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Roux-Levy C, Binquet C, Vaysse C, Scherrer ML, Ayav A, Ortega-Deballon P, Lakkis Z, Liu D, Deguelte S, Cottet V. Association between polyunsaturated fatty acids in adipose tissue and mortality of colorectal cancer patients. Nutrition 2024; 121:112358. [PMID: 38401197 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2024.112358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/26/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Nutritional intake and dysregulation of fatty acid metabolism play a role in the progression of various tumors, but the consumption of fatty acids is difficult to assess accurately with dietary questionnaires. Biomarkers can objectively assess intake, storage and bioavailability. OBJECTIVE We studied the association between the polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) composition of abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue (good indicator of dietary intake over 2-3 years) and all-cause mortality. METHODS In the multicenter AGARIC study, samples from 203 patients with colorectal cancer (CRC) undergoing curative surgery, were harvested from subcutaneous adipose tissue, which were then analyzed for PUFA composition. RESULTS After a median follow-up of 45 months, 76 patients died. These patients were more often men (72.4% versus 57.5%, P = 0.04), diabetic (32.9% versus 13.4%, P = 0.001), old (median: 74.5 versus 66.6 years, P < 0.001) and with high alcohol consumption (47.4% versus 30.7%, P = 0.005). An increased risk of death was observed with higher levels of 20:2 ω-6 (hazard ratiotertile3 vstertile1 (HRT3vsT1) 2.12; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.01-4.42; p-trend = 0.04), 22:4 ω-6 (HRT3vsT1 = 3.52; 95% CI = 1.51-8.17; p-trend = 0.005), and 22:5 ω-6 (HRT3vsT1 = 3.50; 95% CI = 1.56-7.87; p-trend = 0.002). Conversely, the risk of death seemed lower when higher concentrations of 18:3 ω-6 (HRT3vsT1 = 0.52; 95% CI = 0.27-0.99; p-trend = 0.04) and the essential fatty acid, α-linolenic acid 18:3 ω-3 (HRT3vsT1 = 0.47; 95% CI = 0.24-0.93; p-trend = 0.03) were observed. CONCLUSION The risk of death was increased in CRC patients with higher concentrations of certain ω-6 PUFAs and lower concentrations of α-linolenic acid in their subcutaneous adipose tissue. These results reflect dietary habits and altered fatty acid metabolism. Our exploratory results warrant confirmation in larger studies with further exploration of the mechanisms involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cécile Roux-Levy
- Inserm UMR 1231, Université de Bourgogne, LabEx LipSTIC ANR-11-LABX-0021, Dijon, France
| | - Christine Binquet
- Inserm UMR 1231, Université de Bourgogne, LabEx LipSTIC ANR-11-LABX-0021, Dijon, France; Inserm CIC 1432, Clinical Epidemiology Team, Faculté de Médecine de Dijon, Dijon, France; University Hospital of Dijon, Dijon, France
| | - Carole Vaysse
- ITERG - Team of Nutrition Life Sciences, Bordeaux, France
| | - Marie-Lorraine Scherrer
- Department of Digestive, Cancer, Bariatric and Emergency Surgery, Regional Hospital Centre Metz Thionville, Hôpital de Mercy, Ars-Laquenexy, France
| | - Ahmet Ayav
- Department of General and Digestive Surgery, University Hospital of Nancy, Hôpital Brabois, Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, France
| | - Pablo Ortega-Deballon
- Inserm UMR 1231, Université de Bourgogne, LabEx LipSTIC ANR-11-LABX-0021, Dijon, France; Department of Digestive Surgical Oncology, University Hospital of Dijon, Dijon, France
| | - Zaher Lakkis
- Department of General, Digestive and Oncologic Surgery, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon, France
| | - David Liu
- Department of General and Digestive Surgery, University Hospital of Strasbourg, Hôpital de Hautepierre, Strasbourg, France
| | - Sophie Deguelte
- Department of General, Digestive and Endocrine Surgery, University Hospital of Reims, Reims, France
| | - Vanessa Cottet
- Inserm UMR 1231, Université de Bourgogne, LabEx LipSTIC ANR-11-LABX-0021, Dijon, France; Inserm CIC 1432, Clinical Epidemiology Team, Faculté de Médecine de Dijon, Dijon, France; University Hospital of Dijon, Dijon, France.
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Retterstøl K, Rosqvist F. Fat and fatty acids - a scoping review for Nordic Nutrition Recommendations 2023. Food Nutr Res 2024; 68:9980. [PMID: 38327998 PMCID: PMC10845901 DOI: 10.29219/fnr.v68.9980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Two de novo NNR2022 systematic reviews (SRs) as well as 21 qualified SRs (qSRs) were available. A literature search yielded an additional ~70 SRs, meta-analyses and biomarker papers. Diets lower in total fat are associated with reductions in body weight and blood pressure compared with diets higher in total fat in adults. Partial replacement of saturated fatty acid (SFA) with n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) improves blood lipid profile, decreases the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD), improves glucose-insulin homeostasis and may decrease the risk of total mortality. Long-chain n-3 PUFAs (eicosapentaenoic acid [EPA] and docosahexaenoic acid [DHA]) decrease triglycerides and are associated with lower risk of CVD. Dietary PUFAs, both n-3 and n-6, may be associated with reduced risk of type 2 diabetes (T2D). There is inconclusive evidence to suggest that the type of dietary fat is associated with blood pressure, risk of hypertension or musculoskeletal health. Higher intake of total PUFA is associated with lower mortality from any cancer. Long-chain n-3 PUFA is associated with reduced risk of breast cancer, whereas biomarker levels of n-6 PUFA are associated with lower risk of any cancer. Intake of long-chain n-3 PUFA during pregnancy increases length of gestation and child birth weight and reduces the risk of preterm delivery, but there is inconclusive evidence to suggest that it may influence child neurodevelopment, growth or development of allergic disease. In studies with higher versus lower dietary cholesterol intake levels, total blood cholesterol increased or were unaffected by the dietary cholesterol, resulting in inconclusive results. Trans fatty acid (TFA), regardless of source, impairs blood lipid profile compared to unsaturated fat. In observational studies, TFA is positively associated with CVD and total mortality but whether associations differ by source is inconclusive. Ruminant TFA, as well as biomarker levels of odd-chain fatty acids, might be associated with lower risk of T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kjetil Retterstøl
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Fredrik Rosqvist
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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Akbar S, Rahman A, Ahmad N, Imran M, Hafeez Z. Understanding the Role of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in the Development and Prevention of Cancer. Cancer Treat Res 2024; 191:57-93. [PMID: 39133404 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-55622-7_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/13/2024]
Abstract
Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), notably omega-3 (n-3) and omega-6 (n-6), have received much attention owing to their multifaceted effects not only in the management of diverse pathological conditions but also in the maintenance of overall health of an individual. A disproportionately high n-6 to n-3 ratio contributes to the development of various disorders including cancer, which ranks as a leading cause of death worldwide with profound social and economic burden. Epidemiological studies and clinical trials combined with the animal and cell culture models have demonstrated the beneficial effects of n-3 PUFAs in reducing the risk of various cancer types including breast, prostate and colon cancer. The anti-cancer actions of n-3 PUFAs are mainly attributed to their role in the modulation of a wide array of cellular processes including membrane dynamics, apoptosis, inflammation, angiogenesis, oxidative stress, gene expression and signal transduction pathways. On the contrary, n-6 PUFAs have been shown to exert pro-tumor actions; however, the inconsistent findings and controversial data emphasize upon the need to further investigation. Nevertheless, one of the biggest challenges in future is to optimize the n-6 to n-3 ratio despite the genetic predisposition, age, gender and disease severity. Moreover, a better understanding of the potential risks and benefits as well as the cellular and molecular mechanisms of the basic actions of these PUFAs is required to explore their role as adjuvants in cancer therapy. All these aspects will be reviewed in this chapter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samina Akbar
- CALBINOTOX, Université de Lorraine, 54000, Nancy, France.
| | - Abdur Rahman
- Atta ur Rahman School of Applied Biosciences, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Nazir Ahmad
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Institute of Home and Food Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Imran
- Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Sciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Park Road, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Zeeshan Hafeez
- CALBINOTOX, Université de Lorraine, 54000, Nancy, France
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4
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Lepore Signorile M, Grossi V, Fasano C, Simone C. Colorectal Cancer Chemoprevention: A Dream Coming True? Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24087597. [PMID: 37108756 PMCID: PMC10140862 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24087597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the deadliest forms of cancer worldwide. CRC development occurs mainly through the adenoma-carcinoma sequence, which can last decades, giving the opportunity for primary prevention and early detection. CRC prevention involves different approaches, ranging from fecal occult blood testing and colonoscopy screening to chemoprevention. In this review, we discuss the main findings gathered in the field of CRC chemoprevention, focusing on different target populations and on various precancerous lesions that can be used as efficacy evaluation endpoints for chemoprevention. The ideal chemopreventive agent should be well tolerated and easy to administer, with low side effects. Moreover, it should be readily available at a low cost. These properties are crucial because these compounds are meant to be used for a long time in populations with different CRC risk profiles. Several agents have been investigated so far, some of which are currently used in clinical practice. However, further investigation is needed to devise a comprehensive and effective chemoprevention strategy for CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Lepore Signorile
- Medical Genetics, National Institute of Gastroenterology-IRCCS "Saverio de Bellis" Research Hospital, Castellana Grotte, 70013 Bari, Italy
| | - Valentina Grossi
- Medical Genetics, National Institute of Gastroenterology-IRCCS "Saverio de Bellis" Research Hospital, Castellana Grotte, 70013 Bari, Italy
| | - Candida Fasano
- Medical Genetics, National Institute of Gastroenterology-IRCCS "Saverio de Bellis" Research Hospital, Castellana Grotte, 70013 Bari, Italy
| | - Cristiano Simone
- Medical Genetics, National Institute of Gastroenterology-IRCCS "Saverio de Bellis" Research Hospital, Castellana Grotte, 70013 Bari, Italy
- Medical Genetics, Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Jonic Area (DiMePRe-J), University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70124 Bari, Italy
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IŞIK N, MÜKEMRE M, TÜRKER RS, ZENGİN G, DALAR A. Analysis of phytochemical composition and biological activities of Helichrysum pallasii (Sprengel) ledeb leaves. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SECONDARY METABOLITE 2023. [DOI: 10.21448/ijsm.1132698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed at the investigation of in vitro biological activities (antioxidant and enzyme inhibition) and phytochemical composition of various extracts (ethanol maceration, aqueous infusion, and aqueous decoction) obtained from leaf organs of Helichrysum pallasii, which has been traditionally used as herbal tea and medicine in Eastern Anatolia.
