Formononetin, an isoflavone, activates AMP-activated protein kinase/β-catenin signalling to inhibit adipogenesis and rescues C57BL/6 mice from high-fat diet-induced obesity and bone loss

Immunotherapy targeting the obese white adipose tissue microenvironment: Focus on non-communicable diseases

Obesity triggers inflammatory responses in the microenvironment of white adipose tissue, resulting in chronic systemic inflammation and the subsequent development of non-communicable diseases, including type 2 diabetes, coronary heart disease, and breast cancer. Current therapy approaches for obesity-induced non-communicable diseases persist in prioritizing symptom remission while frequently overlooking the criticality of targeting and alleviating inflammation at its source. Accordingly, this review highlights the importance of the microenvironment of obese white adipose tissue and the promising potential of employing immunotherapy to target it as an effective therapeutic approach for non-communicable diseases induced by obesity. Additionally, this review discusses the challenges and offers perspective about the immunotherapy targeting the microenvironment of obese white adipose tissue.

Unveiling the Potential of Natural Compounds: A Comprehensive Review on Adipose Thermogenesis Modulation

The process of adipocyte browning has recently emerged as a novel therapeutic target for combating obesity and obesity-related diseases. Non-shivering thermogenesis is the process of biological heat production in mammals and is primarily mediated via brown adipose tissue (BAT). The recruitment and activation of BAT can be induced through chemical drugs and nutrients, with subsequent beneficial health effects through the utilization of carbohydrates and fats to generate heat to maintain body temperature. However, since potent drugs may show adverse side effects, nutritional or natural substances could be safe and effective as potential adipocyte browning agents. This review aims to provide an extensive overview of the natural food compounds that have been shown to activate brown adipocytes in humans, animals, and in cultured cells. In addition, some key genetic and molecular targets and the mechanisms of action of these natural compounds reported to have therapeutic potential to combat obesity are discussed.

Effect of High BMI on Human Bone Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stromal Cells

Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (BMSCs) are attractive candidates in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. Growing evidence has suggested that a high body mass index (BMI) can affect the properties of BMSCs, resulting in a reduced quality of the cells. However, the results are not consistent. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the influences of high BMI on human BMSCs (hBMSCs). To avoid gender bias, BMSCs from females and males were studied independently. Finally, hBMSCs from 89 females and 152 males were separately divided into the normal BMI group (18.5 kg/m2 ≤ BMI < 25 kg/m2) and the high BMI group (BMI > 25 kg/m2). The cells were analyzed for the colony-forming potential; proliferation capacity; in vitro adipogenic, osteogenic, and chondrogenic differentiation potentials; and the expression of 32 common surface antigens. The results showed that high BMI did not change the number of colonies at passage 1 in females and males. In contrast, significantly reduced colony numbers at passage 4 (P4) were found in both female and male donors with high BMI. The doubling time of hBMSCs was comparable between the normal and the high BMI groups of females and males. Furthermore, the results of trilineage differentiation did not differ between the different BMI groups of males. In females, the high and the normal BMI groups also showed similar adipogenic and chondrogenic differentiation, while osteogenic differentiation was significantly enhanced in the high-BMI group. Regarding the expression of surface antigens, the expressions of CD200 and SSEA4 on hBMSCs were reduced in the high-BMI group of females and males, respectively. In conclusion, high BMI suppressed the clonogenicity of female and male hBMSCs at P4, improved the in vitro osteogenesis of female hBMSCs, and decreased the expressions of CD200 on hBMSCs in females and SSEA4 in males.

Molecular targets and mechanisms of Jiawei Jiaotai Pill on diabetic cardiomyopathy based on network pharmacology

BACKGROUND

Jiawei Jiaotai Pill is commonly used in clinical practice to reduce apoptosis, increase insulin secretion, and improve blood glucose tolerance. However, its mechanism of action in the treatment of diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM) remains unclear, hindering research efforts aimed at developing drugs specifically for the treatment of DCM.

AIM

To explore the pharmacodynamic basis and molecular mechanism of Jiawei Jiaotai Pill in DCM treatment.

METHODS

We explored various databases and software, including the Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology Database, Uniport, PubChem, GenCards, String, and Cytoscape, to identify the active components and targets of Jiawei Jiaotai Pill, and the disease targets in DCM. Protein-protein interaction network, gene ontology, and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analyses were used to determine the mechanism of action of Jiawei Jiaotai Pill in treating DCM. Molecular docking of key active components and core targets was verified using AutoDock software.

RESULTS

Total 42 active ingredients and 142 potential targets of Jiawei Jiaotai Pill were identified. There were 100 common targets between the DCM and Jiawei Jiaotai Pills. Through this screening process, TNF, IL6, TP53, EGFR, INS, and other important targets were identified. These targets are mainly involved in the positive regulation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) MAPK cascade, response to xenobiotic stimuli, response to hypoxia, positive regulation of gene expression, positive regulation of cell proliferation, negative regulation of the apoptotic process, and other biological processes. It was mainly enriched in the AGE-RAGE signaling pathway in diabetic complications, DCM, PI3K-Akt, interleukin-17, and MAPK signaling pathways. Molecular docking results showed that Jiawei Jiaotai Pill's active ingredients had good docking activity with DCM's core target.

CONCLUSION

The active components of Jiawei Jiaotai Pill may play a role in the treatment of DCM by reducing oxidative stress, cardiomyocyte apoptosis and fibrosis, and maintaining metabolic homeostasis.

Codonopsis pilosula polysaccharides promote osteogenic differentiation and inhibit lipogenic differentiation of rat bone marrow stem cells by activating β-catenin

Aberrant bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell (BMSC) lineage differentiation leads to osteoporosis. Codonopsis pilosula polysaccharides (CPPs) have been widely used in traditional Chinese medicines, due to their multiple pharmacological actions. However, little is known regarding their effects on BMSC differentiation. This study aimed to identify the effects and mechanisms of CPPs on osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation in rat BMSCs. An osteoporosis model was established in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats through bilateral ovariectomy (OVX), and be applied to observe the effect of CPPs on osteoporosis in vivo. The ability of CPPs to affect rBMSC proliferation was determined using the CCK-8 assay, and the osteogenic differentiation of rBMSCs measured by ALP and Alizarin Red S staining. The adipogenic differentiation of rBMSCs was measured by Oil Red O staining. The mRNA and protein levels related to osteogenesis and adipogenic differentiation of rBMSCs were measured using qRT-PCR and western blotting, respectively. Cellular immunofluorescence was used to detect cytokine expression and localisation in rBMSCs. We observed that CPPs ameliorated bone loss in OVX rats. CPPs considerably enhanced osteogenic differentiation by increasing ALP activity and the prevalence of mineralised nodules and promoting the mRNA and protein expression of osteogenic differentiation markers (RUNX2, COL I, ALP, and OPN). Furthermore, it inhibited the accumulation of lipid vesicles in the cytoplasm and the mRNA and protein expression levels of adipogenic differentiation markers (PPARγ and C/EBPα) in a concentration-dependent manner. Meanwhile, CPPs notably increased the mRNA and protein expression of β-catenin, the core protein of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway, in a concentration-dependent manner. Adding DKK1, a mature inhibitor of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway, partially suppressed CPP-stimulated β-catenin activation, and reversed the acceleration of osteogenic differentiation and the inhibition of lipogenic differentiation. Our observations demonstrated CPPs ameliorate bone loss in OVX rats in vivo, and favour osteogenic differentiation while inhibit adipogenic differentiation of rBMSCs in vitro. The findings suggested that CPPs could serve as functional foods for bone health, and have great potential for the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis.

