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Catarino MD, García CJ, García-Villalba R, Silva AMS, Campos DA, Manuela Pintado M, Neves B, Cardoso SM, Tomás-Barberán FA. Exploring the fate of phlorotannins from Laminaria digitata across the gastrointestinal tract: Insights into susceptibility and bioactivity prior and post gastrointestinal digestion. Food Res Int 2024; 191:114641. [PMID: 39059898 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2024.114641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Revised: 06/11/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
Phlorotannins are phenolic compounds exclusive from brown macroalgae endowed with promising bioactive properties. However, considering that diet is their main route of entrance to our system, gastrointestinal digestion might affect such bioactive properties. Here, phlorotannin extracts obtained from Laminaria digitata were submitted to simulated gastrointestinal digestion to evaluate its impact on their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Overall, a reduction of the total phlorotannin content along the gastrointestinal tract was noticed, although the antioxidant activity measured in vitro via NO● and O2●- scavenging assays, maintained almost the same. The crude extract (70 % v/v acetone) exhibited superior inhibition of NO● release on lipopolysaccharide-stimulated cells after digestion. In contrast, the opposite occurred to the phlorotannin-purified extract, indicating that the digestive process favors the anti-inflammatory properties of the former but not the latter. Data collected from UHPLC-MS analysis revealed that the fuhalol and carmalol-type compounds were completely absent from the digested phlorotannin-purified extract, which could partly explain its lower anti-inflammatory activity compared with its non-digested counterpart. Overall, this study contributes to a better understanding of the impact of gastrointestinal digestion on the bioactivity profile of L. digitata phlorotannins, demonstrating that fuhalols and carmalols are particularly susceptible to the digestive process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo D Catarino
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Carlos J García
- Research Group on Quality, Safety and Bioactivity of Plant Foods. Department of Food Science and Technology, CEBAS-CSIC, PO Box 164, Espinardo, Murcia 30100, Spain
| | - Rocío García-Villalba
- Research Group on Quality, Safety and Bioactivity of Plant Foods. Department of Food Science and Technology, CEBAS-CSIC, PO Box 164, Espinardo, Murcia 30100, Spain
| | - Artur M S Silva
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Débora A Campos
- CBQF-Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina-Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Rua Diogo Botelho 1327, 4169-005 Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria Manuela Pintado
- CBQF-Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina-Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Rua Diogo Botelho 1327, 4169-005 Porto, Portugal
| | - Bruno Neves
- Department of Medical Sciences and Institute of Biomedicine-iBiMED, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Susana M Cardoso
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Francisco A Tomás-Barberán
- Research Group on Quality, Safety and Bioactivity of Plant Foods. Department of Food Science and Technology, CEBAS-CSIC, PO Box 164, Espinardo, Murcia 30100, Spain
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Wanapat M, Prachumchai R, Dagaew G, Matra M, Phupaboon S, Sommai S, Suriyapha C. Potential use of seaweed as a dietary supplement to mitigate enteric methane emission in ruminants. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 931:173015. [PMID: 38710388 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.173015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Revised: 05/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
Seaweeds or marine algae exhibit diverse morphologies, sizes, colors, and chemical compositions, encompassing various species, including red, green, and brown seaweeds. Several seaweeds have received increased research attention and application in animal feeding investigations, particularly in ruminant livestock, due to their higher yield and convenient harvestability at present. Recent endeavors encompassing both in vitro and in vivo experiments have indicated that many seaweeds, particularly red seaweed (Asparagopsis taxiformis and Asparagopsis armata), contain plant secondary compounds, such as halogenated compounds and phlorotannins, with the potential to reduce enteric ruminal methane (CH4) emissions by up to 99 % when integrated into ruminant diets. This review provides an encompassing exploration of the existing body of knowledge concerning seaweeds and their impact on rumen fermentation, the toxicity of ruminal microbes, the health of animals, animal performance, and enteric ruminal CH4 emissions in both in vitro and in vivo settings among ruminants. By attaining a deeper comprehension of the implications of seaweed supplementation on rumen fermentation, animal productivity, and ruminal CH4 emissions, we could lay the groundwork for devising innovative strategies. These strategies aim to simultaneously achieve environmental benefits, reduce greenhouse gas emissions, enhance animal efficiency, and develop aquaculture and seaweed production systems, ensuring a high-quality and consistent supply chain. Nevertheless, future research is essential to elucidate the extent of the effect and gain insight into the mode of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Metha Wanapat
- Tropical Feed Resources Research and Development Center (TROFREC), Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Rittikeard Prachumchai
- Division of Animal Science, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Rajamangala University of Technology Thanyaburi, Thanyaburi, Pathum Thani 12130, Thailand
| | - Gamonmas Dagaew
- Tropical Feed Resources Research and Development Center (TROFREC), Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Maharach Matra
- Tropical Feed Resources Research and Development Center (TROFREC), Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Srisan Phupaboon
- Tropical Feed Resources Research and Development Center (TROFREC), Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Sukruthai Sommai
- Tropical Feed Resources Research and Development Center (TROFREC), Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Chaichana Suriyapha
- Tropical Feed Resources Research and Development Center (TROFREC), Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand.
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Bogolitsyn K, Dobrodeeva L, Samodova A, Parshina A. In vitro Immunostimulant Activity of the Polyphenolic Extract from the Arctic Brown Algae Fucus vesiculosus. PLANT FOODS FOR HUMAN NUTRITION (DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS) 2024; 79:511-517. [PMID: 38613704 DOI: 10.1007/s11130-024-01174-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/15/2024]
Abstract
Polyphenols (PP) found in brown algae are known for their wide range of biological activities including noteworthy antitumor properties. This article presents a method for obtaining an active polyphenolic extract from the Arctic alga Fucus vesiculosus with 98% purity and radical scavenging activity equivalent to 862 mg of ascorbic acid per gram of extract. Immunostimulant effects of polyphenols were assessed in vitro using venous blood from two groups of people: healthy people (HP) and people with chronic undifferentiated lymphocytic leukemia (LP). Polyphenols activated the surface properties of immunocompetent cells. Specifically, polyphenols dose-dependently increased the percentage of cells' spreading and adhesion by 2-3 times. Additionally, polyphenols increased the number of activated lymphocytes in the LP blood to levels characteristic of HP. Given their natural origin, high activity, non-toxicity, and straightforward production process, these studied polyphenols exhibit immense potential for use as new pharmaceuticals or as active components with immunostimulatory effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin Bogolitsyn
- Northern (Arctic) Federal University named after M.V. Lomonosov, 17, Northern Dvina Emb, Arkhangelsk, Russian Federation
- N.P. Laverov Federal Center for Integrated Arctic Research of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 20, Nikolskiy Ave, Arkhangelsk, Russian Federation
| | - Liliya Dobrodeeva
- N.P. Laverov Federal Center for Integrated Arctic Research of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 20, Nikolskiy Ave, Arkhangelsk, Russian Federation
| | - Anna Samodova
- N.P. Laverov Federal Center for Integrated Arctic Research of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 20, Nikolskiy Ave, Arkhangelsk, Russian Federation
| | - Anastasia Parshina
- Northern (Arctic) Federal University named after M.V. Lomonosov, 17, Northern Dvina Emb, Arkhangelsk, Russian Federation.
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4
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Subbiah V, Ebrahimi F, Agar OT, Dunshea FR, Barrow CJ, Suleria HAR. In vitro digestion and colonic fermentation of phenolic compounds and their antioxidant potential in Australian beach-cast seaweeds. Sci Rep 2024; 14:4335. [PMID: 38383637 PMCID: PMC10881491 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-54312-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Beach-cast seaweed has recently garnered attention for its nutrient-rich composition, including proteins, carbohydrates, vitamins, minerals, and phytochemicals. This study focuses on the phenolic content and antioxidant potential of five Australian beach-cast seaweed species during in vitro digestion and colonic fermentation. The bioaccessibility of the selected phenolic compounds was estimated and short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) production was determined. Cystophora sp., showed a notable increase in phenolic content (23.1 mg GAE/g) and antioxidant capacity (0.42 mg CE/g) during the intestinal and gastric phases of in vitro digestion. Durvillaea sp. demonstrated a significant release of flavonoids (0.35 mg QE/g), while Phyllosphora comosa released high levels of tannins (0.72 mg CE/g) during the intestinal phase. During colonic fermentation, P. comosa released the highest levels of phenolic compounds (4.3 mg GAE/g) after 2 h, followed by an increase in flavonoids (0.15 mg QE/g), tannins (0.07 mg CE/g), and antioxidant activity (DPPH: 0.12 mg CE/g; FRAP: 0.61 mg CE/g) after 4 h. Moreover, P. comosa released a considerable amount of phenolic compounds during both in vitro digestion and colonic fermentation. All species consistently released phenolic compounds throughout the study. Phloroglucinol, gallic acid, and protocatechuic acid were identified as the most bioaccessible phenolic compounds in all five Australian beach-cast seaweeds in the in vitro digestion. Nevertheless, compound levels declined during the colonic fermentation phase due to decomposition and fermentation by gut microbiota. With regard to SCFAs, P. comosa displayed elevated levels of acetic (0.51 mmol/L) and propionic acid (0.36 mmol/L) at 2 h, while Durvillaea sp. showed increased butyric (0.42 mmol/L) and valeric (0.26 mmol/L) production acid after 8 h. These findings suggest that seaweed such as Cystophora sp., Durvillaea sp., and P. comosa are promising candidates for food fortification or nutraceutical applications, given their rich phenolic content and antioxidant properties that potentially offer gut health benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vigasini Subbiah
- Centre for Sustainable Bioproducts, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, VIC, 3217, Australia
- School of Agriculture, Food and Ecosystem Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Faezeh Ebrahimi
- School of Agriculture, Food and Ecosystem Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Osman Tuncay Agar
- School of Agriculture, Food and Ecosystem Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Frank R Dunshea
- School of Agriculture, Food and Ecosystem Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Colin J Barrow
- Centre for Sustainable Bioproducts, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, VIC, 3217, Australia
| | - Hafiz A R Suleria
- Centre for Sustainable Bioproducts, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, VIC, 3217, Australia.
- School of Agriculture, Food and Ecosystem Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia.
