piglets1. J Anim Sci 2016; 94:1064-72. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2015-9646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Y. Li
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central China, Ministry of Agriculture, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Healthy Livestock, Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 644 Yuanda Road, Furong District, Changsha, Hunan 410125, China
- College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - B. Tan
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central China, Ministry of Agriculture, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Healthy Livestock, Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 644 Yuanda Road, Furong District, Changsha, Hunan 410125, China
| | - J. Wang
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central China, Ministry of Agriculture, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Healthy Livestock, Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 644 Yuanda Road, Furong District, Changsha, Hunan 410125, China
- College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Y. Duan
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central China, Ministry of Agriculture, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Healthy Livestock, Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 644 Yuanda Road, Furong District, Changsha, Hunan 410125, China
- College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Q. Guo
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central China, Ministry of Agriculture, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Healthy Livestock, Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 644 Yuanda Road, Furong District, Changsha, Hunan 410125, China
- College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Y. Liu
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central China, Ministry of Agriculture, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Healthy Livestock, Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 644 Yuanda Road, Furong District, Changsha, Hunan 410125, China
- College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - X. Kong
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central China, Ministry of Agriculture, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Healthy Livestock, Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 644 Yuanda Road, Furong District, Changsha, Hunan 410125, China
| | - T. Li
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central China, Ministry of Agriculture, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Healthy Livestock, Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 644 Yuanda Road, Furong District, Changsha, Hunan 410125, China
| | - Y. Tang
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central China, Ministry of Agriculture, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Healthy Livestock, Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 644 Yuanda Road, Furong District, Changsha, Hunan 410125, China
| | - Y. Yin
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central China, Ministry of Agriculture, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Healthy Livestock, Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 644 Yuanda Road, Furong District, Changsha, Hunan 410125, China
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Sun Y, Yu K, Zhou L, Fang L, Su Y, Zhu W. Metabolomic and transcriptomic responses induced in the livers of pigs by the long-term intake of resistant starch1. J Anim Sci 2016; 94:1083-94. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2015-9715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
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Li Y, Wei H, Li F, Chen S, Duan Y, Guo Q, Liu Y, Yin Y. Supplementation of branched-chain amino acids in protein-restricted diets modulates the expression levels of amino acid transporters and energy metabolism associated regulators in the adipose tissue of growing pigs. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 2:24-32. [PMID: 29767034 PMCID: PMC5940986 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2016.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2015] [Revised: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 01/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) supplemented in protein-restricted diets on the growth performance and the expression profile of amino acid transporters and energy metabolism related regulators in the white adipose tissue (WAT) of different regional depots including dorsal subcutaneous adipose (DSA) and abdominal subcutaneous adipose (ASA). A total of 24 crossbred barrows (7.40 ± 0.70 kg) were randomly divided into 4 groups and were fed the following isocaloric diets for 33 days: 1) a recommended adequate protein diet (AP, 20% CP, as a positive control); 2) a low protein diet (LP, 17% CP); 3) the LP diet supplemented with BCAA (LP + B, 17% CP) to reach the same level of the AP diet group; 4) the LP diet supplemented with 2 times the amount of BCAA (LP + 2B, 17% CP). The daily gain and daily feed intake of the LP diet group were the lowest among all the treatments (P < 0.01). The feed conversion was improved markedly in the group of LP + B compared with the LP diet group (P < 0.05). No significant difference was noted for the serum biochemical parameter concentrations of glucose, triglyceride, nonesterified fatty acid and insulin among the groups (P > 0.05). Moreover, BCAA supplementation down-regulated the expression levels of amino acid transporters including L-type amino acid transporter 1 and sodium-coupled neutral amino acid transporter 2 in DSA, but up-regulated the expression level of L-type amino acid transporter 4 in ASA (P < 0.05). Meanwhile, the energy sensor AMP-activated protein kinase α was activated in the DSA of pigs fed LP diet and in the ASA of the pigs fed AP or LP + 2B diets (P < 0.05). The mRNA expression profile of the selected mitochondrial component and mitochondrial biogenesis associated regulators in DSA and ASA also responded differently to dietary BCAA supplementation. These results suggested that the growth performance of growing pigs fed protein restricted diets supplemented with BCAA could catch up to that of the pigs fed AP diets. The results also partly demonstrated that the regulation mechanisms of BCAA are different in the adipose tissues of different depots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinghui Li
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Healthy Livestock, Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha 410125, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Hongkui Wei
- College of Animal Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Fengna Li
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Healthy Livestock, Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha 410125, China
- Hunan Co-Innovation Center of Animal Production Safety (CICAPS), Changsha 410128, China
- Corresponding authors.
| | - Shuai Chen
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Healthy Livestock, Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha 410125, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Yehui Duan
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Healthy Livestock, Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha 410125, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Qiuping Guo
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Healthy Livestock, Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha 410125, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Yingying Liu
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Healthy Livestock, Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha 410125, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Yulong Yin
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Healthy Livestock, Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha 410125, China
- Changsha Lvye Biotechnology Limited Company Academician Expert Workstation, Changsha 410126, China
- Hang Zhou King Techina Limited Company Academician Expert Workstation, Hangzhou 311107, China
- Corresponding authors.