Experimental analysis showed that ethanol-based extract had higher total phenolic content (TPC: 103 mg GAE/gE) and showed superior antioxidant potentials (FRAP: 2205 μmol Fe2+/gE; ORAC: 2540 μmol Trolox Eq./gE; DPPH: IC50=0.58 mg/ml; CUPRAC: IC50=0.37 mg/ml; Phosphomolybdenum: IC50=1.34 mg/ml ve metal chelation: IC50=1.42 mg/ml) and enzyme inhibition (Acetylcholinesterase: IC50=1.49 mg/ml; Butyrylcholinesterase: IC50=1.98 mg/ml; Tyrosinase: IC50=0.68 mg/ml; Alpha-amylase: IC50=2.09 mg/ml; Alpha-glucosidase: IC50=0.51 mg/ml; and Pancreatic lipase: IC50=42.5 μg/ml) and contained higher amounts of phenolic (chlorogenic acid isomers and rutin) and fatty acid (palmitic, linoleic, and linolenic acids) compounds than traditional preparations (infusion and decoction).
The current study's findings indicate that the leaves of the Helichrysum pallasii are a source of phytochemicals with strong antioxidant and enzyme inhibitory properties, implying that it could be a candidate for biotherapeutic agent research and development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Abdullah DALAR
- VAN YUZUNCU YIL UNIVERSITY, FACULTY OF PHARMACY, PHARMACY PR
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Comprehensive Investigation on Associations between Dietary Intake and Blood Levels of Fatty Acids and Colorectal Cancer Risk. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15030730. [PMID: 36771436 PMCID: PMC9919095 DOI: 10.3390/nu15030730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increasingly, studies have discovered that different fatty acids (Fas) are linked to colorectal cancer (CRC) risk. METHODS We systematically searched Embase and Medline databases to identify eligible studies that examined the associations of different types of Fas with CRC risk. The effect estimates and their 95% confidence intervals (Cis) were pooled using a random-effects model. Subgroup and sensitivity analyses were performed to examine the robustness of the study findings. RESULTS This study evaluated the associations of 28 dietary and 18 blood Fas with CRC risk by summarizing the most updated evidence from 54 observational and four Mendelian Randomization (MR) studies. The present findings suggested that high dietary intake of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosahexanoic acid (DHA), and docosapentaenoic acid (DPA) are related to low risk of CRC, while the n-6/n-3 PUFA ratio and trans-FA are related to high risk of CRC. The summary of all cohort studies found that a high intake of SFA and DHA was a protective factor for CRC, and a high intake of the n-6/n-3 PUFA ratio was a risk factor for CRC. In the subgroup analysis of cancer subsites, we found that the dietary intake of linoleic acid (LA) and trans-FA are risk factors, while DPA is a protective factor for colon cancer. High dietary DHA intake was associated with a lower risk of rectal cancer, while the dietary n-6/n-3 PUFA ratio was associated with a higher risk of rectal cancer. Meta-analysis of blood FA levels showed a significant reverse association between blood pentadecanoic acid and CRC risk, whilst other blood Fas showed no significant association with CRC risk. All included MR studies showed that high plasma arachidonic acid (AA) is associated with increased CRC risk. CONCLUSIONS Current evidence on the dietary intake and blood levels of Fas in relation to CRC risk is less consistent. Future studies are needed to investigate how the metabolism of Fas contributes to CRC development.
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Tu K, Ma T, Zhou R, Xu L, Fang Y, Zhang C. Association between Dietary Fatty Acid Patterns and Colorectal Cancer Risk: A Large-Scale Case-Control Study in China. Nutrients 2022; 14:4375. [PMID: 36297059 PMCID: PMC9610713 DOI: 10.3390/nu14204375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Associations of dietary fatty acids with the risk of colorectal cancer (CRC) remain controversial. The objective of this study was to examine whether dietary-derived fatty acid patterns were related to CRC risk among Chinese people. A total of 2806 CRC patients and 2806 frequency-matched controls were interviewed in this case-control study between July 2010 and May 2021. A food frequency questionnaire was used to gather information on dietary intake. Four fatty acid patterns were identified using factor analysis. The even-long-chain fatty acid pattern had no statistically significant association with CRC risk (adjusted Odds ratio (aOR), 1.16; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.97-1.39; ptrend = 0.129). However, significant inverse associations were found between the medium-chain and long-chain saturated fatty acid (SFA) pattern (aOR, 0.34; 95%CI, 0.27-0.42), the highly unsaturated fatty acid pattern (aOR, 0.73; 95%CI, 0.60-0.88), the odd-chain fatty acid pattern (aOR, 0.69; 95%CI, 0.57-0.83), and CRC risk. The interaction between fatty acid patterns and sex was observed, and the association between the highly unsaturated fatty acid pattern and CRC risk differed by subsite. In conclusion, increasing the intakes of foods rich in medium-chain SFAs, highly unsaturated fatty acids, and odd-chain fatty acids may be related to a lower risk of CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kexin Tu
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Ting Ma
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Ruolin Zhou
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Lei Xu
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Yujing Fang
- Department of Experimental Research, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, 651 Dongfeng Road East, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Caixia Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
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Aldoori J, Cockbain AJ, Toogood GJ, Hull MA. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids: moving towards precision use for prevention and treatment of colorectal cancer. Gut 2022; 71:822-837. [PMID: 35115314 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2021-326362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Data from experimental studies have demonstrated that marine omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (O3FAs) have anti-inflammatory and anticancer properties. In the last decade, large-scale randomised controlled trials of pharmacological delivery of O3FAs and prospective cohort studies of dietary O3FA intake have continued to investigate the relationship between O3FA intake and colorectal cancer (CRC) risk and mortality. Clinical data suggest that O3FAs have differential anti-CRC activity depending on several host factors (including pretreatment blood O3FA level, ethnicity and systemic inflammatory response) and tumour characteristics (including location in the colorectum, histological phenotype (eg, conventional adenoma or serrated polyp) and molecular features (eg, microsatellite instability, cyclooxygenase expression)). Recent data also highlight the need for further investigation of the effect of O3FAs on the gut microbiota as a possible anti-CRC mechanism, when used either alone or in combination with other anti-CRC therapies. Overall, these data point towards a precision approach to using O3FAs for optimal prevention and treatment of CRC based on mechanistic understanding of host, tumour and gut microbiota factors that predict anticancer activity of O3FAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Aldoori
- Gastrointestinal & Surgical Sciences, Leeds Institute of Medical Research, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.,Hepatobiliary Surgery, St James's University Hospital, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, UK
| | - Andrew J Cockbain
- Hepatobiliary Surgery, St James's University Hospital, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, UK
| | - Giles J Toogood
- Hepatobiliary Surgery, St James's University Hospital, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, UK
| | - Mark A Hull
- Gastrointestinal & Surgical Sciences, Leeds Institute of Medical Research, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
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The Role of Diet and Lifestyle in Early-Onset Colorectal Cancer: A Systematic Review. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13235933. [PMID: 34885046 PMCID: PMC8657307 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13235933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary This systematic review sifted through the exogenous dietary and lifestyle risk factors associated with early-onset colorectal cancer, going through the putative involvement of these exogenous risk factors in epigenetic and microbiota modifications. Given the burden of early-onset colorectal cancer and its globally increasing trend with scant literature on its pathogenesis, we believe it would be of benefit to highlight the importance of further systematic and large studies. Indeed, dietary and lifestyle modification could complement colorectal screening for early-onset colorectal cancer prevention. Abstract The incidence of early-onset colorectal cancer, defined as colorectal cancer occurring in young adults under the age of 50, is increasing globally. Knowledge of the etiological factors in young adults is far from complete. Questionable eoCRCs’ exogenous factors are represented by processed meat, sugary drinks, alcohol, Western dietary pattern, overweight and obesity, physical inactivity, and smoking, though with heterogeneous results. Therefore, we performed a systematic review to summarize the current evidence on the role of diet and lifestyle as eoCRC risk factors. We systematically searched PubMed, Scopus, and EMBASE up to July 2021, for original studies evaluating diet, alcohol, physical activity, BMI, and smoking in eoCRC and included twenty-six studies. Indeed, the exogenous factors could represent modifiable key factors, whose recognition could establish areas of future interventions through public health strategies for eoCRC primary prevention. Additionally, we discussed the role of additional non-modifiable risk factors, and of epigenetic regulation and microbiota as mediators of the eoCRC triggered by diet and lifestyle.
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Linseisen J, Grundmann N, Zoller D, Kühn T, Jansen EHJM, Chajès V, Fedirko V, Weiderpass E, Dahm CC, Overvad K, Tjønneland A, Boutron-Ruault MC, Rothwell JA, Severi G, Kaaks R, Schulze MB, Aleksandrova K, Sieri S, Panico S, Tumino R, Masala G, De Marco L, Bueno-de-Mesquita B, Vermeulen R, Gram IT, Skeie G, Chirlaque MD, Ardanaz E, Agudo A, Sánchez MJ, Amiano P, Wennberg M, Bodén S, Perez-Cornago A, Aglago EK, Gunter MJ, Jenab M, Heath AK, Nieters A. Red Blood Cell Fatty Acids and Risk of Colorectal Cancer in The European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC). Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2021; 30:874-885. [PMID: 33619024 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-20-1426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A growing body of evidence suggests that alterations of dietary fatty acid (FA) profiles are associated with colorectal cancer risk. However, data from large-scale epidemiologic studies using circulating FA measurements to objectively assess individual FA and FA categories are scarce. METHODS We investigate the association between red blood cell (RBC) membrane FAs and risk of colorectal cancer in a case-control study nested within a large prospective cohort. After a median follow-up of 6.4 years, 1,069 incident colorectal cancer cases were identified and matched to 1,069 controls among participants of the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC). The FA composition of RBC phospholipids (in mol%) was analyzed by gas chromatography, and their association with risk of colorectal cancer was estimated by multivariable adjusted conditional logistic regression models. RESULTS After correction for multiple testing, subjects with higher concentrations of RBC stearic acid were at higher risk for colorectal cancer (OR = 1.23; 95% CI = 1.07-1.42, per 1 mol%). Conversely, colorectal cancer incidence decreased with increasing proportions of RBC n-3 PUFA, particularly eicosapentaenoic acid (0.75; 0.62-0.92, per 1 mol%). The findings for the n-6 PUFA arachidonic acid were inconsistent. CONCLUSIONS The positive association between prediagnostic RBC stearic acid and colorectal cancer reflects putative differences in FA intake and metabolism between cancer cases and matched controls, which deserve further investigation. The inverse relationship between EPA and colorectal cancer is in line with the repeatedly reported protective effect of fish consumption on colorectal cancer risk. IMPACT These findings add to the evidence on colorectal cancer prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Linseisen
- Chair of Epidemiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, at UNIKA-T, Augsburg, Germany.