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Lee ZJ, Xie C, Ng K, Suleria HAR. Unraveling the bioactive interplay: seaweed polysaccharide, polyphenol and their gut modulation effect. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2023:1-24. [PMID: 37991467 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2023.2274453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
Seaweed is rich in many unique bioactive compounds such as polyphenols and sulfated polysaccharides that are not found in terrestrial plant. The discovery of numerous biological activities from seaweed has made seaweed an attractive functional food source with the potential to be exploited for human health benefits. During food processing and digestion, cell wall polysaccharide and polyphenols commonly interact, and this may influence the nutritional properties of food. Interactions between cell wall polysaccharide and polyphenols in plant-based system has been extensively studied. However, similar interactions in seaweed have received little attention despite the vast disparity between the structural and chemical composition of plant and seaweed cell wall. This poses a challenge in extracting seaweed bioactive compounds with intact biological properties. This review aims to summarize the cell wall polysaccharide and polyphenols present in brown, red and green seaweed, and current knowledge on their potential interactions. Moreover, this review gives an overview of the gut modulation effect of seaweed polysaccharide and polyphenol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zu Jia Lee
- School of Agriculture, Food and Ecosystem Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Cundong Xie
- School of Agriculture, Food and Ecosystem Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Ken Ng
- School of Agriculture, Food and Ecosystem Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Hafiz A R Suleria
- School of Agriculture, Food and Ecosystem Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
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Molino S, Pilar Francino M, Ángel Rufián Henares J. Why is it important to understand the nature and chemistry of tannins to exploit their potential as nutraceuticals? Food Res Int 2023; 173:113329. [PMID: 37803691 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2023.113329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023]
Abstract
Tannins comprise a large group of polyphenols that can differ widely in chemical composition and molecular weight. The use of tannins dates back to antiquity, but it is only in recent years that their potential use as nutraceuticals associated with the human diet is beginning to be exploited. Although the biological effects of these phytocomplexes have been studied for many years, there are still several open questions regarding their chemistry and biotransformation. The vastness of the molecules that make up the class of tannins has made their characterisation, as well as their nomenclature and classification, a daunting task. This review has been written with the aim of bringing order to the chemistry of tannins by including aspects that are sometimes still overlooked or should be updated with new research in order to understand the potential of these phytocomplexes as active ingredients or technological components for nutraceutical products. Future trends in tannin research should address many questions that are still open, such as determining the exact biosynthetic pathways of all classes of tannins, the actual biological effects determined by the interaction of tannins with other molecules, their metabolization, and the best extraction methods, but with a view to market requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Molino
- Departamento de Nutrición y Bromatología, Instituto de Nutrición y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Centro de Investigación Biomédica, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain; Silvateam Spa, R&D Unit, San Michele Mondovì, Italy
| | - M Pilar Francino
- Area de Genòmica i Salut, Fundació per al Foment de la Investigació Sanitària i Biomèdica de la Comunitat Valenciana (FISABIO-Salut Pública), València, Spain; CIBER en Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Madrid 28029, Spain.
| | - José Ángel Rufián Henares
- Departamento de Nutrición y Bromatología, Instituto de Nutrición y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Centro de Investigación Biomédica, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.Granada, Granada, Spain.
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7
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Obayiuwana OA, Behrends V, Calle-Patino Y, Barone M, Turroni S, Brigidi P, Costabile A, Corona G. Cooking, Digestion, and In Vitro Colonic Fermentation of Nigerian Wholegrains Affect Phenolic Acid Metabolism and Gut Microbiota Composition. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14111. [PMID: 37762412 PMCID: PMC10531640 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241814111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Wholegrains contain both fibre and phenolic acids (PAs), and their gastrointestinal modifications are critical for their bioavailability and bioactivity. We evaluated the modifications on the PA profile and gut microbiota composition of selected Nigerian wholegrains, following cooking and gastrointestinal digestion. Red fonio, red millet, red sorghum, and white corn were cooked, digested, and fermented using an in vitro colonic model. A total of 26 PA derivatives were quantified in soluble and bound fractions using Ultraperformance Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) analysis. DNA samples were analysed using 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing to profile the microbiota composition. The results show that cooking and digestion significantly affected the levels of PAs in all grains (p ≤ 0.05) compared to raw grains. Colonic fermentation resulted in a peak of total soluble PAs at 4-6 h for red sorghum and white corn and at 24 h for red millet and red fonio. Enterobacteriaceae genera were the most abundant at 24 h in all grains studied. 3-hydroxybenzaldehyde correlated positively with the relative abundance of Dorea and the mucus-degrader bacteria Akkermansia (p ≤ 0.05), whereas hydroferulic acid and isoferulic acid levels correlated negatively with Oscillospira and Ruminococcus (p ≤ 0.05), respectively. Our data indicate that cooking, digestion, and colonic fermentation affect the release of bound PAs from wholegrains and, consequently, their metabolic conversion. Furthermore, PA fermentation in the gut is associated with potentially relevant changes in the microbiota. This in vitro study provides the basis for the design of an in vivo human intervention study that can confirm the trends herein observed but also assess the impact on health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oghenerukevwe Anne Obayiuwana
- School of Life and Health Sciences, University of Roehampton, London SW15 4JD, UK; (O.A.O.)
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Benin, Benin 300283, Nigeria
| | - Volker Behrends
- School of Life and Health Sciences, University of Roehampton, London SW15 4JD, UK; (O.A.O.)
| | - Yolanda Calle-Patino
- School of Life and Health Sciences, University of Roehampton, London SW15 4JD, UK; (O.A.O.)
| | - Monica Barone
- Microbiomics Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Silvia Turroni
- Unit of Microbiome Science and Biotechnology, Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Patrizia Brigidi
- Microbiomics Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Adele Costabile
- School of Life and Health Sciences, University of Roehampton, London SW15 4JD, UK; (O.A.O.)
| | - Giulia Corona
- School of Life and Health Sciences, University of Roehampton, London SW15 4JD, UK; (O.A.O.)
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Pacheco LV, Parada J, Pérez-Correa JR, Mariotti-Celis MS, Simirgiotis M. Cochayuyo ( Durvillaea incurvata) Extracts: Their Impact on Starch Breakdown and Antioxidant Activity in Pasta during In Vitro Digestion. Foods 2023; 12:3326. [PMID: 37761035 PMCID: PMC10529413 DOI: 10.3390/foods12183326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Seaweeds, notably cochayuyo (Durvillaea incurvata), are recognized for their rich macro- and micronutrient content, along with their inhibitory effects on the α-glucosidase enzyme. The present study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of this inhibition in actual starchy food products under in vitro gastrointestinal conditions. This study utilized freeze-dried cochayuyo, extracted using hot pressurized liquid extraction with 50% ethanol at 120 °C and 1500 psi. The inhibition mechanism of α-glucosidase was determined, and the polyphenol composition of the extract was analyzed using Ultra-High-Performance Liquid Chromatography. This study further evaluated the extract's impact on starch digestibility, total phenolic content, and antioxidant capacity in pasta (noodles) as representative starchy food under gastrointestinal conditions. The results indicate that the α-glucosidase inhibition mechanism is of mixed type. Phenolic compounds, primarily tetraphloroethol, could contribute to this anti-enzymatic activity. The extract was observed to decrease starch digestibility, indicated by a lower rate constant (0.0158 vs. 0.0261 min-1) and digested starch at an infinite time (77.4 vs. 80.5 g/100 g). A significant increase (~1200 vs. ~390 µmol TROLOX/100 g) in antioxidant activity was also noted during digestion when the extract was used. Thus, this study suggests that the cochayuyo extract can reduce starch digestion and enhance antioxidant capacity under gastrointestinal conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luz Verónica Pacheco
- Graduate School, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5090000, Chile;
| | - Javier Parada
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5090000, Chile
| | - José R. Pérez-Correa
- Department of Chemical and Bioprocess Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 7810000, Chile;
| | | | - Mario Simirgiotis
- Instituto de Farmacia, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5090000, Chile;
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Coelho M, Pacheco R. Anti-Hypercholesterolemia Effects of Edible Seaweed Extracts and Metabolomic Changes in Hep-G2 and Caco-2 Cell Lines. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:1325. [PMID: 37374108 DOI: 10.3390/life13061325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypercholesterolemia is a major risk for the development of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), the main cause of mortality worldwide, and it is characterized by high levels of circulating cholesterol. The drugs currently available for hypercholesterolemia control have several side effects, so it is necessary to develop new effective and safer therapies. Seaweeds serve as sources of several bioactive compounds with claimed beneficial effects. Eisenia bicyclis (Aramé) and Porphyra tenera (Nori) are edible seaweeds that were previously recognized as rich in bioactive compounds. In the present study, we aim to evaluate the anti-hypercholesterolemia effect of these two seaweed extracts and their health potential. Both extracts, but more efficiently Aramé extract, have liver 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HMGR) inhibitory activity as well as the capability to reduce approximately 30% of cholesterol permeation through human Caco-2 cells by simulating the intestinal lining, which is a target for hypercholesterolemia treatments. An untargeted metabolomic assay on human intestinal Caco-2 and liver Hep-G2 cell lines exposed to Aramé and Nori extracts revealed changes in the cells' metabolism, indicating the extracts' health beneficial effects. The metabolic pathways affected by exposure to both extracts were associated with lipid metabolism, such as phospholipids, and fatty acid metabolism, amino acid pathways, cofactors, vitamins, and cellular respiration metabolism. The effects were more profound in Aramé-treated cells, but they were also observed in Nori-exposed cells. The metabolite modifications were associated with the protection against CVDs and other diseases and to the improvement of the cells' oxidative stress tolerance. The results obtained for the anti-hypercholesterolemia properties, in addition to the revelation of the positive impact on cell metabolism, offer an important contribution for further evaluation of these seaweed extracts as functional foods or for CVD prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Coelho
- Departamento de Engenharia Química, Instituto Superior de Engenharia de Lisboa (ISEL), Rua. Conselheiro Emídio Navarro 1, 1959-007 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Rita Pacheco
- Departamento de Engenharia Química, Instituto Superior de Engenharia de Lisboa (ISEL), Rua. Conselheiro Emídio Navarro 1, 1959-007 Lisboa, Portugal
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Institute of Molecular Sciences, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
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De Bhowmick G, Hayes M. Potential of Seaweeds to Mitigate Production of Greenhouse Gases during Production of Ruminant Proteins. GLOBAL CHALLENGES (HOBOKEN, NJ) 2023; 7:2200145. [PMID: 37205931 PMCID: PMC10190624 DOI: 10.1002/gch2.202200145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The potential of seaweed to mitigate methane is real and studies with red seaweeds have found reductions in methane produced from ruminants fed red seaweeds in the region of 60-90% where the active compound responsible for this is bromoform. Other studies with brown and green seaweeds have observed reductions in methane production of between 20 and 45% in vitro and 10% in vivo. Benefits of feeding seaweeds to ruminants are seaweed specific and animal species-dependent. In some instances, positive effects on milk production and performance are observed where selected seaweeds are fed to ruminants while other studies note reductions in performance traits. A balance between reducing methane and maintaining animal health and food quality is necessary. Seaweeds are a source of essential amino acids and minerals however, and offer huge potential for use as feeds for animal health maintenance once formulations and doses are correctly prepared and administered. A negative aspect of seaweed use for animal feed currently is the cost associated with wild harvest and indeed aquaculture production and improvements must be made here if seaweed ingredients are to be used as a solution to control methane production from ruminants for continued production of animal/ruminant sourced proteins in the future. This review collates information concerning different seaweeds and how they and their constituents can reduce methane from ruminants and ensure sustainable production of ruminant proteins in an environmentally beneficial manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Goldy De Bhowmick
- Food BioSciences DepartmentTeagasc Food Research CentreAshtownDublin 15D15 KN3KIreland
| | - Maria Hayes
- Food BioSciences DepartmentTeagasc Food Research CentreAshtownDublin 15D15 KN3KIreland
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11
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Li K, Duan X, Zhou L, Hill DRA, Martin GJO, Suleria HAR. Bioaccessibility and bioactivities of phenolic compounds from microalgae during in vitro digestion and colonic fermentation. Food Funct 2023; 14:899-910. [PMID: 36537586 DOI: 10.1039/d2fo02980d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Microalgae are a developing novel source of carbohydrates, phenolic compounds, carotenoids and proteins. In this study, in vitro digestion and colonic fermentation were conducted to examine the total phenolic content and potential antioxidant activity of four microalgal species (Chlorella sp., Spirulina sp., Dunaliella sp., and Isochrysis sp.). The bioaccessibility of targeted phenolic compounds and the short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production were also estimated. Particularly, Spirulina sp. exhibited the highest total phenolic content (TPC) and free radical scavenging (2,2'-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, DPPH) capacity after gastrointestinal digestion of 7.93 mg gallic acid equivalents (GAE) per g and 2.35 mg Trolox equivalents (TE) per g. Meanwhile, it had the highest total flavonoid content (TFC) of 1.07 quercetin equivalents (QE) per g after 8 h of colonic fermentation. Dunaliella sp. and Isochrysis sp. showed comparable ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) of 4.96 and 4.45 mg QE per g after 4 h of faecal reaction, respectively. p-hydroxybenzoic and caffeic acid almost completely decomposed after the intestine and fermented in the colon with the gut microflora. In Dunaliella sp. and Isochrysis sp., these phenolic acids were found in the colonic fermented residual, probably due to the presence of dietary fibre and the interactions with other components. All four species reached the highest values of SCFA production after 16 h, except Spirulina sp., which displayed the most increased total SCFA production after 8 h of fermentation. It is proposed that Spirulina sp. could be more beneficial to gut health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunning Li
- School of Agriculture and Food, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, VIC, Australia.