The negative adipogenesis regulator Dlk1 is transcriptionally regulated by Ifrd1 (TIS7) and translationally by its orthologue Ifrd2 (SKMc15)

Delta-like homolog 1 (Dlk1), an inhibitor of adipogenesis, controls the cell fate of adipocyte progenitors. Experimental data presented here identify two independent regulatory mechanisms, transcriptional and translational, by which Ifrd1 (TIS7) and its orthologue Ifrd2 (SKMc15) regulate Dlk1 levels. Mice deficient in both Ifrd1 and Ifrd2 (dKO) had severely reduced adipose tissue and were resistant to high-fat diet-induced obesity. Wnt signaling, a negative regulator of adipocyte differentiation, was significantly upregulated in dKO mice. Elevated levels of the Wnt/β-catenin target protein Dlk1 inhibited the expression of adipogenesis regulators Pparg and Cebpa, and fatty acid transporter Cd36. Although both Ifrd1 and Ifrd2 contributed to this phenotype, they utilized two different mechanisms. Ifrd1 acted by controlling Wnt signaling and thereby transcriptional regulation of Dlk1. On the other hand, distinctive experimental evidence showed that Ifrd2 acts as a general translational inhibitor significantly affecting Dlk1 protein levels. Novel mechanisms of Dlk1 regulation in adipocyte differentiation involving Ifrd1 and Ifrd2 are based on experimental data presented here.

Formononetin, a Beer Polyphenol with Catabolic Effects on Chondrocytes

Beer consumption has been identified as a risk factor for osteoarthritis (OA), a rheumatic disease characterised by cartilage degradation, joint inflammation, and eventual joint failure. One of the main isoflavonoids in beer is formononetin (FNT), an estrogenic compound also found in multiple plants and herbs. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effect of FNT on chondrocyte viability, inflammation, and metabolism. Cells were treated with FNT with or without IL-1β for 48 h and during 7 days of differentiation. Cell viability was determined via MTT assay. Nitrite accumulation was determined by Griess reaction. The expression of genes involved in inflammation and metabolism was determined by RT-PCR. The results revealed that a low concentration of FNT had no deleterious effect on cell viability and decreased the expression of inflammation-related genes. However, our results suggest that FNT overexposure negatively impacts on chondrocytes by promoting catabolic responses. Finally, these effects were not mediated by estrogen receptors (ERs) or aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR). In conclusion, factors that favour FNT accumulation, such as long exposure times or metabolic disorders, can promote chondrocyte catabolism. These data may partially explain why beer consumption increases the risk of OA.

Mechanisms underlying the therapeutic effects of isoflavones isolated from chickpea sprouts in treating osteoporosis based on network pharmacology

Osteoporosis is a systemic bone disease that is caused by multiple factors that lead to an imbalance in bone metabolism. Isoflavones can prevent and treat osteoporosis by regulating bone metabolism through a variety of pathways. The germination of chickpeas can significantly increase their isoflavone contents. However, the use of isoflavones isolated from chickpea sprouts (ICS) to prevent and treat osteoporosis by regulating bone metabolism has not been widely studied. In vivo experimental studies in ovariectomized rats showed that ICS significantly improved femoral bone mineral density (BMD) and trabecular structure, with effects similar to raloxifene. Furthermore, the chemical composition of ICS as well as the targets and signalling pathways its regulates in the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis were predicted by network pharmacological studies. ICS with drug-like properties were identified by Lipinski's 5 principles, and intersecting targets of isoflavones with osteoporosis were identified. The overlapping targets were analysed by PPI, GO and KEGG analyses, and the possible key targets, signalling pathways and biological processes by which ICS treats osteoporosis were predicted; the prediction results were verified by molecular docking technology. The results showed that ICS could play an important role in the treatment of osteoporosis through "multicomponent, multitarget and multipathway" mechanisms, and the MAKP, NF-kB and ER-related signalling pathways may be important pathways by which ICS regulates osteoporosis; these findings provide a new theoretical basis for further experimental studies.

Inhibitory effects of Formononetin on CoCrMo particle-induced osteoclast activation and bone loss through downregulating NF-κB and MAPK signaling

Wear particle-induced osteoclast over-activation is a major contributor to periprosthetic osteolysis and aseptic loosening, which can cause pathological bone loss and destruction. Hence, inhibiting excessive osteoclast-resorbing activity is an important strategy for preventing periprosthetic osteolysis. Formononetin (FMN) has been shown to have protective effects against osteoporosis, but no previous study has evaluated the effects of FMN on wear particle-induced osteolysis. In this study, we found that FMN alleviated CoCrMo alloy particles (CoPs)-induced bone loss in vivo and inhibited the formation and bone-resorptive function of osteoclasts in vitro. Moreover, we revealed that FMN exerted inhibitory effects on the expression of osteoclast-specific genes via the classical NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways in vitro. Collectively, FMN is a potential therapeutic agent for the prevention and treatment of periprosthetic osteolysis and other osteolytic bone diseases.

Are the Properties of Bone Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells Influenced by Overweight and Obesity?

Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) are promising candidates for cell-based therapies. Growing evidence has indicated that overweight/obesity can change the bone marrow microenvironment, which affects some properties of BMSCs. As the overweight/obese population rapidly increases, they will inevitably become a potential source of BMSCs for clinical application, especially when receiving autologous BMSC transplantation. Given this situation, the quality control of these cells has become particularly important. Therefore, it is urgent to characterize BMSCs isolated from overweight/obese bone marrow environments. In this review, we summarize the evidence of the effects of overweight/obesity on the biological properties of BMSCs derived from humans and animals, including proliferation, clonogenicity, surface antigen expression, senescence, apoptosis, and trilineage differentiation, as well as the underlying mechanisms. Overall, the conclusions of existing studies are not consistent. Most studies demonstrate that overweight/obesity can influence one or more characteristics of BMSCs, while the involved mechanisms are still unclear. Moreover, insufficient evidence proves that weight loss or other interventions can rescue these qualities to baseline status. Thus, further research should address these issues and prioritize developing methods to improve functions of overweight- or obesity-derived BMSCs.

