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Carmody RN, Varady K, Turnbaugh PJ. Digesting the complex metabolic effects of diet on the host and microbiome. Cell 2024; 187:3857-3876. [PMID: 39059362 PMCID: PMC11309583 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2024.06.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2024] [Revised: 06/08/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
The past 50 years of interdisciplinary research in humans and model organisms has delivered unprecedented insights into the mechanisms through which diet affects energy balance. However, translating these results to prevent and treat obesity and its associated diseases remains challenging. Given the vast scope of this literature, we focus this Review on recent conceptual advances in molecular nutrition targeting the management of energy balance, including emerging dietary and pharmaceutical interventions and their interactions with the human gut microbiome. Notably, multiple current dietary patterns of interest embrace moderate-to-high fat intake or prioritize the timing of eating over macronutrient intake. Furthermore, the rapid expansion of microbiome research findings has complicated multiple longstanding tenets of nutrition while also providing new opportunities for intervention. Continued progress promises more precise and reliable dietary recommendations that leverage our growing knowledge of the microbiome, the changing landscape of clinical interventions, and our molecular understanding of human biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel N Carmody
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Krista Varady
- Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Peter J Turnbaugh
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Chan Zuckerberg Biohub-San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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2
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Verma A, Bhagchandani T, Rai A, Nikita, Sardarni UK, Bhavesh NS, Gulati S, Malik R, Tandon R. Short-Chain Fatty Acid (SCFA) as a Connecting Link between Microbiota and Gut-Lung Axis-A Potential Therapeutic Intervention to Improve Lung Health. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:14648-14671. [PMID: 38585101 PMCID: PMC10993281 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c05846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
The microbiome is an integral part of the human gut, and it plays a crucial role in the development of the immune system and homeostasis. Apart from the gut microbiome, the airway microbial community also forms a distinct and crucial part of the human microbiota. Furthermore, several studies indicate the existence of communication between the gut microbiome and their metabolites with the lung airways, called "gut-lung axis". Perturbations in gut microbiota composition, termed dysbiosis, can have acute and chronic effects on the pathophysiology of lung diseases. Microbes and their metabolites in lung stimulate various innate immune pathways, which modulate the expression of the inflammatory genes in pulmonary leukocytes. For instance, gut microbiota-derived metabolites such as short-chain fatty acids can suppress lung inflammation through the activation of G protein-coupled receptors (free fatty acid receptors) and can also inhibit histone deacetylase, which in turn influences the severity of acute and chronic respiratory diseases. Thus, modulation of the gut microbiome composition through probiotic/prebiotic usage and fecal microbiota transplantation can lead to alterations in lung homeostasis and immunity. The resulting manipulation of immune cells function through microbiota and their key metabolites paves the way for the development of novel therapeutic strategies in improving the lung health of individuals affected with various lung diseases including SARS-CoV-2. This review will shed light upon the mechanistic aspect of immune system programming through gut and lung microbiota and exploration of the relationship between gut-lung microbiome and also highlight the therapeutic potential of gut microbiota-derived metabolites in the management of respiratory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjali Verma
- Laboratory
of AIDS Research and Immunology, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Tannu Bhagchandani
- Laboratory
of AIDS Research and Immunology, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Ankita Rai
- Laboratory
of AIDS Research and Immunology, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Nikita
- Laboratory
of AIDS Research and Immunology, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Urvinder Kaur Sardarni
- Laboratory
of AIDS Research and Immunology, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Neel Sarovar Bhavesh
- Transcription
Regulation Group, International Centre for
Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Sameer Gulati
- Department
of Medicine, Lady Hardinge Medical College
(LHMC), New Delhi 110058, India
| | - Rupali Malik
- Department
of Medicine, Vardhman Mahavir Medical College
and Safdarjung Hospital, New Delhi 110029, India
| | - Ravi Tandon
- Laboratory
of AIDS Research and Immunology, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
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3
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Mortensen JS, Bohr SSR, Krog LS, Bøtker JP, Kapousidou V, Saaby L, Hatzakis NS, Mørck Nielsen H, Nguyen DN, Rønholt S. Neonatal intestinal mucus barrier changes in response to maturity, inflammation, and sodium decanoate supplementation. Sci Rep 2024; 14:7665. [PMID: 38561398 PMCID: PMC10985073 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-58356-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
The integrity of the intestinal mucus barrier is crucial for human health, as it serves as the body's first line of defense against pathogens. However, postnatal development of the mucus barrier and interactions between maturity and its ability to adapt to external challenges in neonatal infants remain unclear. In this study, we unveil a distinct developmental trajectory of the mucus barrier in preterm piglets, leading to enhanced mucus microstructure and reduced mucus diffusivity compared to term piglets. Notably, we found that necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is associated with increased mucus diffusivity of our large pathogen model compound, establishing a direct link between the NEC condition and the mucus barrier. Furthermore, we observed that addition of sodium decanoate had varying effects on mucus diffusivity depending on maturity and health state of the piglets. These findings demonstrate that regulatory mechanisms governing the neonatal mucosal barrier are highly complex and are influenced by age, maturity, and health conditions. Therefore, our results highlight the need for specific therapeutic strategies tailored to each neonatal period to ensure optimal gut health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janni Støvring Mortensen
- Center for Biopharmaceuticals and Biobarriers in Drug Delivery (BioDelivery), Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Søren S-R Bohr
- Center for Biopharmaceuticals and Biobarriers in Drug Delivery (BioDelivery), Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Chemistry and Nanoscience Center, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lasse Skjoldborg Krog
- Center for Biopharmaceuticals and Biobarriers in Drug Delivery (BioDelivery), Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Johan Peter Bøtker
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Vaya Kapousidou
- Department of Chemistry and Nanoscience Center, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lasse Saaby
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Bioneer A/S, Kogle Allé 2, 2970, Hørsholm, Denmark
| | - Nikos S Hatzakis
- Department of Chemistry and Nanoscience Center, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
- NovoNordisk Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Hanne Mørck Nielsen
- Center for Biopharmaceuticals and Biobarriers in Drug Delivery (BioDelivery), Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Duc Ninh Nguyen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Dyrlægevej 68, 1870, Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
| | - Stine Rønholt
- Center for Biopharmaceuticals and Biobarriers in Drug Delivery (BioDelivery), Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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4
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Jackson R, Yao T, Bulut N, Cantu-Jungles TM, Hamaker BR. Protein combined with certain dietary fibers increases butyrate production in gut microbiota fermentation. Food Funct 2024; 15:3186-3198. [PMID: 38441170 DOI: 10.1039/d3fo04187e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
The modern diet delivers nearly equal amounts of carbohydrates and protein into the colon representing an important protein increase compared to past higher fiber diets. At the same time, plant-based protein foods have become increasingly popular, and these sources of protein are generally less digestible than animal protein sources. As a result, a significant amount of protein is expected to reach the colon and be available for fermentation by gut microbiota. While studies on diet-microbiota interventions have mainly focused on carbohydrate fermentation, limited attention has been given to the role of protein or protein-fiber mixtures as fermentation substrates for the colonic microbiota. In this study, we aimed to investigate: (1) how changing the ratio of protein to fiber substrates affects the types and quantities of gut microbial metabolites and bacteria; and (2) how the specific fermentation characteristics of different types of fiber might influence the utilization of protein by gut microbes to produce beneficial short chain fatty acids. Our results revealed that protein fermentation in the gut plays a crucial role in shaping the overall composition of microbiota communities and their metabolic outputs. Surprisingly, butyrate production was maintained or increased when fiber and protein were combined, and even when pure protein samples were used as substrates. These findings suggest that indigestible protein in fiber-rich substrates may promote the production of microbial butyrate perhaps including the later stages of fermentation in the large intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Jackson
- Whistler Center for Carbohydrate Research, Department of Food Science, Purdue University, 745 Agriculture Mall Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
| | - Tianming Yao
- Whistler Center for Carbohydrate Research, Department of Food Science, Purdue University, 745 Agriculture Mall Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
| | - Nuseybe Bulut
- Whistler Center for Carbohydrate Research, Department of Food Science, Purdue University, 745 Agriculture Mall Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
| | - Thaisa M Cantu-Jungles
- Whistler Center for Carbohydrate Research, Department of Food Science, Purdue University, 745 Agriculture Mall Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
| | - Bruce R Hamaker
- Whistler Center for Carbohydrate Research, Department of Food Science, Purdue University, 745 Agriculture Mall Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
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do Vale Pereira G, Teixeira C, Couto J, Dias J, Rema P, Gonçalves AT. Dietary Protein Quality Affects the Interplay between Gut Microbiota and Host Performance in Nile Tilapia. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:714. [PMID: 38473099 DOI: 10.3390/ani14050714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Dietary protein quality plays a key role in maintaining intestinal mucosal integrity, but also modulates the growth of luminal microorganisms. This work assessed the effect of dietary protein sources on the performance, gut morphology, and microbiome in Nile tilapia. Four isonitrogenous and isolipidic diets comprising equivalent amounts of the protein supply derived from either PLANT, ANIMAL, INSECT, or BACTERIAL (bacterial biomass) sources were fed to triplicate groups of fish (IBW: 12 g) for 46 days. Fish fed the ANIMAL and BACTERIAL diets showed significantly higher weight gains than those fed the PLANT and INSECT diets (p < 0.05). Relative abundance at the phylum level showed that Bacteroidetes, Fusobacteria, and Proteobacteria were the more abundant phyla in tilapia's intestine, while Cetobacterium was the most representative genus in all treatments. Interesting patterns were observed in the correlation between amino acid intake and genus and species abundance. Metabolism prediction analysis showed that BACTERIAL amine and polyamine degradation pathways are modulated depending on diets. In conclusion, different protein sources modulate the relationship between bacteria functional pathways and amino acid intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella do Vale Pereira
- SPAROS Lda., 8700-221 Olhão, Portugal
- Aquaculture Department, Center of Agrarian Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis 88061-600, Brazil
| | | | - José Couto
- Riasearch Lda., 3870-168 Murtosa, Portugal
| | - Jorge Dias
- SPAROS Lda., 8700-221 Olhão, Portugal
- Riasearch Lda., 3870-168 Murtosa, Portugal
| | - Paulo Rema
- Departamento de Zootécnia, Universidade de Trás os Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Ana Teresa Gonçalves
- SPAROS Lda., 8700-221 Olhão, Portugal
- GreenCoLab, Associação Oceano Verde, 8500-139 Faro, Portugal
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6
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D'Hooghe SMTJ, Bosch G, Sun M, Cools A, Hendriks WH, Becker AAMJ, Janssens GPJ. How important is food structure when cats eat mice? Br J Nutr 2024; 131:369-383. [PMID: 37694489 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114523002039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Feeding whole prey to felids has shown to benefit their gastrointestinal health. Whether this effect is caused by the chemical or physical nature of whole prey is unknown. Fifteen domestic cats, as a model for strict carnivores, were either fed minced mice (MM) or whole mice (WM), to determine the effect of food structure on digestibility, mean urinary excretion time (MUET) of 15N, intestinal microbial activity and fermentation products. Faeces samples were collected after feeding all cats a commercially available extruded diet (EXT) for 10 d before feeding for 19 d the MM and WM diets with faeces and urine collected from day 11 to 15. Samples for microbiota composition and determination of MUET were obtained from day 16 to 19. The physical structure of the mice diet (minced or not) did not affect large intestinal fermentation as total SCFA and branched-chain fatty acid (BCFA), and most biogenic amine (BA) concentrations were not different (P > 0·10). When changing from EXT to the mice diets, the microbial community composition shifted from a carbolytic (Prevotellaceae) to proteolytic (Fusobacteriaceae) profile and led to a reduced faecal acetic to propionic acid ratio, SCFA, total BCFA (P < 0·001), NH3 (P = 0·04), total BA (P < 0·001) and para-cresol (P = 0·08). The results of this study indicate that food structure within a whole-prey diet is less important than the overall diet type, with major shifts in microbiome and decrease in potentially harmful fermentation products when diet changes from extruded to mice. This urges for careful consideration of the consequences of prey-based diets for gut health in cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvie M-T J D'Hooghe
- Department of Veterinary and Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Heidestraat 19, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Guido Bosch
- Animal Nutrition Group, Wageningen University & Research, PO Box 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Mengmeng Sun
- Department of Veterinary and Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Heidestraat 19, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - An Cools
- Department of Veterinary and Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Heidestraat 19, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Wouter H Hendriks
- Animal Nutrition Group, Wageningen University & Research, PO Box 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Anne A M J Becker