| | - Xinyu Duan
- School of Agriculture and Food, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, VIC, Australia.
| | - Linhui Zhou
- School of Agriculture and Food, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, VIC, Australia.
| | - David R A Hill
- Algal Processing Group, Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, VIC, Australia
| | - Gregory J O Martin
- Algal Processing Group, Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, VIC, Australia
| | - Hafiz A R Suleria
- School of Agriculture and Food, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, VIC, Australia.
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12
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Rautela I, Thapliyal P, Sahni S, Rayal R, Sharma MD. Potential of seaweeds in preventing cancer and HIV infection in humans. Process Biochem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2022.10.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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13
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Effect of Ecklonia cava polyphenol on adiposity reduction is associated with gut microbiota composition in subjects with abdominal obesity: A secondary analysis. J Funct Foods 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2022.105333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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14
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Catarino MD, Pires SMG, Silva S, Costa F, Braga SS, Pinto DCGA, Silva AMS, Cardoso SM. Overview of Phlorotannins' Constituents in Fucales. Mar Drugs 2022; 20:754. [PMID: 36547901 PMCID: PMC9786115 DOI: 10.3390/md20120754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Fucales are an order within the Phaeophyceae that include most of the common littoral seaweeds in temperate and subtropical coastal regions. Many species of this order have long been a part of human culture with applications as food, feedand remedies in folk medicine. Apart from their high nutritional value, these seaweeds are also a well-known reservoir of multiple bioactive compounds with great industrial interest. Among them, phlorotannins, a unique and diverse class of brown algae-exclusive phenolics, have gathered much attention during the last few years due to their numerous potential health benefits. However, due to their complex structural features, combined with the scarcity of standards, it poses a great challenge to the identification and characterization of these compounds, at least with the technology currently available. Nevertheless, much effort has been taken towards the elucidation of the structural features of phlorotannins, which have resulted in relevant insights into the chemistry of these compounds. In this context, this review addresses the major contributions and technological advances in the field of phlorotannins extraction and characterization, with a particular focus on Fucales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo D Catarino
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Sónia M G Pires
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Sónia Silva
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Filipa Costa
- School of Engineering, University of Minho, Campus of Azurém, 4800-058 Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Susana S Braga
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Diana C G A Pinto
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Artur M S Silva
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Susana M Cardoso
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
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15
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Zheng H, Zhao Y, Guo L. A Bioactive Substance Derived from Brown Seaweeds: Phlorotannins. Mar Drugs 2022; 20:742. [PMID: 36547889 PMCID: PMC9785976 DOI: 10.3390/md20120742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Phlorotannins are a type of natural active substance extracted from brown algae, which belong to a type of important plant polyphenol. Phloroglucinol is the basic unit in its structure. Phlorotannins have a wide range of biological activities, such as antioxidant, antibacterial, antiviral, anti-tumor, anti-hypertensive, hypoglycemic, whitening, anti-allergic and anti-inflammatory, etc. Phlorotannins are mainly used in the fields of medicine, food and cosmetics. This paper reviews the research progress of extraction, separation technology and biological activity of phlorotannins, which will help the scientific community investigate the greater biological significance of phlorotannins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongli Zheng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-Industry Technology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, School of Food Science and Engineering, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China
| | - Yanan Zhao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-Industry Technology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, School of Food Science and Engineering, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China
| | - Lei Guo
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-Industry Technology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, School of Food Science and Engineering, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China
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16
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Choi Y, Lee SJ, Kim HS, Eom JS, Jo SU, Guan LL, Park T, Seo J, Lee Y, Bae D, Lee SS. Red seaweed extracts reduce methane production by altering rumen fermentation and microbial composition in vitro. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:985824. [PMID: 36467635 PMCID: PMC9709288 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.985824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
A series of in vitro batch culture incubations were carried out to investigate changes in rumen fermentation characteristics, methane (CH4) production, and microbial composition in response to supplementation with five different red seaweed species (Amphiroa anceps, AANC; Asparagopsis taxiformis, ATAX; Chondracanthus tenellus, CTEN; Grateloupia elliptica, GELL; and Gracilaria parvispora, GPAR). Prior to the incubations, the total flavonoid and polyphenol content of the red seaweed extracts was quantified. The incubated substrate consisted of timothy hay and corn grain [60:40 dry matter (DM) basis]. Treatments were substrate mixtures without seaweed extract (CON) or substrate mixtures supplemented with 0.25 mg/mL of red seaweed extract. Samples were incubated for 6, 12, 24, 36, and 48 h. Each sample was incubated in triplicates in three separate runs. In vitro DM degradability, fermentation parameters (i.e., pH, volatile fatty acids, and ammonia nitrogen), total gas production, and CH4 production were analyzed for all time points. Microbial composition was analyzed using 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing after 24 h of incubation. The highest CH4 reduction (mL/g DM, mL/g digested DM, and % of total gas production) was observed in ATAX (51.3, 50.1, and 51.5%, respectively, compared to CON; P < 0.001) after 12 h of incubation. The other red seaweed extracts reduced the CH4 production (mL/g DM; P < 0.001) in the range of 4.6-35.0% compared to CON after 24 h of incubation. After 24 h of incubation, supplementation with red seaweed extracts tended to increase the molar proportion of propionate (P = 0.057) and decreased the acetate to propionate ratio (P = 0.033) compared to the CON. Abundances of the genus Methanobrevibacter and total methanogens were reduced (P = 0.050 and P = 0.016) by red seaweed extract supplementation. The linear discriminant analysis effect size (P < 0.05, LDA ≥ 2.0) showed that UG Succinivibrionaceae, Anaeroplasma, and UG Ruminococcaceae, which are associated with higher propionate production, starch degradation, and amylase activity were relatively more abundant in red seaweed extracts than in the CON. Our results suggest that supplementation with red seaweed extracts altered the microbiota, leading to the acceleration of propionate production and reduction in CH4 production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youyoung Choi
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, South Korea
- Institute of Agriculture & Life Science (IALS), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, South Korea
| | - Shin Ja Lee
- Institute of Agriculture & Life Science (IALS), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, South Korea
- Institute of Agriculture and Life Science & University-Centered Labs, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, South Korea
| | - Hyun Sang Kim
- Institute of Agriculture & Life Science (IALS), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, South Korea
| | - Jun Sik Eom
- Institute of Agriculture & Life Science (IALS), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, South Korea
| | - Seong Uk Jo
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, South Korea
- Institute of Agriculture & Life Science (IALS), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, South Korea
| | - Le Luo Guan
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Tansol Park
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, South Korea
| | - Jakyeom Seo
- Department of Animal Science, Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, Pusan National University, Miryang, South Korea
| | - Yookyung Lee
- Animal Nutrition and Physiology Team, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development of Administration (RDA), Jeonju, South Korea
| | - Dongryeoul Bae
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, PMBBRC, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, South Korea
| | - Sung Sill Lee
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, South Korea
- Institute of Agriculture & Life Science (IALS), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, South Korea
- Institute of Agriculture and Life Science & University-Centered Labs, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, South Korea
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17
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Gisbert M, Sineiro J, Moreira R. Influence of Oxidation and Dialysis of Phlorotannins on Bioactivity and Composition of Ultrasound-Assisted Extracts from Ascophyllum nodosum. Mar Drugs 2022; 20:706. [PMID: 36421984 PMCID: PMC9695499 DOI: 10.3390/md20110706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2024] Open
Abstract
The isolation and chemical characterization of phlorotannins has gained special attention in recent years due to their specific health-promoting benefits. Flow-cell ultrasound-assisted extraction (90 W/cm2 of sonication power, 2 min of retention time and 20 g solvent/g algae of liquid-solid ratio) was carried out by using double-distilled water (WE) and acetone:water mixture (AWE) as extraction solvents. The AWE showed a higher total polyphenols content (TPC), carbohydrates (CHOs) and antioxidant activities than WE. However, when the WE was purified by using Amberlite XAD16 column, the purified WE (PWE) showed similar a TPC, decreased CHOs and increased antioxidant activity compared to WE. The oxidation of the PWE extract was evaluated under natural, forced and severe oxidation condition for 120 h. Only severe oxidation conditions were able to significantly reduce TPC and antioxidant activities. PWE was dialyzed (20, 10, 3.5 and 2 kDa). The main bioactive fraction of phlorotannins was obtained from 10 to 20 kDa. CHOs were distributed in fractions below 20 kDa. MALDI-TOF analysis was performed for PWE, PD20 and PD2 extracts to analyze the degree of polymerization of phlorotannins, which ranged from 4 to 17 phloroglucinol units/molecule. Fragmentation patterns allowed the proximate identification of several phlorotannins in Ascophyllum nodosum extracts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ramón Moreira
- Chemical Engineering Department, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Campus Vida, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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18
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Tung YT, Wu CH, Chen WC, Pan CH, Chen YW, Tsao SP, Chen CJ, Huang HY. Ascophyllum nodosum and Fucus vesiculosus Extracts Improved Lipid Metabolism and Inflammation in High-Energy Diet-Induced Hyperlipidemia Rats. Nutrients 2022; 14:4665. [PMID: 36364926 PMCID: PMC9658475 DOI: 10.3390/nu14214665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Ascophyllum nodosum and Fucus vesiculosus both contain unique polyphenols called phlorotannins. Phlorotannins reportedly possess various pharmacological activities. A previous study reported that the activity of phlorotannin is strongly correlated with the normalization of metabolic function, and phlorotannins are extremely promising nutrients for use in the treatment of metabolic syndrome. To date, no study has explored the antihyperlipidemic effects of phlorotannins from A. nodosum and F. vesiculosus in animal models. Therefore, in the present study, we investigated the effects of phlorotannins using a rat model of high-energy diet (HED)-induced hyperlipidemia. The results showed that the rats that were fed an HED and treated with phlorotannin-rich extract from A. nodosum and F. vesiculosus had significantly lower serum fasting blood sugar (FBS), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), total cholesterol (TC), triacylglyceride (TG) and free fatty acids (FFAs) levels and hepatic TG level and had higher serum insulin, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels and lipase activity in their fat tissues than in the case with the rats that were fed the HED alone. A histopathological analysis revealed that phlorotannin-rich extract could significantly reduce the size of adipocytes around the epididymis. In addition, the rats treated with phlorotannin-rich extract had significantly lowered interleukin 6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) levels and increased superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) activities than did those in the HED group. These results suggested that the phlorotannin-rich extract stimulated lipid metabolism and may have promoted lipase activity in rats with HED-induced hyperlipidemia. Our results indicated that A. nodosum and F. vesiculosus, marine algae typically used as health foods, have strong antihyperlipidemic effects and may, therefore, be useful for preventing atherosclerosis. These algae may be incorporated into antihyperlipidemia pharmaceuticals and functional foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Tang Tung
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Metabolism and Obesity Sciences, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
- Nutrition Research Center, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei 110, Taiwan
- Cell Physiology and Molecular Image Research Center, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 116, Taiwan
| | - Chieh-Hsi Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
- Ph.D. Program in Drug Discovery and Development Industry, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Chao Chen