Advent of phytobiologics and nano-interventions for bone remodeling: a comprehensive review

Bone metabolism constitutes the intricate processes of matrix deposition, mineralization, and resorption. Any imbalance in these processes leads to traumatic bone injuries and serious disease conditions. Therefore, bone remodeling plays a crucial role during the regeneration process maintaining the balance between osteoblastogenesis and osteoclastogenesis. Currently, numerous phytobiologics are emerging as the new therapeutics for the treatment of bone-related complications overcoming the synthetic drug-based side effects. They can either target osteoblasts, osteoclasts, or both through different mechanistic pathways for maintaining the bone remodeling process. Although phytobiologics have been widely used since tradition for the treatment of bone fractures recently, the research is accentuated toward the development of osteogenic phytobioactives, constituent-based drug designing models, and efficacious delivery of the phytobioactives. To achieve this, different plant extracts and successful isolation of their phytoconstituents are critical for osteogenic research. Hence, this review emphasizes the phytobioactives based research specifically enlisting the plants and their constituents used so far as bone therapeutics, their respective isolation procedures, and nanotechnological interventions in bone research. Also, the review enlists the vast array of folklore plants and the newly emerging nano-delivery systems in treating bone injuries as the future scope of research in the phytomedicinal orthopedic applications.

Suppressive Effects of Flavonoids on Macrophage-Associated Adipocyte Inflammation in a Differentiated Murine Preadipocyte 3T3-L1 Cells Co-Cultured with a Murine Macrophage RAW264.7 Cells

The suppressive effects of flavonoids on macrophage-associated adipocyte inflammation in a differentiated murine preadipocyte cell line (3T3-L1) co-cultured with a murine macrophage cell line (RAW264.7) were evaluated. Extracellular lipid accumulation was investigated via Oil Red O staining. The expression levels of adipogenesis- and inflammation-associated proteins, including CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein (C/EBP)-α, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), C/EBPβ, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ), and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), were determined via Western blotting. Proinflammatory cytokines, including monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1) and interleukin-6 (IL-6), were assessed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits. We found that silybin, formononetin, and diosmetin inhibited lipid accumulation and production of proinflammatory cytokines in the co-cultures of 3T3-L1 and RAW264.7 cells. Moreover, they inhibited the protein expression of PPARγ, C/EBPα, COX-2, C/EBPβ, and iNOS in the co-cultures of 3T3-L1 and RAW264.7 cells. These data support that silybin, formononetin, and diosmetin inhibit macrophage-associated adipocyte inflammation and lipid accumulation.

A mechanistic review of chinese medicine polyphenols on bone formation and resorption

Bone reconstruction includes a steady state system of bone formation and bone absorption. This tight coupling requires subtle coordination between osteoblasts and osteoclasts. If this balance is broken, it will lead to bone mass loss, bone density reduction, and bone metabolic diseases, such as osteoporosis. Polyphenols in Chinese herbal medicines are active ingredients in plant extracts with high safety and few side effects, and they can play a role in affecting bone formation and bone resorption. Some of these have estrogen-like effects and can better target bone health in postmenopausal women. The purpose of this review is to provide comprehensive information on the mechanisms underlying the relationship between traditional Chinese medicine polyphenols and bone formation or bone resorption.

How high-fat diet affects bone in mice: A systematic review and meta-analysis

High-fat diet (HFD) feeding for mice is commonly used to model obesity. However, conflicting results have been reported on the relationship between HFD and bone mass. In this systematic review and meta-analysis, we synthesized data from 80 articles to determine the alterations in cortical and trabecular bone mass of femur, tibia, and vertebrae in C57BL/6 mice after HFD. Overall, we detected decreased trabecular bone mass as well as deteriorated architecture, in femur and tibia of HFD treated mice. The vertebral trabecula was also impaired, possibly due to its reshaping into a more fragmentized pattern. In addition, pooled cortical thickness declined in femur, tibia, and vertebrae. Combined with changes in other cortical parameters, HFD could lead to a larger femoral bone marrow cavity, and a thinner and more fragile cortex. Moreover, we conducted subgroup analyses to explore the influence of mice's sex and age as well as HFD's ingredients and intervention period. Based on our data, male mice or mice aged 6-12 weeks old are relatively susceptible to HFD. HFD with > 50% of energy from fats and intervention time of 10 weeks to 5 months are more likely to induce skeletal alterations. Altogether, these findings supported HFD as an appropriate model for obesity-associated bone loss and can guide future studies.

Critical review on anti-obesity effects of phytochemicals through Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway

Phytochemicals have been used as one of the sources for the development of anti-obesity drugs. Plants are rich in a variety of bioactive compounds including polyphenols, saponins and terpenes. Phytochemicals inhibit adipocyte differentiation by inhibiting the transcription and translation of adipogenesis transcription factors such as C/EBPα and PPARγ. It has been proved that phytochemicals inhibit the genes and proteins associated with adipogenesis and lipid accumulation by activating Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. The activation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway by phytochemicals is multi-target regulation, including the regulation of pathway critical factor β-catenin and its target gene, the downregulation of destruction complex, and the up-regulation of Wnt ligands, its cell surface receptor and Wnt antagonist. In this review, the literature on the anti-obesity effect of phytochemicals through Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway is collected from Google Scholar, Scopus, PubMed, and Web of Science, and summarizes the regulation mechanism of phytochemicals in this pathway. As one of the alternative methods of weight loss drugs, Phytochemicals inhibit adipogenesis through Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. More progress in relevant fields may pose phytochemicals as the main source of anti-obesity treatment.

Network Pharmacology-Based Investigation on the Mechanism of the JinGuanLan Formula in Treating Acne Vulgaris

Background

JinGuanLan (JGL) formula is a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) developed by the Department of Pharmacology at the First Hospital of Lanzhou University. The network pharmacology approach was applied to determine the potential active compounds, therapeutic targets, and main pathways of the JGL formula to evaluate its application value in acne vulgaris.

Methods

Data on the active compounds and their related targets were obtained from the Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology Database and Analysis Platform (TCMSP). Acne vulgaris-related targets were searched from the Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) database, GeneCards Database, Comparative Toxicogenomics Database (CTD), Therapeutic Target Database (TTD), and DisGeNET Database. Targets intersecting between JGL- and acne vulgaris-related targets were chosen as potential therapeutic targets. The protein-protein interaction (PPI) network of potential therapeutic targets was visualized using Cytoscape software based on the PPI data collected from the STRING database. Three topological features, namely, "Degree," "MCC," and "EPC" of each node in the PPI network were calculated using the cytoHubba plugin of Cytoscape to excavate the core targets. R program was used for the Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis of the potential therapeutic targets. Finally, the compound-target-pathway network was constructed.

Result

Among the 148 active compounds that were identified, quercetin and kaempferol showed the highest degree of target interaction and thus may play essential roles in the pharmacological effect of the JGL formula for acne treatment. Among the 97 potential therapeutic targets that were screened out, the 6 core targets were TNF, JUN, IL6, STAT3, MAPK1, and MAPK3. A total of 2260 terms of GO enrichment analysis were obtained, including 2090 for biological processes (BP), 37 for cellular components (CC), and 133 for molecular function (MF). A total of 156 enriched KEGG pathways were identified, including TNF, IL-17, Th17 cell differentiation, MAPK, PI3K-Akt, T cell receptor, and Toll-like receptor signalling pathways.

