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Gu X, Wang P, Huang J, Chen S, Li D, Pu S, Li J, Wen J. Structural and physicochemical properties of rice starch from a variety with high resistant starch and low amylose content. Front Nutr 2024; 11:1413923. [PMID: 38860156 PMCID: PMC11163103 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2024.1413923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Research on the physicochemical properties of rice-derived endo-sperm high resistant starch (RS) with low amylose content (AC) is limited. In this study, we evaluated the physicochemical characteristics of such a starch variety and revealed that the starch granules exhibit a smoother, more refined surface with distinct edges, increased compactness, higher order of surface, and fewer cavities compared to those of a low RS rice variety. The starch crystal was classified as an A-type, which may be connected to the high amylose-lipid complex content. The branched internal long chains (B2 + B3) were abundant, allowing for easy entanglement with other molecular chains and a compact structure. Differential scanning calorimetry revealed the need for high temperature and energy to disrupt the double helix structure within the crystallization region of starch. Furthermore, starch viscosity analysis revealed a high cold paste viscosity, consistency, and setback value, with recrystallization yielding a stable structure, increased viscosity, and enhanced hydrolysis resistance to enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Gu
- Rice Research Institute, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Peng Wang
- Rice Research Institute, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Juyuan Huang
- Rice Research Institute, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Shuangqin Chen
- Rice Research Institute, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Dandan Li
- Rice Research Institute, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Shihuang Pu
- Rice Research Institute, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Juan Li
- Rice Research Institute, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Jiancheng Wen
- Rice Research Institute, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
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Baptista NT, Dessalles R, Illner AK, Ville P, Ribet L, Anton PM, Durand-Dubief M. Harnessing the power of resistant starch: a narrative review of its health impact and processing challenges. Front Nutr 2024; 11:1369950. [PMID: 38571748 PMCID: PMC10987757 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2024.1369950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Starch is a primary energy storage for plants, making it an essential component of many plant-based foods consumed today. Resistant starch (RS) refers to those starch fractions that escape digestion in the small intestine and reach the colon where they are fermented by the microflora. RS has been repeatedly reported as having benefits on health, but ensuring that its content remains in food processing may be challenging. The present work focuses on the impact RS on health and explores the different processes that may influence its presence in foods, thus potentially interfering with these effects. Clinical evidence published from 2010 to 2023 and studying the effect of RS on health parameters in adult populations, were identified, using PUBMED/Medline and Cochrane databases. The search focused as well on observational studies related to the effect of food processes on RS content. While processes such as milling, fermentation, cooking and heating seem to have a deleterious influence on RS content, other processes, such as cooling, cooking time, storage time, or water content, may positively impact its presence. Regarding the influence on health parameters, there is a body of evidence suggesting an overall significant beneficial effect of RS, especially type 1 and 2, on several health parameters such as glycemic response, insulin resistance index, bowel function or inflammatory markers. Effects are more substantiated in individuals suffering from metabolic diseases. The effects of RS may however be exerted differently depending on the type. A better understanding of the influence of food processes on RS can guide the development of dietary intake recommendations and contribute to the development of food products rich in RS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Anne-Kathrin Illner
- Transformations and Agroressources, Institut Polytechnique UniLaSalle, Université d’Artois, Beauvais, France
| | - Patrice Ville
- Department of Regulatory Department, University of Lesaffre International, Marcq-en-Baroeul, France
| | - Léa Ribet
- Transformations and Agroressources, Institut Polytechnique UniLaSalle, Université d’Artois, Beauvais, France
| | - Pauline M. Anton
- Transformations and Agroressources, Institut Polytechnique UniLaSalle, Université d’Artois, Beauvais, France
| | - Mickaël Durand-Dubief
- Discovery and Front-End Innovation, Lesaffre Institute of Science and Technology, Lille, France
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3