- Graduate Institute of Metabolism and Obesity Sciences, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei 110, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Hsu Pan
- School of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
- Ph.D. Program in Drug Discovery and Development Industry, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Wen Chen
- Graduate Institute of Metabolism and Obesity Sciences, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Ping Tsao
- Ph.D. Program in Drug Discovery and Development Industry, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Jung Chen
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Yu Huang
- Graduate Institute of Metabolism and Obesity Sciences, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
- Research Center for Digestive Medicine, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei 110, Taiwan
- Neuroscience Research Center, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
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19
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Costabile A, Corona G, Sarnsamak K, Atar-Zwillenberg D, Yit C, King AJ, Vauzour D, Barone M, Turroni S, Brigidi P, Hauge-Evans AC. Wholegrain fermentation affects gut microbiota composition, phenolic acid metabolism and pancreatic beta cell function in a rodent model of type 2 diabetes. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1004679. [PMID: 36386661 PMCID: PMC9643864 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1004679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The intestinal microbiota plays an important role in host metabolism via production of dietary metabolites. Microbiota imbalances are linked to type 2 diabetes (T2D), but dietary modification of the microbiota may promote glycemic control. Using a rodent model of T2D and an in vitro gut model system, this study investigated whether differences in gut microbiota between control mice and mice fed a high-fat, high-fructose (HFHFr) diet influenced the production of phenolic acid metabolites following fermentation of wholegrain (WW) and control wheat (CW). In addition, the study assessed whether changes in metabolite profiles affected pancreatic beta cell function. Fecal samples from control or HFHFr-fed mice were fermented in vitro with 0.1% (w/v) WW or CW for 0, 6, and 24 h. Microbiota composition was determined by bacterial 16S rRNA sequencing and phenolic acid (PA) profiles by UPLC-MS/MS. Cell viability, apoptosis and insulin release from pancreatic MIN6 beta cells and primary mouse islets were assessed in response to fermentation supernatants and selected PAs. HFHFr mice exhibited an overall dysbiotic microbiota with an increase in abundance of proteobacterial taxa (particularly Oxalobacteraceae) and Lachnospiraceae, and a decrease in Lactobacillus. A trend toward restoration of diversity and compositional reorganization was observed following WW fermentation at 6 h, although after 24 h, the HFHFr microbiota was monodominated by Cupriavidus. In parallel, the PA profile was significantly altered in the HFHFr group compared to controls with decreased levels of 3-OH-benzoic acid, 4-OH-benzoic acid, isoferulic acid and ferulic acid at 6 h of WW fermentation. In pancreatic beta cells, exposure to pre-fermentation supernatants led to inhibition of insulin release, which was reversed over fermentation time. We conclude that HFHFr mice as a model of T2D are characterized by a dysbiotic microbiota, which is modulated by the in vitro fermentation of WW. The differences in microbiota composition have implications for PA profile dynamics and for the secretory capacity of pancreatic beta cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adele Costabile
- School of Life and Health Sciences, University of Roehampton London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Giulia Corona
- School of Life and Health Sciences, University of Roehampton London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kittiwadee Sarnsamak
- School of Life and Health Sciences, University of Roehampton London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Chesda Yit
- School of Life and Health Sciences, University of Roehampton London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Aileen J. King
- Department of Diabetes, School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine & Sciences, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - David Vauzour
- Norwich Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Monica Barone
- Microbiomics Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Silvia Turroni
- Unit of Microbiome Science and Biotechnology, Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Patrizia Brigidi
- Microbiomics Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Astrid C. Hauge-Evans
- School of Life and Health Sciences, University of Roehampton London, London, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Astrid C. Hauge-Evans,
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Impact of Gastrointestinal Digestion on the Anti-Inflammatory Properties of Phlorotannins from Himanthalia elongata. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11081518. [PMID: 36009238 PMCID: PMC9405269 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11081518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
A phlorotannin extract was obtained from Himanthalia elongata, revealing a profile rich in fucophlorethol-type and carmalol-type compounds. When subjected to simulated gastrointestinal digestion, its levels of total phlorotannins and antioxidant activity, measured in vitro via NO● and O2●− scavenging assays, were reduced, thus suggesting that these compounds’ integrity and bioactivity are negatively affected by the digestive process. Nevertheless, when undigested vs. digested extracts were used on lipopolysaccharide-stimulated Raw 264.7 macrophages, both showed a strong inhibitory effect on the cellular NO● production. In fact, although not statistically significant, the digested extract revealed a tendentially stronger effect compared to its undigested counterpart, suggesting that even though there is a decrease in the phlorotannins’ concentration after digestion, with a consequent loss of their scavenging properties, the possible degradation products being formed may exert their effects through the modulation of the intracellular signaling mechanisms. Overall, this study not only contributes to a better understanding of the phlorotannins’ composition of the species H. elongata, but also shows that, although the digestive process may affect the integrity and concentration of these compounds, this does not necessarily translate into loss of bioactivity, in particular the anti-inflammatory activity, probably owing to the bioactive effects that the degradation products of these phenolics may have at an intracellular level.
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21
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Role of natural products towards the SARS-CoV-2: A critical review. Ann Med Surg (Lond) 2022; 80:104062. [PMID: 35814035 PMCID: PMC9249430 DOI: 10.1016/j.amsu.2022.104062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2022] [Revised: 06/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the fact that various therapeutic compounds are being investigated, there is still a scarcity of effective and reliable therapeutic regimens to treat COVID-19. Ever since the COVID-19 pandemic, a diversity of traditional herbal treatments has been investigated to cure infected people, either alone or in conjunction with mainstream pharmaceuticals, with encouraging outcomes. In this article, we look at the latest research on the usage of natural products to alleviate the severity of COVID-19. To determine the activity of the natural products, act against SARS-CoV-2 to various targets like Mpro, ACE-II, papain-like, chymotrypsin-like proteases, and some antiviral targets. The processes underlying this preventative or therapeutic action are also examined. We used PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, and the WHO site to perform our review. The anti-SARS-CoV-2 impacts of various herbal extracts and purified compounds may be mediated via direct prevention of viral replication or entrance. Interestingly, certain items might avert SARS-CoV-2 from infecting human cells by blocking the ACE-2 protein or the serine protease TMPRRS2. Natural products have also been stated to suppress proteins intricate in the virus life cycle, like papain-like and chymotrypsin-like proteases. To conclude, natural products can be used alone or in combination as remedies or treatments for COVID-19. In addition, their compositions may provide insight into the development of effective and reliable antiviral drugs. The COVID-19 pandemic caused by a novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, resulted in thousands of deaths across the world. Globally, numerous studies and researchers have recently started fighting this virus. In this article, we look at the latest research on the usage of natural products to alleviate the severity of COVID-19. The anti-SARS-CoV-2 impacts of various herbal extracts and purified compounds may be mediated via direct prevention of viral replication or entrance.
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22
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Zhao W, Subbiah V, Xie C, Yang Z, Shi L, Barrow C, Dunshea F, Suleria HAR. Bioaccessibility and Bioavailability of Phenolic Compounds in Seaweed. FOOD REVIEWS INTERNATIONAL 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/87559129.2022.2094404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wanrong Zhao
- School of Agriculture and Food, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Vigasini Subbiah
- Centre for Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, VIC, Australia
| | - Cundong Xie
- School of Agriculture and Food, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Zihong Yang
- School of Agriculture and Food, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Linghong Shi
- School of Agriculture and Food, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Colin Barrow
- Centre for Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, VIC, Australia
| | - Frank Dunshea
- School of Agriculture and Food, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Hafiz A. R. Suleria
- School of Agriculture and Food, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Centre for Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, VIC, Australia
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Khan F, Jeong GJ, Khan MSA, Tabassum N, Kim YM. Seaweed-Derived Phlorotannins: A Review of Multiple Biological Roles and Action Mechanisms. Mar Drugs 2022; 20:384. [PMID: 35736187 PMCID: PMC9227776 DOI: 10.3390/md20060384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Phlorotannins are a group of phenolic secondary metabolites isolated from a variety of brown algal species belonging to the Fucaceae, Sargassaceae, and Alariaceae families. The isolation of phlorotannins from various algal species has received a lot of interest owing to the fact that they have a range of biological features and are very biocompatible in their applications. Phlorotannins have a wide range of therapeutic biological actions, including antimicrobial, antidiabetic, antioxidant, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, anti-adipogenesis, and numerous other biomedical applications. The current review has extensively addressed the application of phlorotannins, which have been extensively investigated for the above-mentioned biological action and the underlying mechanism of action. Furthermore, the current review offers many ways to use phlorotannins to avoid certain downsides, such as low stability. This review article will assist the scientific community in investigating the greater biological significance of phlorotannins and developing innovative techniques for treating both infectious and non-infectious diseases in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fazlurrahman Khan
- Research Center for Marine Integrated Bionics Technology, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Korea
| | - Geum-Jae Jeong
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Korea;
| | - Mohd Sajjad Ahmad Khan
- Department of Basic Sciences, Deanship of Preparatory Year and Supporting Studies, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam 34212, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Nazia Tabassum
- Industry 4.0 Convergence Bionics Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Korea;
| | - Young-Mog Kim
- Research Center for Marine Integrated Bionics Technology, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Korea
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Korea;
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Sugiura Y, Matsuura Y, Katsuzaki H, Kakinuma M, Amano H, Usui M, Tanaka R, Matsushita T, Miyata M. The Immunomodulating Effect of Phlorotannins from a Brown Alga, Eisenia nipponica, on Mice Stimulated with Ovalbumin through T Cell Regulation. PLANT FOODS FOR HUMAN NUTRITION (DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS) 2022; 77:307-316. [PMID: 35633415 DOI: 10.1007/s11130-022-00974-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The immunomodulating effect of phlorotannin was investigated in mice stimulated by ovalbumin. When analyzing the main components of phlorotannin concentrate (PTC) from Eisenia nipponica, seven phlorotannins [eckol, 6,6'-bieckol, 6,8'-bieckol, 8,8'-bieckol, dieckol, phlorofucofuroeckol (PFF)-A, and PFF-B] were detected. These phlorotannins accounted for approximately 80% of PTC. Oral administration of PTC to mice daily for 21 days reduced serum immunoglobulin E (IgE) and total IgG1 levels attributable to Th2 cells. The production of splenic cytokines [interleukin (IL)-10 and transforming growth factor-β1] and Treg cell-mediated expression of forkhead box protein P3 mRNA were significantly increased whereas the production of inflammatory cytokines (interferon-γ, IL-4, IL-5, and IL-17) by Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells was markedly suppressed. IL-21 production and basic leucine zipper ATF-like transcription factor mRNA expression attributable to follicular helper T (Tfh) cells were also suppressed. Flow cytometric analyses demonstrated increased number of Treg cells despite a decrease in the total T cell population. An increase in total B cells was also observed by the flow cytometric analyses in addition to increases in IL-10 production, which activates B cells. In contrast, the significantly suppressed production of inflammatory cytokines and moderate increase in Treg cell subpopulation indicated a direct impact of PTC on inflammatory lymphocytes (Th1, Th2, Th17, and Tfh). Thus, PTC may exert antiallergic effects by immunomodulation of T cells and inactivation of inflammatory lymphocyte.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshimasa Sugiura
- Department of Food Science and Technology, National Research and Development Agency, Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency, National Fisheries University, Shimonoseki, Yamaguchi, Japan.