- Department of Biomedical sciences, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, P.O. Box 334, Basseterre, Saint Kitts and Nevis
| | - Geert P J Janssens
- Department of Veterinary and Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Heidestraat 19, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
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7
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D'Antongiovanni V, Antonioli L, Benvenuti L, Pellegrini C, Di Salvo C, Calvigioni M, Panattoni A, Ryskalin L, Natale G, Banni S, Carta G, Ghelardi E, Fornai M. Use of Saccharomyces boulardii CNCM I-745 as therapeutic strategy for prevention of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug-induced intestinal injury. Br J Pharmacol 2023; 180:3215-3233. [PMID: 37519261 DOI: 10.1111/bph.16200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) can be associated with severe adverse digestive effects. This study examined the protective effects of the probiotic Saccharomyces boulardii CNCM I-745 in a rat model of diclofenac-induced enteropathy. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Enteropathy was induced in 40-week-old male rats by intragastric diclofenac (4 mg·kg-1 BID for 14 days). S. boulardii CNCM I-745 (3 g·kg-1 BID by oral gavage) was administered starting 14 days before (preventive protocol) or along with (curative protocol) diclofenac administration. Ileal damage, inflammation, barrier integrity, gut microbiota composition and toll-like receptors (TLRs)-nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) pathway were evaluated. KEY RESULTS Diclofenac elicited intestinal damage, along with increments of myeloperoxidase, malondialdehyde, tumour necrosis factor and interleukin-1β, overexpression of TLR2/4, myeloid differentiation primary response 88 (Myd88) and NF-κB p65, increased faecal calprotectin and butyrate levels, and decreased blood haemoglobin levels, occludin and butyrate transporter monocarboxylate transporter 1 (MCT1) expression. In addition, diclofenac provoked a shift of bacterial taxa in both faecal and ileal samples. Treatment with S. boulardii CNCM I-745, in both preventive and curative protocols, counteracted the majority of these deleterious changes. Only preventive administration of the probiotic counteracted NSAID-induced decreased expression of MCT1 and increase in faecal butyrate levels. Occludin expression, after probiotic treatment, did not significantly change. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Treatment with S. boulardii CNCM I-745 prevents diclofenac-induced enteropathy through anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities. Such effects are likely to be related to increased tissue butyrate bioavailability, through an improvement of butyrate uptake by the enteric mucosa.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Luca Antonioli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Laura Benvenuti
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Carolina Pellegrini
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Clelia Di Salvo
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Marco Calvigioni
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Adelaide Panattoni
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Larisa Ryskalin
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Gianfranco Natale
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Sebastiano Banni
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Gianfranca Carta
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Emilia Ghelardi
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Matteo Fornai
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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8
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Couto MR, Andrade N, Magro F, Martel F. Bile salts and proinflammatory cytokines inhibit MCT1-mediated cellular uptake of butyrate and interfere with its antiproliferative properties. Exp Cell Res 2023; 429:113670. [PMID: 37290498 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2023.113670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Butyrate (BT) is important in the prevention and inhibition of colorectal cancer (CRC). Inflammatory bowel disease, a risk factor for CRC, is associated with higher levels of proinflammatory cytokines and bile acids. The aim of this work was to investigate the interaction of these compounds in inhibiting BT uptake by Caco-2 cells, as a mechanism contributing to the link between IBD and CRC. TNF-α, IFN-γ, chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA) and deoxycholic acid (DCA) markedly reduce 14C-BT uptake. All these compounds appear to inhibit MCT1-mediated BT cellular uptake at a posttranscriptional level, and, because their effect is not additive, they are most probably inhibiting MCT1 by a similar mechanism. Correspondingly, the antiproliferative effect of BT (MCT1-dependent) and of the proinflammatory cytokines and CDCA were not additive. In contrast, the cytotoxic effect of BT (MCT1-independent) and of the proinflammatory cytokines and CDCA were additive. In conclusion, proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α and IFN-γ) and bile acids (DCA and CDCA) inhibit MCT1-mediated BT cellular uptake. These proinflammatory cytokines and CDCA were found to interfere with the antiproliferative effect of BT, mediated by an inhibitory effect upon MCT1-mediated cellular uptake of BT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mafalda R Couto
- Unit of Biochemistry, Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Instituto de Investigação e Inovação Em Saúde (i3S), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Nelson Andrade
- Unit of Biochemistry, Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; REQUIMTE/LAQV, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Portugal; Instituto de Investigação e Inovação Em Saúde (i3S), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Fernando Magro
- Unit of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Instituto de Investigação e Inovação Em Saúde (i3S), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Fátima Martel
- Unit of Biochemistry, Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Medicine, Centro Hospitalar S. João, Porto, Portugal; Instituto de Investigação e Inovação Em Saúde (i3S), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
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9
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Elling-Staats ML, Kies AK, Cone JW, Pellikaan WF, Kwakkel RP. An in vitro model for caecal proteolytic fermentation potential of ingredients in broilers. Animal 2023; 17:100768. [PMID: 37011455 DOI: 10.1016/j.animal.2023.100768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Fermentation of protein in the caeca of chickens may lead to the production of potentially detrimental metabolites, which can reduce gut health. A poor precaecal digestion is expected to increase protein fermentation (PF), as more proteins are likely to enter the caeca. It is unknown if the undigested protein that enters the caeca differs in fermentability depending on their ingredient source. In order to predict which feed ingredients increase the risk of PF, an in vitro procedure was developed, which simulates the gastric and enteric digestion, subsequent caecal fermentation. After digestion, amino acids and peptides smaller than 3.5 kD in the soluble fraction were removed by means of dialysis. These amino acids and peptides are assumed to be hydrolysed and absorbed in the small intestine of poultry and therefore not used in the fermentation assay. The remaining soluble and fine digesta fractions were inoculated with caecal microbes. In chicken, the soluble and fine fractions enter the caeca, to be fermented, while insoluble and coarse fractions bypass them. The inoculum was made N-free to ensure bacteria would require the N from the digesta fractions for their growth and activity. The gas production (GP) from the inoculum, therefore, reflected the ability of bacteria to use N from substrates and was an indirect measure for PF. The Maximum GP rate of ingredients averaged 21.3 ± 0.9 ml/h (mean ± SEM) and was in some cases more rapid than the positive control (urea, maximum GP rate = 16.5 ml/h). Only small differences in GP kinetics were found between protein ingredients. Branched-chain fatty acids and ammonia concentrations in the fermentation fluid after 24 hours showed no differences between ingredients. Results indicate that solubilised undigested proteins larger than 3.5 kD are rapidly fermented independent of its source when an equal amount of N is present.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Elling-Staats
- Animal Nutrition Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, PO Box 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, the Netherlands.
| | - A K Kies
- DSM Nutritional Products, Animal Nutrition and Health - EMEA, Kaiseraugst, Switzerland
| | - J W Cone
- Animal Nutrition Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, PO Box 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - W F Pellikaan
- Animal Nutrition Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, PO Box 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - R P Kwakkel
- Animal Nutrition Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, PO Box 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, the Netherlands
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10
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Wolthuis JC, Magnúsdóttir S, Stigter E, Tang YF, Jans J, Gilbert M, van der Hee B, Langhout P, Gerrits W, Kies A, de Ridder J, van Mil S. Multi-country metabolic signature discovery for chicken health classification. Metabolomics 2023; 19:9. [PMID: 36732451 PMCID: PMC9895029 DOI: 10.1007/s11306-023-01973-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION To decrease antibiotic resistance, their use as growth promoters in the agricultural sector has been largely abandoned. This may lead to decreased health due to infectious disease or microbiome changes leading to gut inflammation. OBJECTIVES We aimed to generate a m/z signature classifying chicken health in blood, and obtain biological insights from the resulting m/z signature. METHODS We used direct infusion mass-spectrometry to determine a machine-learned metabolomics signature that classifies chicken health from a blood sample. We then challenged the resulting models by investigating the classification capability of the signature on novel data obtained at poultry houses in previously unseen countries using a Leave-One-Country-Out (LOCO) cross-validation strategy. Additionally, we optimised the number of mass/charge (m/z) values required to maximise the classification capability of Random Forest models, by developing a novel ranking system based on combined univariate t-test and fold-change analyses and building models based on this ranking through forward and reverse feature selection. RESULTS The multi-country and LOCO models could classify chicken health. Both resulting 25-m/z and 3784-m/z signatures reliably classified chicken health in multiple countries. Through mummichog enrichment analysis on the large m/z signature, we found changes in amino acid metabolism, including branched chain amino acids and polyamines. CONCLUSION We reliably classified chicken health from blood, independent of genetic-, farm-, feed- and country-specific confounding factors. The 25-m/z signature can be used to aid development of a per-metabolite panel. The extended 3784-m/z version can be used to gain a deeper understanding of the metabolic causes and consequences of low chicken health. Together, they may facilitate future treatment, prevention and intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna C. Wolthuis
- Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht and Utrecht University, STR3.217, PO Box 85060, 3508 AB Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Oncode Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Stefanía Magnúsdóttir
- Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht and Utrecht University, STR3.217, PO Box 85060, 3508 AB Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Environmental Microbiology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Edwin Stigter
- Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht and Utrecht University, STR3.217, PO Box 85060, 3508 AB Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Yuen Fung Tang
- Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht and Utrecht University, STR3.217, PO Box 85060, 3508 AB Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Judith Jans
- Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht and Utrecht University, STR3.217, PO Box 85060, 3508 AB Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Myrthe Gilbert
- Animal Nutrition Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Bart van der Hee
- Host-Microbe Interactomics, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Pim Langhout
- DSM Nutritional Products, Animal Nutrition and Health, Kaiseraugst, Switzerland
| | - Walter Gerrits
- Animal Nutrition Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Arie Kies
- DSM Nutritional Products, Animal Nutrition and Health, Kaiseraugst, Switzerland
| | - Jeroen de Ridder
- Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht and Utrecht University, STR3.217, PO Box 85060, 3508 AB Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Oncode Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Saskia van Mil
- Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht and Utrecht University, STR3.217, PO Box 85060, 3508 AB Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Pinto CFD, Sezerotto PP, Barcellos JF, Bortolo M, Guldenpfennig R, Marx FR, Trevizan L. Effects of hydrolyzed chicken liver on digestibility, fecal and urinary characteristics, and fecal metabolites of adult dogs. J Anim Sci 2023; 101:skad366. [PMID: 37930712 PMCID: PMC10667647 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skad366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
High-protein low-carbohydrate diets have been widely used for adult maintenance dogs, as well as in specific weight loss diets and maintenance programs. However, increasing dietary protein may increase undigested protein in the hindgut, modifying intestinal fermentation and fecal metabolite concentrations. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of protein source and concentration on apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of nutrients, metabolizable energy (ME), fecal and urinary characteristics, and fecal metabolites of dogs. Twelve healthy adult dogs were distributed into six treatments (n = 6 per diet) in a balanced incomplete Latin square design consisting of three periods of 30 days each. Six diets, varying in protein source [poultry byproduct meal (PBPM) and hydrolyzed chicken liver powder (HCLP)] and concentration [24, 32, and 40% crude protein (CP) on dry matter (DM) basis] were tested: PBPM24 (PBPM based diet with 24% CP); PBPM32 (PBPM with 32% CP); PBPM40 (PBPM with 40% CP); HCLP24 (HCLP based diet with 24% CP); HCLP32 (HCLP with 32% CP); HCLP40 (HCLP with 40% CP). The ATTD of CP was greater in dogs-fed HCLP and higher protein concentrations diets (P < 0.05). However, dogs-fed HCLP diets had lower ATTD of fat and carbohydrates, and ME (P < 0.05). Similarly, high-protein diets reduced the ATTD of DM, OM, fat, carbohydrates, and energy (P < 0.05). High-protein diets increased the daily fecal output and moisture (P = 0.004 and P < 0.05, respectively), as well as the fecal score (P < 0.0001), verified as soft, moist stools, but still within the ideal range. Fecal valerate concentration was greater in dogs-fed PBPM at 32% CP (P = 0.007). Fecal isobutyrate tended to increase in dogs-fed PBPM and high-protein diets (P < 0.10). Also, dogs-fed PBPM and high-protein diets had greater fecal concentrations of isovalerate, branched-chain fatty acids (BCFA), and ammonia (P < 0.05). Finally, the fecal lactate concentration increased in dogs-fed HCLP and high-protein diets (P < 0.05). The HCLP increased the ATTD of CP, being a highly digestible protein. Although the inclusion of HCLP slightly increased fecal score and moisture, it decreased the amount of fecal metabolites of protein fermentation ammonia and BCFA, both of which are associated with proteolytic fermentation in the colon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline F D Pinto