Conclusion

This work showed that the JGL formula might reverse the pathological changes associated with acne vulgaris through its antiinflammatory effect and regulate the excessive lipogenesis in sebaceous glands via different signalling pathways. This new drug has application value and is worthy of further research and development.

Formononetin attenuates osteoclast differentiation and calcium loss by mediating transcription factor AP-1 in type I diabetic mice

Formononetin (FMN) has been reported as a prospective antiosteoporotic medication. However, the antiosteoporotic properties of FMN are still unclear in a mouse model with diabetes-induced osteoporosis. An osteoporotic or osteopenic mouse model with type I diabetes mellitus (T1DM) was established using streptozotocin (40 mg/kg) injection for 5 consecutive days. After 12 weeks with FMN intragastric administration (0.5, 5, 20 mg/kg), the antiosteoporotic activity of FMN was evaluated in T1DM mice. FMN supplementation effectively improves Ca excretion and trabecular bone degeneration and impedes osteoclast differentiation and function to attenuate hyperglycemia-induced bone deterioration. In addition, FMN inhibited activating protein 1 (AP-1) and osteoclast-specific gene expression, Nfatc1, Ctsk, and TRAP. The administration of FMN has a beneficial effect to attenuate hyperglycemia-induced bone deteriorations, including osteoclastogenesis, trabecular bone, and Ca loss. Our study provided a prospective medication for the treatment of T1DM-related osteopenia or osteoporosis with FMN.

Anti-adipogenic activity of maackiain and ononin is mediated via inhibition of PPARγ in human adipocytes

Obesity is a global health burden for which we do not yet have effective treatments for prevention or therapy. Plants are an invaluable source of bioactive leads possessing anti-adipogenic potential. Ethnopharmacological use of Ononis spinosa L. roots (OSR) for treatment of obesity and metabolic disorders requires а scientific rationale. The current study examined the anti-adipogenic capacity of OSR and its secondary metabolites ononin (ONON) and maackiain (MACK) in human adipocytes as an in vitro model of obesity. Both ONON and MACK diminished lipid accumulation during adipocyte differentiation. Molecular docking analysis exposed the potential interactions between MACK or ONON and target regulatory adipogenic proteins. Furthermore, results from an RT-qPCR analysis disclosed significant upregulation of AMPK by MACK and ONON treatment. In addition, ONON increased SIRT1, PI3K and ACC mRNA expression, while MACK notably downregulated CEBPA, AKT, SREBP1, ACC and ADIPOQ. The protein level of PI3K, C/EBPα, PPARγ and adiponectin was reduced upon MACK treatment in a concentration-dependent manner. Similarly, ONON suppressed PI3K, PPARγ and adiponectin protein abundance. Finally, our study provides evidence that ONON exerts anti-adipogenic effect by upregulation of SIRT1 and inhibition of PI3K, PPARγ and adiponectin, while MACK induced strong inhibitory effect on adipogenesis via hampering PI3K, PPARγ/C/EBPα signaling and anti-lipogenic effect through downregulation of SREBP1 and ACC. Even though OSR does not hamper adipogenic differentiation, it could be exploited as a source of natural leads with anti-adipogenic potential. The multidirectional mechanism of action of MACK warrant further validation in the context of in vivo obesity models.

Lycopene Improves Bone Quality and Regulates AGE/RAGE/NF-кB Signaling Pathway in High-Fat Diet-Induced Obese Mice

Objective. This study was aimed at examining the effects of lycopene on bone metabolism in high-fat diet (HFD)- induced obese mice and to identify the potential underlying mechanisms. Methods. Mice were fed a HFD for 12 weeks and then continue with or without lycopene intervention (15 mg/kg) for additional 10 weeks. The effects of lycopene on blood glucose and lipid metabolism, as well as serum levels of total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and malondialdehyde (MDA) were determined by biochemical assays. Bone histomorphological features and osteoclast activity were assessed by hematoxylin/eosin and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase staining. Bone microstructure at the proximal tibial metaphysis and diaphysis was determined by microcomputed tomography. Tibial biomechanical strength and material profiles were measured by a three-point bending assay and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Protein expressions involved in the AGE/RAGE/NF-кB signaling pathway were determined by western blot and/or immunohistochemical staining. Results. Lycopene consumption reduced body weight gain and improved blood glucose and lipid metabolism in HFD-induced obese mice. In addition, lycopene treatment preserved bone biomechanical strength, material profiles, and microarchitecture in obese mice. Moreover, these alterations were associated with an increase in serum levels of T-AOC and SOD, and a decline in serum levels of MDA, as well as a reduction of AGEs, RAGE, cathepsin K, and p-NF-кBp65 and NF-кBp65 expressions in the femurs and tibias of obese mice. Conclusion. Lycopene may improve bone quality through its antioxidant properties, which may be linked with the regulation of the AGE/RAGE/NF-кB signaling pathway in obese mice. These results suggest that lycopene consumption may be beneficial for the management of obesity-induced osteoporosis.

Flavonoid-enriched extract from Millettia speciosa Champ prevents obesity by regulating thermogenesis and lipid metabolism in high-fat diet-induced obese C57BL/6 mice

Millettia speciosa (M. speciosa) Champ is a medicinal and edible plant. The roots are rich in flavonoids, which possess multiple biological activities, including lipid-lowering effects. This study aimed to explore the effect of flavonoid-enriched extract from M. speciosa (FMS) on obesity. The UPLC-Q-TOF-MS analysis and chromatographic analysis were adopted to identify flavonoid compounds in FMS. Male C57BL/6J mice were fed with a high-fat diet for 3 months and were then treated with FMS (50 or 100 mg/kg/d) or Orlistat (10 mg kg-1 d-1) for another 8 weeks. A total of 35 flavonoids were identified in the extract of M. speciosa root. FMS reduced body weight gain, liver weight gain, white adipose tissue, lipid accumulation, and blood glucose. The levels of TG, ALT, AST, and inflammatory-related adipokines (TNF-α and IL-6) in serum were also reduced by FMS. In addition, FMS promoted thermogenesis in brown adipose tissue and induced the activation of lipolysis, fatty acid oxidation, and oxidative phosphorylation in white adipose tissues. In summary, long-term administration of FMS could ameliorate high-fat diet-induced obesity by stimulating adipose thermogenesis and lipid metabolism.

Metabolomic profiling of M. speciosa champ at different growth stages

Millettia speciosa Champ (M. speciosa) is an edible food and folk medicine and extracts from its roots exhibit a hepatoprotective effect. However, its metabolic growth process and the best harvest time have not been reported. This study systematically evaluated the metabolomic profiling of M. speciosa root extracts at different growth stages through the UPLC-Q-TOF-MS, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and An orthogonal partial least squares-discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA). The results revealed there were significant differences among extracts from six ages of M. speciosa, and 110 compounds were identified. Pharmacological studies showed that 5-year and 20-year old M. speciosa roots may exhibit higher fat-lowering effects, while 5-year-old (M.s-5Y) showed better hepatoprotective activity in high-fat diet (HFD)-induced nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) mice. Hence, our study suggested that M.s-5Y may have potent efficacy in ameliorating NAFLD, which might be useful in determining the optimum time to harvest M. speciosa.