- Clinical Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Nina Grundmann
- Chair of Epidemiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, at UNIKA-T, Augsburg, Germany
- Clinical Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Dorothee Zoller
- Chair of Epidemiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, at UNIKA-T, Augsburg, Germany
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Division of Cancer Epidemiology, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Tilman Kühn
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Division of Cancer Epidemiology, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Eugène H J M Jansen
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Veronique Chajès
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC-WHO), Lyon, France
| | - Veronika Fedirko
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | | | | | - Kim Overvad
- Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Cardiology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Anne Tjønneland
- Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Diet, Genes and Environment, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Marie-Christine Boutron-Ruault
- Centre de recherche en Epidémiologie et Santé des Populations (CESP), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm) U1018, Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
- Institut de Cancérologie Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Joseph A Rothwell
- Centre de recherche en Epidémiologie et Santé des Populations (CESP), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm) U1018, Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
- Institut de Cancérologie Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Gianluca Severi
- Centre de recherche en Epidémiologie et Santé des Populations (CESP), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm) U1018, Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
- Institut de Cancérologie Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
- Department of Statistics, Computer Science and Applications (DISIA), University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Rudolf Kaaks
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Division of Cancer Epidemiology, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Matthias B Schulze
- German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany
- Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Krasimira Aleksandrova
- German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany
- Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Sabina Sieri
- Epidemiology and Prevention Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Salvatore Panico
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - Rosario Tumino
- Cancer Registry and Histopathology Department, Provincial Health Authority, Ragusa, Italy
| | - Giovanna Masala
- Cancer Risk Factors and Life-Style Epidemiology Unit, Institute for Cancer Research, Prevention and Clinical Network - ISPRO, Florence, Italy
| | - Laura De Marco
- Cancer Epidemiology Unit, A.O.U. Città della Salute e della Scienza Hospital and CPO Piemonte, Turin, Italy
| | - Bas Bueno-de-Mesquita
- Department for Determinants of Chronic Diseases (DCD), National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Roel Vermeulen
- Division of Environmental Epidemiology, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Inger T Gram
- Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tromsø, The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Guri Skeie
- Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tromsø, The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - María-Dolores Chirlaque
- Department of Epidemiology, Murcia Regional Health Council, IMIB-Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Health and Social Sciences, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Eva Ardanaz
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
- Navarra Public Health Institute, Pamplona, Spain
- IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Antonio Agudo
- Unit of Nutrition and Cancer, Catalan Institute of Oncology - ICO, Nutrition and Cancer Group, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute - IDIBELL, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria-José Sánchez
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
- Escuela Andaluza de Salud Pública (EASP), Granada, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, Granada, Spain
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Pilar Amiano
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
- Public Health Division of Gipuzkoa, BioDonostia Research Institute, San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Maria Wennberg
- Section of Sustainable Health, Nutritional Research, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Stina Bodén
- Department of Radiation Sciences, Oncology unit, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Aurora Perez-Cornago
- Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Elom K Aglago
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC-WHO), Lyon, France
| | - Marc J Gunter
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC-WHO), Lyon, France
| | - Mazda Jenab
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC-WHO), Lyon, France
| | - Alicia K Heath
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alexandra Nieters
- Institute of Immunodeficiency, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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11
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Sarkar T, Dhar S, Sa G. Tumor-infiltrating T-regulatory cells adapt to altered metabolism to promote tumor-immune escape. CURRENT RESEARCH IN IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 2:132-141. [PMID: 35492399 PMCID: PMC9040151 DOI: 10.1016/j.crimmu.2021.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor mass and its microenvironment alter host immune system in various ways to promote tumor growth. One of the modifications is evasion of immune surveillance by augmenting the number of Tregs in tumor vicinity. Elevated levels of Tregs are seen in peripheral circulation and tumor tissue of cancer patients. Cancer cells release several chemokines to attract Tregs in tumor-site. Infiltration of Tregs has clinical significance because being immunosuppressive infiltrating Tregs suppress other immune cells making the tumor microenvironment favorable for tumor growth. On the other hand, infiltrating Tregs show metabolic alteration in tumor microenvironment which allows their selective survival over the others. Persistence of Tregs in the tumor microenvironment and subsequent immunosuppression makes Tregs a potential therapeutic obstacle and the reason behind the failure of immunotherapy. In this review, we emphasize the recent development in the metabolic adaptation of tumor-infiltrating Tregs and the therapeutic approaches to boost immunity against cancer.
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12
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Chapelle N, Martel M, Toes-Zoutendijk E, Barkun AN, Bardou M. Recent advances in clinical practice: colorectal cancer chemoprevention in the average-risk population. Gut 2020; 69:2244-2255. [PMID: 32989022 PMCID: PMC7677480 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2020-320990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common and lethal malignancies in Western countries. Its development is a multistep process that spans more than 15 years, thereby providing an opportunity for prevention and early detection. The high incidence and mortality rates emphasise the need for prevention and screening. Many countries have therefore introduced CRC screening programmes. It is expected, and preliminary evidence in some countries suggests, that this screening effort will decrease CRC-related mortality rates. CRC prevention involves a healthy lifestyle and chemoprevention-more specifically, oral chemoprevention that can interfere with progression from a normal colonic mucosa to adenocarcinoma. This preventive effect is important for individuals with a genetic predisposition, but also in the general population. The ideal chemopreventive agent, or combination of agents, remains unknown, especially when considering safety during long-term use. This review evaluates the evidence across 80 meta-analyses of interventional and observational studies of CRC prevention using medications, vitamins, supplements and dietary factors. This review suggests that the following factors are associated with a decreased incidence of CRC: aspirin, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, magnesium, folate, a high consumption of fruits and vegetables, fibre and dairy products. An increased incidence of CRC was observed with frequent alcohol or meat consumption. No evidence of a protective effect for tea, coffee, garlic, fish and soy products was found. The level of evidence is moderate for aspirin, β-carotene and selenium, but is low or very low for all other exposures or interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Chapelle
- Institut des Maladies de l'appareil digestif, Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Nutrition and Medical Oncology, Service de Gastroenterologie, Nantes, France
| | - Myriam Martel
- Department of Gastroenterology, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Alan N Barkun
- Department of Gastroenterology, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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13
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Storniolo CE, Cabral M, Busquets MA, Martín-Venegas R, Moreno JJ. Dual Behavior of Long-Chain Fatty Acids and Their Cyclooxygenase/Lipoxygenase Metabolites on Human Intestinal Caco-2 Cell Growth. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:529976. [PMID: 33013380 PMCID: PMC7500452 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.529976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Etiology of colorectal cancer (CRC) is related, at least in part, with nutritional profile and epidemiological data indicating a key role of dietary fat on CRC pathogenesis. Moreover, inflammation and eicosanoids produced from arachidonic acid might have a pivotal role in CRC development. However, the effect of specific fatty acids (FAs) on intestinal epithelial cell growth is not completely studied now. By this reason, the aim of this work is to unravel the effect of different saturated and unsaturated long-chain fatty acids (LCFA) and some LCFA metabolites on CRC cell line growth and their possible mechanisms of action. Our results demonstrated that oleic acid is a potent mitogenic factor to Caco-2 cells, at least in part, through 10-hydroxy-8-octadecenoic synthesized by lipoxigenase pathway, whereas polyunsaturated FAs such as eicosapentaenoic (EPA) acid has a dual behavior effect depending on its concentration. A high concentration, EPA induced apoptosis through intrinsic pathway, whereas at low concentration induced cell proliferation that could be related to the synthesis of eicosanoids such as prostaglandin E3 and 12-hydroxyeicosapentaenoic acid and the subsequent induction of mitogenic cell signaling pathways (ERK 1/2, CREB, p38α). Thus, this study contributes to understand the complicated relationship between fat ingest and CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina E Storniolo
- Department of Nutrition, Food Sciences and Gastronomy, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Institute of Nutrition and Food Safety (INSA-UB), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marisol Cabral
- Department of Nutrition, Food Sciences and Gastronomy, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Institute of Nutrition and Food Safety (INSA-UB), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria A Busquets
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Physical-Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Institute of Nanosciences and Nanotechnology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Raquel Martín-Venegas
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Safety (INSA-UB), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Juan J Moreno
- Department of Nutrition, Food Sciences and Gastronomy, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Institute of Nutrition and Food Safety (INSA-UB), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,CIBEROBN Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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14
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Lee KH, Seong HJ, Kim G, Jeong GH, Kim JY, Park H, Jung E, Kronbichler A, Eisenhut M, Stubbs B, Solmi M, Koyanagi A, Hong SH, Dragioti E, de Rezende LFM, Jacob L, Keum N, van der Vliet HJ, Cho E, Veronese N, Grosso G, Ogino S, Song M, Radua J, Jung SJ, Thompson T, Jackson SE, Smith L, Yang L, Oh H, Choi EK, Shin JI, Giovannucci EL, Gamerith G. Consumption of Fish and ω-3 Fatty Acids and Cancer Risk: An Umbrella Review of Meta-Analyses of Observational Studies. Adv Nutr 2020; 11:1134-1149. [PMID: 32488249 PMCID: PMC7490175 DOI: 10.1093/advances/nmaa055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Revised: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple studies have suggested that ω-3 fatty acid intake may have a protective effect on cancer risk; however, its true association with cancer risk remains controversial. We performed an umbrella review of meta-analyses to summarize and evaluate the evidence for the association between ω-3 fatty acid intake and cancer outcomes. We searched PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews from inception to December 1, 2018. We included meta-analyses of observational studies that examined associations between intake of fish or ω-3 fatty acid and cancer risk (gastrointestinal, liver, breast, gynecologic, prostate, brain, lung, and skin) and determined the level of evidence of associations. In addition, we appraised the quality of the evidence of significant meta-analyses by using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) system. We initially screened 598 articles, and 15 articles, including 57 meta-analyses, were eligible. Among 57 meta-analyses, 15 reported statistically significant results. We found that 12 meta-analyses showed weak evidence of an association between ω-3 fatty acid intake and risk of the following types of cancer: liver cancer (n = 4 of 6), breast cancer (n = 3 of 14), prostate cancer (n = 3 of 11), and brain tumor (n = 2 of 2). In the other 3 meta-analyses, studies of endometrial cancer and skin cancer, there were no assessable data for determining the evidence levels. No meta-analysis showed convincing, highly suggestive, or suggestive evidence of an association. In the sensitivity analysis of meta-analyses by study design, we found weak associations between ω-3 fatty acid intake and breast cancer risk in cohort studies, but no statistically significant association in case-control studies. However, the opposite results were found in case of brain tumor risk. Although ω-3 fatty acids have been studied in several meta-analyses with regard to a wide range of cancer outcomes, only weak associations were identified in some cancer types, with several limitations. Considering the nonsignificant or weak evidence level, clinicians and researchers should cautiously interpret reported associations between ω-3 fatty acid consumption and cancer risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keum Hwa Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo Jin Seong
- Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Gaeun Kim
- Keimyung University College of Nursing, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Gwang Hun Jeong
- College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Yeob Kim
- Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunbong Park
- Yonsei University Graduate School, Department of Nursing, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunyoung Jung
- Yonsei University Graduate School, Department of Nursing, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Andreas Kronbichler