- Department of Animal Science, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, 91540-000, Brazil
| | - Pamela P Sezerotto
- Department of Animal Science, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, 91540-000, Brazil
| | - Jéssica F Barcellos
- Department of Animal Science, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, 91540-000, Brazil
| | - Marcelino Bortolo
- South America Senior R&D Manager, Nutrisurance Division, Kemin Industries, Inc., Indaiatuba, São Paulo, 13347-394, Brazil
| | - Ryan Guldenpfennig
- R&D New Technologies Manager, Nutrisurance Division, Kemin Industries, Inc., Des Moines, IA 50317
| | - Fábio R Marx
- North America Senior R&D Manager, Nutrisurance Division, Kemin Industries, Inc., Des Moines, IA 50317
| | - Luciano Trevizan
- Department of Animal Science, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, 91540-000, Brazil
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12
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Beaumont M, Roura E, Lambert W, Turni C, Michiels J, Chalvon-Demersay T. Selective nourishing of gut microbiota with amino acids: A novel prebiotic approach? Front Nutr 2022; 9:1066898. [PMID: 36601082 PMCID: PMC9806265 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.1066898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Prebiotics are dietary substrates which promote host health when utilized by desirable intestinal bacteria. The most commonly used prebiotics are non-digestible oligosaccharides but the prebiotic properties of other types of nutrients such as polyphenols are emerging. Here, we review recent evidence showing that amino acids (AA) could function as a novel class of prebiotics based on: (i) the modulation of gut microbiota composition, (ii) the use by selective intestinal bacteria and the transformation into bioactive metabolites and (iii) the positive impact on host health. The capacity of intestinal bacteria to metabolize individual AA is species or strain specific and this property is an opportunity to favor the growth of beneficial bacteria while constraining the development of pathogens. In addition, the chemical diversity of AA leads to the production of multiple bacterial metabolites with broad biological activities that could mediate their prebiotic properties. In this context, we introduce the concept of "Aminobiotics," which refers to the functional role of some AA as prebiotics. We also present studies that revealed synergistic effects of the co-administration of AA with probiotic bacteria, indicating that AA can be used to design novel symbiotics. Finally, we discuss the difficulty to bring free AA to the distal gut microbiota and we propose potential solutions such as the use of delivery systems including encapsulation to bypass absorption in the small intestine. Future studies will need to further identify individual AA, dose and mode of administration to optimize prebiotic effects for the benefit of human and animal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Beaumont
- GenPhySE, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Eugeni Roura
- Centre of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | | | - Conny Turni
- Centre for Animal Science, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Joris Michiels
- Department of Animal Sciences and Aquatic Ecology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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Tan YL, Zhao YE. Advances in understanding of effects of dietary nutrients in inflammatory bowel disease patients. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2022; 30:921-927. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v30.i21.921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The occurrence of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is influenced by environmental factors. Diet, as an important environmental factor, is closely associated with intestinal ecology and plays a critical role in the pathological process of IBD. This review summarizes the role of major dietary nutrients in the pathogenesis of IBD, with an aim to provide clues for the prevention and treatment of IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Li Tan
- Department of Gastroenterology, TongJi Hospital, TongJi Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei Province, China
| | - Yu-E Zhao
- Department of Gastroenterology, TongJi Hospital, TongJi Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei Province, China
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14
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van Deuren T, Blaak EE, Canfora EE. Butyrate to combat obesity and obesity-associated metabolic disorders: Current status and future implications for therapeutic use. Obes Rev 2022; 23:e13498. [PMID: 35856338 PMCID: PMC9541926 DOI: 10.1111/obr.13498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 06/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Evidence is increasing that disturbances in the gut microbiome may play a significant role in the etiology of obesity and type 2 diabetes. The short chain fatty acid butyrate, a major end product of the bacterial fermentation of indigestible carbohydrates, is reputed to have anti-inflammatory properties and positive effects on body weight control and insulin sensitivity. However, whether butyrate has therapeutic potential for the treatment and prevention of obesity and obesity-related complications remains to be elucidated. Overall, animal studies strongly indicate that butyrate administered via various routes (e.g., orally) positively affects adipose tissue metabolism and functioning, energy and substrate metabolism, systemic and tissue-specific inflammation, and insulin sensitivity and body weight control. A limited number of human studies demonstrated interindividual differences in clinical effectiveness suggesting that outcomes may depend on the metabolic, microbial, and lifestyle-related characteristics of the target population. Hence, despite abundant evidence from animal data, support of human data is urgently required for the implementation of evidence-based oral and gut-derived butyrate interventions. To increase the efficacy of butyrate-focused interventions, future research should investigate which factors impact treatment outcomes including baseline gut microbial activity and functionality, thereby optimizing targeted-interventions and identifying individuals that merit most from such interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thirza van Deuren
- Department of Human Biology, School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Ellen E Blaak
- Department of Human Biology, School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Emanuel E Canfora
- Department of Human Biology, School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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15
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Lin K, Zhu L, Yang L. Gut and obesity/metabolic disease: Focus on microbiota metabolites. MedComm (Beijing) 2022; 3:e171. [PMID: 36092861 PMCID: PMC9437302 DOI: 10.1002/mco2.171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is often associated with the risk of chronic inflammation and other metabolic diseases, such as diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and cancer. The composition and activity of the gut microbiota play an important role in this process, affecting a range of physiological processes, such as nutrient absorption and energy metabolism. The active gut microbiota can produce a large number of physiologically active substances during the process of intestinal metabolism and reproduction, including short‐chain/long‐chain fatty acids, secondary bile acids, and tryptophan metabolites with beneficial effects on metabolism, as well as negative metabolites, including trimethylamine N‐oxide, delta‐valerobetaine, and imidazole propionate. How gut microbiota specifically affect and participate in metabolic and immune activities, especially the metabolites directly produced by gut microbiota, has attracted extensive attention. So far, some animal and human studies have shown that gut microbiota metabolites are correlated with host obesity, energy metabolism, and inflammation. Some pathways and mechanisms are slowly being discovered. Here, we will focus on the important metabolites of gut microbiota (beneficial and negative), and review their roles and mechanisms in obesity and related metabolic diseases, hoping to provide a new perspective for the treatment and remission of obesity and other metabolic diseases from the perspective of metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy West China Hospital Sichuan University Chengdu China
| | - Lixin Zhu
- Guangdong Institute of Gastroenterology Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Disease Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat‐Sen University Guangzhou China
- Department of Colorectal Surgery Sixth Affiliated Hospital Sun Yat‐Sen University Guangzhou China
| | - Li Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy West China Hospital Sichuan University Chengdu China
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16
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Elling-Staats ML, Kies AK, Gilbert MS, Kwakkel RP. Over-toasting dehulled rapeseed meal and soybean meal, but not sunflower seed meal, increases prececal nitrogen and amino acid digesta flows in broilers. Poult Sci 2022; 101:101910. [PMID: 35550998 PMCID: PMC9108740 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2022.101910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Poorly digestible proteins may lead to increased protein fermentation in the ceca of broilers and hence, the production of potentially harmful metabolites. To evaluate effects of protein fermentation on gut health, an experimental contrast in ileal nitrogen (N) and amino acid (AA) flow is required. Therefore, our objective was to develop a model that creates a contrast in protein fermentation by increasing the prececal flow of protein within ingredients. To this end, we used additional toasting of protein sources and evaluated the effect on prececal N and AA flows. One-day-old Ross 308 male broilers (n = 480) were divided over 6 dietary treatments, with 8 replicate pens with 10 broilers each. Diets contained 20% of a regular soybean meal (SBM), high protein sunflower seed meal (SFM) or a dehulled rapeseed meal (dRSM) as is, or heat damaged by secondary toasting at 136°C for 20 min (tSBM, tSFM, or tdRSM). Ileal and total tract digesta flows of N and AA were determined with 5 birds per pen in their third week of life using an inert marker (TiO2) in the feed. Additional toasting increased the feed conversion ratio (FCR) only in birds fed dRSM (1.39 vs. 1.31), but not SBM and SFM (interaction P = 0.047). In SBM, additional toasting increased the flow of histidine, lysine, and aspartate through the distal ileum and excreted, while in SFM it had no effect on flows of N and AA. Toasting dRSM increased the prececal flows and excretion of N (862 vs 665 and 999 vs 761 mg/d, respectively) and of the AA. Of the ingredients tested, toasting dRSM is a suitable model to increase protein flows into the hind-gut, permitting the assessment of effects of protein fermentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miranda L Elling-Staats
- Animal Nutrition Group, Department of Animal Science, Wageningen University, The Netherlands
| | - Arie K Kies
- DSM Nutritional Products, Animal Nutrition and Health - EMEA, Kaiseraugst, Switzerland
| | - Myrthe S Gilbert
- Animal Nutrition Group, Department of Animal Science, Wageningen University, The Netherlands
| | - René P Kwakkel
- Animal Nutrition Group, Department of Animal Science, Wageningen University, The Netherlands.
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17
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Wang Z, Liu J, Li F, Luo Y, Ge P, Zhang Y, Wen H, Yang Q, Ma S, Chen H. The gut-lung axis in severe acute Pancreatitis-associated lung injury: The protection by the gut microbiota through short-chain fatty acids. Pharmacol Res 2022; 182:106321. [PMID: 35752356 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2022.106321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The role of gut microbiota in regulating the intestinal homeostasis, as well as the pathogenesis of severe acute pancreatitis-associated lung injury (PALI) is widely recognized. The bioactive functions of metabolites with small molecule weight and the detail molecular mechanisms of PALI mediated by "gut-lung axis" have gradually raised the attentions of researchers. Several studies have proved that short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) produced by gut microbiome play crucial roles and varied activities in the process of PALI. However, relevant reviews reporting SCFAs in the involvement of PALI is lacking. In this review, we firstly introduced the synthetic and metabolic pathways of SCFAs, as well as the transport and signal transduction routes in brief. Afterwards, we focused on the possible mechanisms and clues of SCFAs to participate in the fight against PALI which referred to the inhibition of pathogen proliferation, anti-inflammatory effects, enhancement of intestinal barrier functions, and the maintenance and regulation of immune homeostasis via pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). In addition, the latest reported pathological and physiological mechanisms of the gut-lung axis involved in PALI were reviewed. Finally, we summarized the potential therapeutic interventions of PALI by targeting SCFAs, including dietary fiber supplementation, direct supplementation of SCFAs/prebiotics/probiotics, and drugs administration, which is expected to provide new sights for clinical use in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengjian Wang
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116000, PR China; Institute (College) of Integrative Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116000, PR China; Laboratory of Integrative Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116000, PR China
| | - Jin Liu
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116000, PR China; Institute (College) of Integrative Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116000, PR China; Laboratory of Integrative Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116000, PR China
| | - Fan Li
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116000, PR China; Institute (College) of Integrative Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116000, PR China; Laboratory of Integrative Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116000, PR China
| | - Yalan Luo
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116000, PR China; Institute (College) of Integrative Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116000, PR China; Laboratory of Integrative Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116000, PR China
| | - Peng Ge
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116000, PR China; Institute (College) of Integrative Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116000, PR China; Laboratory of Integrative Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116000, PR China
| | - Yibo Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116000, PR China; Institute (College) of Integrative Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116000, PR China; Laboratory of Integrative Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116000, PR China
| | - Haiyun Wen
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116000, PR China; Institute (College) of Integrative Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116000, PR China; Laboratory of Integrative Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116000, PR China
| | - Qi Yang
- Institute (College) of Integrative Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116000, PR China; Laboratory of Integrative Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116000, PR China; Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116000, PR China
| | - Shurong Ma
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116000, PR China; Laboratory of Integrative Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116000, PR China.
| | - Hailong Chen
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116000, PR China; Laboratory of Integrative Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116000, PR China.