Fractions of Shen-Sui-Tong-Zhi Formula Enhance Osteogenesis Via Activation of β-Catenin Signaling in Growth Plate Chondrocytes

Background: Shen-sui-tong-zhi formula (SSTZF) has been used to treat osteoporosis for decades and shows excellent clinical efficacy. This article aims to explore the optimal anti-osteoporotic ingredient and its precise mechanisms in mice models.

Methods: In this study, we first screened the optimal anti-osteoporosis fraction of SSTZF extract in vivo, and then further explored the mechanism of its effects both in vivo and in vitro. Ten-week-old female C57BL/6J mice were administrated with each fraction of SSTZF. At 10 weeks after ovariectomy (OVX), femurs were collected for tissue analyses, including histology, micro-CT, biomechanical tests, and immunohistochemistry for ALP, FABP4, and β-catenin. Additionally, we also evaluated the mRNA expression level of ALP and FABP4 and the protein expression level of β-catenin after being treated with SSTZF extract in C₃H₁₀T1/2 cells. Moreover, we investigated the anti-osteoporosis effect of SSTZF extract on mice with β-catenin conditional knockout in growth plate chondrocytes (β-catenin^Gli1ER mice) through μCT, histology, and immunohistochemistry analyzes.

Results: At 10 weeks after treatment, osteoporosis-like phenotype were significantly ameliorated in SSTZF n-butanol extract (SSTZF-NB) group mice, as indicated by increased trabecular bone area and ALP content, and decreased lipid droplet area and FABP4 content. No such improvements were observed after being treated with other extracts, demonstrating that SSTZF-NB is the optimal anti-osteoporosis fraction. Additionally, the elevated β-catenin was revealed in both OVX mice and C₃H₁₀T1/2 cells with SSTZF-NB administered. Furthermore, a significant osteoporosis-like phenotype was observed in β-catenin^Gli1ER mice as expected. However, SSTZF-NB failed to rescue the deterioration in β-catenin^Gli1ER mice, no significant re-upregulated ALP and downregulated FABP4 were observed after being treated with SSTZF-NB, demonstrating that SSTZF-NB prevents bone loss mainly via β-catenin signaling.

Conclusion: SSTZF-NB enhances osteogenesis mainly via activation of β-catenin signaling in growth plate chondrocytes. SSTZF-NB is the optimal anti-osteoporosis fraction of SSTZF and it can be considered a salutary alternative therapeutic option for osteoporosis.

Integrated analysis of lncRNA and mRNA expression profiles in the submandibular glands of DIO mice

OBJECTIVE

Obesity contributes to the dysfunction of salivary gland. To explore the specific underlying mechanism for obesity-induced hyposalivation, a model for high-fat diet-induced obese (DIO) mice were constructed to analyze long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) and messenger RNAs (mRNAs) expression profiles.

METHODS

The DIO group and control group were fed a diet containing 60 kcal% fat and a normal chow diet for 16 weeks respectively. Microarray analyses were performed to detect the expression profiles of lncRNA and mRNA in submandibular gland tissues from control group mice and DIO mice. Gene ontology, kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes, protein-protein interaction, coding-non-coding gene co-expression, transcription factors and competing endogenous RNA analyses were performed to examine the function of differentially expressed genes.

RESULTS

Microarray analyses identified that 624 lncRNAs, along with 297 mRNAs were differentially expressed. Bioinformatic analyses revealed that "complement and coagulation cascades," "glutathione metabolism," "cysteine and methionine metabolism," and "estrogen signaling pathway" were significantly associated with candidate lncRNAs. Transcription factors analysis on candidate lncRNAs revealed several genes such as tribbles pseudokinase 3 may play regulatory roles.

CONCLUSIONS

Our results revealed the expression profiles of lncRNAs and mRNAs and provided new insights into the mechanism of obesity-induced hyposalivation using bioinformatic analyses.

Flavonoids in Bone Erosive Diseases: Perspectives in Osteoporosis Treatment

Imbalance of bone homeostasis, with excessive bone resorption compared with bone formation, leads to the development of progressive osteopenia leading to lower bone resistance to load, with consequent pain and functional limitations. Phytochemicals with therapeutic and preventive effects against bone resorption have recently received increasing attention since they are potentially more suitable for long-term use than traditional therapeutic chemical compounds. In this systematic review of the literature of the past 5 years, comprehensive information is provided on flavonoids with potential antiresorption and pro-osteogenic effects. It aims to highlight the molecular mechanisms of these molecules, often epigenetic, and their possible pharmacological use, which is of great importance for the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis (OP).

Reduction of hyperoxic acute lung injury in mice by Formononetin

Background

The antioxidant and anti-inflammatory features of Formononetin, an isoflavone constituent extracted from traditional Chinese medicine, have been reported. The present study investigated that whether Formononetin plays a benefit on hyperoxic ALI.

Methods

C57BL/6 mice were exposed to hyperoxia for 72 h to produce experimental hyperoxic ALI model. Formononetin or vehicle was administrated intraperitoneally. Samples from the lung were collected at 72 h post hyperoxia exposure for further study. Pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells isolated from the lung of C57BL/6 mice were used for in vitro study.

Results

Formononetin pretreatment notably attenuated hyperoxia-induced elevating pulmonary water content, upregulation of proinflammatory cytokine levels and increasing infiltration of neutrophil in the lung. Western blot analyses showed that Formononetin enhanced the expression of nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) which is a key transcription factor regulating the expression of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1). Formononetin increased HO-1 expression and activity compared with vehicle-treated animals. Moreover, Formononetin reversed hyperoxia-caused the reduction of M2 macrophage polarization. However, pretreatment of a HO-1 inhibitor reduced the protective effect of Formononetin on hyperoxic ALI. Cell study showed that the Formononetin-induced upregulation of HO-1 was abolished when the Nrf2 was silenced.

Conclusions

Formononetin pretreatment reduces hyperoxia-induced ALI via Nrf2/HO-1-mediated antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects.

The Role of Isoflavones in Type 2 Diabetes Prevention and Treatment-A Narrative Review

Given the growing number of type 2 diabetic individuals and the substantial social and financial costs associated with diabetes management, every effort should be made to improve its prevention and treatment methods. There is an ongoing search for natural dietary compounds that could be used for this purpose. This narrative review focuses on the therapeutic potential of isoflavones in diabetes prevention and treatment. This review summarizes (i) the molecular mechanisms of isoflavones action that are critical to their anti-diabetic properties; (ii) preclinical (in vitro and in vivo) studies evaluating the influence of isoflavones on the function of key organs involved in the pathogenesis of diabetes; and (iii) epidemiological studies and clinical trials that assessed the effectiveness of isoflavones in the prevention and treatment of type 2 diabetes in humans. Apart from discussing the effects of isoflavones on the function of organs “classically” associated with the pathogenesis of diabetes (pancreas, liver, muscles, and adipose tissue), the impact of these compounds on other organs that contribute to the glucose homeostasis (gastrointestinal tract, kidneys, and brain) is also reviewed.