- Department of Internal Medicine IV (Nephrology and Hypertension), Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Michael Eisenhut
- Department of Pediatrics, Luton & Dunstable University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Luton, United Kingdom
| | - Brendon Stubbs
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom,South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom,Faculty of Health, Social Care and Education, Anglia Ruskin University, Chelmsford, United Kingdom
| | - Marco Solmi
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Ai Koyanagi
- Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu/CIBERSAM, Universitat de Barcelona, Fundació Sant Joan de Déu, Sant Boi de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain,ICREA, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sung Hwi Hong
- Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea,Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Elena Dragioti
- Pain and Rehabilitation Centre, Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | | | - Louis Jacob
- Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu/CIBERSAM, Universitat de Barcelona, Fundació Sant Joan de Déu, Sant Boi de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain,Faculty of Medicine, University of Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Montigny-le-Bretonneux, France
| | - NaNa Keum
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA,Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Dongguk University, Goyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Hans J van der Vliet
- Department of Medical Oncology, Amsterdam UMC, Cancer Center Amsterdam, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Eunyoung Cho
- Department of Dermatology, The Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA,Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nicola Veronese
- National Research Council, Neuroscience Institute, Aging Branch, Padova, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Grosso
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Shuji Ogino
- Cancer Immunology and Cancer Epidemiology Programs, Dana-Farber Harvard Cancer Center, Boston, MA, USA,Department of Epidemiology, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA,Program in MPE Molecular Pathological Epidemiology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA,Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Mingyang Song
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA,Department of Epidemiology, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA,Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA,Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Joaquim Radua
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain,Mental Health Research Networking Center (CIBERSAM), Barcelona, Spain,Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom,Centre for Psychiatric Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sun Jae Jung
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA,Department of Preventive Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Trevor Thompson
- Department of Psychology, University of Greenwich, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah E Jackson
- Department of Behavioral Science and Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Lee Smith
- The Cambridge Centre for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Anglia Ruskin University, Chelmsford, United Kingdom
| | - Lin Yang
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology and Cancer Prevention, Alberta Health Services, Calgary, Canada,Departments of Oncology and Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Hans Oh
- School of Social Work, University of Southern California, CA, USA
| | - Eun Kyoung Choi
- Mo-Im Kim Nursing Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Nursing, Seoul, Republic of Korea,Address correspondence to EKC (e-mail: )
| | - Jae Il Shin
- Department of Pediatrics, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea,Address correspondence to JIS (e-mail: )
| | - Edward L Giovannucci
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA,Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Gabriele Gamerith
- Internal Medicine V, Department of Hematology and Oncology, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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15
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Khankari NK, Banbury BL, Borges MC, Haycock P, Albanes D, Arndt V, Berndt SI, Bézieau S, Brenner H, Campbell PT, Casey G, Chan AT, Chang-Claude J, Conti DV, Cotterchio M, English DR, Figueiredo JC, Giles GG, Giovannucci EL, Gunter MJ, Hampe J, Hoffmeister M, Hopper JL, Jenkins MA, Joshi AD, Marchand LL, Lemire M, Li CI, Li L, Lindblom A, Martín V, Moreno V, Newcomb PA, Offit K, Pharoah PDP, Rennert G, Sakoda LC, Schafmayer C, Schmit SL, Slattery ML, Song M, Thibodeau SN, Ulrich CM, Weinstein SJ, White E, Win AK, Wolk A, Woods MO, Wu AH, Cai Q, Denny JC, Edwards TL, Murff HJ, Gruber SB, Peters U, Zheng W. Mendelian Randomization of Circulating Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Colorectal Cancer Risk. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2020; 29:860-870. [PMID: 32051193 PMCID: PMC7125012 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-19-0891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Revised: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Results from epidemiologic studies examining polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and colorectal cancer risk are inconsistent. Mendelian randomization may strengthen causal inference from observational studies. Given their shared metabolic pathway, examining the combined effects of aspirin/NSAID use with PUFAs could help elucidate an association between PUFAs and colorectal cancer risk. METHODS Information was leveraged from genome-wide association studies (GWAS) regarding PUFA-associated SNPs to create weighted genetic scores (wGS) representing genetically predicted circulating blood PUFAs for 11,016 non-Hispanic white colorectal cancer cases and 13,732 controls in the Genetics and Epidemiology of Colorectal Cancer Consortium (GECCO). Associations per SD increase in the wGS were estimated using unconditional logistic regression. Interactions between PUFA wGSs and aspirin/NSAID use on colorectal cancer risk were also examined. RESULTS Modest colorectal cancer risk reductions were observed per SD increase in circulating linoleic acid [ORLA = 0.96; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.93-0.98; P = 5.2 × 10-4] and α-linolenic acid (ORALA = 0.95; 95% CI = 0.92-0.97; P = 5.4 × 10-5), whereas modest increased risks were observed for arachidonic (ORAA = 1.06; 95% CI = 1.03-1.08; P = 3.3 × 10-5), eicosapentaenoic (OREPA = 1.04; 95% CI = 1.01-1.07; P = 2.5 × 10-3), and docosapentaenoic acids (ORDPA = 1.03; 95% CI = 1.01-1.06; P = 1.2 × 10-2). Each of these effects was stronger among aspirin/NSAID nonusers in the stratified analyses. CONCLUSIONS Our study suggests that higher circulating shorter-chain PUFAs (i.e., LA and ALA) were associated with reduced colorectal cancer risk, whereas longer-chain PUFAs (i.e., AA, EPA, and DPA) were associated with an increased colorectal cancer risk. IMPACT The interaction of PUFAs with aspirin/NSAID use indicates a shared colorectal cancer inflammatory pathway. Future research should continue to improve PUFA genetic instruments to elucidate the independent effects of PUFAs on colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikhil K Khankari
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee.
| | - Barbara L Banbury
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - Maria C Borges
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Philip Haycock
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Demetrius Albanes
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Volker Arndt
- Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sonja I Berndt
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Stéphane Bézieau
- Service de Génétique Médicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Hermann Brenner
- Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Division of Preventive Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Heidelberg, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Peter T Campbell
- Behavioral and Epidemiology Research Group, American Cancer Society, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Graham Casey
- Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Andrew T Chan
- Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jenny Chang-Claude
- University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, University Cancer Centre Hamburg (UCCH), Hamburg, Germany
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - David V Conti
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Michelle Cotterchio
- Prevention and Cancer Control, Cancer Care Ontario, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Dallas R English
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Cancer Epidemiology and Intelligence Division, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jane C Figueiredo
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
- Department of Medicine, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Graham G Giles
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Cancer Epidemiology and Intelligence Division, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Edward L Giovannucci
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Marc J Gunter
- Nutrition and Metabolism Section, International Agency for Research on Cancer, World Health Organization, Lyon, France
| | - Jochen Hampe
- Department of Medicine, University Hospital Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden (TU Dresden), Dresden, Germany
| | - Michael Hoffmeister
- Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - John L Hopper
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mark A Jenkins
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Amit D Joshi
- Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - Mathieu Lemire
- PanCuRx Translational Research Initiative, Ontario, Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Christopher I Li
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - Li Li
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Annika Lindblom
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Vicente Martín
- Área de Medicina Preventiva y Salud Publica, Universidad de León, León, Spain
| | - Victor Moreno
- Cancer Prevention and Control Program, Catalan Institute of Oncology-IDIBELL, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Polly A Newcomb
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Seattle, Washington
| | - Kenneth Offit
- Clinical Genetics Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
| | - Paul D P Pharoah
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Gad Rennert
- Department of Community Medicine and Epidemiology, Lady Davis Carmel Medical Center, Haifa, Israel
- Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
- Clalit National Cancer Control Center, Haifa, Israel
| | - Lori C Sakoda
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
- Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, California
| | - Clemens Schafmayer
- Department of General and Thoracic Surgery, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Stephanie L Schmit
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida
| | - Martha L Slattery
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Mingyang Song
- Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Stephen N Thibodeau
- Division of Laboratory Genetics, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Cornelia M Ulrich
- Huntsman Cancer Institute and Department of Population Health Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | | | - Emily White
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Seattle, Washington
| | - Aung Ko Win
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Alicja Wolk
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Michael O Woods
- Discipline of Genetics, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada
| | - Anna H Wu
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Qiuyin Cai
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Joshua C Denny
- Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Todd L Edwards
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
- Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Harvey J Murff
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Stephen B Gruber
- Department of Medical Oncology, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, California
| | - Ulrike Peters
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Seattle, Washington
| | - Wei Zheng
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
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Aglago EK, Huybrechts I, Murphy N, Casagrande C, Nicolas G, Pischon T, Fedirko V, Severi G, Boutron-Ruault MC, Fournier A, Katzke V, Kühn T, Olsen A, Tjønneland A, Dahm CC, Overvad K, Lasheras C, Agudo A, Sánchez MJ, Amiano P, Huerta JM, Ardanaz E, Perez-Cornago A, Trichopoulou A, Karakatsani A, Martimianaki G, Palli D, Pala V, Tumino R, Naccarati A, Panico S, Bueno-de-Mesquita B, May A, Derksen JWG, Hellstrand S, Ohlsson B, Wennberg M, Van Guelpen B, Skeie G, Brustad M, Weiderpass E, Cross AJ, Ward H, Riboli E, Norat T, Chajes V, Gunter MJ. Consumption of Fish and Long-chain n-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Is Associated With Reduced Risk of Colorectal Cancer in a Large European Cohort. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2020; 18:654-666.e6. [PMID: 31252190 DOI: 10.1016/j.cgh.2019.06.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Revised: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 06/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS There is an unclear association between intake of fish and long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 LC-PUFAs) and colorectal cancer (CRC). We examined the association between fish consumption, dietary and circulating levels of n-3 LC-PUFAs, and ratio of n-6:n-3 LC-PUFA with CRC using data from the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) cohort. METHODS Dietary intake of fish (total, fatty/oily, lean/white) and n-3 LC-PUFA were estimated by food frequency questionnaires given to 521,324 participants in the EPIC study; among these, 6291 individuals developed CRC (median follow up, 14.9 years). Levels of phospholipid LC-PUFA were measured by gas chromatography in plasma samples from a sub-group of 461 CRC cases and 461 matched individuals without CRC (controls). Multivariable Cox proportional hazards and conditional logistic regression models were used to calculate hazard ratios (HRs) and odds ratios (ORs), respectively, with 95% CIs. RESULTS Total intake of fish (HR for quintile 5 vs 1, 0.88; 95% CI, 0.80-0.96; Ptrend = .005), fatty fish (HR for quintile 5 vs 1, 0.90; 95% CI, 0.82-0.98; Ptrend = .009), and lean fish (HR for quintile 5 vs 1, 0.91; 95% CI, 0.83-1.00; Ptrend = .016) were inversely associated with CRC incidence. Intake of total n-3 LC-PUFA (HR for quintile 5 vs 1, 0.86; 95% CI, 0.78-0.95; Ptrend = .010) was also associated with reduced risk of CRC, whereas dietary ratio of n-6:n-3 LC-PUFA was associated with increased risk of CRC (HR for quintile 5 vs 1, 1.31; 95% CI, 1.18-1.45; Ptrend < .001). Plasma levels of phospholipid n-3 LC-PUFA was not associated with overall CRC risk, but an inverse trend was observed for proximal compared with distal colon cancer (Pheterogeneity = .026). CONCLUSIONS In an analysis of dietary patterns of participants in the EPIC study, we found regular consumption of fish, at recommended levels, to be associated with a lower risk of CRC, possibly through exposure to n-3 LC-PUFA. Levels of n-3 LC-PUFA in plasma were not associated with CRC risk, but there may be differences in risk at different regions of the colon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elom K Aglago
- Nutrition and Metabolism Section, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon, France.