| | - Yuta Matsuura
- Research Center for Fish Diseases, National Research Institute of Aquaculture, Minami-ise, Mie, Japan
| | | | - Makoto Kakinuma
- Graduate School of Bioresources, Mie University, Tsu, Mie, Japan
| | - Hideomi Amano
- Graduate School of Bioresources, Mie University, Tsu, Mie, Japan
| | - Masakatsu Usui
- Department of Food Science and Technology, National Research and Development Agency, Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency, National Fisheries University, Shimonoseki, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Ryusuke Tanaka
- Department of Food Science and Technology, National Research and Development Agency, Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency, National Fisheries University, Shimonoseki, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Teruo Matsushita
- Department of Food Science and Technology, National Research and Development Agency, Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency, National Fisheries University, Shimonoseki, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Masaaki Miyata
- Department of Food Science and Technology, National Research and Development Agency, Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency, National Fisheries University, Shimonoseki, Yamaguchi, Japan
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25
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Kaushalya KGD, Gunathilake KDPP. Encapsulation of phlorotannins from edible brown seaweed in chitosan: Effect of fortification on bioactivity and stability in functional foods. Food Chem 2022; 377:132012. [PMID: 34998154 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.132012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Phlorotannins are a family of proven therapeutic agents. However, low stability disturbs their full bioactivity expression in the human body. Hence, this study focused on preserving their vitality through encapsulation. Phlorotannins isolated from Sargassum ilicifolium were encapsulated in the chitosan-tripolyphosphate carrier. Their storage stability, processing stability, and bioactivity retention upon in vitro digestion were determined. Results revealed the highest total phlorotannin content (TPC) of 854.38 ± 48 mg Phloroglucinol Equivalence/g in the semi-purified ethyl acetate fraction while the NMR spectrum and the LCMS profile revealed the isolation of phlorotannins in it. Storage at -18℃ and 4℃ temperatures preserved thrice both the encapsulated and non-encapsulated phlorotannins than ambient conditions. Encapsulated compound reported 56.4% of TPC retention at 175 ℃ processing temperature. Fermented fraction of encapsulated form showed significantly higher (p < 0.05) antioxidant activities and TPC (0.23 ± 0.03 mg/mL) suggesting the potential for targeted delivery of phlorotannins to their absorption sites through encapsulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- K G D Kaushalya
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Livestock, Fisheries & Nutrition, Wayamba University of Sri Lanka, Makandura, Gonawila, Sri Lanka
| | - K D P P Gunathilake
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Livestock, Fisheries & Nutrition, Wayamba University of Sri Lanka, Makandura, Gonawila, Sri Lanka.
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26
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Biological Potential, Gastrointestinal Digestion, Absorption, and Bioavailability of Algae-Derived Compounds with Neuroprotective Activity: A Comprehensive Review. Mar Drugs 2022; 20:md20060362. [PMID: 35736165 PMCID: PMC9227170 DOI: 10.3390/md20060362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, there is no known cure for neurodegenerative disease. However, the available therapies aim to manage some of the symptoms of the disease. Human neurodegenerative diseases are a heterogeneous group of illnesses characterized by progressive loss of neuronal cells and nervous system dysfunction related to several mechanisms such as protein aggregation, neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, and neurotransmission dysfunction. Neuroprotective compounds are essential in the prevention and management of neurodegenerative diseases. This review will focus on the neurodegeneration mechanisms and the compounds (proteins, polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), polysaccharides, carotenoids, phycobiliproteins, phenolic compounds, among others) present in seaweeds that have shown in vivo and in vitro neuroprotective activity. Additionally, it will cover the recent findings on the neuroprotective effects of bioactive compounds from macroalgae, with a focus on their biological potential and possible mechanism of action, including microbiota modulation. Furthermore, gastrointestinal digestion, absorption, and bioavailability will be discussed. Moreover, the clinical trials using seaweed-based drugs or extracts to treat neurodegenerative disorders will be presented, showing the real potential and limitations that a specific metabolite or extract may have as a new therapeutic agent considering the recent approval of a seaweed-based drug to treat Alzheimer’s disease.
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27
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Phlorotannins of the Brown Algae Sargassum vulgare from the Mediterranean Sea Coast. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11061055. [PMID: 35739951 PMCID: PMC9219761 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11061055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Brown seaweeds are a good source of bioactive compounds, particularly of phlorotannins, which may exert a wide spectrum of pharmacological properties. In the present study, phlorotannins of S. vulgare were extracted using a 70% acetone solution and the crude extract was further purified through liquid–liquid partition, giving rise to n-hexane, ethyl acetate and aqueous residue fractions. The crude extract and the purified fractions were evaluated for potential antioxidant abilities as well as for inhibitory potential towards the digestive enzymes α-amylase and pancreatic lipase, and anti-inflammatory potential through the hindering of albumin denaturation. Overall, the ethyl acetate fraction was the richest in phlorotannins (9.4 ± 0.03 mg PGE/g) and was also the most promising regarding the tested bioactive properties. Of note, its inhibitory potential towards α-amylase was about nine times that of the commercial drug acarbose and its inhibitory activity against high temperature-induced protein denaturation was superior to that of the non-steroidal drug ketoprofen. According to UHPLC-DAD-ESI-MS/MS analysis, this fraction contained a range of phlorotannins with at least six units of phloroglucinol, including dibenzodioxine-1,3,6,8-tetraol, fuhalol, pentaphlorethol, fucopentaphlorethol and dihydroxypentafuhalol, in addition to several less common phlorotannin sulfate derivatives.
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28
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Shrestha S, Choi JS, Zhang W, Smid SD. Neuroprotective activity of macroalgal fucofuroeckols against amyloid β peptide‐induced cell death and oxidative stress. Int J Food Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/ijfs.15753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Srijan Shrestha
- Discipline of Pharmacology School of Biomedicine Faculty of Health Sciences The University of Adelaide Adelaide 5005 SA Australia
| | - Jae Sue Choi
- Institute of Fisheries Sciences Pukyong National University Busan 46041 Korea
| | - Wei Zhang
- Centre for Marine Bioproducts Development (CMBD) College of Medicine and Public Health Flinders University 5001 Adelaide SA Australia
- Department of Medical Biotechnology College of Medicine and Public Health Flinders University 5001 Adelaide SA Australia
| | - Scott D. Smid
- Discipline of Pharmacology School of Biomedicine Faculty of Health Sciences The University of Adelaide Adelaide 5005 SA Australia
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29
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Besednova NN, Andryukov BG, Zaporozhets TS, Kuznetsova TA, Kryzhanovsky SP, Ermakova SP, Galkina IV, Shchelkanov MY. Molecular Targets of Brown Algae Phlorotannins for the Therapy of Inflammatory Processes of Various Origins. Mar Drugs 2022; 20:243. [PMID: 35447916 PMCID: PMC9025421 DOI: 10.3390/md20040243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory reactions are part of a complex biological response that plays a vital role in the appearance of various stimuli resulting from tissue and cell damage, the invasion of pathogenic bacteria, and the formation of the subsequent adaptive immune response. The production of many triggers and mediators of inflammation, which are inducers of pro-inflammatory factors, is controlled by numerous differentiation programs, through which inflammation is resolved and tissue homeostasis is restored. However, prolonged inflammatory responses or dysregulation of pro-inflammatory mechanisms can lead to chronic inflammation. Modern advances in biotechnology have made it possible to characterize the anti-inflammatory activity of phlorotannins, polyphenolic compounds from brown seaweed, and the mechanisms by which they modulate the inflammatory response. The purpose of this review is to analyze and summarize the results of numerous experimental in vitro and in vivo studies, illustrating the regulatory mechanisms of these compounds, which have a wide range of biological effects on the body. The results of these studies and the need for further research are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalya N. Besednova
- Somov Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology by Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Wellbeing, 690087 Vladivostok, Russia; (B.G.A.); (T.S.Z.); (T.A.K.); (M.Y.S.)
| | - Boris G. Andryukov
- Somov Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology by Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Wellbeing, 690087 Vladivostok, Russia; (B.G.A.); (T.S.Z.); (T.A.K.); (M.Y.S.)
- School of Medicine, Far Eastern Federal University (FEFU), 690091 Vladivostok, Russia;
| | - Tatyana S. Zaporozhets
- Somov Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology by Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Wellbeing, 690087 Vladivostok, Russia; (B.G.A.); (T.S.Z.); (T.A.K.); (M.Y.S.)
| | - Tatyana A. Kuznetsova
- Somov Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology by Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Wellbeing, 690087 Vladivostok, Russia; (B.G.A.); (T.S.Z.); (T.A.K.); (M.Y.S.)
| | - Sergey P. Kryzhanovsky
- Medical Association of the Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 690022 Vladivostok, Russia;
| | - Svetlana P. Ermakova
- Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 690022 Vladivostok, Russia;
| | - Irina V. Galkina
- School of Medicine, Far Eastern Federal University (FEFU), 690091 Vladivostok, Russia;
| | - Mikhail Yu. Shchelkanov
- Somov Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology by Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Wellbeing, 690087 Vladivostok, Russia; (B.G.A.); (T.S.Z.); (T.A.K.); (M.Y.S.)