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18
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Blachier F, Andriamihaja M, Kong XF. Fate of undigested proteins in the pig large intestine: What impact on the colon epithelium? ANIMAL NUTRITION 2022; 9:110-118. [PMID: 35573094 PMCID: PMC9065739 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2021.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Apart from its obvious agronomic interest in feeding billions of people worldwide, the porcine species represents an irreplaceable experimental model for intestinal physiologists and nutritionists. In this review, we give an overview on the fate of proteins that are not fully digested in the pig small intestine, and thus are transferred into the large intestine. In the large intestine, dietary and endogenous proteins are converted to peptides and amino acids (AA) by the action of bacterial proteases and peptidases. AA, which cannot, except in the neonatal period, be absorbed to any significant level by the colonocytes, are used by the intestinal microbes for protein synthesis and for the production of numerous metabolites. Of note, the production of the AA-derived metabolites greatly depends on the amount of undigested polysaccharides in the pig's diet. The effects of these AA-derived bacterial metabolites on the pig colonic epithelium have not yet been largely studied. However, the available data, performed on colonic mucosa, isolated colonic crypts and colonocytes, indicate that some of them, like ammonia, butyrate, acetate, hydrogen sulfide (H2S), and p-cresol are active either directly or indirectly on energy metabolism in colonic epithelial cells. Further studies in that area will certainly gain from the utilization of the pig colonic organoid model, which allows for disposal of functional epithelial unities. Such studies will contribute to a better understanding of the potential causal links between diet-induced changes in the luminal concentrations of these AA-derived bacterial metabolites and effects on the colon epithelial barrier function and water/electrolyte absorption.
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The interaction among gut microbes, the intestinal barrier and short chain fatty acids. ANIMAL NUTRITION (ZHONGGUO XU MU SHOU YI XUE HUI) 2022; 9:159-174. [PMID: 35573092 PMCID: PMC9079705 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2021.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The mammalian gut is inhabited by a massive and complicated microbial community, in which the host achieves a stable symbiotic environment through the interdependence, coordination, reciprocal constraints and participation in an immune response. The interaction between the host gut and the microbiota is essential for maintaining and achieving the homeostasis of the organism. Consequently, gut homeostasis is pivotal in safeguarding the growth and development and potential productive performance of the host. As metabolites of microorganisms, short chain fatty acids are not only the preferred energy metabolic feedstock for host intestinal epithelial cells, but also exert vital effects on antioxidants and the regulation of intestinal community homeostasis. Herein, we summarize the effects of intestinal microorganisms on the host gut and the mechanisms of action of short chain fatty acids on the four intestinal barriers of the organism, which will shed light on the manipulation of the intestinal community to achieve precise nutrition for specific individuals and provide a novel perspective for the prevention and treatment of diseases.
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20
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Suitability of Hermetia illucens larvae meal and fat in broiler diets: effects on animal performance, apparent ileal digestibility, gut histology, and microbial metabolites. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2022; 13:50. [PMID: 35527312 PMCID: PMC9082845 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-022-00701-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The possibility of partially replacing soybean meal (SBM) with Hermetia illucens (HI) defatted larvae meal in broiler nutrition has frequently been suggested. For sustainability reasons, however, the larvae fat produced during defatting should also be used and could be particularly beneficial regarding gut health due to its fatty acid composition. To evaluate the suitability of HI larvae as protein and fat source, a 2 × 3 factorial arrangement with two types of protein, i.e. SBM (S) or SBM and 15% of its crude protein replaced by HI larvae meal (L), and three levels of fat sources, namely 0 (0 L), 50% (50 L) or 100% HI larvae fat (100 L) at the expense of soybean oil was applied. Results In the starter phase, an interaction showed higher body weight (BW), average daily gain (ADG) and improved feed conversion ratio (FCR) if 50% or 100% HI larvae fat was fed with HI larvae meal. Moreover, BW, ADG and FCR improved when feeding HI larvae meal as protein source. Additionally, we observed an increased average daily feed intake in the grower, finisher, and overall phase in the L groups and an improved FCR in 0 L compared to 50 L groups during the overall period. Regarding apparent ileal digestibility, HI larvae meal feeding increased dry matter, organic matter, and fat digestibility. Feeding HI larvae meal as protein source decreased the concentrations of agmatine, spermidine, spermine and ammonia in the caecal digesta, whereas fat source affected agmatine with higher concentrations in 50 L compared to 0 L in the colonic digesta. In contrast, caecal ethanolamine concentrations increased in HI larvae meal groups compared to SBM. Caecal butyric acid concentrations decreased with HI larvae meal feeding. An interaction was found for the jejunal villus area, being higher in L + 100 L compared to S + 100 L. Furthermore, L groups had greater villus width. Conclusions A partial replacement of SBM with HI larvae meal and soybean oil with HI larvae fat in broiler diets without impairing animal performance or gut health seems possible. Feeding HI larvae meal affected broiler performance positively in the starter phase and improved apparent ileal digestibility.
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21
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Understanding host-microbiota interactions in the commercial piglet around weaning. Sci Rep 2021; 11:23488. [PMID: 34873196 PMCID: PMC8648723 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-02754-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Weaning is a critical period in the life of pigs with repercussions on their health and welfare and on the economy of the swine industry. This study aimed to assess the effect of the commercial early weaning on gut microbiota, intestinal gene expression and serum metabolomic response via an integrated-omic approach combining 16S rRNA gene sequencing, the OpenArray gene expression technology and 1H-NMR spectroscopy. Fourteen piglets from different litters were sampled for blood, jejunum tissue and caecal content two days before (− 2d), and three days after (+ 3d) weaning. A clearly differential ordination of caecal microbiota was observed. Higher abundances of Roseburia, Ruminococcus, Coprococcus, Dorea and Lachnospira genera in weaned piglets compared to prior to weaning showed the quick microbial changes of the piglets’ gut microbiota. Downregulation of OCLN, CLDN4, MUC2, MUC13, SLC15A1 and SLC13A1 genes, also evidenced the negative impact of weaning on gut barrier and digestive functions. Metabolomic approach pinpointed significant decreases in choline, LDL, triglycerides, fatty acids, alanine and isoleucine and increases in 3-hydroxybutyrate after weaning. Moreover, the correlation between microbiota and metabolome datasets revealed the existence of metabolic clusters interrelated to different bacterial clusters. Our results demonstrate the impact of weaning stress on the piglet and give insights regarding the associations between gut microbiota and the animal gene activity and metabolic response.
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Liu X, Ju Y, Liu M, Huang L, Luo Y, Qi L, Ye J, Zhang S, Yan Y, Li Y. Effect of dietary Auricularia cornea culture supplementation on growth performance, serum biochemistry profile and meat quality in growing-finishing pigs. JOURNAL OF ANIMAL AND FEED SCIENCES 2021. [DOI: 10.22358/jafs/143105/2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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23
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Tan FPY, Beltranena E, Zijlstra RT. Resistant starch: Implications of dietary inclusion on gut health and growth in pigs: a review. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2021; 12:124. [PMID: 34784962 PMCID: PMC8597317 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-021-00644-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Starch from cereal grains, pulse grains, and tubers is a major energy substrate in swine rations constituting up to 55% of the diet. In pigs, starch digestion is initiated by salivary and then pancreatic α-amylase, and has as final step the digestion of disaccharides by the brush-border enzymes in the small intestine that produce monosaccharides (glucose) for absorption. Resistant starch (RS) is the proportion of starch that escapes the enzymatic digestion and absorption in the small intestine. The undigested starch reaches the distal small intestine and hindgut for microbial fermentation, which produces short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) for absorption. SCFA in turn, influence microbial ecology and gut health of pigs. These fermentative metabolites exert their benefits on gut health through promoting growth and proliferation of enterocytes, maintenance of intestinal integrity and thus immunity, and modulation of the microbial community in part by suppressing the growth of pathogenic bacteria while selectively enhancing beneficial microbes. Thus, RS has the potential to confer prebiotic effects and may contribute to the improvement of intestinal health in pigs during the post-weaning period. Despite these benefits to the well-being of pigs, RS has a contradictory effect due to lower energetic efficiency of fermented vs. digested starch absorption products. The varying amount and type of RS interact differently with the digestion process along the gastrointestinal tract affecting its energy efficiency and host physiological responses including feed intake, energy metabolism, and feed efficiency. Results of research indicate that the use of RS as prebiotic may improve gut health and thereby, reduce the incidence of post-weaning diarrhea (PWD) and associated mortality. This review summarizes our current knowledge on the effects of RS on microbial ecology, gut health and growth performance in pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felina P Y Tan
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2P5, Canada
| | - Eduardo Beltranena
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2P5, Canada
| | - Ruurd T Zijlstra
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2P5, Canada.
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Effects of Selenium Auricularia cornea Culture Supplementation on Growth Performance, Antioxidant Status, Tissue Selenium Concentration and Meat Quality in Growing-Finishing Pigs. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11092701. [PMID: 34573667 PMCID: PMC8470304 DOI: 10.3390/ani11092701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 08/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Selenium Auricularia cornea culture (SAC) is a dried product via full fermentation, containing organic-Se, Auricularia cornea (AC) mycelium, and various metabolites of AC. The objective of this study was to evaluate whether SAC could effectively improve the health, growth, meat quality, and oxidative stability of meat in growing-finishing pigs. Currently, dietary SAC supplementation positively impacts growth performance and oxidative stability of fresh meat. Abstract Selenium Auricularia cornea culture (SAC) is a new source of organic selenium. Two experiments were conducted to determine the available energy of SAC fed to pigs and to evaluate the effects of dietary SAC supplementation on growth performance, serum biochemical profiles, fecal short chain fatty acids (SCFA), meat quality, tissue selenium concentration, and oxidative stability of fresh meat in growing-finishing pigs. In Experiment (Exp.) 1, 12 barrows with average body weight (BW) of 42.40 ± 5.30 kg were randomly allotted to two groups and fed the basal diet and SAC-supplemented diet, individually. In Exp. 2, 96 growing-finishing pigs (BW: 91.96 ± 7.55 kg) were grouped into four dietary treatments; each treatment contained six replicates with four pigs per replicate. The four treatments fed a control diet and three experimental diets supplemented with 0.6%, 1.2%, and 2.4% SAC, respectively. The trial lasted for 45 days. The results revealed that digestible energy (DE) of SAC was 11.21 MJ/kg. The average daily gain (ADG) was improved in pigs fed 1.2% and 2.4% SAC during day 24 to 45 and the overall period. Dietary 1.2% and 2.4% SAC supplementation had a lower F/G (p < 0.05) than the control diet during different stages. Dietary SAC supplementation increased fecal butyrate contents (p < 0.05), and pigs fed 1.2% and 2.4% SAC diets had a higher MCT1 mRNA expression (p = 0.04) in the colon. Pigs fed 2.4% SAC had higher GSH-Px contents (p < 0.05) in serum, liver, and longissimus dorsi muscle (LDM) than those in the control group. The 2.4% SAC-supplemented group revealed a higher Se content (p < 0.05) in LDM and a lower MDA concentration (p < 0.05) in fresh meat during the simulated retail display on day six. In conclusion, this study suggested that SAC was more effective in improving growth, enhancing the antioxidant status, depositing Se in muscle, and increasing meat oxidative stability of pigs.
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Interference of dietary polyphenols with potentially toxic amino acid metabolites derived from the colonic microbiota. Amino Acids 2021; 54:311-324. [PMID: 34235577 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-021-03034-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Each day, varying amounts of undigested or partially digested proteins reach the colon where they are metabolized by the microbiota, resulting in the formation of compounds such as ammonia, p-cresol, skatole, phenol, indole, and hydrogen sulfide (H2S). In farm animals, the excessive production of these metabolites can affect the quality of meat and milk and is a source of contaminating emissions from animal manure. In humans, their accumulation is potentially harmful, and it has been proposed that they could be involved in the development of pathologies such as colorectal cancer and ulcerative colitis, among others. This review assesses the evidence supporting the use of dietary polyphenols to reduce the production of these metabolites. Most studies have used condensed (proanthocyanidins) or hydrolyzable (ellagitannins and gallotannins) tannins, and have been carried out in farm animals. Several show that the administration of tannins in pigs, chicken, and ruminants decreases the levels of ammonia, p-cresol, skatole, and/or H2S, improving meat/milk quality and reducing manure odor. Direct application of tannins to manure also decreases ammonia emissions. Few studies were carried out in rats and humans and their results confirm, to a lesser extent, those reported in farm animals. These effects would be due to the capacity of tannins to trap ammonia and H2S, and to modify the composition of the microbiota, reducing the bacterial populations producing metabolites. In addition, PACs prevent p-cresol and H2S-induced alterations on intestinal cells in vitro. Tannins, therefore, appear as an interesting tool for improving the quality of animal products, human health, and the harmful emissions associated with breeding.