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Yu C, Li Y, Zhang B, Lin M, Li J, Zhang L, Wang T, Gao F, Zhou G. Suppression of mTOR Signaling Pathways in Skeletal Muscle of Finishing Pigs by Increasing the Ratios of Ether Extract and Neutral Detergent Fiber at the Expense of Starch in Iso-energetic Diets. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2016; 64:1557-64. [PMID: 26878419 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b06089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Three iso-energetic and iso-nitrogenous diets were fed to finishing pigs for 28 days to investigate the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and ubiquitin-proteasome signaling pathways of skeletal muscle by altering compositions of dietary energy sources. Diet A, diet B, and diet C contained 44.1%, 37.6%, and 30.9% starch; 5.9%, 9.5%, and 14.3% ether extract (EE); and 12.6%, 15.4%, and 17.8% neutral detergent fiber (NDF), respectively. An increase of mRNA expression of MuRF1 (1.09 ± 0.10 vs 1.00 ± 0.08) and MAFbx (1.10 ± 0.06 vs 1.00 ± 0.11) and a decrease of concentrations of plasma insulin (8.2 ± 0.8 vs 10.8 ± 1.2) and glucose (5.76 ± 0.12 vs 6.43 ± 0.33) together with mRNA expression of IRS (0.78 ± 0.19 vs 1.01 ± 0.05) and Akt (0.92 ± 0.01 vs 1.00 ± 0.05) were observed in pigs fed diet C compared with diet A. Protein levels of total and phosphorylated mTOR (0.31 ± 0.04 vs 0.48 ± 0.03 and 0.39 ± 0.01 vs 0.56 ± 0.02), 4EBP1 (0.66 ± 0.06 vs 0.90 ± 0.09 and 0.60 ± 0.12 vs 0.84 ± 0.09), and S6K1 (0.66 ± 0.01 vs 0.89 ± 0.01 and 0.48 ± 0.03 vs 0.79 ± 0.02) were decreased; however, total and phosphorylated AMPK (0.96 ± 0.06 vs 0.64 ± 0.04 and 0.97 ± 0.09 vs 0.61 ± 0.09) were increased in pigs fed diet C compared with diet A. In conclusion, diet C suppressed the mTOR pathway and accelerated the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway in skeletal muscle of finishing pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changning Yu
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Nutrition, Key Laboratory of Animal Origin Food Production and Safety Guarantee of Jiangsu Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University , No. 1 Weigang Road, Nanjing, 210095 Jiangsu China
| | - Yanjiao Li
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Nutrition, Key Laboratory of Animal Origin Food Production and Safety Guarantee of Jiangsu Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University , No. 1 Weigang Road, Nanjing, 210095 Jiangsu China
| | - Bolin Zhang
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Nutrition, Key Laboratory of Animal Origin Food Production and Safety Guarantee of Jiangsu Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University , No. 1 Weigang Road, Nanjing, 210095 Jiangsu China
| | - Meng Lin
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Nutrition, Key Laboratory of Animal Origin Food Production and Safety Guarantee of Jiangsu Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University , No. 1 Weigang Road, Nanjing, 210095 Jiangsu China
| | - Jiaolong Li
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Nutrition, Key Laboratory of Animal Origin Food Production and Safety Guarantee of Jiangsu Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University , No. 1 Weigang Road, Nanjing, 210095 Jiangsu China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Nutrition, Key Laboratory of Animal Origin Food Production and Safety Guarantee of Jiangsu Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University , No. 1 Weigang Road, Nanjing, 210095 Jiangsu China
| | - Tianjiao Wang
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Nutrition, Key Laboratory of Animal Origin Food Production and Safety Guarantee of Jiangsu Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University , No. 1 Weigang Road, Nanjing, 210095 Jiangsu China
| | - Feng Gao
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Nutrition, Key Laboratory of Animal Origin Food Production and Safety Guarantee of Jiangsu Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University , No. 1 Weigang Road, Nanjing, 210095 Jiangsu China
| | - Guanghong Zhou
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Nutrition, Key Laboratory of Animal Origin Food Production and Safety Guarantee of Jiangsu Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University , No. 1 Weigang Road, Nanjing, 210095 Jiangsu China
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Yang C, He J, Chen DW, Yu B, Yu J, Mao XB, Yang KY, Yuan ZC. Effects of corn type and fasting time before slaughter on growth and plasma index in weaning pigs. J Anim Sci 2016; 94:106-16. [PMID: 26812317 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2015-9257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