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Kang MS, Jang KA, Kim HR, Song S. Association of Dietary Resistant Starch Intake with Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome in Korean Adults. Nutrients 2024; 16:158. [PMID: 38201987 PMCID: PMC10780381 DOI: 10.3390/nu16010158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2023] [Revised: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Research findings on the relationship between dietary resistant starch (RS) intake and metabolic diseases using population-based data are very scarce. This study examined the association of dietary RS intake with obesity and metabolic syndrome in Korean adults. A total of 12,491 adults (5292 men and 7199 women) were selected from the 2016-2018 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data. The individual RS intake (g) was calculated by linking the 1-day 24 h recall data with the RS content database for common Korean foods. Obesity was defined as a BMI ≥ 25.0 kg/m2. Metabolic syndrome was defined as having three or more of the following: abdominal obesity, elevated triglycerides, low HDL cholesterol, elevated fasting blood glucose, and elevated blood pressure. Odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for obesity and metabolic syndrome across quartiles (Qs) of RS intake were calculated using multiple logistic regression analysis. In men, the highest quartile of RS intake showed a significantly lower OR for metabolic syndrome compared to the lowest quartile after adjusting for covariates (OR = 0.71, 95% CI = 0.56-0.92, p-trend = 0.0057). Dietary RS intake in men was also inversely associated with obesity (Q4 vs. Q1: OR = 0.80, 95% CI = 0.67-0.97, p-trend = 0.0329) and elevated triglycerides (Q4 vs. Q1: OR = 0.80, 95% CI = 0.66-0.98, p-trend = 0.0314). In women, RS intake was not associated with metabolic syndrome. Our findings may serve as useful data for developing guidelines for RS intake and conducting further cohort and clinical studies to investigate the health effects of RS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Sook Kang
- Department of Agro-Food Resources, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, 166 Nongsaengmyeong-ro, Wanju-gun 55365, Republic of Korea; (M.-S.K.); (K.-A.J.); (H.-R.K.)
| | - Kyeong-A Jang
- Department of Agro-Food Resources, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, 166 Nongsaengmyeong-ro, Wanju-gun 55365, Republic of Korea; (M.-S.K.); (K.-A.J.); (H.-R.K.)
| | - Haeng-Ran Kim
- Department of Agro-Food Resources, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, 166 Nongsaengmyeong-ro, Wanju-gun 55365, Republic of Korea; (M.-S.K.); (K.-A.J.); (H.-R.K.)
| | - SuJin Song
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Hannam University, 1646 Yuseong-daero, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34054, Republic of Korea
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4
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Devarakonda SLS, Superdock DK, Ren J, Johnson LM, Loinard-González A(AP, Poole AC. Gut microbial features and dietary fiber intake predict gut microbiota response to resistant starch supplementation. Gut Microbes 2024; 16:2367301. [PMID: 38913541 PMCID: PMC11197919 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2024.2367301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Resistant starch (RS) consumption can have beneficial effects on metabolic health, but the response, in terms of effects on the gut microbiota and host physiology, varies between individuals. Factors predicting the response to RS are not yet established and would be useful for developing precision nutrition approaches that maximize the benefits of dietary fiber intake. We sought to identify predictors of gut microbiota response to RS supplementation. We enrolled 76 healthy adults into a 7-week crossover study with 59 individuals completing the study. Participants consumed RS type 2 (RS2), RS type 4 (RS4), and digestible starch, for 10 d each with 5-d washout periods in between. We collected fecal and saliva samples and food records during each treatment period. We performed 16S rRNA gene sequencing and measured fecal short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), salivary amylase (AMY1) gene copy number, and salivary amylase activity (SAA). Dietary fiber intake was predictive of the relative abundance of several amplicon sequence variants (ASVs) at the end of both RS treatments. AMY1-related metrics were not predictive of response to RS. SAA was only predictive of the relative abundance of one ASV after digestible starch supplementation. Interestingly, SCFA concentrations increased the most during digestible starch supplementation. Treatment order (the order of consumption of RS2 and RS4), alpha diversity, and a subset of ASVs were predictive of SCFA changes after RS supplementation. Based on our findings, dietary fiber intake and gut microbiome composition would be informative if assessed prior to recommending RS supplementation because these data can be used to predict changes in specific ASVs and fecal SCFA concentrations. These findings lay a foundation to support the premise that using a precision nutrition approach to optimize the benefits of dietary fibers such as RS could be an effective strategy to compensate for the low consumption of dietary fiber nationwide.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jennifer Ren
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Lynn M. Johnson
- Cornell Statistical Consulting Unit, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | | | - Angela C. Poole
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
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Raza H, Xu H, Zhou Q, He J, Zhu B, Li S, Wang M. A review of green methods used in starch-polyphenol interactions: physicochemical and digestion aspects. Food Funct 2023; 14:8071-8100. [PMID: 37647014 DOI: 10.1039/d3fo01729j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