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Johnson ACB, Biddle AS. A Standard Scale to Measure Equine Keeper Status and the Effect of Metabolic Tendency on Gut Microbiome Structure. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11071975. [PMID: 34359102 PMCID: PMC8300108 DOI: 10.3390/ani11071975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Horses with different metabolic tendencies are anecdotally referred to as “easy” or “hard” keepers. Easy keepers tend to gain weight easily while hard keepers require extra feed to maintain condition. Both easy and hard keeper horses carry a managerial and financial burden which can be a dissuading factor for horse shoppers. This research uses energy intake/need and body condition to develop a standard Equine Keeper Status Scale (EKSS) for assigning keeper status. The microbiome compositions based on EKSS assignments are then compared to explore microbiome differences based on metabolic tendencies of each group. The EKSS can be used by owners to accurately assess their horses’ metabolic tendencies and make improved feeding decisions to meet their horses’ needs. Understanding microbiome differences between easy, medium and hard keeper horses points to potential microbial roles in these metabolic tendencies. Abstract Thriftiness in horses has been associated with more efficient nutrient harvesting in digestion, absorption and/or utilization, but the relative contribution of the gut microbiome to host metabolic tendency is not well understood. Recognizing the unreliability of owner reported assignment of keeper status, this research describes a novel tool for calculating whether a horse is an easy (EK) or hard (HK) keeper and then characterizes microbiome differences in these groups. The Equine Keeper Status Scale (EKSS) was developed and validated based on data gathered from 240 horses. Estimates of dietary energy intakes and requirements to achieve the optimal BCS score of 5 were used in EKSS assignments. Sixty percent of owners’ characterizations disagreed with EKSS identified keeper assignments. Equine fecal 16S rRNA profiles (n = 73) revealed differences in α and β diversities and taxa abundances based on EKSS assignments. EK communities had more Planctomycetes and fewer Euryarcheaota, Spirochaetes and Proteobacteria than HK indicating functional differences in nutrient harvesting between groups. Differences in the gut microbiomes of horses based on keeper assignment point to host/microbial interactions that may underlie some differences in metabolic tendency. The EKSS enables robust, repeatable determination of keeper status which can be used by researchers and horse owners.
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Duarte ME, Sparks C, Kim SW. Modulation of jejunal mucosa-associated microbiota in relation to intestinal health and nutrient digestibility in pigs by supplementation of β-glucanase to corn-soybean meal-based diets with xylanase. J Anim Sci 2021; 99:skab190. [PMID: 34125212 PMCID: PMC8292963 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skab190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the effects of increasing levels of β-glucanase on the modulation of jejunal mucosa-associated microbiota in relation to nutrient digestibility and intestinal health of pigs fed diets with 30% corn distiller's dried grains with solubles and xylanase. Forty pigs at 12.4 ± 0.5 kg body weight (BW) were allotted in a randomized complete block design with initial BW and sex as blocks. Dietary treatments consisted of a basal diet with xylanase (1,500 endo-pentosanase units [EPU]/kg) and increasing levels of β-glucanase (0, 200, 400, and 600 U/kg) meeting nutrient requirements and fed to pigs for 21 d. Blood samples were collected on day 19. On day 21, all pigs were euthanized to collect intestinal tissues and digesta. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin (IL)-6, and malondialdehyde were measured in the plasma and mid-jejunal mucosa. Viscosity was determined using digesta from the distal jejunum. Ileal and rectal digesta were evaluated to determine apparent ileal digestibility (AID) and apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of nutrients. Mucosa samples from the mid-jejunum were utilized for microbiota sequencing. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure on SAS 9.4. Overall, increasing dietary β-glucanase tended to increase (linear; P = 0.077) the average daily gain of pigs. Increasing dietary β-glucanase affected (quadratic; P < 0.05) the relative abundance of Bacteroidetes, reduced (linear; P < 0.05) Helicobacter rappini, and increased (linear, P < 0.05) Faecalibacterium prausnitzii. β-Glucanase supplementation (0 vs. others) tended to increase (P = 0.096) the AID of crude protein in the diet, whereas increasing dietary β-glucanase tended to increase (linear; P = 0.097) the ATTD of gross energy in the diet and increased (linear; P < 0.05) the concentration of IL-6 in the plasma of pigs. In conclusion, increasing β-glucanase up to 600 U/kg feed in a diet containing xylanase (1,500 EPU/kg) modulated mucosa-associated microbiota by increasing the relative abundance of beneficial bacteria and reducing potentially harmful bacteria. Furthermore, increasing β-glucanase up to 600 U/kg feed in a diet containing xylanase (1,500 EPU/kg feed) enhanced the status of the intestinal environment and nutrient utilization, as well as reduced systemic inflammation of pigs, collectively resulting in moderate improvement of growth performance. Supplementing β-glucanase at a range of 312 to 410 U/kg with xylanase at 1,500 EPU/kg feed showed the most benefit on jejunal mucosa-associated microbiota and reduced systemic inflammation of pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos Elias Duarte
- Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Chris Sparks
- Huvepharma, Inc., Peachtree City, GA, 30269, USA
| | - Sung Woo Kim
- Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
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Reyes-Camacho D, Pérez JF, Vinyeta E, Aumiller T, Criado-Mesas L, Folch JM, Van der Klis JD, Solà-Oriol D. Phytogenic Compounds Supplemented to Gestating Hyperprolific Sows Affects the Gut Health-Related Gene Expression and Histological Responses in Neonate Piglets. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:639719. [PMID: 34195241 PMCID: PMC8237712 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.639719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This research aims to determine whether a specific blend of phytogenic compounds (BPC) supplemented in gestating hyperprolific sow diets can promote prenatal maternal effects in terms of piglet gut function and morphology. Twenty-eight (Landrace × Yorkshire) gilts and sows (parity 0 to 7) were randomly distributed by parity number and body weight into two dietary treatments: unsupplemented Control (CON) (n = 14) or CON diet supplemented with 1 g/kg feed of BPC during gestation (n = 14). The BPC supplementation during gestation of sows downregulated the neonate piglets' jejunal genes involved in oxidation (SOD2) and nutrient transport (SLC16A1/MCT1, SLC11A2/DMT1, and SLC39A/ZIP4), while IFNG and CLDN4 related to immune response and barrier function, respectively, were upregulated (q < 0.10). In addition, the jejunal villus height and the ratio of the villus height to crypt depth tended to increase (p < 0.10), while goblet cell volume density was higher (p < 0.05) in BPC compared to CON. In conclusion, dietary supplementation of BPC in gestating diets for hyperprolific sows influences neonatal histomorphology and expression of genes related to the intestinal function and health.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Reyes-Camacho
- Animal Nutrition and Welfare Service, Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - José Francisco Pérez
- Animal Nutrition and Welfare Service, Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | | | | | - Lourdes Criado-Mesas
- Department of Animal Genomics, Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Josep Maria Folch
- Animal Nutrition and Welfare Service, Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain.,Department of Animal Genomics, Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | | | - David Solà-Oriol
- Animal Nutrition and Welfare Service, Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
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Wellington MO, Agyekum AK, Van Kessel AG. Microbial sensing in the neonatal pig gut: effect of diet-independent and diet-dependent factors 1. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1139/cjas-2020-0051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
There is considerable agreement that the gastrointestinal microbiota contributes to the performance and health of the neonate, and this relationship includes an ability of the host animal to “sense” changes in the microbial community. Identifying the mechanisms used by the host to sense microbiota is one approach to developing methods to manipulate the microbiota to improve pig health and performance. Diet-independent microbial products are molecules unique to the microbial community and sensed by host pattern recognition receptors stimulating inflammation. Common among all members of the microbial community, their presence is unaffected by diet, but the nature of the response does depends on factors affecting the microenvironment in which the molecule is detected. Diet-dependent microbial products arise as products of fermentation of dietary components and include short-chain fatty acids, ammonia, phenols, hydrogen sulfide, amines, and many other compounds. A plethora of sensing mechanisms exists that include enzymatic metabolism as well as membrane receptors that have evolved to respond to microbial products (e.g., short-chain fatty acid receptors), or simply cross-react with microbial products. This review focuses on host mechanisms used to sense the intestinal microbiota and attempts to establish practical considerations for neonatal gut health based on current understanding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael O. Wellington
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8, Canada
| | - Atta K. Agyekum
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Grønnegårdsvej 3, DK-1870, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Andrew G. Van Kessel
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8, Canada
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Screening of Lactobacillus strains that enhance SCFA uptake in intestinal epithelial cells. Eur Food Res Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-021-03686-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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31
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Ashaolu TJ, Ashaolu JO. Prebiotic peptides, their formation, fermentation in the gut, and health implications. Biotechnol Prog 2021; 37:e3142. [PMID: 33666376 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.3142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Prebiotics can be synthesized from sources other than dietary fibers, such as proteins. The proteins, when processed into peptides have healthful or deleterious effects on the host. Outside living systems, prebiotic peptides (PP) are formed via preformation of amino acids or related monomeric building blocks, resulting in nonenzymatic polymerization/ligation to produce peptides. Whereas, inside living systems like the human gut, many metabolic pathways are involved in PP production, and mostly involve host-microbiota interactions. The interplay is responsible for PP activities and their implications on host amino acid balance and metabolism. Similar to carbohydrates fermentation, PP will yield short chain fatty acids (SCFA), but also branched chain fatty acids (BCFAs), phenols, indole, hydrogen sulfide, amines, and ammonia, capable of biologically mediating molecular signals. This holistic review considers a brief description of prebiotics, and tracks down prebiotic peptides formation processes, interactions with gut microbes, and health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tolulope Joshua Ashaolu
- Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Vietnam.,Faculty of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Vietnam
| | - Joseph O Ashaolu
- International Health Programme, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Gut Microbiota-Derived Short-Chain Fatty Acids Facilitate Microbiota:Host Cross talk and Modulate Obesity and Hypertension. Curr Hypertens Rep 2021; 23:8. [PMID: 33537923 PMCID: PMC7992370 DOI: 10.1007/s11906-020-01125-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The purpose of this review is to summarize the evidence supporting a role of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) as messengers facilitating cross talk between the host and gut microbiota and discuss the effects of altered SCFA signaling in obesity and hypertension. RECENT FINDINGS Recent evidence suggests there to be a significant contribution of gut microbiota-derived SCFAs to microbe:host communication and host metabolism. SCFA production within the intestine modulates intestinal pH, microbial composition, and intestinal barrier integrity. SCFA signaling through host receptors, such as PPARγ and GPCRs, modulates host health and disease physiology. Alterations in SCFA signaling and downstream effects on inflammation are implicated in the development of obesity and hypertension. SCFAs are crucial components of the holobiont relationship; in the proper environment, they support normal gut, immune, and metabolic function. Dysregulation of microbial SCFA signaling affects downstream host metabolism, with implications in obesity and hypertension.
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33
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Zhang H, van der Wielen N, van der Hee B, Wang J, Hendriks W, Gilbert M. Impact of Fermentable Protein, by Feeding High Protein Diets, on Microbial Composition, Microbial Catabolic Activity, Gut Health and beyond in Pigs. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8111735. [PMID: 33167470 PMCID: PMC7694525 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8111735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In pigs, high protein diets have been related to post-weaning diarrhoea, which may be due to the production of protein fermentation metabolites that were shown to have harmful effects on the intestinal epithelium in vitro. In this review, we discussed in vivo effects of protein fermentation on the microbial composition and their protein catabolic activity as well as gut and overall health. The reviewed studies applied different dietary protein levels, which was assumed to result in contrasting fermentable protein levels. A general shift to N-utilisation microbial community including potential pathogens was observed, although microbial richness and diversity were not altered in the majority of the studies. Increasing dietary protein levels resulted in higher protein catabolic activity as evidenced by increased concentration of several protein fermentation metabolites like biogenic amines in the digesta of pigs. Moreover, changes in intestinal morphology, permeability and pro-inflammatory cytokine concentrations were observed and diarrhoea incidence was increased. Nevertheless, higher body weight and average daily gain were observed upon increasing dietary protein level. In conclusion, increasing dietary protein resulted in higher proteolytic fermentation, altered microbial community and intestinal physiology. Supplementing diets with fermentable carbohydrates could be a promising strategy to counteract these effects and should be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanlu Zhang
- Animal Nutrition Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, The Netherlands; (H.Z.); (N.v.d.W.); (W.H.)