- School of Medicine, Far Eastern Federal University (FEFU), 690091 Vladivostok, Russia;
- Federal Scientific Center of the East Asia Terrestrial Biodiversity, Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 690091 Vladivostok, Russia
- Zhirmunsky National Scientific Center, Marine Biology of the Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 690091 Vladivostok, Russia
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30
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Wu Y, Gao H, Wang Y, Peng Z, Guo Z, Ma Y, Zhang R, Zhang M, Wu Q, Xiao J, Zhong Q. Effects of different extraction methods on contents, profiles, and antioxidant abilities of free and bound phenolics of Sargassum polycystum from the South China Sea. J Food Sci 2022; 87:968-981. [PMID: 35142370 PMCID: PMC9304242 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.16051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Total phenolic content (TPC), phenolic profiles, and antioxidant activity of free and bound extracts of Sargassum polycystum, obtained by different extraction solvents and hydrolysis methods, were investigated. Aqueous acetone afforded the highest free TPC and antioxidant ability, followed by aqueous ethanol and aqueous methanol. Twelve free phenolic compounds were identified by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS), including two hydroxycinnamic acids, seven flavonoids, one stilbene, and two phlorotannins. Three to nine different free phenolic compounds were extracted by these solvents with different compositions, including nine by 70% acetone and eight by 70% methanol, 70% ethanol, and 50% ethanol. The highest total content of free phenolic compounds determined by high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detection was obtained from 70% ethanol. Alkaline hydrolysis afforded higher bound TPC (274.27 mg GAE/100 g DW) and antioxidant ability than acid hydrolysis. Five bound phenolic compounds were characterized by UHPLC-MS and five were released from alkaline hydrolysis, whereas two were released from acid hydrolysis. Total content of bound phenolic compounds released by alkaline hydrolysis was 14.68-fold higher than that by acid hydrolysis. The free and bound TPC, phenolic profiles, and antioxidant activities depended on the extraction solvent used. These results indicate that S. polycystum is a potentially useful antioxidant source and contribute to the development of seaweed-based functional foods. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Phenolics are usually divided into free and bound forms based on their extractability and interaction with cell wall components. The nutritional effects of bound phenolics in algae have long been neglected. These topics contribute to the development of seaweed-based functional foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujiao Wu
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Hainan University/Engineering Research Center of Utilization of Tropical Polysaccharide ResourcesMinistry of Education/Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Functional Food of Hainan ProvinceHaikouChina
| | - Heqi Gao
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Hainan University/Engineering Research Center of Utilization of Tropical Polysaccharide ResourcesMinistry of Education/Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Functional Food of Hainan ProvinceHaikouChina
| | - Yuxi Wang
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Hainan University/Engineering Research Center of Utilization of Tropical Polysaccharide ResourcesMinistry of Education/Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Functional Food of Hainan ProvinceHaikouChina
| | - Ziting Peng
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Hainan University/Engineering Research Center of Utilization of Tropical Polysaccharide ResourcesMinistry of Education/Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Functional Food of Hainan ProvinceHaikouChina
| | - Zhiqiang Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China SeaSchool of Life Science, Hainan UniversityHaikouChina
| | - Yongxuan Ma
- Guangzhou Liheng Clinical Nutrition Co., Ltd
| | - Ruifen Zhang
- Sericultural & Agri‐Food Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Functional FoodsMinistry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Guangdong Key laboratory of Agricultural Products ProcessingGuangzhouChina
| | - Mingwei Zhang
- Sericultural & Agri‐Food Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Functional FoodsMinistry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Guangdong Key laboratory of Agricultural Products ProcessingGuangzhouChina
| | - Qian Wu
- Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering, Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, National “111” Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Hubei Research Center of Food Fermentation Engineering and TechnologyHubei University of TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Juan Xiao
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Hainan University/Engineering Research Center of Utilization of Tropical Polysaccharide ResourcesMinistry of Education/Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Functional Food of Hainan ProvinceHaikouChina
| | - Qiuping Zhong
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Hainan University/Engineering Research Center of Utilization of Tropical Polysaccharide ResourcesMinistry of Education/Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Functional Food of Hainan ProvinceHaikouChina
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31
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Murata N, Keitoku S, Miyake H, Tanaka R, Shibata T. Evaluation on Intestinal Permeability of Phlorotannins Using Caco-2 Cell Monolayers. Nat Prod Commun 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x211070415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Among the phlorotannins of seaweed polyphenols, eckols which have a dibenzodioxin linkage are known to have various physiological functions. The purpose of this study was to investigate the intestinal epithelial absorption of eckols using Caco-2 cell monolayers of the small intestinal membrane model. Each compound permeated from the apical (AP) side to the basolateral (BL) side in the monolayers was identified and quantitated by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry with electrospray ionization. In the transport assays using five types of eckols (eckol, fucofuroeckol A, phlorofucofuroeckol A, dieckol, and 8,8'-bieckol), only the monomeric eckol showed limited transepithelial absorption with relatively small apparent permeability values (0.30 ± 0.04 × 10−8 cm/s). Analyzing the Hanks’ balanced salt solution in the receiver on the BL side showed that phloroglucinol was detected in all experimental sections using eckols, and it's concentration increased with time over the course of the incubation. The other molecules corresponding to the unconjugated and conjugated metabolites of eckols were not detected in the AP and BL sides through the assays. These results suggest that eckols, including monomeric eckol, may be decomposed into phloroglucinol in the intestinal epithelium and the resulting phloroglucinol permeates to the BL side.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Murata
- Graduate school of Bioresources, Mie University, Tsu, Mie, Japan
| | - Saki Keitoku
- Graduate school of Bioresources, Mie University, Tsu, Mie, Japan
| | - Hideo Miyake
- Graduate school of Bioresources, Mie University, Tsu, Mie, Japan
- Seaweed Biorefinery Research Center, Mie University, Tsu, Mie, Japan
| | - Reiji Tanaka
- Graduate school of Bioresources, Mie University, Tsu, Mie, Japan
- Seaweed Biorefinery Research Center, Mie University, Tsu, Mie, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Shibata
- Graduate school of Bioresources, Mie University, Tsu, Mie, Japan
- Seaweed Biorefinery Research Center, Mie University, Tsu, Mie, Japan
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Min BR, Parker D, Brauer D, Waldrip H, Lockard C, Hales K, Akbay A, Augyte S. The role of seaweed as a potential dietary supplementation for enteric methane mitigation in ruminants: Challenges and opportunities. ANIMAL NUTRITION (ZHONGGUO XU MU SHOU YI XUE HUI) 2021; 7:1371-1387. [PMID: 34786510 PMCID: PMC8581222 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2021.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Seaweeds are macroalgae, which can be of many different morphologies, sizes, colors, and chemical profiles. They include brown, red, and green seaweeds. Brown seaweeds have been more investigated and exploited in comparison to other seaweed types for their use in animal feeding studies due to their large sizes and ease of harvesting. Recent in vitro and in vivo studies suggest that plant secondary compound-containing seaweeds (e.g., halogenated compounds, phlorotannins, etc.) have the potential to mitigate enteric methane (CH4) emissions from ruminants when added to the diets of beef and dairy cattle. Red seaweeds including Asparagopsis spp. are rich in crude protein and halogenated compounds compared to brown and green seaweeds. When halogenated-containing red seaweeds are used as the active ingredient in ruminant diets, bromoform concentration can be used as an indicator of anti-methanogenic properties. Phlorotannin-containing brown seaweed has also the potential to decrease CH4 production. However, numerous studies examined the possible anti-methanogenic effects of marine seaweeds with inconsistent results. This work reviews existing data associated with seaweeds and in vitro and in vivo rumen fermentation, animal performance, and enteric CH4 emissions in ruminants. Increased understanding of the seaweed supplementation related to rumen fermentation and its effect on animal performance and CH4 emissions in ruminants may lead to novel strategies aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions while improving animal productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byeng R. Min
- College of Agriculture, Environment and Nutrition Sciences, Tuskegee University, Tuskegee, AL 36088, USA
- United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Agriculture Research Service (ARS), 2300 Experiment Station Dr., Bushland, TX 79012, USA
| | - David Parker
- United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Agriculture Research Service (ARS), 2300 Experiment Station Dr., Bushland, TX 79012, USA
| | - David Brauer
- United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Agriculture Research Service (ARS), 2300 Experiment Station Dr., Bushland, TX 79012, USA
| | - Heidi Waldrip
- United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Agriculture Research Service (ARS), 2300 Experiment Station Dr., Bushland, TX 79012, USA
| | - Catherine Lockard
- United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Agriculture Research Service (ARS), 2300 Experiment Station Dr., Bushland, TX 79012, USA
| | - Kristin Hales
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
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Meng W, Mu T, Sun H, Garcia-Vaquero M. Phlorotannins: A review of extraction methods, structural characteristics, bioactivities, bioavailability, and future trends. ALGAL RES 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2021.102484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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34
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Rajha HN, Paule A, Aragonès G, Barbosa M, Caddeo C, Debs E, Dinkova R, Eckert GP, Fontana A, Gebrayel P, Maroun RG, Napolitano A, Panzella L, Pasinetti GM, Stevens JF, Schieber A, Edeas M. Recent Advances in Research on Polyphenols: Effects on Microbiota, Metabolism, and Health. Mol Nutr Food Res 2021; 66:e2100670. [PMID: 34806294 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202100670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Polyphenols have attracted huge interest among researchers of various disciplines because of their numerous biological activities, such as antioxidative, antiinflammatory, antiapoptotic, cancer chemopreventive, anticarcinogenic, and antimicrobial properties, and their promising applications in many fields, mainly in the medical, cosmetics, dietary supplement and food industries. In this review, the latest scientific findings in the research on polyphenols interaction with the microbiome and mitochondria, their metabolism and health beneficial effects, their involvement in cognitive diseases and obesity development, as well as some innovations in their analysis, extraction methods, development of cosmetic formulations and functional food are summarized based on the papers presented at the 13th World Congress on Polyphenol Applications. Future implications of polyphenols in disease prevention and their strategic use as prophylactic measures are specifically addressed. Polyphenols may play a key role in our tomorrow´s food and nutrition to prevent many diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Armelle Paule
- International Society of Antioxidants in Nutrition and Health, Paris, France
| | | | | | | | | | - Rada Dinkova
- University of Food Technologies, Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | | | | | - Prisca Gebrayel
- International Society of Antioxidants in Nutrition and Health, Paris, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Marvin Edeas
- University de Paris, Institut Cochin, Inserm, Paris, 1016, France
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Tong T, Liu X, Yu C. Extraction and Nano-Sized Delivery Systems for Phlorotannins to Improve Its Bioavailability and Bioactivity. Mar Drugs 2021; 19:625. [PMID: 34822496 PMCID: PMC8622035 DOI: 10.3390/md19110625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
This review aims to provide an informative summary of studies on extraction and nanoencapsulation of phlorotannins to improve their bioavailability and bioactivity. The origin, structure, and different types of phlorotannins were briefly discussed, and the extraction/purification/characterization methods for phlorotannins were reviewed, with a focus on techniques to improve the bioactivities and bioavailability of phlorotannins via nano-sized delivery systems. Phlorotannins are promising natural polyphenol compounds that have displayed high bioactivities in several areas: anticancer, anti-inflammation, anti-HIV, antidiabetic, and antioxidant. This review aims to provide a useful reference for researchers working on developing better utilization strategies for phlorotannins as pharmaceuticals, therapeuticals, and functional food supplements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianjian Tong
- Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA;
| | - Xiaoyang Liu
- National Engineering Research Center for Seafood, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China
| | - Chenxu Yu
- Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA;
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Murray M, Selby-Pham S, Colton BL, Bennett L, Williamson G, Dordevic AL. Does timing of phytonutrient intake influence the suppression of postprandial oxidative stress? A systematic literature review. Redox Biol 2021; 46:102123. [PMID: 34488026 PMCID: PMC8426566 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2021.102123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Postprandial oxidative stress markers in blood are generated transiently from various tissues and cells following high-fat and/or high-carbohydrate (HFHC) meals, and may be suppressed by certain phytonutrients, such as polyphenols and carotenoids. However, the transient presence of phytonutrients in circulation suggests that timing of consumption, relative to the meal, could be important. This systematic review investigates the effect of timing of phytonutrient intake on blood markers of postprandial oxidative processes. METHOD EMBASE, Medline, Scopus and Web of Science were searched up to December 2020. Eligible studies met the criteria: 1) healthy human adults; 2) phytonutrient(s) consumed in solid form within 24 h of a HFHC meal; 3) postprandial measurements of oxidative stress or antioxidants in blood; and 4) controlled study design. Cohen's d effect sizes were calculated to compare studies. RESULTS Nine studies, involving 256 participants, were included. Phytonutrients were consumed either at the same time, 1 h before, or the day (>12 h) before a HFHC meal. Significant decreases in blood markers - plasma lipid hydroperoxides, plasma malondialdehyde, serum sNox2-dp, serum 8-iso-PGF2α, platelet p47phox phosphorylation, and Keap-1 and p47phox protein levels in mononuclear cells (MNCs) - were observed where the phytonutrient was consumed together with the challenge meal (n = 4). Lack of any effect on oxidative stress markers was observed where phytonutrients were consumed with (n = 1), 1 h before (n = 1), and the day before (n = 2) the HFHC meal. CONCLUSION Phytonutrients consumed with a HFHC meal significantly suppressed some markers of oxidative stress in blood. Although there were only a limited number of studies, it appears that suppression appeared effective at the time of peak phytonutrient concentration in plasma. However, further studies are required to confirm the observations and systematically optimise the effect of timing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret Murray
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, 3800, Victoria, Australia; Department of Nutrition, Dietetics & Food, Monash University, Notting Hill, 3168, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Sophie Selby-Pham
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, 3800, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Beau-Luke Colton
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics & Food, Monash University, Notting Hill, 3168, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Louise Bennett
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, 3800, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Gary Williamson
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics & Food, Monash University, Notting Hill, 3168, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Aimee L Dordevic
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics & Food, Monash University, Notting Hill, 3168, Victoria, Australia.