Mechanisms of action for the anti-obesogenic activities of phytochemicals

The prevalence of obesity is increasing rapidly globally and has recently reached pandemic proportions. It is a multifactorial disorder linked to a number of non-communicable diseases such as type-2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and cancer. Over-nutrition and a sedentary lifestyle are considered the most significant causes of obesity; a healthy lifestyle and behavioural interventions are the most powerful ways to achieve successful weight loss, but to maintain this in the long term can prove difficult for many individuals, without medical intervention. Various pharmacological anti-obesogenic drugs have been tested and marketed in the past and have been moderately successful in the management of obesity, but their adverse effects on human health often outweigh the benefits. Natural products from plants, either in the form of crude extracts or purified phytochemicals, have been shown to have anti-obesogenic properties and are generally considered as nontoxic and cost-effective compared to synthetic alternatives. These plant products combat obesity by targeting the various pathways and/or regulatory functions intricately linked to obesity. Their mechanisms of action include inhibition of pancreatic lipase activities, an increase in energy expenditure, appetite regulation, lipolytic effects, and inhibition of white adipose tissue development. In this review, we discuss the distinct anti-obesogenic properties of recently reported plant extracts and specific bioactive compounds, along with their molecular mechanisms of action. This review will provide a common platform for understanding the different causes of obesity and the possible approaches to using plant products in tackling this worldwide health issue.

Effect of quercetin on nonshivering thermogenesis of brown adipose tissue in high-fat diet-induced obese mice

Activating nonshivering thermogenesis in brown adipose tissue (BAT) is a promising strategy to prevent obesity. This study investigated whether quercetin supplementation improves obesity in mice by increasing nonshivering thermogenesis in BAT and white adipose tissue (WAT) browning. Compared to high-fat diet (HFD)-fed mice, mice fed a HFD supplemented with 1% quercetin (HFDQ) had reduced body weight and total plasma cholesterol. In HFDQ-fed mice, retroperitoneal WAT (RWAT) weight was decreased, and browning effect and lipolysis were increased. HFDQ-fed mice had increased expression of nonshivering thermogenesis genes in BAT, including uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator 1α (PGC1α), cell death-inducing DFFA-like effector A (CIDEA), and mitochondrial transcriptional factor A (mtTFA). Quercetin supplementation increased genes and proteins in β₃-adrenergic receptor (ADRB3), p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), and AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) pathways in HFD-fed mice, which were suppressed by an AMPK inhibitor or an ADRB3 antagonist. Energy expenditure and core body temperature were not changed by quercetin, but physical activity was increased in HFDQ mice during dark periods at room and cold temperatures. Quercetin also decreased the Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes ratio and increased short-chain fatty acid production in the feces of HFD-fed mice. In summary, quercetin supplementation in HFD-fed mice may attenuate obesity. Although the study did not show consistency in data at molecular and pathophysiological levels between BAT function and obesity, it also shows promising health effects of quercetin, accompanied by improved physical activity and gut microbiota dysbiosis.

Formononetin Ameliorates Cognitive Disorder via PGC-1α Pathway in Neuroinflammation Conditions in High-Fat Diet-Induced Mice

BACKGROUND

Alzheimer's disease is one of the most common neurodegenerative diseases in many modern societies. The core pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease includes the aggregation of hyperphosphorylated Tau and abnormal Amyloid-β generation. In addition, previous studies have shown that neuroinflammation is one of the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. Formononetin, an isoflavone compound extracted from Trifolium pratense L., has been found to have various properties including anti-obesity, anti-inflammation, and neuroprotective effects. But there are very few studies on the treatment of Alzheimer's disease with Formononetin.

OBJECTIVE

The present study focused on the protective activities of Formononetin on a high-fat dietinduced cognitive decline and explored the underlying mechanisms.

METHODS

Mice were fed with HFD for 10 weeks and intragastric administrated daily with metformin (300 mg/kg) and Formononetin (20 and 40 mg/kg).

RESULTS

We found that Formononetin (20, 40 mg/kg) significantly attenuated the learning and memory deficits companied by weight improvement and decreased the levels of blood glucose, total cholesterol and triglyceride in high-fat diet-induced mice. Meanwhile, we observed high-fat diet significantly caused the Tau hyperphosphorylation in the hippocampus of mice, whereas Formononetin reversed this effect. Additionally, Formononetin markedly reduced the levels of inflammation cytokines IL-1β and TNF-α in high-fat diet-induced mice. The mechanism study showed that Formononetin suppressed the pro-inflammatory NF-κB signaling and enhanced the anti-inflammatory Nrf-2/HO-1 signaling, which might be related to the regulation of PGC-1α in the hippocampus of high-fat diet -induced mice.

CONCLUSION

Taken together, our results showed that Formononetin could improve the cognitive function by inhibiting neuroinflammation, which is attributed to the regulation of PGC-1α pathway in HFD-induced mice.

Metabolic Impact of Flavonoids Consumption in Obesity: From Central to Peripheral

The prevention and treatment of obesity is primary based on the follow-up of a healthy lifestyle, which includes a healthy diet with an important presence of bioactive compounds such as polyphenols. For many years, the health benefits of polyphenols have been attributed to their anti-oxidant capacity as free radical scavengers. More recently it has been described that polyphenols activate other cell-signaling pathways that are not related to ROS production but rather involved in metabolic regulation. In this review, we have summarized the current knowledge in this field by focusing on the metabolic effects of flavonoids. Flavonoids are widely distributed in the plant kingdom where they are used for growing and defensing. They are structurally characterized by two benzene rings and a heterocyclic pyrone ring and based on the oxidation and saturation status of the heterocyclic ring flavonoids are grouped in seven different subclasses. The present work is focused on describing the molecular mechanisms underlying the metabolic impact of flavonoids in obesity and obesity-related diseases. We described the effects of each group of flavonoids in liver, white and brown adipose tissue and central nervous system and the metabolic and signaling pathways involved on them.