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China;
| | - Nikkie van der Wielen
- Animal Nutrition Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, The Netherlands; (H.Z.); (N.v.d.W.); (W.H.)
- Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Department of Agrotechnology and Food Sciences, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Bart van der Hee
- Host-Microbe Interactomics Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, The Netherlands;
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Agrotechnology and Food Sciences, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Junjun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China;
| | - Wouter Hendriks
- Animal Nutrition Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, The Netherlands; (H.Z.); (N.v.d.W.); (W.H.)
| | - Myrthe Gilbert
- Animal Nutrition Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, The Netherlands; (H.Z.); (N.v.d.W.); (W.H.)
- Correspondence:
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34
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Kent-Dennis C, Penner GB. Effects of a proinflammatory response on metabolic function of cultured, primary ruminal epithelial cells. J Dairy Sci 2020; 104:1002-1017. [PMID: 33131809 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-19092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation of ruminal epithelium may occur during ruminal acidosis as a result of translocation and interaction of ruminal epithelial cells (REC) with molecules such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Such inflammation has been reported to alter cellular processes such as nutrient absorption, metabolic regulation, and energy substrate utilization in other cell types but has not been investigated for REC. The objectives of this study were to investigate the effects of LPS on metabolism of short-chain fatty acids by primary REC, as well as investigating the effects of media containing short-chain fatty acids on the proinflammatory response. Ruminal papillae from 9 yearling Speckle Park beef heifers were used to isolate and culture primary REC. Cells were grown in minimum essential medium (MEM) for 12 d before use and then reseeded in 24-well culture plates. The study was conducted as a 2 × 2 factorial, where cells were grown in unaltered MEM (REG) or medium containing 2 mM butyrate and 5 mM propionate (SCFA) with (50,000 EU/mL; +LPS) or without LPS (-LPS) for 24 h. Supernatant samples were collected for analysis of glucose and SCFA consumption. Cells were collected to determine the expression of mRNA for genes associated with inflammation (TNF, IL1B, CXCL2, CXCL8, PTGS2, and TLR4), purinergic signaling (P2RX7, ADORAB2, and CD73), nutrient transport [SLC16A1 (MCT1), SLC16A3 (MCT4), SLC5A8, and MCU], and cell metabolism [ACAT1, SLC2A1 (GLUT1), IGFBP3, and IGFBP5]. Protein expression of TLR4 and ketogenic enzymes (BDH1 and HMGCS1) were also analyzed using flow cytometry. Statistical analysis was conducted with the MIXED model of SAS version 9.4 (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC) with medium, LPS exposure, and medium × LPS interaction as fixed effects and animal within plate as a random effect. Cells tended to consume more glucose when exposed to LPS as opposed to no LPS exposure (31.8 vs. 28.7 ± 2.7), but consumption of propionate and butyrate was not influenced by LPS. Expression of TNF and IL1B was upregulated when exposed to LPS, and expression of CXCL2 and CXCL8 increased following LPS exposure with SCFA (medium × LPS). For cells exposed to LPS, we found a downregulation of ACAT1 and IGFBP5 and an upregulation of SLC2A1, SLC16A3, MCU, and IGFBP3. Medium with SCFA led to greater expression of MCU. SLC16A1 was upregulated in cells incubated with SCFA and without LPS compared with the other groups. Protein expression of ketogenic enzymes was not affected; however, BDH1 mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) expression tended to be less in cells exposed to LPS. These data are interpreted to indicate that when REC are exposed to LPS, they may increase glucose metabolism. Moreover, transport of solutes was affected by SCFA in the medium and by exposure to LPS. Overall, the results suggest that metabolic function of REC in vitro is altered by a proinflammatory response, which may lead to a greater glucose requirement.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Kent-Dennis
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada, S7N 5A8
| | - G B Penner
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada, S7N 5A8.
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35
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Ota S, Sakuraba H, Hiraga H, Yoshida S, Satake M, Akemoto Y, Tanaka N, Watanabe R, Takato M, Murai Y, Ueno K, Niioka T, Hayakari M, Ishiguro Y, Fukuda S. Cyclosporine protects from intestinal epithelial injury by modulating butyrate uptake via upregulation of membrane monocarboxylate transporter 1 levels. Biochem Biophys Rep 2020; 24:100811. [PMID: 33102812 PMCID: PMC7578528 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2020.100811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and aims A relationship between treatment outcomes and intestinal microbiota in patients with inflammatory bowel diseases has been demonstrated. Cyclosporine treatment leads to rapid improvement in severe ulcerative colitis. We hypothesized that the potent effects of cyclosporine would be exerted through relationships between intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) and the host microbiota. The present study was designed to elucidate the effects of cyclosporine on monocarboxylate transporter 1 (MCT1) regulation and butyrate uptake by IECs. Methods Colitis was induced in C57BL6 mice via the administration of 4% dextran sulfate sodium in drinking water, following which body weights, colon lengths, and histological scores were evaluated. To examine the role of butyrate in the protective effects of cyclosporine, MCT1 inhibitor and an antibiotic cocktail was administered and tributyrin (TB; a prodrug of butyrate) was supplemented; MCT1 protein expression and acetylated histone 3 (AcH3) signals in IECs, as well as the MCT1-membrane fraction of Caco-2 cells, were evaluated. To explore butyrate uptake, as s butyrate derivatives, 3-bromopyruvic acid (3-BrPA) and 1-pyrenebutyric acid were used. Results Treatment with cyclosporine inhibited body weight loss and colon length shortening. However, treatment with MCT1 inhibitor and the antibiotic cocktail negated the efficacy of cyclosporine, whereas TB supplementation restored its protective effect. Furthermore, cyclosporine upregulated MCT1 expression in the membrane and the AcH3 signal in IECs, while also inducing higher anti-inflammatory cytokine production compared to that in the vehicle-treated mice. The transcription level of MCT1 mRNA in IECs and Caco-2 cells did not increase with cyclosporine treatment; however, cyclosporine treatment increased membrane MCT1 expression in these cells and uptake of butyrate derivative. Conclusion Cyclosporine treatment modulates butyrate uptake via the post-transcriptional upregulation of membrane MCT1 levels in IECs. The protective effect of cyclosporine needs microbiota-derived butyrate. Cyclosporine increased the fraction of MCT1 at the cell membrane. Cyclosporine enhanced butyrate uptake and regulatory cytokine expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinji Ota
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hematology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan
| | - Hirotake Sakuraba
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hematology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan
| | - Hiroto Hiraga
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hematology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan
| | - Shukuko Yoshida
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hematology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan.,Shibata Irika Co.Ltd.Hirosaki, Japan
| | - Miwa Satake
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hematology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan
| | - Yui Akemoto
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hematology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan
| | - Nahoko Tanaka
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hematology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan
| | - Rina Watanabe
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hematology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan
| | - Maeda Takato
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hematology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan
| | - Yasuhisa Murai
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hematology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan
| | - Kayo Ueno
- Division of Pharmaceutical Science, Hirosaki University Hospital, Hirosaki, Japan
| | - Takenori Niioka
- Division of Pharmaceutical Science, Hirosaki University Hospital, Hirosaki, Japan
| | - Makoto Hayakari
- Division of Pharmaceutical Science, Hirosaki University Hospital, Hirosaki, Japan
| | - Yoh Ishiguro
- Division of Clinical Research, Hirosaki National Hospital, National Hospital Organization, Hirosaki, Japan
| | - Shinsaku Fukuda
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hematology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan
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Beaumont M, Blachier F. Amino Acids in Intestinal Physiology and Health. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1265:1-20. [PMID: 32761567 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-45328-2_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Dietary protein digestion is an efficient process resulting in the absorption of amino acids by epithelial cells, mainly in the jejunum. Some amino acids are extensively metabolized in enterocytes supporting their high energy demand and/or production of bioactive metabolites such as glutathione or nitric oxide. In contrast, other amino acids are mainly used as building blocks for the intense protein synthesis associated with the rapid epithelium renewal and mucin production. Several amino acids have been shown to support the intestinal barrier function and the intestinal endocrine function. In addition, amino acids are metabolized by the gut microbiota that use them for their own protein synthesis and in catabolic pathways releasing in the intestinal lumen numerous metabolites such as ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, branched-chain amino acids, polyamines, phenolic and indolic compounds. Some of them (e.g. hydrogen sulfide) disrupts epithelial energy metabolism and may participate in mucosal inflammation when present in excess, while others (e.g. indole derivatives) prevent gut barrier dysfunction or regulate enteroendocrine functions. Lastly, some recent data suggest that dietary amino acids might regulate the composition of the gut microbiota, but the relevance for the intestinal health remains to be determined. In summary, amino acid utilization by epithelial cells or by intestinal bacteria appears to play a pivotal regulator role for intestinal homeostasis. Thus, adequate dietary supply of amino acids represents a key determinant of gut health and functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Beaumont
- GenPhySE, Université de Toulouse, INRA, INPT, ENVT, Toulouse, France
| | - François Blachier
- Université Paris-Saclay, AgroParisTech, INRAE, UMR PNCA, Paris, France.
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Characterization of the segmental transport mechanisms of DL-methionine hydroxy analogue along the intestinal tract of rainbow trout with an additional comparison to DL-methionine. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2020; 249:110776. [PMID: 32712085 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2020.110776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to identify the unknown transport mechanism of the extensively used monocarboxylate methionine feed supplement DL-methionine hydroxy analogue (DL-MHA) in rainbow trout intestine. Transport across the pyloric caeca (PC), midgut (MG), and hindgut (HG) regions were kinetically studied in Na+- and H+-dependent manners. Gene expression of monocarboxylate (MCTs) and sodium monocarboxylate transporters (SMCTs) were assessed. Results demonstrated that DL-MHA transport from 0.2-20 mM was Na+-dependent and obeyed Michaelis-Menten kinetics with low affinity in PC & MG in apical/basal pH of 7.7/7.7. Changes in apical/basal pH (6.0/6.0, 6.0/7.7, and 7.7/8.7) had insignificant effects on kinetics. In contrast, HG flux kinetics were only obtained in pH 7.7/8.7 or in the presence of lactate with medium affinity. Additionally, DL-MHA transport from 0-150 μM demonstrated the presence of a Na+-dependent high-affinity transporter in PC & MG. Conclusively, two distinct carrier-mediated DL-MHA transport mechanisms along the trout gut were found: 1) in PC & MG: apical transport was regulated by Na+-requiring systems that possibly contained low- and high-affinity transporters, and basolateral transport was primarily achieved through a H+-independent transporter; 2) in HG: uptake was apically mediated by a Na+-dependent transporter with medium affinity, and basolateral exit was largely controlled by an H+-dependent transporter. Finally, two major methionine feed supplements, DL-MHA and DL-methionine (DL-Met) were compared to understand the differences in their bioefficacy. Flux rates of DL-MHA were only about 42.2-66.0% in PC and MG compared to DL-Met, suggesting intestinal transport of DL-MHA was lower than DL-Met.
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Cires MJ, Navarrete P, Pastene E, Carrasco-Pozo C, Valenzuela R, Medina DA, Andriamihaja M, Beaumont M, Blachier F, Gotteland M. Effect of a proanthocyanidin-rich polyphenol extract from avocado on the production of amino acid-derived bacterial metabolites and the microbiota composition in rats fed a high-protein diet. Food Funct 2020; 10:4022-4035. [PMID: 31218325 DOI: 10.1039/c9fo00700h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The consumption of high-protein diets (HPDs) increases the flux of undigested proteins moving to the colon. These proteins are hydrolyzed by bacterial proteases and peptidases, releasing amino acids, which in turn are metabolized by the intestinal microbiota (IM) for protein synthesis and production of various metabolites that can exert positive or deleterious effects, depending on their concentrations, at the colonic or systemic level. On the other hand, proanthocyanidins are polymers of flavan-3-ols which cannot be absorbed at the intestinal level, accumulating in the colon where they are fermented by the IM producing metabolites that appear beneficial for colonocytes and also at the peripheral level. This study evaluated the effect of an avocado peel polyphenol extract (AvPPE) rich in proanthocyanidins on the production of cecal bacterial metabolites and microbiota composition in rats fed a HPD. Compared with the normal-protein (NP) group, HPD did not markedly affect the body weight gain of the animals, but increased the kidney weight. Additionally, the HPD induced a higher cecal concentration of ammonia (NH4+/NH3), hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and branched-chain fatty acids (BCFAs). The supplementation with AvPPE attenuated the production of H2S and increased the production of indole. On the other hand, the HPD affected the composition of the cecal microbiota, increasing the relative abundance of the genera Bacteroides and Lactobacillus, while decreasing Prevotella. The AvPPE counteracted the increase induced by the HPD on the genus Lactobacillus, and increased the relative abundance of [Prevotella]. Our results contribute towards explaining the health-promoting effects of proanthocyanidin-rich dietary foodstuffs including fruits and vegetables.