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Correlation between the seasonal variations in phlorotannin content and the antiallergic effects of the brown alga Ecklonia cava subsp. stolonifera. ALGAL RES 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2021.102398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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38
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Vázquez-Rodríguez B, Santos-Zea L, Heredia-Olea E, Acevedo-Pacheco L, Santacruz A, Gutiérrez-Uribe JA, Cruz-Suárez LE. Effects of phlorotannin and polysaccharide fractions of brown seaweed Silvetia compressa on human gut microbiota composition using an in vitro colonic model. J Funct Foods 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2021.104596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
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Kalasariya HS, Yadav VK, Yadav KK, Tirth V, Algahtani A, Islam S, Gupta N, Jeon BH. Seaweed-Based Molecules and Their Potential Biological Activities: An Eco-Sustainable Cosmetics. Molecules 2021; 26:5313. [PMID: 34500745 PMCID: PMC8434260 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26175313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Amongst the countless marine organisms, seaweeds are considered as one of the richest sources of biologically active ingredients having powerful biological activities. Seaweeds or marine macroalgae are macroscopic multicellular eukaryotic photosynthetic organisms and have the potential to produce a large number of valuable compounds, such as proteins, carbohydrates, fatty acids, amino acids, phenolic compounds, pigments, etc. Since it is a prominent source of bioactive constituents, it finds diversified industrial applications viz food and dairy, pharmaceuticals, medicinal, cosmeceutical, nutraceutical, etc. Moreover, seaweed-based cosmetic products are risen up in their demands by the consumers, as they see them as a promising alternative to synthetic cosmetics. Normally it contains purified biologically active compounds or extracts with several compounds. Several seaweed ingredients that are useful in cosmeceuticals are known to be effective alternatives with significant benefits. Many seaweeds' species demonstrated skin beneficial activities, such as antioxidant, anti-melanogenesis, antiaging, photoprotection, anti-wrinkle, moisturizer, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer and antioxidant properties, as well as certain antimicrobial activities, such as antibacterial, antifungal and antiviral activities. This review presents applications of bioactive molecules derived from marine algae as a potential substitute for its current applications in the cosmetic industry. The biological activities of carbohydrates, proteins, phenolic compounds and pigments are discussed as safe sources of ingredients for the consumer and cosmetic industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haresh S. Kalasariya
- Microbiology Department, Sankalchand Patel University, Visnagar 384315, Gujarat, India
| | - Virendra Kumar Yadav
- Department of Engineering, River Engineering Pvt. Ltd., Ecotech Phase III, Greater Noida 110042, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Krishna Kumar Yadav
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Madhyanchal Professional University, Ratibad, Bhopal 462044, Madhya Pradesh, India;
| | - Vineet Tirth
- Mechanical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, King Khalid University, Abha 61411, Asir, Saudi Arabia; (V.T.); (A.A.)
- Research Center for Advanced Materials Science (RCAMS), King Khalid University Guraiger, Abha 61413, Asir, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali Algahtani
- Mechanical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, King Khalid University, Abha 61411, Asir, Saudi Arabia; (V.T.); (A.A.)
- Research Center for Advanced Materials Science (RCAMS), King Khalid University Guraiger, Abha 61413, Asir, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saiful Islam
- Civil Engineering Department, College of Engineering, King Khalid University, Abha 61413, Asir, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Neha Gupta
- Institute of Environment and Development Studies, Bundelkhand University, Jhansi 284128, Uttar Pradesh, India;
| | - Byong-Hun Jeon
- Department of Earth Resources and Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea
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Catarino MD, Marçal C, Bonifácio-Lopes T, Campos D, Mateus N, Silva AMS, Pintado MM, Cardoso SM. Impact of Phlorotannin Extracts from Fucus vesiculosus on Human Gut Microbiota. Mar Drugs 2021; 19:375. [PMID: 34209623 PMCID: PMC8306378 DOI: 10.3390/md19070375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies indicate that plant polyphenols could be pointed as potential prebiotic candidates since they may interact with the gut microbiota, stimulating its growth and the production of metabolites. However, little is known about the fate of brown seaweeds' phlorotannins during their passage throughout the gastrointestinal tract. This work aimed to evaluate the stability and bioaccessibility of Fucus vesiculosus phlorotannins after being submitted to a simulated digestive process, as well as their possible modulatory effects on gut microbiota and short-chain fatty acids production following a fermentation procedure using fecal inoculates to mimic the conditions of the large intestine. The stability of phlorotannins throughout the gastrointestinal tract was reduced, with a bioaccessibility index between 2 and 14%. Moreover, slight alterations in the growth of certain commensal bacteria were noticed, with Enterococcus spp. being the most enhanced group. Likewise, F. vesiculosus phlorotannins displayed striking capacity to enhance the levels of propionate and butyrate, which are two important short-chain fatty acids known for their role in intestinal homeostasis. In summary, this work provides valuable information regarding the behavior of F. vesiculosus phlorotannins along the gastrointestinal tract, presenting clear evidence that these compounds can positively contribute to the maintenance of a healthy gastrointestinal condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo D. Catarino
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (M.D.C.); (C.M.); (A.M.S.S.)
| | - Catarina Marçal
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (M.D.C.); (C.M.); (A.M.S.S.)
| | - Teresa Bonifácio-Lopes
- CBQF-Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina–Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Rua Diogo Botelho 1327, 4169-005 Porto, Portugal; (T.B.-L.); (D.C.); (M.M.P.)
| | - Débora Campos
- CBQF-Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina–Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Rua Diogo Botelho 1327, 4169-005 Porto, Portugal; (T.B.-L.); (D.C.); (M.M.P.)
| | - Nuno Mateus
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal;
| | - Artur M. S. Silva
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (M.D.C.); (C.M.); (A.M.S.S.)
| | - Maria Manuela Pintado
- CBQF-Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina–Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Rua Diogo Botelho 1327, 4169-005 Porto, Portugal; (T.B.-L.); (D.C.); (M.M.P.)
| | - Susana M. Cardoso
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (M.D.C.); (C.M.); (A.M.S.S.)
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Catarino MD, Amarante SJ, Mateus N, Silva AMS, Cardoso SM. Brown Algae Phlorotannins: A Marine Alternative to Break the Oxidative Stress, Inflammation and Cancer Network. Foods 2021; 10:foods10071478. [PMID: 34202184 PMCID: PMC8307260 DOI: 10.3390/foods10071478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
According to the WHO, cancer was responsible for an estimated 9.6 million deaths in 2018, making it the second global leading cause of death. The main risk factors that lead to the development of this disease include poor behavioral and dietary habits, such as tobacco use, alcohol use and lack of fruit and vegetable intake, or physical inactivity. In turn, it is well known that polyphenols are deeply implicated with the lower rates of cancer in populations that consume high levels of plant derived foods. In this field, phlorotannins have been under the spotlight in recent years since they have shown exceptional bioactive properties, with great interest for application in food and pharmaceutical industries. Among their multiple bioactive properties, phlorotannins have revealed the capacity to interfere with several biochemical mechanisms that regulate oxidative stress, inflammation and tumorigenesis, which are central aspects in the pathogenesis of cancer. This versatility and ability to act either directly or indirectly at different stages and mechanisms of cancer growth make these compounds highly appealing for the development of new therapeutical strategies to address this world scourge. The present manuscript revises relevant studies focusing the effects of phlorotannins to counteract the oxidative stress-inflammation network, emphasizing their potential for application in cancer prevention and/or treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo D. Catarino
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (M.D.C.); (S.J.A.); (A.M.S.S.)
| | - Sónia J. Amarante
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (M.D.C.); (S.J.A.); (A.M.S.S.)
| | - Nuno Mateus
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal;
| | - Artur M. S. Silva
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (M.D.C.); (S.J.A.); (A.M.S.S.)