A 2 × 2 factorial experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary corn type (waxy corn [WC] vs. nonwaxy corn [NC]) and fasting period (2 h vs. 12-16 h) before slaughter on growth and plasma index in weaning pigs. Twenty-four crossbred barrows (8.26 ± 0.47 kg) were allotted to 4 treatments with 6 replications of 1 pig per replicate metabolism cage. Waxy corn contained less fat, a lower amylase:amylopectin ratio, more CP, and more starch than NC. Pigs fed the WC diet had lower jejunum digesta pH compared with those fed the NC diet ( < 0.05). Maltase activity in the jejunum and ileum mucosa ( < 0.01), sucrose activity in the ileum mucosa ( < 0.01), and amylase activity in the pancreas and jejunum digesta ( < 0.05) were increased in pigs fed the WC diet relative to those fed the NC diet. But the total tract apparent digestibility (TTAD) of starch and CP was lower for the WC group ( < 0.05). Ingestion of the NC diet resulted in higher ( < 0.05) ADG and ADFI in the second week but did not affect ADG ( = 0.091) and the feed:gain ratio (F:G; = 0.077) during the whole experiment period. The plasma glucose ( < 0.01) concentration was higher and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C; < 0.01) concentrations was lower in the hepatic portal vein in pigs fed the WC diet relative to those fed the NC diet. Fasting 2 h before slaughter decreased the jejunum and ileum digesta pH compared with the 12-h fasting group ( < 0.01). Villus height increased in the duodenum ( < 0.01) and jejunum ( < 0.05) and the villus height:crypt depth ratio increased in the duodenum ( < 0.05) of pigs after shortening the fasting period before slaughter. Shortening the fasting time before slaughter resulted in higher plasma glucose ( < 0.05) concentrations and a higher HDL-C:low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) ratio ( < 0.05) whereas the LDL-C ( < 0.05) concentrations were reduced in the hepatic portal vein. The results of this experiment indicate that although the production performance of both WC and NC diets is equal, the glucose concentration is higher and HDL-C is lower in the portal vein for the WC diet, and fasting time before slaughter has an influence on the plasma index and intestinal morphology in weaning pigs.
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Emmanuel N, Patil NV, Bhagwat SR, Lateef A, Xu K, Liu H. Effects of different levels of urea supplementation on nutrient intake and growth performance in growing camels fed roughage based complete pellet diets. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 1:356-361. [PMID: 29767066 PMCID: PMC5941000 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2015.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The utilization of urea in camels has beneficial and negative effects. The aims of this study were to investigate the effects of different levels of urea supplementation on nutrients intake, digestibility, growth performance, feed efficiency and economics in growing camels fed roughage based complete pellet diets. In the present study, eighteen growing camels with an average live body weight of 306.17 ± 2.05 kg were randomly assigned in three treatments: T1 = roughage complete pellet diet without urea, T2 = T1 plus 1% urea, and T3 = T1 plus 2% urea. The results showed that the urea supplementation significantly affected average daily feed and nutrient intake of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), and acid detergent fiber (ADF) (P < 0.05). On the contrary, the average daily intake of nitrogen free extract (NFE) and water were not influenced by increasing urea supplementation (P > 0.05). Similarly, digestion coefficient of DM, CP, ether extract (EE), crude fiber (CF) and ADF was influenced by increasing urea level (P < 0.05), while the digestion coefficient of OM, NFE and NDF was not affected by increasing urea level (P > 0.05). The intake of digestive nutrients was similar among all treatment groups. Total body live weight gain and average daily gain were significantly higher in urea supplemented groups (P < 0.05) than in the control group. The supplementation of urea at 1% in low quality roughage complete pellet diets significantly improved (P < 0.05) the feed efficiency. In conclusion, these results indicated that the incorporation of urea at 1% in roughage based complete pellet diets could positively improve nutrients intake, digestibility, growth performance and feed conversion efficiency of growing camels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ntiranyibagira Emmanuel
- Faculté d'Agronomie et de Bio-Ingénierie (FABI), Université du Burundi, Bujumbura BP. 2490, Burundi
| | - Niteen V Patil
- National Research Centre on Camel, Indian Council for Agriculture Research, Bikaner 334001, India
| | - Shekbar R Bhagwat
- College of Veterinary Science & Animal Husbandry, Sardarkrushinagar Dantiwada Agricultural University, Gujarat 385506, India
| | - Abdul Lateef
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Sardarkrushinagar Dantiwada Agricultural University, Dantiwada 385506, India
| | - Kang Xu
- Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production, Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha 410125, China
| | - Hongnan Liu
- Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production, Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha 410125, China
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50
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Li L, Zhang P, Zheng P, Bao Z, Wang Y, Huang F. Hepatic cumulative net appearance of amino acids and related gene expression response to different protein diets in pigs. Livest Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2015.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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