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Affiliation(s)
- María José Cires
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Chile.
| | - Paola Navarrete
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Probiotics, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology (INTA), University of Chile, Chile and Millennium Nucleus in the Biology of Intestinal Microbiota, Santiago, Chile
| | - Edgar Pastene
- Laboratory of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Concepción, Chile
| | - Catalina Carrasco-Pozo
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Chile. and Discovery Biology, Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland 4111, Australia
| | - Rodrigo Valenzuela
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Chile.
| | - Daniel A Medina
- Applied Biotechnology Laboratory, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, San Sebastian University, Lago Panguipulli 1390, Puerto Montt 5501842, Chile
| | | | - Martin Beaumont
- UMR PNCA, AgroParisTech, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, France and GenPhySE, Université de Toulouse, INRA, INPT, ENVT, Toulouse, France
| | | | - Martin Gotteland
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Chile. and Laboratory of Microbiology and Probiotics, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology (INTA), University of Chile, Chile and Millennium Nucleus in the Biology of Intestinal Microbiota, Santiago, Chile
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Shi Q, Zhu Y, Wang J, Yang H, Wang J, Zhu W. Protein restriction and succedent realimentation affecting ileal morphology, ileal microbial composition and metabolites in weaned piglets. Animal 2019; 13:2463-2472. [PMID: 31084646 DOI: 10.1017/s1751731119000776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Dietary protein restriction is one of the effective ways to reduce post-weaning diarrhoea and intestinal fermentation in piglets, but it may also reduce growth performance. The compensatory growth induced by subsequent protein realimentation may solve the issue. However, little research has been done on the impact of protein realimentation on the gut. In this study, the effects of protein restriction and realimentation on ileal morphology, ileal microbial composition and metabolites in weaned piglets were investigated. Thirty-six 28-day-old weaned piglets with an average body weight of 6.47 ± 0.04 kg were randomly divided into a control group and a treatment group. The CP level in the diet of the control group was 18.83% for the entire experimental period. The piglets in the treatment group were fed 13.05% CP between days 0 and 14 and restored to a diet of 18.83% CP for days 14 to 28. On day 14 and 28, six pigs from each group were sacrificed and sampled. It was found that the abundance of Lactobacillus and Salmonella in the ileal digesta was significantly lower in the treatment group than the control group on day 14, whereas the abundance of Clostridium sensu stricto 1, Streptococcus, Halomonas and Pseudomonas significantly increased in the ileal digesta of the treatment group on day 14 compared with the control group. In addition, reduced concentrations of lactic acid, total short-chain fatty acids (total SCFAs), total branched chain fatty acids, ammonia and impaired ileal morphology and mucosal barrier were observed in the treatment group on day 14. However, diarrhoea levels decreased in the treatment group throughout the experiment. During the succedent protein realimentation stage, the treatment group demonstrated compensatory growth. Compared with the control group, the treatment group showed increased abundance of Lactobacillus and reduced abundance of Salmonella, Halomonas and Pseudomonas in the ileum on day 28. The concentrations of lactic acid and total SCFAs increased significantly, whereas the concentration of ammonia remained at a lower level in the treatment group on day 28 compared with the control group. Overall, protein realimentation could improve ileal morphology and barrier functions and promote ileal digestive and absorptive functions. In conclusion, ileal microbial composition and metabolites could change according to dietary protein restriction and realimentation and eventually influence ileal morphology and barrier functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Q Shi
- National center for International Research on Animal Gut Nutrition, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Animal Health, Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center of Animal Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Y Zhu
- National center for International Research on Animal Gut Nutrition, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Animal Health, Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center of Animal Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - J Wang
- National center for International Research on Animal Gut Nutrition, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Animal Health, Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center of Animal Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - H Yang
- National center for International Research on Animal Gut Nutrition, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Animal Health, Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center of Animal Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - J Wang
- National center for International Research on Animal Gut Nutrition, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Animal Health, Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center of Animal Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - W Zhu
- National center for International Research on Animal Gut Nutrition, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Animal Health, Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center of Animal Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
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Wang H, Shen J, Pi Y, Gao K, Zhu W. Low-protein diets supplemented with casein hydrolysate favor the microbiota and enhance the mucosal humoral immunity in the colon of pigs. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2019; 10:79. [PMID: 31624591 PMCID: PMC6785881 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-019-0387-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background High-protein diets can increase the colonic health risks. A moderate reduction of dietary crude-protein (CP) level can improve the colonic bacterial community and mucosal immunity of pigs. However, greatly reducing the dietary CP level, even supplemented with all amino acids (AAs), detrimentally affects the colonic health, which may be due to the lack of protein-derived peptides. Therefore, this study evaluated the effects of supplementation of casein hydrolysate (peptide source) in low-protein (LP) diets, in comparison with AAs supplementation, on the colonic microbiota, microbial metabolites and mucosal immunity in pigs, aiming to determine whether a supplementation of casein hydrolysate can improve colonic health under very LP level. Twenty-one pigs (initial BW 19.90 ± 1.00 kg, 63 ± 1 days of age) were assigned to three groups and fed with control diet (16% CP), LP diets (13% CP) supplemented with free AAs (LPA) or casein hydrolysate (LPC) for 4 weeks. Results Compared with control diet, LPA and LPC diet decreased the relative abundance of Streptococcus and Escherichia coli, and LPC diet further decreased the relative abundance of Proteobacteria. LPC diet also increased the relative abundance of Lactobacillus reuteri. Both LP diets decreased concentrations of ammonia and cadaverine, and LPC diet also reduced concentrations of putrescine, phenol and indole. Moreover, LPC diet increased total short-chain fatty acid concentration. In comparison with control diet, both LP diets decreased protein expressions of Toll-like receptor-4, nuclear factor-κB, interleukin-1β and tumor necrosis factor-α, and LPC diet further decreased protein expressions of nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain protein-1 and interferon-γ. LPC diet also increased protein expressions of G-protein coupled receptor-43, interleukin-4, transforming growth factor-β, immunoglobulin A and mucin-4, which are indicators for mucosal defense activity. Conclusions The results showed that supplementing casein hydrolysate showed beneficial effects on the colonic microbiota and mucosal immunity and barrier function in comparison with supplementing free AAs in LP diets. These findings may provide new framework for future nutritional interventions for colon health in pigs. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s40104-019-0387-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huisong Wang
- 1Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Animal Health, Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 Jiangsu China.,2National Center for International Research on Animal Gut Nutrition, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 Jiangsu China
| | - Junhua Shen
- 1Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Animal Health, Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 Jiangsu China.,2National Center for International Research on Animal Gut Nutrition, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 Jiangsu China
| | - Yu Pi
- 1Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Animal Health, Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 Jiangsu China.,2National Center for International Research on Animal Gut Nutrition, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 Jiangsu China
| | - Kan Gao
- 1Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Animal Health, Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 Jiangsu China.,2National Center for International Research on Animal Gut Nutrition, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 Jiangsu China
| | - Weiyun Zhu
- 1Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Animal Health, Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 Jiangsu China.,2National Center for International Research on Animal Gut Nutrition, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 Jiangsu China
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Van Hees HMJ, Davids M, Maes D, Millet S, Possemiers S, den Hartog LA, van Kempen TATG, Janssens GPJ. Dietary fibre enrichment of supplemental feed modulates the development of the intestinal tract in suckling piglets. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2019; 10:83. [PMID: 31636904 PMCID: PMC6794736 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-019-0386-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Commercial pre-weaning diets are formulated to be highly digestible and nutrient-dense and contain low levels of dietary fibre. In contrast, pigs in a natural setting are manipulating fibre-rich plant material from a young age. Moreover, dietary fibre affects gastrointestinal tract (GIT) development and health in older pigs. We hypothesised that supplemental diets that contain vegetal fibres are accelerating GIT development in suckling piglets in terms of size and functionality. From d 2 of life, sow-suckled piglets had access to a low fibre diet (CON), a diet with a fermentable long-chain arabinoxylan (lc-AXOS), a diet with a largely non-fermentable purified cellulose (CELL), or a diet containing both fibres. During the initial 2 weeks, the control diet was a high-density milk replacer, followed by a dry and highly digestible creep meal. Upon weaning at 25 d, 15 piglets from each treatment group, identified as eaters and originating from six or seven litters, were sacrificed for post-mortem examination of GIT morphology, small intestinal permeability and metabolic profile of the digesta. The microbiota composition of the mid-colon was evaluated in a sub-set of ten piglets. Results No major statistical interactions between the fibre sources were observed. Piglets consumed the fibre-containing milk supplements and creep diets well. Stomach size and small intestinal permeability was not affected. Large intestinal fill was increased with lc-AXOS only, while relative large intestinal weight was increased with both fibre sources (P < 0.050). Also, CELL decreased ileal pH and tended to increase ileal DM content compared to CON (P < 0.050). Moreover, the concentration of volatile fatty acids was increased in the caecum (P < 0.100) and mid-colon (P < 0.050) by addition of CELL. lc-AXOS only stimulated caecal propionate (P < 0.050). The microbiota composition showed a high individual variation and limited dietary impact. Nonetheless, CELL induced minor shifts in specific genera, with notable reductions of Escherichia-Shigella. Conclusions Adding dietary fibres to the supplemental diet of suckling piglets altered large intestinal morphology but not small intestinal permeability. Moreover, dietary fibre showed effects on fermentation and modest changes of microbial populations in the hindgut, with more prominent effects from the low-fermentable cellulose.