The interactions of starch with lipids, proteins, and other major food components during food processing are inevitable. These interactions could result in the formation of V-type or non-V-type complexes of starch. The starch-lipid complexes have been intensively studied for over five decades, however, the complexes of starch and polyphenols are relatively less studied and are the subject of recent interest. The interactions of starch with polyphenols can affect the physicochemical properties and its digestibility. The literature has highlighted several green methods such as ultrasound, microwave, high pressure, extrusion, ball-milling, cold plasma etc., to assist interactions of starch with polyphenols. However, comprehensive information on green methods to induce starch-polyphenol interactions is still scarce. Therefore, in light of the importance and potential of starch-polyphenol complexes in developing functional foods with low digestion, this review has summarized the novel green methods employed in interactions of starch with flavonoids, phenolic acids and tannins. It has been speculated that flavonoids, phenolic acids, and tannins, among other types of polyphenols, may have anti-digestive activities and are also revealed for their interaction with starch to form either an inclusion or non-inclusion complex. Further information on the effects of these interactions on physicochemical parameters to understand the chemistry and structure of the complexes is also provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Husnain Raza
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Health, Institute for Advanced Study and Institute for Innovative Development of Food Industry, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China.
- College of Civil and Transportation Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 26, Frederiksberg C, DK, 1958, Denmark
| | - Hui Xu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Health, Institute for Advanced Study and Institute for Innovative Development of Food Industry, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China.
- College of Civil and Transportation Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Qian Zhou
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Health, Institute for Advanced Study and Institute for Innovative Development of Food Industry, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China.
| | - Jiayi He
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Health, Institute for Advanced Study and Institute for Innovative Development of Food Industry, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China.
| | - Beiwei Zhu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Health, Institute for Advanced Study and Institute for Innovative Development of Food Industry, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China.
| | - Siqian Li
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Health, Institute for Advanced Study and Institute for Innovative Development of Food Industry, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China.
| | - Mingfu Wang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Health, Institute for Advanced Study and Institute for Innovative Development of Food Industry, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China.
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6
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Wang Z, Wang S, Xu Q, Kong Q, Li F, Lu L, Xu Y, Wei Y. Synthesis and Functions of Resistant Starch. Adv Nutr 2023; 14:1131-1144. [PMID: 37276960 PMCID: PMC10509415 DOI: 10.1016/j.advnut.2023.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Resistant starch (RS) has become a popular topic of research in recent years. Most scholars believe that there are 5 types of RS. However, accumulating evidence indicates that in addition to starch-lipid complexes, which are the fifth type of RS, complexes containing starch and other substances can also be generated. The physicochemical properties and physiologic functions of these complexes are worth exploring. New physiologic functions of several original RSs are constantly being discovered. Research shows that RS can provide health improvements in many patients with chronic diseases, including diabetes and obesity, and even has potential benefits for kidney disease and colorectal cancer. Moreover, RS can alter the short-chain fatty acids and microorganisms in the gut, positively regulating the body's internal environment. Despite the increase in its market demand, RS production remains limited. Upscaling RS production is thus an urgent requirement. This paper provides detailed insights into the classification, synthesis, and efficacy of RS, serving as a starting point for the future development and applications of RS based on the current status quo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhanggui Wang
- Department of Radiotherapy, Anhui No. 2 Provincial People's Hospital, Hefei, China
| | - Shuli Wang
- Department of Radiology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Qinhong Xu
- Department of Acupuncture and Massage, Anhui No.2 Provincial People's Hospital, Hefei, China
| | - Qi Kong
- Department of Radiotherapy, Anhui No. 2 Provincial People's Hospital, Hefei, China
| | - Fei Li
- Department of Radiotherapy, Anhui No. 2 Provincial People's Hospital, Hefei, China
| | - Lin Lu
- Department of Radiotherapy, Anhui No. 2 Provincial People's Hospital, Hefei, China
| | - Yibiao Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Fifth People's Hospital of Huai 'an, Huai' an, China
| | - Yali Wei
- Department of Radiotherapy, Anhui No. 2 Provincial People's Hospital, Hefei, China; Department of Women's Health, Jiaxing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Affiliated Women and Children's Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, China.