| | - Susana M. Cardoso
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (M.D.C.); (S.J.A.); (A.M.S.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +351-234-370-360; Fax: +351-234-370-084
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Shannon E, Conlon M, Hayes M. Seaweed Components as Potential Modulators of the Gut Microbiota. Mar Drugs 2021; 19:358. [PMID: 34201794 PMCID: PMC8303941 DOI: 10.3390/md19070358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 06/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Macroalgae, or seaweeds, are a rich source of components which may exert beneficial effects on the mammalian gut microbiota through the enhancement of bacterial diversity and abundance. An imbalance of gut bacteria has been linked to the development of disorders such as inflammatory bowel disease, immunodeficiency, hypertension, type-2-diabetes, obesity, and cancer. This review outlines current knowledge from in vitro and in vivo studies concerning the potential therapeutic application of seaweed-derived polysaccharides, polyphenols and peptides to modulate the gut microbiota through diet. Polysaccharides such as fucoidan, laminarin, alginate, ulvan and porphyran are unique to seaweeds. Several studies have shown their potential to act as prebiotics and to positively modulate the gut microbiota. Prebiotics enhance bacterial populations and often their production of short chain fatty acids, which are the energy source for gastrointestinal epithelial cells, provide protection against pathogens, influence immunomodulation, and induce apoptosis of colon cancer cells. The oral bioaccessibility and bioavailability of seaweed components is also discussed, including the advantages and limitations of static and dynamic in vitro gastrointestinal models versus ex vivo and in vivo methods. Seaweed bioactives show potential for use in prevention and, in some instances, treatment of human disease. However, it is also necessary to confirm these potential, therapeutic effects in large-scale clinical trials. Where possible, we have cited information concerning these trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emer Shannon
- Food Biosciences, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Ashtown, D15 KN3K Dublin, Ireland;
- CSIRO Health and Biosecurity, Kintore Avenue, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia;
| | - Michael Conlon
- CSIRO Health and Biosecurity, Kintore Avenue, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia;
| | - Maria Hayes
- Food Biosciences, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Ashtown, D15 KN3K Dublin, Ireland;
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Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic in Japan is not as disastrous as it is in other Western countries, possibly because of certain lifestyle factors. One such factor might be the seaweed-rich diet commonly consumed in Japan. COVID-19 is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which binds to angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) on the cell surface and downregulates ACE2, likely elevating the ratio of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) to ACE2. The overreaction of the immune system, combined with the cytokine storm and ACE dominance, is purported to cause the condition of COVID-19 patients to deteriorate rapidly. Dietary seaweeds contain numerous components, including ACE inhibitory peptides, soluble dietary fibers (eg, fucoidan, porphyran), omega-3 fatty acids, fucoxanthin, fucosterol, vitamins D3 and B12, and phlorotannins. These components exert antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiviral effects directly as well as indirectly through prebiotic effects. It is possible that ACE inhibitory components could minimize the ACE dominance caused by SARS-CoV-2 infection. Thus, dietary seaweeds might confer protection against COVID-19 through multiple mechanisms. Overconsumption of seaweeds should be avoided, however, as seaweeds contain high levels of iodine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenichi Tamama
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA; the Clinical Laboratories, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Presbyterian Hospital, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA; the McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA; and the Clinical Laboratory, UMPC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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Yang S, Liu Y, Xiao Z, Tang Y, Hong P, Sun S, Zhou C, Qian ZJ. Inhibition effects of 7-phloro-eckol from Ecklonia cava on metastasis and angiogenesis induced by hypoxia through regulation of AKT/mTOR and ERK signaling pathways. ARAB J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2021.103187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
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45
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Murray M, Dordevic AL, Cox K, Scholey A, Ryan L, Bonham MP. Twelve weeks' treatment with a polyphenol-rich seaweed extract increased HDL cholesterol with no change in other biomarkers of chronic disease risk in overweight adults: A placebo-controlled randomized trial. J Nutr Biochem 2021; 96:108777. [PMID: 34015499 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2021.108777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are the leading global cause of death. Strategies to reduce CVD risk are urgently needed. Polyphenols represent a class of bioactive compounds with potential to moderate biochemical risk factors for CVD (cholesterol, triglycerides, glucose, and inflammation). This double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized parallel-groups trial investigated the effect of a polyphenol-rich seaweed (Fucus vesiculosus) extract on biochemical markers of CVD risk. Thirty-four overweight and obese adults (21 female, 13 male) with elevated low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (>2.0 mmol/L) were randomized to either the seaweed extract (2000 mg/d) or placebo for twelve weeks. Fasting blood samples were collected at baseline, week six and week twelve to assess biochemical markers. Tests of cognitive performance and mood were performed at baseline, week six and week twelve. A 9.5% (-2.3, 12.9) increase in high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol was identified following the seaweed extract (baseline: mean (SD) 1.28 (0.23) mmol/L, week 12: 1.35 (0.24) mmol/L) which was different to placebo (baseline: 1.38 (0.54) mmol/L, week 12: 1.35 (0.59) mmol/L) (P=.045). No changes were identified in low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, total cholesterol, triglycerides, glucose, insulin, interleukin (IL)-2, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, or tumour necrosis factor-alpha levels in the blood, or in cognitive performance or mood between the treatment and placebo groups. Despite the small increase observed in HDL cholesterol, the polyphenol-rich seaweed extract did not change CVD risk factors in adults with high fasting lipids. A larger sample size would be required to confirm the clinical relevance of the changes in HDL cholesterol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret Murray
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Food, Monash University, Notting Hill, Australia; School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, Australia.
| | - Aimee L Dordevic
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Food, Monash University, Notting Hill, Australia.
| | - Kate Cox
- Centre for Human Psychopharmacology, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Australia.
| | - Andrew Scholey
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Food, Monash University, Notting Hill, Australia; Centre for Human Psychopharmacology, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Australia.
| | - Lisa Ryan
- Department of Natural Sciences, Galway-Mayo Institute of Technology, Galway, Ireland.
| | - Maxine P Bonham
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Food, Monash University, Notting Hill, Australia.
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Krueger K, Boehme E, Klettner AK, Zille M. The potential of marine resources for retinal diseases: a systematic review of the molecular mechanisms. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2021; 62:7518-7560. [PMID: 33970706 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2021.1915242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
We rely on vision more than on any other sense to obtain information about our environment. Hence, the loss or even impairment of vision profoundly affects our quality of life. Diet or food components have already demonstrated beneficial effects on the development of retinal diseases. Recently, there has been a growing interest in resources from marine animals and plants for the prevention of retinal diseases through nutrition. Especially fish intake and omega-3 fatty acids have already led to promising results, including associations with a reduced incidence of retinal diseases. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms are insufficiently explained. The aim of this review was to summarize the known mechanistic effects of marine resources on the pathophysiological processes in retinal diseases. We performed a systematic literature review following the PRISMA guidelines and identified 107 studies investigating marine resources in the context of retinal diseases. Of these, 46 studies described the underlying mechanisms including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antiangiogenic/vasoprotective, cytoprotective, metabolic, and retinal function effects, which we critically summarize. We further discuss perspectives on the use of marine resources for human nutrition to prevent retinal diseases with a particular focus on regulatory aspects, health claims, safety, and bioavailability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin Krueger
- Department of Marine Biotechnology, Fraunhofer Research and Development Center for Marine and Cellular Biotechnology EMB, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Elke Boehme
- Department of Marine Biotechnology, Fraunhofer Research and Development Center for Marine and Cellular Biotechnology EMB, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Alexa Karina Klettner
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center, University of Kiel, Quincke Research Center, Kiel, Germany
| | - Marietta Zille
- Department of Marine Biotechnology, Fraunhofer Research and Development Center for Marine and Cellular Biotechnology EMB, Lübeck, Germany.,Institute for Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
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Sugiura Y, Usui M, Katsuzaki H, Imai K, Tanaka R, Matsushita T, Miyata M. Dieckol isolated from a brown alga, Eisenia nipponica, suppresses ear swelling from allergic inflammation in mouse. J Food Biochem 2021; 45:e13659. [PMID: 33595108 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.13659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 12/26/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We previously found a lipophilic fraction of the methanol/chloroform extract of a brown alga, Eisenia nipponica, that had an antiallergic effect in a murine ear swelling test. In this study, we purified the active component from the lipophilic fraction using high performance liquid chromatography and analyzed the mass and nuclear magnetic resonance spectra. This uncovered the phlorotannin dieckol, which exhibited antiallergic effects in an ear swelling test using mice sensitized by arachidonic acid, 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate, and oxazolone. Mechanistic investigations indicated that dieckol suppressed degranulation, chemical mediator release, and the expression of mRNA such as cyclooxygenase-2, interleukin-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α in rat basophilic leukemia-2H3 cells. In summary, we isolated dieckol from E. nipponica and demonstrated its antiallergic mechanisms. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: As the incidence of allergies increases worldwide, so too does the demand for food components with antiallergic and anti-inflammatory properties. Given this trend, we focused on a brown alga that displays a variety of bioactivities. Here, we have isolated dieckol from the antiallergic lipophilic fraction of E. nipponica and found that it possesses diverse physiological activities that may prevent lifestyle-related diseases. Consequently, dieckol or the alga containing this phlorotannin could be used as a health food ingredient to combat not only allergies, but also variety of disorders including the undesirable effects of aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshimasa Sugiura
- Laboratory of Food Function and Biochemistry, Department of Food Science and Technology, National Research and Development Agency, Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency, National Fisheries University, Shimonoseki, Japan
| | - Masakatsu Usui
- Laboratory of Food Function and Biochemistry, Department of Food Science and Technology, National Research and Development Agency, Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency, National Fisheries University, Shimonoseki, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Katsuzaki
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, Graduate School of Bioresources, Mie University, Tsu, Japan
| | - Kunio Imai
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, Graduate School of Bioresources, Mie University, Tsu, Japan
| | - Ryusuke Tanaka
- Laboratory of Food Function and Biochemistry, Department of Food Science and Technology, National Research and Development Agency, Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency, National Fisheries University, Shimonoseki, Japan
| | - Teruo Matsushita
- Laboratory of Food Function and Biochemistry, Department of Food Science and Technology, National Research and Development Agency, Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency, National Fisheries University, Shimonoseki, Japan
| | - Masaaki Miyata
- Laboratory of Food Function and Biochemistry, Department of Food Science and Technology, National Research and Development Agency, Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency, National Fisheries University, Shimonoseki, Japan
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Chen L, Liu R, He X, Pei S, Li D. Effects of brown seaweed polyphenols, a class of phlorotannins, on metabolic disorders via regulation of fat function. Food Funct 2021; 12:2378-2388. [PMID: 33645609 DOI: 10.1039/d0fo02886j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
It is well known that fat dysfunction is the main driver of development of metabolic disorders. Changes in diet and lifestyle are particularly important to reverse the current global rise in obesity-related metabolic disorders. Seaweed has been consumed for thousands of years, and it is rich in bioactive compounds, especially unique polyphenols. The aim of the present review is to summarize the effects of different seaweed polyphenols on fat function in metabolic disorders and the related mechanisms. Seaweed polyphenols activate white adipose tissue to "brown" or "beige" adipose tissue to enhance energy consumption. In addition, the amelioration of fat factor imbalance and inflammatory response is also considered as an important reason for the regulation of lipid function with seaweed polyphenols. The present review provides an important basis for using seaweed polyphenols as potential dietary supplements to prevent metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Chen
- Institute of Nutrition & Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.
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The impact of cooking and digestion on the phenolic acid content of selected Nigerian and UK grown wholegrains. Proc Nutr Soc 2021. [DOI: 10.1017/s0029665121000409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Barbosa M, Valentão P, Andrade PB. Polyphenols from Brown Seaweeds (Ochrophyta, Phaeophyceae): Phlorotannins in the Pursuit of Natural Alternatives to Tackle Neurodegeneration. Mar Drugs 2020; 18:E654. [PMID: 33353007 PMCID: PMC7766193 DOI: 10.3390/md18120654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Globally, the burden of neurodegenerative disorders continues to rise, and their multifactorial etiology has been regarded as among the most challenging medical issues. Bioprospecting for seaweed-derived multimodal acting products has earned increasing attention in the fight against neurodegenerative conditions. Phlorotannins (phloroglucinol-based polyphenols exclusively produced by brown seaweeds) are amongst the most promising nature-sourced compounds in terms of functionality, and though research on their neuroprotective properties is still in its infancy, phlorotannins have been found to modulate intricate events within the neuronal network. This review comprehensively covers the available literature on the neuroprotective potential of both isolated phlorotannins and phlorotannin-rich extracts/fractions, highlighting the main key findings and pointing to some potential directions for neuro research ramp-up processes on these marine-derived products.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Paula B. Andrade
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Laboratório de Farmacognosia, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira n.º 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; (M.B.); (P.V.)
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