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Affiliation(s)
- H M J Van Hees
- 1Department of Nutrition, Genetics and Ethology, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium.,Research and Development, Trouw Nutrition, Amersfoort, The Netherlands
| | - M Davids
- Department of Internal and Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - D Maes
- 4Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - S Millet
- 1Department of Nutrition, Genetics and Ethology, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium.,5ILVO, Eenheid Dier, Melle, Belgium
| | | | - L A den Hartog
- Research and Development, Trouw Nutrition, Amersfoort, The Netherlands.,7Animal Nutrition, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - T A T G van Kempen
- Research and Development, Trouw Nutrition, Amersfoort, The Netherlands.,8North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC USA
| | - G P J Janssens
- 1Department of Nutrition, Genetics and Ethology, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
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He X, Parenti M, Grip T, Lönnerdal B, Timby N, Domellöf M, Hernell O, Slupsky CM. Fecal microbiome and metabolome of infants fed bovine MFGM supplemented formula or standard formula with breast-fed infants as reference: a randomized controlled trial. Sci Rep 2019; 9:11589. [PMID: 31406230 PMCID: PMC6690946 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-47953-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Human milk delivers an array of bioactive components that safeguard infant growth and development and maintain healthy gut microbiota. Milk fat globule membrane (MFGM) is a biologically functional fraction of milk increasingly linked to beneficial outcomes in infants through protection from pathogens, modulation of the immune system and improved neurodevelopment. In the present study, we characterized the fecal microbiome and metabolome of infants fed a bovine MFGM supplemented experimental formula (EF) and compared to infants fed standard formula (SF) and a breast-fed reference group. The impact of MFGM on the fecal microbiome was moderate; however, the fecal metabolome of EF-fed infants showed a significant reduction of several metabolites including lactate, succinate, amino acids and their derivatives from that of infants fed SF. Introduction of weaning food with either human milk or infant formula reduces the distinct characteristics of breast-fed- or formula-fed- like infant fecal microbiome and metabolome profiles. Our findings support the hypothesis that higher levels of protein in infant formula and the lack of human milk oligosaccharides promote a shift toward amino acid fermentation in the gut. MFGM may play a role in shaping gut microbial activity and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan He
- Department of Nutrition, University of California Davis, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California Davis, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Mariana Parenti
- Department of Nutrition, University of California Davis, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Tove Grip
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Pediatrics, Umeå University, SE901 85, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Bo Lönnerdal
- Department of Nutrition, University of California Davis, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Niklas Timby
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Pediatrics, Umeå University, SE901 85, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Magnus Domellöf
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Pediatrics, Umeå University, SE901 85, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Olle Hernell
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Pediatrics, Umeå University, SE901 85, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Carolyn M Slupsky
- Department of Nutrition, University of California Davis, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California Davis, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
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Celi P, Verlhac V, Pérez Calvo E, Schmeisser J, Kluenter AM. Biomarkers of gastrointestinal functionality in animal nutrition and health. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2018.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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44
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Parada Venegas D, De la Fuente MK, Landskron G, González MJ, Quera R, Dijkstra G, Harmsen HJM, Faber KN, Hermoso MA. Short Chain Fatty Acids (SCFAs)-Mediated Gut Epithelial and Immune Regulation and Its Relevance for Inflammatory Bowel Diseases. Front Immunol 2019; 10:277. [PMID: 30915065 PMCID: PMC6421268 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1774] [Impact Index Per Article: 354.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD), collectively known as Inflammatory Bowel Diseases (IBD), are caused by a complex interplay between genetic, immunologic, microbial and environmental factors. Dysbiosis of the gut microbiome is increasingly considered to be causatively related to IBD and is strongly affected by components of a Western life style. Bacteria that ferment fibers and produce short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) are typically reduced in mucosa and feces of patients with IBD, as compared to healthy individuals. SCFAs, such as acetate, propionate and butyrate, are important metabolites in maintaining intestinal homeostasis. Several studies have indeed shown that fecal SCFAs levels are reduced in active IBD. SCFAs are an important fuel for intestinal epithelial cells and are known to strengthen the gut barrier function. Recent findings, however, show that SCFAs, and in particular butyrate, also have important immunomodulatory functions. Absorption of SCFAs is facilitated by substrate transporters like MCT1 and SMCT1 to promote cellular metabolism. Moreover, SCFAs may signal through cell surface G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs), like GPR41, GPR43, and GPR109A, to activate signaling cascades that control immune functions. Transgenic mouse models support the key role of these GPCRs in controlling intestinal inflammation. Here, we present an overview of microbial SCFAs production and their effects on the intestinal mucosa with specific emphasis on their relevance for IBD. Moreover, we discuss the therapeutic potential of SCFAs for IBD, either applied directly or by stimulating SCFAs-producing bacteria through pre- or probiotic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Parada Venegas
- Laboratory of Innate Immunity, Program of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Marjorie K De la Fuente
- Laboratory of Innate Immunity, Program of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Glauben Landskron
- Laboratory of Innate Immunity, Program of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - María Julieta González
- Program of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Rodrigo Quera
- Inflammatory Bowel Diseases Program, Department of Gastroenterology, Clínica Las Condes, Santiago, Chile
| | - Gerard Dijkstra
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Hermie J M Harmsen
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Klaas Nico Faber
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Marcela A Hermoso
- Laboratory of Innate Immunity, Program of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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Morrin ST, Owens RA, Le Berre M, Gerlach JQ, Joshi L, Bode L, Irwin JA, Hickey RM. Interrogation of Milk-Driven Changes to the Proteome of Intestinal Epithelial Cells by Integrated Proteomics and Glycomics. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:1902-1917. [PMID: 30663306 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b06484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Bovine colostrum is a rich source of bioactive components which are important in the development of the intestine, in stimulating gut structure and function and in preparing the gut surface for subsequent colonization of microbes. What is not clear, however, is how colostrum may affect the repertoire of receptors and membrane proteins of the intestinal surface and the post-translational modifications associated with them. In the present work, we aimed to characterize the surface receptor and glycan profile of human HT-29 intestinal cells after exposure to a bovine colostrum fraction (BCF) by means of proteomic and glycomic analyses. Integration of label-free quantitative proteomic analysis and lectin array profiles confirmed that BCF exposure results in changes in the levels of glycoproteins present at the cell surface and also changes to their glycosylation pattern. This study contributes to our understanding of how milk components may regulate intestinal cells and prime them for bacterial interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sinead T Morrin
- Teagasc Food Research Centre , Moorepark , Fermoy, P61C996 , County Cork , Ireland
- Veterinary Sciences Centre, School of Veterinary Medicine , University College Dublin , Belfield, Dublin 4, D04 V1W8 , Ireland
| | - Rebecca A Owens
- Department of Biology , Maynooth University , Maynooth , W23 F2H6 , County Kildare , Ireland
| | - Marie Le Berre
- Glycoscience Group, Advanced Glycoscience Research Cluster, National Centre for Biomedical Engineering Science , National University of Ireland Galway , H91TK33 , Galway , Ireland
| | - Jared Q Gerlach
- Glycoscience Group, Advanced Glycoscience Research Cluster, National Centre for Biomedical Engineering Science , National University of Ireland Galway , H91TK33 , Galway , Ireland
| | - Lokesh Joshi
- Glycoscience Group, Advanced Glycoscience Research Cluster, National Centre for Biomedical Engineering Science , National University of Ireland Galway , H91TK33 , Galway , Ireland
| | - Lars Bode
- Department of Pediatrics and Larsson-Rosenquist Foundation Mother-Milk-Infant Center of Research Excellence , University of California, San Diego , La Jolla , California 92093 , United States
| | - Jane A Irwin
- Veterinary Sciences Centre, School of Veterinary Medicine , University College Dublin , Belfield, Dublin 4, D04 V1W8 , Ireland
| | - Rita M Hickey
- Teagasc Food Research Centre , Moorepark , Fermoy, P61C996 , County Cork , Ireland
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Diether NE, Willing BP. Microbial Fermentation of Dietary Protein: An Important Factor in Diet⁻Microbe⁻Host Interaction. Microorganisms 2019; 7:microorganisms7010019. [PMID: 30642098 PMCID: PMC6352118 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms7010019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 248] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Revised: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein fermentation by gut microbiota contributes significantly to the metabolite pool in the large intestine and may contribute to host amino acid balance. However, we have a limited understanding of the role that proteolytic metabolites have, both in the gut and in systemic circulation. A review of recent studies paired with findings from previous culture-based experiments suggests an important role for microbial protein fermentation in altering the gut microbiota and generating a diverse range of bioactive molecules which exert wide-ranging host effects. These metabolic products have been shown to increase inflammatory response, tissue permeability, and colitis severity in the gut. They are also implicated in the development of metabolic disease, including obesity, diabetes, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Specific products of proteolytic fermentation such as hydrogen sulfide, ammonia, and p-Cresol may also contribute to the development of colorectal cancer. These findings are in conflict with other studies showing that tryptophan metabolites may improve gut barrier function and attenuate severity in a multiple sclerosis model. Further research examining proteolytic fermentation in the gut may be key to our understanding of how microbial and host metabolism interact affecting health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie E Diether
- Department of Agriculture, Food & Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Ag/For Centre, Edmonton Alberta, T6G 2P5, Canada.
| | - Benjamin P Willing
- Department of Agriculture, Food & Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Ag/For Centre, Edmonton Alberta, T6G 2P5, Canada.
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Keimer B, Pieper R, Simon A, Zentek J. Effect of time and dietary supplementation with processed yeasts (Kluyveromyces fragilis) on immunological parameters in weaned piglets. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2018.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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48
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Effect of fecal microbiota transplantation route of administration on gut colonization and host response in preterm pigs. ISME JOURNAL 2018; 13:720-733. [PMID: 30367124 DOI: 10.1038/s41396-018-0301-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Revised: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
This study examined gut colonization patterns and host responses to fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) by different administration routes after preterm birth. In two separate experiments, cesarean-delivered, preterm pigs were administered combined oral + rectal, or exclusively rectal donor feces, and compared with saline controls. After 5 days, stomach and colon bacterial compositions were determined by 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing, and organic acid metabolites measured. Further, gut pathology, mucosa bacterial adherence, and goblet cell density were assessed. FMT increased the relative abundance of obligate anaerobes in the colon without affecting total bacterial load. Bacteroides colonized recipients despite low abundance in the donor feces, whereas highly abundant Prevotella and Ruminococcaceae did not. Further, FMT changed carbohydrate metabolism from lactate to propionate production thereby increasing colonic pH. Besides, FMT preserved goblet cell mucin stores and reduced necrotizing enterocolitis incidence. Only rectal FMT increased the stomach-to-colon pH gradient and resistance to mucosa bacterial adhesion. Conversely, oral + rectal FMT increased bacterial adhesion, internal organ colonization, and overall mortality. Our results uncovered distinctions in bacterial colonization patterns along the gastrointestinal tract, as well as host tolerability between oral and rectal FMT administration in preterm newborns. Besides, FMT showed the potential to prevent necrotizing enterocolitis.
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49
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Regassa A, Nyachoti CM. Application of resistant starch in swine and poultry diets with particular reference to gut health and function. ANIMAL NUTRITION (ZHONGGUO XU MU SHOU YI XUE HUI) 2018; 4:305-310. [PMID: 30175259 PMCID: PMC6116817 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2018.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Revised: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The immediate post-weaning period poses a major challenge on the survival of piglets. Similarly, newly hatched chicks face life threatening challenges due to enteric infections. In the past several years, in-feed antibiotics have been used to reduce these production problems and improve growth. However, in-feed antibiotics have been banned in many jurisdictions and therefore the most effective alternatives to in-feed antibiotics must be developed. To date, several studies have been conducted to develop alternatives to antibiotics. One of the potential candidates as alternatives to in-feed antibiotics is resistant starch (RS). Resistance starch is a type of starch that resists enzymatic digestion in the upper parts of the gastrointestinal tract and therefore passes to hindgut where it can be fermented by resident microorganisms. Microbial fermentation of RS in the hindgut results in the production of short chain fatty acids (SCFA). Production of SCFA in turn results in growth and proliferation of colonic and cecal cells, increased expression of genes involved in gut development, and creation of an acidic environment. The acidic environment suppresses the growth of pathogenic microorganisms while selectively promoting the growth of beneficial microbes. Thus, RS has the potential to improve gut health and function by modifying and stabilising gut microbial community and by improving the immunological status of the host. In this review, we discussed the roles of RS in modifying and stabilising gut microbiota, gut health and function, carcass quality, and energy metabolism and growth performance in pigs and poultry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Charles M. Nyachoti
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 2N2, Canada
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50
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Gilbert MS, Ijssennagger N, Kies AK, van Mil SWC. Protein fermentation in the gut; implications for intestinal dysfunction in humans, pigs, and poultry. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2018; 315:G159-G170. [PMID: 29597354 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00319.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The amount of dietary protein is associated with intestinal disease in different vertebrate species. In humans, this is exemplified by the association between high-protein intake and fermentation metabolite concentrations in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. In production animals, dietary protein intake is associated with postweaning diarrhea in piglets and with the occurrence of wet litter in poultry. The underlying mechanisms by which dietary protein contributes to intestinal problems remain largely unknown. Fermentation of undigested protein in the hindgut results in formation of fermentation products including short-chain fatty acids, branched-chain fatty acids, ammonia, phenolic and indolic compounds, biogenic amines, hydrogen sulfide, and nitric oxide. Here, we review the mechanisms by which these metabolites may cause intestinal disease. Studies addressing how different metabolites induce epithelial damage rely mainly on cell culture studies and occasionally on mice or rat models. Often, contrasting results were reported. The direct relevance of such studies for human, pig, and poultry gut health is therefore questionable and does not suffice for the development of interventions to improve gut health. We discuss a roadmap to improve our understanding of gut metabolites and microbial species associated with intestinal health in humans and production animals and to determine whether these metabolite/bacterial networks cause epithelial damage. The outcomes of these studies will dictate proof-of-principle studies to eliminate specific metabolites and or bacterial strains and will provide the basis for interventions aiming to improve gut health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myrthe S Gilbert
- Animal Nutrition Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University and Research , Wageningen , The Netherlands
| | - Noortje Ijssennagger
- Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University , Utrecht , The Netherlands
| | - Arie K Kies
- Animal Nutrition Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University and Research , Wageningen , The Netherlands.,DSM Nutritional Products, Animal Nutrition and Health, Kaiseraugst, Switzerland
| | - Saskia W C van Mil
- Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University , Utrecht , The Netherlands
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