| | - Inge Huybrechts
- Nutrition and Metabolism Section, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon, France
| | - Neil Murphy
- Nutrition and Metabolism Section, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon, France
| | - Corinne Casagrande
- Nutrition and Metabolism Section, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon, France
| | - Genevieve Nicolas
- Nutrition and Metabolism Section, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon, France
| | - Tobias Pischon
- Molecular Epidemiology Research Group, Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - Veronika Fedirko
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Gianluca Severi
- Centre de Recherche en Epidémiologie et Santé des Populations, Université Paris-Sud, UVSQ, INSERM, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France; Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Marie-Christine Boutron-Ruault
- Centre de Recherche en Epidémiologie et Santé des Populations, Université Paris-Sud, UVSQ, INSERM, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France; Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Agnès Fournier
- Centre de Recherche en Epidémiologie et Santé des Populations, Université Paris-Sud, UVSQ, INSERM, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France; Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Verena Katzke
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Foundation under Public Law, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Tilman Kühn
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Foundation under Public Law, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Anja Olsen
- Diet, Genes and Environment, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anne Tjønneland
- Diet, Genes and Environment, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Kim Overvad
- Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; Department of Cardiology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Cristina Lasheras
- Functional Biology Department, School of Medicine, University of Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
| | - Antonio Agudo
- Unit of Nutrition and Cancer, Cancer Epidemiology Research Program, Catalan Institute of Oncology-IDIBELL, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria-Jose Sánchez
- Escuela Andaluza de Salud Pública, Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain; CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Pilar Amiano
- Public Health Division of Gipuzkoa, BioDonostia Research Institute, San Sebastian, Spain
| | - José Maria Huerta
- CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain; Department of Epidemiology, Murcia Regional Health Council, IMIB-Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain
| | - Eva Ardanaz
- CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain; Navarra Public Health Institute, Pamplona, Spain; IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Aurora Perez-Cornago
- Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Antonia Trichopoulou
- Hellenic Health Foundation, Athens, Greece; School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Anna Karakatsani
- Nutrition and Metabolism Section, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon, France; Department of Cardiology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark; 2nd Pulmonary Medicine Department, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, "ATTIKON" University Hospital, Haidari, Greece
| | | | - Domenico Palli
- Cancer Risk Factors and Life-Style Epidemiology Unit, Institute for Cancer Research, Prevention and Clinical Network - ISPRO, Florence, Italy
| | - Valeria Pala
- Epidemiology and Prevention Unit Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Rosario Tumino
- Cancer Registry and Histopathology Department, "M.P.Arezzo" Hospital, Ragusa, Italy
| | - Alessio Naccarati
- Molecular Epidemiology and Exposomics Unit, Italian Institute for Genomic Medicine (IIGM), Torino, Italy
| | - Salvatore Panico
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - Bas Bueno-de-Mesquita
- Department for Determinants of Chronic Diseases (DCD), National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands; Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Centre, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, St Mary's Campus, London, United Kingdom; Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Anne May
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen W G Derksen
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Sophie Hellstrand
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Malmö, Diabetes and Cardiovascular Disease - Genetic Epidemiology, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Bodil Ohlsson
- Department of Internal Medicine, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Maria Wennberg
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Section of Sustainable Health, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | | | - Guri Skeie
- Department of Community Medicine, University of Tromsø, Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Magritt Brustad
- Department of Community Medicine, University of Tromsø, Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Elisabete Weiderpass
- Office of the Director, International Agency For Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon, France
| | - Amanda J Cross
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Heather Ward
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Elio Riboli
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Teresa Norat
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Veronique Chajes
- Nutrition and Metabolism Section, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon, France
| | - Marc J Gunter
- Nutrition and Metabolism Section, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon, France
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Kim Y, Kim J. Intake or Blood Levels of n-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Risk of Colorectal Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Prospective Studies. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2019; 29:288-299. [PMID: 31767566 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-19-0931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Revised: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous results of the association between n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and colorectal cancer were inconsistent. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies. METHODS The PubMed and Embase databases were searched through July 10, 2019, followed by a manual search. A random-effects model was used. RESULTS Twenty prospective studies, including 18,102 cases and 1,360,046 participants, were included. The pooled RR of colorectal cancer for the highest versus lowest category of n-3 PUFA intake was 0.97 [95% confidence interval (CI), 0.90-1.04]. Regarding the type of n-3 PUFA, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) intakes were inversely associated with 11% (RR = 0.89; 95% CI, 0.80-0.99) and 12% (RR = 0.88; 95% CI, 0.81-0.96) lower colorectal cancer risks, respectively, in the comparison of the highest versus lowest category. Increments of 0.1 g/day of EPA (RR = 0.95; 95% CI, 0.92-0.98) and DHA (RR = 0.97; 95% CI, 0.95-0.99) intakes were associated with a lower colorectal cancer risk. Regarding the blood levels of n-3 PUFAs, the pooled RR of colorectal cancer for the highest versus lowest category of blood levels of n-3 PUFAs was 0.79 (95% CI, 0.64-0.98). The risk of colorectal cancer decreased by 4% for every 1% increase in blood n-3 PUFA levels (RR = 0.96; 95% CI, 0.92-1.00). CONCLUSIONS High blood n-3 PUFA levels are inversely associated with colorectal cancer risk, and high n-3 PUFA intake is suggestively associated with lower colorectal cancer risk. IMPACT Our findings suggest that high blood n-3 PUFA levels may be associated with reduced colorectal cancer risk, but further studies are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youngyo Kim
- Department of Cancer Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Cancer Science and Policy, National Cancer Center, Goyang, South Korea
| | - Jeongseon Kim
- Department of Cancer Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Cancer Science and Policy, National Cancer Center, Goyang, South Korea.
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18
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Ogino S, Nowak JA, Hamada T, Milner DA, Nishihara R. Insights into Pathogenic Interactions Among Environment, Host, and Tumor at the Crossroads of Molecular Pathology and Epidemiology. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PATHOLOGY 2019; 14:83-103. [PMID: 30125150 PMCID: PMC6345592 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pathmechdis-012418-012818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Evidence indicates that diet, nutrition, lifestyle, the environment, the microbiome, and other exogenous factors have pathogenic roles and also influence the genome, epigenome, transcriptome, proteome, and metabolome of tumor and nonneoplastic cells, including immune cells. With the need for big-data research, pathology must transform to integrate data science fields, including epidemiology, biostatistics, and bioinformatics. The research framework of molecular pathological epidemiology (MPE) demonstrates the strengths of such an interdisciplinary integration, having been used to study breast, lung, prostate, and colorectal cancers. The MPE research paradigm not only can provide novel insights into interactions among environment, tumor, and host but also opens new research frontiers. New developments-such as computational digital pathology, systems biology, artificial intelligence, and in vivo pathology technologies-will further transform pathology and MPE. Although it is necessary to address the rarity of transdisciplinary education and training programs, MPE provides an exemplary model of integrative scientific approaches and contributes to advancements in precision medicine, therapy, and prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuji Ogino
- Program in MPE Molecular Pathological Epidemiology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA; , ,
- Department of Oncologic Pathology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA;
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
| | - Jonathan A Nowak
- Program in MPE Molecular Pathological Epidemiology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA; , ,
| | - Tsuyoshi Hamada
- Department of Oncologic Pathology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA;
| | - Danny A Milner
- American Society for Clinical Pathology, Chicago, Illinois 60603, USA;
| | - Reiko Nishihara
- Program in MPE Molecular Pathological Epidemiology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA; , ,
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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19
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Adamowicz K, Zaucha R. Evaluation of the Impact of Cancer Treatment on the Adoption and Consolidation of Pro-Health Attitudes in the Field of Cancer in Treated Patients with Colon Cancer. JOURNAL OF CANCER EDUCATION : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR CANCER EDUCATION 2018; 33:309-316. [PMID: 27640993 DOI: 10.1007/s13187-016-1112-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer is the second most common cause of cancer deaths worldwide. Although progress in the development of new drugs over the last two decades has expanded treatment options for this disease, many significant problems relating to their optimization remain to be solved. Data on the cancer knowledge and the healthy behavior and lifestyle in patients with colorectal cancer in Poland is missing. We analyzed the course and results of treatment of first-line chemotherapy in 165 patients diagnosed with colorectal cancer treated between May 2010 and December 2013. The respondent's knowledge in the field of cancer and their lifestyle before and after the treatment were rated. The results were compared with a control group. Mean age was 60.89 ± 8.69 years, median 59 years. The general knowledge about cancer and the level of healthy lifestyle before treatment were low. After treatment, both the knowledge about cancer and the level of healthy lifestyle increased compared to the control group. There was a clear relationship between the level of knowledge about cancer and the willingness to adopt attitudes and healthy behavior by patients. In our analysis, the overall quality of life in patients treated with first-line palliative chemotherapy of colorectal cancer did not change during treatment. Our results indicate the need to implement an educational program on cancer prevention in treated patients, and the analysis of quality of life and other factors than treatment effect remains controversial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Adamowicz
- Regional Hospital in Wejherowo, Jagalskiego Street 10, 84-200, Wejherowo, Pomerania, Poland.