A Metformin-Responsive Metabolic Pathway Controls Distinct Steps in Gastric Progenitor Fate Decisions and Maturation

Cellular metabolism plays important functions in dictating stem cell behaviors, although its role in stomach epithelial homeostasis has not been evaluated in depth. Here, we show that the energy sensor AMP kinase (AMPK) governs gastric epithelial progenitor differentiation. Administering the AMPK activator metformin decreases epithelial progenitor proliferation and increases acid-secreting parietal cells (PCs) in mice and organoids. AMPK activation targets Krüppel-like factor 4 (KLF4), known to govern progenitor proliferation and PC fate choice, and PGC1α, which we show controls PC maturation after their specification. PC-specific deletion of AMPKα or PGC1α causes defective PC maturation, which could not be rescued by metformin. However, metformin treatment still increases KLF4 levels and suppresses progenitor proliferation. Thus, AMPK activates KLF4 in progenitors to reduce self-renewal and promote PC fate, whereas AMPK-PGC1α activation within the PC lineage promotes maturation, providing a potential suggestion for why metformin increases acid secretion and reduces gastric cancer risk in humans.

Targeting Abdominal Obesity and Its Complications with Dietary Phytoestrogens

In the assessment of the health risk of an obese individual, both the amount of adipose tissue and its distribution and metabolic activity are essential. In adults, the distribution of adipose tissue differs in a gender-dependent manner and is regulated by sex steroids, especially estrogens. Estrogens affect adipocyte differentiation but are also involved in the regulation of the lipid metabolism, insulin resistance, and inflammatory activity of the adipose tissue. Their deficiency results in unfavorable changes in body composition and increases the risk of metabolic complications, which can be partially reversed by hormone replacement therapy. Therefore, the idea of the supplementation of estrogen-like compounds to counteract obesity and related complications is compelling. Phytoestrogens are natural plant-derived dietary compounds that resemble human estrogens in their chemical structure and biological activity. Supplementation with phytoestrogens may confer a range of beneficial effects. However, results of studies on the influence of phytoestrogens on body composition and prevalence of obesity are inconsistent. In this review, we present data from in vitro, animal, and human studies regarding the role of phytoestrogens in adipose tissue development and function in the context of their potential application in the prevention of visceral obesity and related complications.

Formononetin attenuates atherosclerosis via regulating interaction between KLF4 and SRA in apoE-/- mice

Background and Purpose: Atherosclerosis is an underlying cause of coronary heart disease. Foam cell, a hallmark of atherosclerosis, is prominently derived from monocyte-differentiated macrophage, and vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) through unlimitedly phagocytizing oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL). Therefore, the inhibition of monocyte adhesion to endothelium and uptake of oxLDL might be a breakthrough point for retarding atherosclerosis. Formononetin, an isoflavone extracted from Astragalus membranaceus, has exhibited multiple inhibitory effects on proatherogenic factors, such as obesity, dyslipidemia, and inflammation in different animal models. However, its effect on atherosclerosis remains unknown. In this study, we determined if formononetin can inhibit atherosclerosis and elucidated the underlying molecular mechanisms.

Methods: ApoE deficient mice were treated with formononetin contained in high-fat diet for 16 weeks. After treatment, mouse aorta, macrophage and serum samples were collected to determine lesions, immune cell profile, lipid profile and expression of related molecules. Concurrently, we investigated the effect of formononetin on monocyte adhesion, foam cell formation, endothelial activation, and macrophage polarization in vitro and in vivo.

Results: Formononetin reduced en face and aortic root sinus lesions size. Formononetin enhanced lesion stability by changing the composition of plaque. VSMC- and macrophage-derived foam cell formation and its accumulation in arterial wall were attenuated by formononetin, which might be attributed to decreased SRA expression and reduced monocyte adhesion. Formononetin inhibited atherogenic monocyte adhesion and inflammation. KLF4 negatively regulated the expression of SRA at transcriptional and translational level.

Conclusions: Our study demonstrate that formononetin can substantially attenuate the development of atherosclerosis via regulation of interplay between KLF4 and SRA, which suggests the formononetin might be a novel therapeutic approach for inhibition of atherosclerosis.

Wnt signaling mediates TLR pathway and promote unrestrained adipogenesis and metaflammation: Therapeutic targets for obesity and type 2 diabetes

Diabesity is the combination of type 2 diabetes and obesity characterized by chronic low-grade inflammation. The Wnt signaling act as an evolutionary pathway playing crucial role in regulating cellular homeostasis and energy balance from hypothalamus to metabolic organs. Aberrant activity of certain appendages in the canonical and non-canonical Wnt system deregulates metabolism and leads to adipose tissue expansion, this key event initiates metabolic stress causing metaflammation and obesity. Metaflammation induced obesity initiates abnormal development of adipocytes mediating through the non-canonical Wnt signaling inhibition of canonical Wnt pathway to fan the flames of adipogenesis. Moreover, activation of toll like receptor (TLR)-4 signaling in metabolic stress invites immune cells to release pro-inflammatory cytokines for recruitment of macrophages in adipose tissues, further causes polarization of macrophages into M1(classically activated) and M2 (alternatively activated) subtypes. These events end with chronic low-grade inflammation which interferes with insulin signaling in metabolic tissues to develop type 2 diabetes. However, there is a dearth in understanding the exact mechanism of Wnt-TLR axis during diabesity. This review dissects the molecular facets of Wnt and TLRs that modulates cellular components during diabesity and provides current progress, challenges and alternative therapeutic strategies at preclinical and clinical level.

QiDiTangShen Granules Activate Renal Nutrient-Sensing Associated Autophagy in db/db Mice

QiDiTangShen granules (QDTS) have been proven to reduce the proteinuria in patients with diabetic nephropathy (DN) effectively. The present study was aimed to investigate the mechanism underlying QDTS's renoprotection. The main components of QDTS were identified by ultra-high liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and pharmacological databases, among which active components were screened by oral bioavailability and drug-likeness. Their regulation on autophagy-related nutrient-sensing signal molecules (AMPK, SIRT1, and mTOR) was retrieved and analyzed through the Pubmed database. Then, db/db mice were randomly divided into three groups (model control, valsartan and QDTS), and given intragastric administration for 12 weeks, separately. Fasting and random blood glucose, body weight, urinary albumin excretion (UAE) and injury markers of liver and kidney were investigated to evaluate the effects and safety. Renal histological lesions were assessed, and the expressions of proteins related to nutrient-sensing signals and autophagy were investigated. Thirteen active components were screened from 78 components identified. Over half the components had already been reported to improve nutrient-sensing signals. QDTS significantly reduced UAE, ameliorated mesangial matrix deposition, alleviate the expression of protein and mRNA of TGF-β, α-SMA, and Col I, as well as improved the quality of mitochondria and the number of autophagic vesicles of renal tubular cells although the blood glucose was not decreased in db/db mice. Compared to the db/db group, the expression of the autophagy-inducible protein (Atg14 and Beclin1) and microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3-II (LC3-II) were up-regulated, autophagic substrate transporter p62 was down-regulated in QDTS group. It was also found that the expression of SIRT1 and the proportion of p-AMPK (thr172)/AMPK were increased, while the p-mTOR (ser2448)/mTOR ratio was decreased after QDTS treatment in db/db mice, which was consistent with the effect of its active ingredients on the nutrient-sensing signal pathway as reported previously. Therefore, QDTS may prevent the progression of DN by offering the anti-fibrotic effect. The renoprotection is probably attributable to the regulation of nutrient-sensing signal pathways, which activates autophagy.