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Chen R, Zhang C, Xu F, Yu L, Tian F, Chen W, Zhai Q. Meta-analysis reveals gut microbiome and functional pathway alterations in response to resistant starch. Food Funct 2023. [PMID: 37194392 DOI: 10.1039/d3fo00845b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Resistant starch (RS) has the ability to improve the structure of the gut microbiota, regulate glucolipid metabolism and maintain the health of the human body, and has been extensively studied by many scholars in recent years. However, previous studies have provided a wide range of results on the differences in the gut microbiota after RS intake. In this article, we performed a meta-analysis of a total of 955 samples of 248 individuals from the seven studies included to compare the gut microbiota of the baseline and the end-point of RS intake. At the end-point, RS intake was related to a lower gut microbial α-diversity and higher relative abundance of Ruminococcus, Agathobacter, Faecalibacterium and Bifidobacterium, and the functional pathways of the gut microbiota related to the carbohydrate metabolism, lipid metabolism, amino acid metabolism and genetic information processing were higher. Different types of resistant starch and different populations led to varied responses on the gut microbiome. The altered gut microbiome may contribute to improve the blood glucose level and insulin resistance, which may be a potential treatment route for diabetes, obesity and other metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruimin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China.
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
| | - Chengcheng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China.
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
| | - Fusheng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China.
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
| | - Leilei Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China.
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
| | - Fengwei Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China.
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
| | - Wei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China.
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
| | - Qixiao Zhai
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China.
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
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Maiya M, Adorno A, Toulabi SB, Tucker WJ, Patterson MA. Resistant starch improves cardiometabolic disease outcomes: A narrative review of randomized trials. Nutr Res 2023; 114:20-40. [PMID: 37149926 DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2023.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Healthy dietary patterns with adequate fiber improve cardiometabolic (CM) outcomes and attenuate disease progression. Resistant starch (RS) is a fermentable fiber that affects CM outcomes; however, studies are heterogeneous and inconsistent. Thus, the purpose of this narrative review is to assess the impact of RS intake by type and amount on CM outcomes while considering subject characteristics and trial duration. Randomized crossover or parallel studies (n = 31) were selected and compared according to acute (1 day; n = 12), medium (>1-30 days; n = 8), or long (>30 days; n = 11) duration. Most acute trials in healthy adults showed improvements in postprandial glycemic outcomes irrespective of RS type or amount. However, a more pronounced reduction occurred when test meals did not match for available carbohydrate. Daily RS intake had a minimal effect on CM outcomes in medium duration trials, but insulin resistant adults had better glycemic control at 4 weeks. Several longer duration trials (8-12 weeks) showed favorable CM outcomes with daily RS intake in adults with type 2 diabetes (T2D), but not in those at risk for T2D. Furthermore, some studies reported improved lipids, inflammatory biomarkers, and heart rate. Future studies should consider matching for available carbohydrates between the RS and control groups to understand the gut microbiome's role. Furthermore, energy and fiber should be considered. Overall, the acute intake of RS improves glycemic outcomes, and consuming RS at for least 4 and up to 8 to 12 weeks in adults with prediabetes and T2D, respectively, appears to improve CM outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhura Maiya
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, The University of Texas at Tyler, Tyler, Texas, USA
| | - Andrew Adorno
- Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Texas Woman's University Institute of Health Sciences, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Sahar B Toulabi
- College of Agriculture Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Wesley J Tucker
- Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Texas Woman's University Institute of Health Sciences, Houston, Texas, USA; Institute for Women's Health, Texas Woman's University, Houston, Texas USA
| | - Mindy A Patterson
- Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Texas Woman's University Institute of Health Sciences, Houston, Texas, USA; Institute for Women's Health, Texas Woman's University, Houston, Texas USA.