| | - Renata Zaucha
- Depatment of Oncology and Radiotherapy, Medical University of Gdansk, 7 Debinki St., 80-211, Gdansk,, Poland
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20
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Michalak A, Mosińska P, Fichna J. Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Their Derivatives: Therapeutic Value for Inflammatory, Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders, and Colorectal Cancer. Front Pharmacol 2016; 7:459. [PMID: 27990120 PMCID: PMC5131004 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2016.00459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are bioactive lipids which modulate inflammation and immunity. They gained recognition in nutritional therapy and are recommended dietary supplements. There is a growing body of evidence suggesting the usefulness of PUFAs in active therapy of various gastrointestinal (GI) diseases. In this review we briefly cover the systematics of PUFAs and their metabolites, and elaborate on their possible use in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGIDs) with focus on irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), and colorectal cancer (CRC). Each section describes the latest findings from in vitro and in vivo studies, with reports of clinical interventions when available.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jakub Fichna
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of LodzLodz, Poland
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21
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McCartney DMA, Byrne DG, Cantwell MM, Turner MJ. Cancer incidence in Ireland—the possible role of diet, nutrition and lifestyle. J Public Health (Oxf) 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s10389-016-0769-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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22
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Song X, Schenk JM, Diep P, Murphy RA, Harris TB, Eiriksdottir G, Gudnason V, Casper C, Lampe JW, Neuhouser ML. Measurement of Circulating Phospholipid Fatty Acids: Association between Relative Weight Percentage and Absolute Concentrations. J Am Coll Nutr 2016; 35:647-656. [PMID: 27314836 DOI: 10.1080/07315724.2015.1116417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Most epidemiologic studies of circulating phospholipid fatty acids (PLFAs) and disease risk have used the relative concentration (percentage of total) of each fatty acid as the measure of exposure. Using relative concentrations, the total of all fatty acids is summed to 100% and thus the values of individual fatty acid are not independent. This has led to debate, along with the suggestion to use absolute concentrations of fatty acids. We aimed to examine the relationship between relative (weight percentage) and absolute (mg/L) concentrations of individual circulating PLFAs. METHODS Relative and absolute concentrations of 41 circulating PLFAs were measured by gas chromatography in samples from 3 diverse populations. Correlations between the relative and absolute concentrations for each fatty acid were used to measure agreement. Unadjusted correlations and correlations adjusting absolute PLFA concentrations for total cholesterol were calculated. RESULTS Unadjusted correlations between relative and absolute concentrations, as well as correlations adjusting absolute PLFA concentrations for total cholesterol, were high for most PLFAs in all 3 studies. Across the 3 studies, 28 of the 41 analyzed PLFAs had unadjusted correlations > 0.6 and 39 had adjusted correlations > 0.6. CONCLUSIONS Choice of relative vs absolute concentration may not affect interpretation of results for most circulating PLFAs in studies of association between individual PLFAs and disease outcomes, especially if a covariate reflecting total lipids, such as total circulating cholesterol, is included in the model. However, for fatty acids, such as 16:0 (palmitic acid), with low correlation between the 2 metrics, using relative vs absolute concentration may lead to different inferences regarding their association with the outcome. Because both concentrations could be obtained simultaneously from the same laboratory assay, use of both metrics is warranted to better understand PLFA-disease relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoling Song
- a Public Health Sciences Division , Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center , Seattle , Washington
| | - Jeannette M Schenk
- a Public Health Sciences Division , Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center , Seattle , Washington
| | - Pho Diep
- a Public Health Sciences Division , Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center , Seattle , Washington
| | - Rachel A Murphy
- b Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Sciences , National Institute on Aging , Bethesda , Maryland
| | - Tamara B Harris
- b Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Sciences , National Institute on Aging , Bethesda , Maryland
| | | | - Vilmundur Gudnason
- c Icelandic Heart Association , Kopavogur , ICELAND.,d Faculty of Medicine , University of Iceland , Reykjavik , ICELAND
| | - Corey Casper
- a Public Health Sciences Division , Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center , Seattle , Washington
| | - Johanna W Lampe
- a Public Health Sciences Division , Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center , Seattle , Washington
| | - Marian L Neuhouser
- a Public Health Sciences Division , Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center , Seattle , Washington
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23
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Yoshida K, Hashimoto M, Hori R, Adachi T, Okuyama H, Orikasa Y, Nagamine T, Shimizu S, Ueno A, Morita N. Bacterial Long-Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids: Their Biosynthetic Genes, Functions, and Practical Use. Mar Drugs 2016; 14:E94. [PMID: 27187420 PMCID: PMC4882568 DOI: 10.3390/md14050094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Revised: 04/23/2016] [Accepted: 04/29/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The nutritional and pharmaceutical values of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFAs) such as arachidonic, eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids have been well recognized. These LC-PUFAs are physiologically important compounds in bacteria and eukaryotes. Although little is known about the biosynthetic mechanisms and functions of LC-PUFAs in bacteria compared to those in higher organisms, a combination of genetic, bioinformatic, and molecular biological approaches to LC-PUFA-producing bacteria and some eukaryotes have revealed the notably diverse organization of the pfa genes encoding a polyunsaturated fatty acid synthase complex (PUFA synthase), the LC-PUFA biosynthetic processes, and tertiary structures of the domains of this enzyme. In bacteria, LC-PUFAs appear to take part in specific functions facilitating individual membrane proteins rather than in the adjustment of the physical fluidity of the whole cell membrane. Very long chain polyunsaturated hydrocarbons (LC-HCs) such as hentriacontanonaene are considered to be closely related to LC-PUFAs in their biosynthesis and function. The possible role of LC-HCs in strictly anaerobic bacteria under aerobic and anaerobic environments and the evolutionary relationships of anaerobic and aerobic bacteria carrying pfa-like genes are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiyohito Yoshida
- Laboratory of Ecological Genetics, Section of Environmental Biology, Faculty of Environmental Earth Science, Hokkaido University, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0810, Japan.
| | - Mikako Hashimoto
- Course in Ecological Genetics, Division of Biosphere Science, Graduate School of Environmental Science, Hokkaido University, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0810, Japan.
| | - Ryuji Hori
- Technical Solution Center First Group, J-OIL MILLS, Inc., Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0044, Japan.
| | - Takumi Adachi
- Laboratory of Environmental Microbiology, Division of Applied Bioscience, Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8589, Japan.
- Bioproduction Research Institute, Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Toyohira-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 062-8517, Japan.
| | - Hidetoshi Okuyama
- Laboratory of Environmental Molecular Biology, Section of Environmental Biology, Faculty of Environmental Earth Science, Hokkaido University, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0810, Japan.
| | - Yoshitake Orikasa
- Department Food Science, Obihiro University Agriculture Veterinary Medicine, Inada-cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan.
| | - Tadashi Nagamine
- ROM Co. Ltd., Togashi Bld., Chuo-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0062, Japan.
| | - Satoru Shimizu
- Horonobe Research Institute for the Subsurface Environment, Northern Advancement Centre for Science and Technology, 5-3, Sakae-machi, Horonobe, Teshio-gun, Hokkaido 098-3221, Japan.
| | - Akio Ueno
- Horonobe Research Institute for the Subsurface Environment, Northern Advancement Centre for Science and Technology, 5-3, Sakae-machi, Horonobe, Teshio-gun, Hokkaido 098-3221, Japan.
| | - Naoki Morita
- Laboratory of Environmental Microbiology, Division of Applied Bioscience, Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8589, Japan.
- Bioproduction Research Institute, Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Toyohira-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 062-8517, Japan.
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Wolfram G, Bechthold A, Boeing H, Ellinger S, Hauner H, Kroke A, Leschik-Bonnet E, Linseisen J, Lorkowski S, Schulze M, Stehle P, Dinter J. Evidence-Based Guideline of the German Nutrition Society: Fat Intake and Prevention of Selected Nutrition-Related Diseases. ANNALS OF NUTRITION AND METABOLISM 2015; 67:141-204. [PMID: 26414007 DOI: 10.1159/000437243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
As nutrition-related chronic diseases have become more and more frequent, the importance of dietary prevention has also increased. Dietary fat plays a major role in human nutrition, and modification of fat and/or fatty acid intake could have a preventive potential. The aim of the guideline of the German Nutrition Society (DGE) was to systematically evaluate the evidence for the prevention of the widespread diseases obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, dyslipoproteinaemia, hypertension, metabolic syndrome, coronary heart disease (CHD), stroke, and cancer through the intake of fat or fatty acids. The main results can be summarized as follows: it was concluded with convincing evidence that a reduced intake of total and saturated fat as well as a larger intake of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) at the expense of saturated fatty acids (SFA) reduces the concentration of total and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in plasma. Furthermore, there is convincing evidence that a high intake of trans fatty acids increases risk of dyslipoproteinaemia and that a high intake of long-chain polyunsaturated n-3 fatty acids reduces the triglyceride concentration in plasma. A high fat intake increases the risk of obesity with probable evidence when total energy intake is not controlled for (ad libitum diet). When energy intake is controlled for, there is probable evidence for no association between fat intake and risk of obesity. A larger intake of PUFA at the expense of SFA reduces risk of CHD with probable evidence. Furthermore, there is probable evidence that a high intake of long-chain polyunsaturated n-3 fatty acids reduces risk of hypertension and CHD. With probable evidence, a high trans fatty acid intake increases risk of CHD. The practical consequences for current dietary recommendations are described at the end of this article.