An Ancient Chinese Herbal Decoction Containing Angelicae Sinensis Radix, Astragali Radix, Jujuba Fructus, and Zingiberis Rhizoma Recens Stimulates the Browning Conversion of White Adipocyte in Cultured 3T3-L1 Cells

Background

Abnormal storage of white adipocyte tissue (WAT) is the major factor causing obesity. The promising strategies for obesity treatment are building up the brown adipocyte tissue (BAT) and/or expedite fatty acid catabolism. Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) sheds light on preventing obesity. Ginger is one of the most effective herbs for antiobesity by accelerating browning WAT. To fortify the antiobesity effect of ginger, an ancient Chinese herbal decoction composed of four herbs, Angelicae Sinensis Radix (ASR), Astragali Radix (AR), Jujuba Fructus (JF), and Zingiberis Rhizoma Recens (ZRR; ginger), was tested here: this herbal formula was written in AD 1155, named as Danggui Buxue Tang (DBT₁₁₅₅). Therefore, the antiobesity function of this ancient herbal decoction was revealed in vitro by cultured 3T3-L1 cells.

Materials and Method

The lipid accumulation was detected by Oil Red O staining. Furthermore, the underlying working mechanisms of antiobesity functions of DBT₁₁₅₅ were confirmed in 3T3-L1 cells by confocal microscopy, western blot, and RT-PCR.

Results

DBT₁₁₅₅ was able to actuate brown fat-specific gene activations, which included (i) expression of PPARγ, UCP1, and PCG1α and (ii) fatty acid oxidation genes, i.e., CPT1A and HSL. The increase of browning WAT, triggered by DBT₁₁₅₅, was possibly mediated by a Ca²⁺-AMPK signaling pathway, because the application of Ca²⁺ chelator, BAMPTA-AM, reversed the effect.

Conclusion

These findings suggested that the herbal mixture DBT₁₁₅₅ could potentiate the antiobesity functions of ginger, which might have potential therapeutic implications.

Modulation of osteogenic and myogenic differentiation by a phytoestrogen formononetin via p38MAPK-dependent JAK-STAT and Smad-1/5/8 signaling pathways in mouse myogenic progenitor cells

Formononetin (FN), a typical phytoestrogen has attracted substantial attention as a novel agent because of its diverse biological activities including, osteogenic differentiation. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying osteogenic and myogenic differentiation by FN in C2C12 progenitor cells remain unknown. Therefore the objective of the current study was to investigate the action of FN on myogenic and osteogenic differentiation and its impact on signaling pathways in C2C12 cells. FN significantly increased myogenic markers such as Myogenin, myosin heavy chains, and myogenic differentiation 1 (MyoD). In addition, the expression of osteogenic specific genes alkaline phosphatase (ALP), Run-related transcription factor 2(RUNX2), and osteocalcin (OCN) were up-regulated by FN treatment. Moreover, FN enhanced the ALP level, calcium deposition and the expression of bone morphogenetic protein isoform (BMPs). Signal transduction pathways mediated by p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38MAPK), extracellular signal-related kinases (ERKs), protein kinase B (Akt), Janus kinases (JAKs), and signal transducer activator of transcription proteins (STATs) in myogenic and osteogenic differentiation after FN treatment were also examined. FN treatment activates myogenic differentiation by increasing p38MAPK and decreasing JAK1-STAT1 phosphorylation levels, while osteogenic induction was enhanced by p38MAPK dependent Smad, 1/5/8 signaling pathways in C2C12 progenitor cells.

Flavonoids, Potential Bioactive Compounds, and Non-Shivering Thermogenesis

Obesity results from the body having either high energy intake or low energy expenditure. Based on this energy equation, scientists have focused on increasing energy expenditure to prevent abnormal fat accumulation. Activating the human thermogenic system that regulates body temperature, particularly non-shivering thermogenesis in either brown or white adipose tissue, has been suggested as a promising solution to increase energy expenditure. Together with the increasing interest in understanding the mechanism by which plant-derived dietary compounds prevent obesity, flavonoids were recently shown to have the potential to regulate non-shivering thermogenesis. In this article, we review the latest research on flavonoid derivatives that increase energy expenditure through non-shivering thermogenesis.

Anisamide-Anchored Lyotropic Nano-Liquid Crystalline Particles with AIE Effect: A Smart Optical Beacon for Tumor Imaging and Therapy

The prospective design of nanocarriers for personalized oncotherapy should be an ensemble of targeting, imaging, and noninvasive therapeutic capabilities. Herein, we report the development of the inverse hexagonal nano-liquid crystalline (NLC) particles that are able to host formononetin (FMN), a phytoestrogen with known anticancer activity, and tetraphenylethene (TPE), an iconic optical beacon with aggregation-induced emission (AIE) signature, simultaneously. Ordered three-dimensional mesoporous internal structure and high-lipid-volume fraction of NLC nanoparticles (NLC NPs) frame the outer compartment for the better settlement of payloads. Embellishment of these nanoparticles by anisamide (AA), a novel sigma receptor targeting ligand using carbodiimide coupling chemistry ensured NLC's as an outstanding vehicle for possible utility in surveillance of tumor location as well as the FMN delivery through active AIE imaging. The size and structural integrity of nanoparticles were evaluated by quasi-elastic light scattering, cryo field emission scanning electron microscopy small-angle X-ray scattering. The existence of AIE effect in the nanoparticles was evidenced through the photophysical studies that advocate the application of NLC NPs in fluorescence-based bioimaging. Moreover, confocal microscopy illustrated the single living cell imaging ability endowed by the NLC NPs. In vitro and in vivo studies supported the enhanced efficacy of targeted nanoparticles (AA-NLC-TF) in comparison to nontargeted nanoparticles (NLC-TF) and free drug. Apparently, this critically designed multimodal NLC NPs may establish a promising platform for targeted and image-guided chemotherapy for breast cancer.

Pharmacokinetics and Bioavailability of the Isoflavones Formononetin and Ononin and Their in Vitro Absorption in Ussing Chamber and Caco-2 Cell Models

Formononetin and its glycoside ononin are bioactive isoflavones widely present in legumes. The present study investigated the pharmacokinetics, bioavailability, and in vitro absorption of formononetin and ononin. After an oral administration to rats, formononetin showed a higher systemic exposure over ononin. The oral bioavailability of formononetin and ononin were 21.8% and 7.3%, respectively. Ononin was more bioavailable than perceived, and its bioavailability reached 21.7% when its metabolite formononetin was taken into account. Both formononetin and ononin exhibited better absorption in large intestine segments than that in small intestine segments. Formononetin displayed a better permeability in all intestinal segments over ononin. Transport of formononetin across Caco-2 cell monolayer was mainly through passive diffusion, while ononin was actively pumped out by MRP2 but not P-gp. The results provide evidence for better understanding of the pharmacological actions of formononetin and ononin, which advocates more in vivo evaluations or human trials.