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Devarakonda SLS, Superdock DK, Ren J, Johnson LM, Loinard-Gonz Lez AAP, Poole AC. Gut microbial features and dietary fiber intake predict gut microbiota response to resistant starch supplementation. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2023:2023.03.24.23287665. [PMID: 37034622 PMCID: PMC10081390 DOI: 10.1101/2023.03.24.23287665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Resistant starch (RS) consumption can have beneficial effects on human health, but the response, in terms of effects on the gut microbiota and host physiology, varies between individuals. Factors predicting the response to RS are not yet established and would be useful for developing precision nutrition approaches that maximize the benefits of dietary fiber intake. We sought to identify predictors of gut microbiota response to RS supplementation. We enrolled 76 healthy adults into a seven-week crossover study. Participants consumed RS type 2 (RS2), RS type 4 (RS4), and a digestible starch, for ten days each with five-day washout periods in between. We collected fecal and saliva samples and food records before and during each treatment period. We performed 16S rRNA gene sequencing and measured fecal short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), salivary amylase gene copy number, and salivary amylase activity (SAA). Dietary fiber intake was predictive of relative abundance of several amplicon sequence variants (ASVs) at the end of both RS treatments. Treatment order (the order of consumption of RS2 and RS4), alpha diversity, and a subset of ASVs were predictive of SCFA changes after RS supplementation. SAA was only predictive of the relative abundance of ASVs after digestible starch supplementation. Based on our findings, dietary fiber intake and gut microbiome composition would be informative if assessed prior to recommending RS supplementation. Using a precision nutrition approach to optimize the benefits of dietary fibers such as RS could be an effective strategy to compensate for the low consumption of dietary fiber nationwide.
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10
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Pugh JE, Cai M, Altieri N, Frost G. A comparison of the effects of resistant starch types on glycemic response in individuals with type 2 diabetes or prediabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Nutr 2023; 10:1118229. [PMID: 37051127 PMCID: PMC10085630 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1118229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Type 2 diabetes (T2D) diagnoses are predicted to reach 643 million by 2030, increasing incidences of cardiovascular disease and other comorbidities. Rapidly digestible starch elevates postprandial glycemia and impinges glycemic homeostasis, elevating the risk of developing T2D. Starch can escape digestion by endogenous enzymes in the small intestine when protected by intact plant cell walls (resistant starch type 1), when there is a high concentration of amylose (resistant starch type 2) and when the molecule undergoes retrogradation (resistant starch type 3) or chemical modification (resistant starch type 4). Dietary interventions using resistant starch may improve glucose metabolism and insulin sensitivity. However, few studies have explored the differential effects of resistant starch type. This systematic review and meta-analysis aims to compare the effects of the resistant starch from intact plant cell structures (resistant starch type 1) and resistant starch from modified starch molecules (resistant starch types 2-5) on fasting and postprandial glycemia in subjects with T2D and prediabetes. Methods Databases (PubMed, SCOPUS, Ovid MEDLINE, Cochrane, and Web of Science) were systematically searched for randomized controlled trials. Standard mean difference (SMD) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were determined using random-effects models. Sub-group analyses were conducted between subjects with T2D versus prediabetes and types of resistant starch. Results The search identified 36 randomized controlled trials (n = 982), 31 of which could be included in the meta-analysis. Resistant starch type 1 and type 2 lowered acute postprandial blood glucose [SMD (95% CI) = -0.54 (-1.0, -0.07)] and [-0.96 (-1.61, -0.31)]. Resistant