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Biological and Nutritional Properties of Palm Oil and Palmitic Acid: Effects on Health. Molecules 2015; 20:17339-61. [PMID: 26393565 PMCID: PMC6331788 DOI: 10.3390/molecules200917339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Revised: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A growing body of evidence highlights the close association between nutrition and human health. Fat is an essential macronutrient, and vegetable oils, such as palm oil, are widely used in the food industry and highly represented in the human diet. Palmitic acid, a saturated fatty acid, is the principal constituent of refined palm oil. In the last few decades, controversial studies have reported potential unhealthy effects of palm oil due to the high palmitic acid content. In this review we provide a concise and comprehensive update on the functional role of palm oil and palmitic acid in the development of obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular diseases and cancer. The atherogenic potential of palmitic acid and its stereospecific position in triacylglycerols are also discussed.
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Marventano S, Kolacz P, Castellano S, Galvano F, Buscemi S, Mistretta A, Grosso G. A review of recent evidence in human studies of n-3 and n-6 PUFA intake on cardiovascular disease, cancer, and depressive disorders: does the ratio really matter? Int J Food Sci Nutr 2015; 66:611-22. [PMID: 26307560 DOI: 10.3109/09637486.2015.1077790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) have been considered of great interest for human health due to their potential anti-inflammatory action that may protect from a number of chronic-degenerative diseases with an inflammatory pathogenesis. This review aimed to report the most updated evidence of both n-3 and n-6 PUFAs effect on cardiovascular disease, cancer, and depression in humans. Attention has been also paid to those studies exploring the effects of the ratio intake. Results from pooled analyses of human studies reported a general positive effect of n-3 PUFAs intake on all outcomes considered. In contrast, the role of n-6 PUFAs on human health needs to be better assessed in order to clearly identify which compound exerts beneficial/harmful effects. Only a limited number of clinical studies considered the n-3:n-6 PUFAs ratio, rather reporting contrasting results. A number of limitations when considering the ratio between these two families of PUFAs have risen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Marventano
- a Department of Medical, Surgical Sciences, and Advanced Technologies "G.F. Ingrassia", Section of Hygiene and Public Health , University of Catania , Catania , Italy
| | - Paulina Kolacz
- b Department of Human Nutrition , Jagiellonian University Medical College in Krakow , Krakow , Poland
| | - Sabrina Castellano
- c Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Pharmacology and Biochemistry , University of Catania , Catania , Italy , and
| | - Fabio Galvano
- c Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Pharmacology and Biochemistry , University of Catania , Catania , Italy , and
| | - Silvio Buscemi
- d Department of Internal Medicine , University of Palermo , Palermo , Italy
| | - Antonio Mistretta
- a Department of Medical, Surgical Sciences, and Advanced Technologies "G.F. Ingrassia", Section of Hygiene and Public Health , University of Catania , Catania , Italy
| | - Giuseppe Grosso
- a Department of Medical, Surgical Sciences, and Advanced Technologies "G.F. Ingrassia", Section of Hygiene and Public Health , University of Catania , Catania , Italy
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Song M, Garrett WS, Chan AT. Nutrients, foods, and colorectal cancer prevention. Gastroenterology 2015; 148:1244-60.e16. [PMID: 25575572 PMCID: PMC4409470 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2014.12.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 406] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2014] [Revised: 11/26/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Diet has an important role in the development of colorectal cancer. In the past few decades, findings from extensive epidemiologic and experimental investigations have linked consumption of several foods and nutrients to the risk of colorectal neoplasia. Calcium, fiber, milk, and whole grains have been associated with a lower risk of colorectal cancer, and red meat and processed meat have been associated with an increased risk. There is substantial evidence for the potential chemopreventive effects of vitamin D, folate, fruits, and vegetables. Nutrients and foods also may interact, as a dietary pattern, to influence colorectal cancer risk. Diet likely influences colorectal carcinogenesis through several interacting mechanisms. These include the direct effects on immune responsiveness and inflammation, and the indirect effects of overnutrition and obesity-risk factors for colorectal cancer. Emerging evidence also implicates the gut microbiota as an important effector in the relationship between diet and cancer. Dietary modification therefore has the promise of reducing colorectal cancer incidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyang Song
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA,Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Wendy S. Garrett
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA,Department of Genetics and Complex Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA,Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Andrew T. Chan
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA,Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA,Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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Song M, Nishihara R, Wu K, Qian ZR, Kim SA, Sukawa Y, Mima K, Inamura K, Masuda A, Yang J, Fuchs CS, Giovannucci EL, Ogino S, Chan AT. Marine ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and risk of colorectal cancer according to microsatellite instability. J Natl Cancer Inst 2015; 107:djv007. [PMID: 25810492 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djv007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic inflammation is involved in the development of colorectal cancer (CRC) and microsatellite instability (MSI), a distinct phenotype of CRC. Experimental evidence indicates an anti-inflammatory and antineoplastic effect of marine ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). However, epidemiologic data remain inconclusive. METHODS We investigated whether the association between marine ω-3 PUFAs and CRC varies by MSI-defined subtypes of tumors in the Nurses' Health Study and Health Professionals Follow-up Study. We documented and classified 1125 CRC cases into either MSI-high tumors, in which 30% or more of the 10 microsatellite markers demonstrated instability, or microsatellite-stable (MSS) tumors. Cox proportional hazards model was used to estimate the hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of MSS tumors and MSI-high tumors in relation to marine ω-3 PUFA intake. All statistical tests were two-sided. RESULTS Marine ω-3 PUFA intake was not associated with overall incidence of CRC. However, a statistically significant difference was detected by MSI status (P heterogeneity = .02): High marine ω-3 PUFA intake was associated with a lower risk of MSI-high tumors (comparing ≥0.30g/d with <0.10g/d: multivariable HR = 0.54, 95% CI = 0.35 to 0.83, P linearity = .03) but not MSS tumors (HR = 0.97, 95% CI = 0.78 to 1.20, P linearity = .28). This differential association appeared to be independent of CpG island methylator phenotype and BRAF mutation status. CONCLUSIONS High marine ω-3 PUFA intake is associated with lower risk of MSI-high CRC but not MSS tumors, suggesting a potential role of ω-3 PUFAs in protection against CRC through DNA mismatch repair. Further research is needed to confirm our findings and elucidate potential underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyang Song
- Department of Nutrition (MS, RN, KW, ELG) and Department of Epidemiology (MS, ELG, SO), Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA; Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (RN, ZRQ, SAK, YS, KM, AM, JY, CSF, SO); Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (KI); Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine (CSF, ELG, SO, ATC) and Department of Pathology (SO), Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (ATC)
| | - Reiko Nishihara
- Department of Nutrition (MS, RN, KW, ELG) and Department of Epidemiology (MS, ELG, SO), Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA; Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (RN, ZRQ, SAK, YS, KM, AM, JY, CSF, SO); Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (KI); Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine (CSF, ELG, SO, ATC) and Department of Pathology (SO), Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (ATC)
| | - Kana Wu
- Department of Nutrition (MS, RN, KW, ELG) and Department of Epidemiology (MS, ELG, SO), Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA; Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (RN, ZRQ, SAK, YS, KM, AM, JY, CSF, SO); Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (KI); Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine (CSF, ELG, SO, ATC) and Department of Pathology (SO), Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (ATC)
| | - Zhi Rong Qian
- Department of Nutrition (MS, RN, KW, ELG) and Department of Epidemiology (MS, ELG, SO), Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA; Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (RN, ZRQ, SAK, YS, KM, AM, JY, CSF, SO); Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (KI); Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine (CSF, ELG, SO, ATC) and Department of Pathology (SO), Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (ATC)
| | - Sun A Kim
- Department of Nutrition (MS, RN, KW, ELG) and Department of Epidemiology (MS, ELG, SO), Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA; Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (RN, ZRQ, SAK, YS, KM, AM, JY, CSF, SO); Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (KI); Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine (CSF, ELG, SO, ATC) and Department of Pathology (SO), Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (ATC)
| | - Yasutaka Sukawa
- Department of Nutrition (MS, RN, KW, ELG) and Department of Epidemiology (MS, ELG, SO), Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA; Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (RN, ZRQ, SAK, YS, KM, AM, JY, CSF, SO); Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (KI); Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine (CSF, ELG, SO, ATC) and Department of Pathology (SO), Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (ATC)
| | - Kosuke Mima
- Department of Nutrition (MS, RN, KW, ELG) and Department of Epidemiology (MS, ELG, SO), Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA; Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (RN, ZRQ, SAK, YS, KM, AM, JY, CSF, SO); Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (KI); Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine (CSF, ELG, SO, ATC) and Department of Pathology (SO), Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (ATC)
| | - Kentaro Inamura
- Department of Nutrition (MS, RN, KW, ELG) and Department of Epidemiology (MS, ELG, SO), Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA; Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (RN, ZRQ, SAK, YS, KM, AM, JY, CSF, SO); Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (KI); Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine (CSF, ELG, SO, ATC) and Department of Pathology (SO), Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (ATC)
| | - Atsuhiro Masuda
- Department of Nutrition (MS, RN, KW, ELG) and Department of Epidemiology (MS, ELG, SO), Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA; Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (RN, ZRQ, SAK, YS, KM, AM, JY, CSF, SO); Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (KI); Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine (CSF, ELG, SO, ATC) and Department of Pathology (SO), Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (ATC)
| | - Juhong Yang
- Department of Nutrition (MS, RN, KW, ELG) and Department of Epidemiology (MS, ELG, SO), Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA; Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (RN, ZRQ, SAK, YS, KM, AM, JY, CSF, SO); Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (KI); Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine (CSF, ELG, SO, ATC) and Department of Pathology (SO), Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (ATC)
| | - Charles S Fuchs
- Department of Nutrition (MS, RN, KW, ELG) and Department of Epidemiology (MS, ELG, SO), Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA; Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (RN, ZRQ, SAK, YS, KM, AM, JY, CSF, SO); Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (KI); Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine (CSF, ELG, SO, ATC) and Department of Pathology (SO), Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (ATC)
| | - Edward L Giovannucci
- Department of Nutrition (MS, RN, KW, ELG) and Department of Epidemiology (MS, ELG, SO), Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA; Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (RN, ZRQ, SAK, YS, KM, AM, JY, CSF, SO); Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (KI); Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine (CSF, ELG, SO, ATC) and Department of Pathology (SO), Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (ATC)
| | - Shuji Ogino
- Department of Nutrition (MS, RN, KW, ELG) and Department of Epidemiology (MS, ELG, SO), Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA; Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (RN, ZRQ, SAK, YS, KM, AM, JY, CSF, SO); Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (KI); Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine (CSF, ELG, SO, ATC) and Department of Pathology (SO), Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (ATC)
| | - Andrew T Chan
- Department of Nutrition (MS, RN, KW, ELG) and Department of Epidemiology (MS, ELG, SO), Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA; Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (RN, ZRQ, SAK, YS, KM, AM, JY, CSF, SO); Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (KI); Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine (CSF, ELG, SO, ATC) and Department of Pathology (SO), Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (ATC)
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N-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids intake and risk of colorectal cancer: meta-analysis of prospective studies. Cancer Causes Control 2014; 26:133-41. [PMID: 25416450 DOI: 10.1007/s10552-014-0492-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Accepted: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Growing body of laboratory evidence supports the beneficial effects of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) on colorectal cancer (CRC) prevention. Epidemiologic studies investigating the relationship between n-3 PUFAs intake and risk of CRC, however, have been inconsistent. We aimed to clarify the relation by conducting a meta-analysis of prospective studies. METHODS Eligible studies were identified by searching PubMed database and by carefully reviewing bibliographies of retrieved publications. Summary relative risks (RRs) with their 95 % confidence intervals (CIs) were computed with a random-effects model. Subgroup, meta-regression, and dose-response analyses were performed to explore potential sources of heterogeneity. RESULTS A total of 14 prospective studies involving 8,775 cancer cases were included in the final analysis. Overall, total n-3 or marine PUFAs intake was not associated with risk of CRC (RR 0.99 and 1.00). However, there was a trend toward reduced risk of proximal colon cancer (total n-3 PUFAs: RR 0.83, 95 % CI 0.66-1.05; marine PUFAs: RR 0.81, 95 % CI 0.59-1.10) and a significant increased risk of distal colon cancer (total n-3 PUFAs: RR 1.26, 95 % CI 1.06-1.50; marine PUFAs: RR 1.38, 95 % CI 1.11-1.71). Furthermore, marine PUFAs intake accessed longer before diagnosis was associated 21 % reduced risk of CRC (RR 0.79, 95 % CI 0.63-1.00). CONCLUSION Overall, this meta-analysis finds no relation between n-3 PUFAs intake and risk of CRC. The observed subsite heterogeneity within colon cancer and the possible effect modification by latency time merit further studies.
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Yang B, Wang FL, Ren XL, Li D. Biospecimen long-chain N-3 PUFA and risk of colorectal cancer: a meta-analysis of data from 60,627 individuals. PLoS One 2014; 9:e110574. [PMID: 25375637 PMCID: PMC4222788 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0110574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2014] [Accepted: 09/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Several prospective cohort and case-control studies reported the inconsistent association between biospecimen composition of C20 and C22 long-chain (LC) n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) and colorectal cancer (CRC) risk. The aim of the present study was to investigate the association of biospecimen LC n-3 PUFA with CRC risk based on prospective cohort and case-control studies. Methods and Results Cochrane Library, PubMed, and EMBASE database were searched up to February 2014 for eligible studies. Risk ratios (RRs) or odds ratios (ORs) from prospective and case-control studies were combined using a random-effects model in the highest vs. lowest categorical analysis. Nonlinear dose-response relationships were assessed using restricted cubic spline regression models. Difference in tissue composition of LC n-3 PUFA between cases and noncases was analyzed as standardized mean difference (SMD). Three prospective cohort studies and 8 case-control studies were included in the present study, comprising 60,627 participants (1,499 CRC cases and 59,128 noncases). Higher biospecimen LC n-3 PUFA was significantly associated with a lower risk of CRC in case-control (pooled OR: 0.76; 95% CI: 0.59, 0.97; I2 = 10.00%) and prospective cohort studies (pooled RR: 0.70; 95% CI: 0.55, 0.88; I2 = 0.00%), respectively. A significant dose-response association was found of biospecimen C20:5n-3 (P for nonlinearity = 0.02) and C22:6n-3 (P for trend = 0.01) with CRC risk, respectively. Subjects without CRC have significantly higher biospecimen compositions of C20:5n-3 (SMD: 0.27; 95%: 0.13, 0.41), C22:6n-3 (SMD: 0.23; 95%: 0.11, 0.34) and total LC n-3 PUFA (SMD: 0.22; 95% CI: 0.07, 0.37) compared with those with CRC. Conclusions The present evidence suggests human tissue compositions of LC n-3 PUFA may be an independent predictive factor for CRC risk, especially C20:5n-3 and C22:6n-3. This needs to be confirmed with more large-scale prospective cohort studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Yang
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; Department of Preventive Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Feng-Lei Wang
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Li Ren
- Medical Laboratory Animal Center, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Duo Li
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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Song M, Chan AT, Fuchs CS, Ogino S, Hu FB, Mozaffarian D, Ma J, Willett WC, Giovannucci EL, Wu K. Dietary intake of fish, ω-3 and ω-6 fatty acids and risk of colorectal cancer: A prospective study in U.S. men and women. Int J Cancer 2014; 135:2413-23. [PMID: 24706410 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.28878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2014] [Accepted: 03/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The association between fish, ω-3 and ω-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) intake and risk of colorectal cancer (CRC) remains inconclusive. Recent prospective studies suggest that the relationship may vary by gender, subsite and duration of follow-up. We followed 123,529 US adults (76,386 women and 47,143 men) without a history of cancer at baseline for 24 to 26 years. Fish and PUFA intake was assessed at baseline and updated every 4 years by using a validated food-frequency questionnaire. We found no overall association between fish, ω-3 and ω-6 PUFA intake and CRC risk with hazard ratio (HR) of 1.03 [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.89-1.20] comparing marine ω-3 intake of ≥ 0.30 g/d versus <0.15 g/d among women and 1.05 (95% CI: 0.85-1.30) comparing intake of ≥ 0.41 g/d versus <0.16 g/d among men. However, fish and marine ω-3 PUFA intake appeared to be positively associated with risk of distal colon cancer in both men and women and inversely with risk of rectal cancer in men. In an analysis based on a limited number of cases, marine ω-3 PUFA intake assessed 12-16 years before diagnosis tended to be inversely associated with CRC risk in men (HR: 0.76; 95% CI: 0.52-1.10). In conclusion, although no overall association between fish, ω-3 or ω-6 PUFA intake was observed with CRC risk, marine ω-3 PUFA may be differentially associated with risk of distal colon and rectal cancers and a long latency may be needed for its protection against CRC in men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyang Song
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA; Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA
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Pericleous M, Mandair D, Caplin ME. Diet and supplements and their impact on colorectal cancer. J Gastrointest Oncol 2013; 4:409-23. [PMID: 24294513 DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.2078-6891.2013.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2012] [Accepted: 01/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Colorectal cancer is the third commonest cancer and the third leading cause of cancer death among men and women. It has been proposed that dietary factors are responsible for 70-90% of colorectal cancer and diet optimization may prevent most cases. AIM To evaluate the role of dietary components and supplements in colorectal cancer. METHODS Bibliographical searches were performed in Pubmed for the terms "diet and colorectal cancer", "diet and colon cancer", "diet and rectal cancer", "nutrition and colorectal cancer", "probiotics and colorectal cancer", "prebiotics and colorectal cancer", "alcohol and cancer" and "colorectal cancer epidemiology". RESULTS Consumption of processed or red meat, especially when cooked at high temperatures may be associated with increased risk of colorectal cancer. The evidence for dietary fibre is unclear but foods that contain high amounts of fibre are usually rich in polyphenols which have been shown to alter molecular processes that can encourage colorectal carcinogenesis. Meta-analyses provide evidence on the benefits of circulating, diet-derived and supplemented, vitamin D and Calcium. We also found that diets rich in Folate may prevent colorectal carcinoma. The evidence on dietary micronutrients such as Zinc and Selenium in association with colorectal cancer is not conclusive. It has been suggested that there may be a direct association between alcohol intake and colorectal cancer. In vitro and in vivo studies have highlighted a possible protective role of prebiotics and probiotics. CONCLUSIONS The lack of randomized trials and the presence of confounding factors including smoking, physical activity, obesity and diabetes may often yield inconclusive results. Carefully designed randomized trials are recommended.
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Yao QH, Zhang XC, Fu T, Gu JZ, Wang L, Wang Y, Lai YB, Wang YQ, Guo Y. ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids inhibit the proliferation of the lung adenocarcinoma cell line A549 in vitro. Mol Med Rep 2013; 9:401-6. [PMID: 24276408 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2013.1829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2013] [Accepted: 11/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA), in particular the marine-derived forms eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), have been demonstrated to affect cancer cell replication, the cell cycle and cell death. Epidemiological studies have also suggested diets rich in n-3 PUFA were inversely correlated with the development of cancer. In the present study, we explored the effects of DHA and EPA on the proliferation activity and apoptosis of the human lung adenocarcinoma cell line A549. A methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium (MTT) assay was used to detect cell proliferation, apoptosis was detected by flow cytometry and morphological analysis was determined by fluorescence microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. A549 cells were treated with different doses of DHA (40, 45, 50 and 55 µg/ml) or EPA (45, 50, 55 and 60 µg/ml) for 24, 48 and 72 h. The results demonstrated that DHA and EPA significantly suppressed the proliferation of A549 cells and induced apoptosis of A549 cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner. The apoptotic phenomenon was also confirmed by fluorescence microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. Furthermore, compared with the control, the formation of autophagosomes was clearly enhanced in DHA‑ or EPA-treated cells. In conclusion, DHA and EPA inhibited the proliferation of A549 cells and induced cell apoptosis and autophagy, which may provide new safe and effective options for the treatment of lung cancer in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Hua Yao
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310006, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Chen Zhang
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China
| | - Ting Fu
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, P.R. China
| | - Jian-Zhong Gu
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310006, P.R. China
| | - Lu Wang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, P.R. China
| | - Yun Wang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, P.R. China
| | - Yue-Biao Lai
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, P.R. China
| | - Yu-Qi Wang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, P.R. China
| | - Yong Guo
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310006, P.R. China
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34
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Theodoratou E. Uncovering the links between diet and the incidence of bowel cancer. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2013; 13:1243-5. [PMID: 24168047 DOI: 10.1586/14737140.2013.852973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Evropi Theodoratou
- University of Edinburgh, Centre for Population Health Sciences, Edinburgh, UK
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