starch type 2 improved acute postprandial insulin response [-0.71 (-1.31, -0.11)]. In chronic studies, resistant starch type 1 and 2 lowered postprandial glucose [-0.38 (-0.73, -0.02), -0.29 (-0.53, -0.04), respectively] and resistant starch type 2 intake improved fasting glucose [-0.39 (-0.66, -0.13)] and insulin [-0.40 (-0.60, -0.21)]. Conclusion Resistant starch types 1 and 2 may influence glucose homeostasis via discrete mechanisms, as they appear to influence glycemia differently. Further research into resistant starch types 3, 4, and 5 is required to elucidate their effect on glucose metabolism. The addition of resistant starch as a dietary intervention for those with T2D or prediabetes may prevent further deterioration of glycemic control.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Gary Frost
- Section for Nutrition Research, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, London, United Kingdom
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Jang KA, Kim HA, Kang MS, Kim HR, Lee YJ, Song S. Development of a database to estimate dietary intake of resistant starch in Koreans. J Food Compost Anal 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2023.105283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2023]
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12
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Fu L, Zhang G, Qian S, Zhang Q, Tan M. Associations between dietary fiber intake and cardiovascular risk factors: An umbrella review of meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials. Front Nutr 2022; 9:972399. [PMID: 36172520 PMCID: PMC9511151 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.972399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Although several meta-analyses have revealed the beneficial effects of dietary fiber intake on human health, some have reported inconsistent findings. The purpose of this work was to perform an umbrella meta-analysis to evaluate the relevant evidence and elucidate the effect of dietary fiber intake on glycemic control, lipid profiles, systematic inflammation, and blood pressure. Eligible studies were searched in several electronic databases, including Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus, and the Cochrane Library, up to March 2022. A total of 52 meta-analyses involving 47,197 subjects were identified to assess the pooled effect size. Overall, higher dietary fiber intake was significantly associated with reductions in parameters involving glycemic control, including fasting plasma glucose (ES = -0.55, 95% CI: -0.73, -0.38, P < 0.001), fasting plasma insulin (ES = -1.22, 95% CI: -1.63, -0.82, P < 0.001), homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) (ES = -0.43, 95% CI: -0.60, -0.27, P < 0.001), and glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) (ES = -0.38, 95% CI: -0.50, -0.26, P < 0.001). In terms of lipid profiles, higher dietary fiber intake was associated with significant reductions in the serum level of total cholesterol (ES = -0.28, 95% CI: -0.39, -0.16, P < 0.001) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (ES = -0.25, 95% CI: -0.34, -0.16, P < 0.001), but not triglycerides (ES = -0.001, 95% CI: -0.006, 0.004, P = 0.759) and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (ES = -0.002, 95% CI: -0.004, 0.000, P = 0.087). Higher dietary fiber intake was also significantly associated with improved tumor necrosis factor-alpha serum levels (ES = -0.78, 95% CI: -1.39, -0.16, P = 0.013), while no significant effect was observed for C-reactive protein (ES = -0.14, 95% CI: -0.33, 0.05, P = 0.156). Finally, blood pressure was also significantly improved following higher dietary fiber intake (systolic blood pressure: ES = -1.72, 95% CI: -2.13, -1.30, P < 0.001; diastolic blood pressure: ES = -0.67, 95% CI: -0.96, -0.37, P < 0.001). Subgroup analysis revealed that the study population and type of dietary fiber could be partial sources of heterogeneity. In conclusion, the present umbrella meta-analysis provides evidence for the role of dietary fiber supplementation in the improvement of established cardiovascular risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Mingming Tan
- Department of Quality Management, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou, China
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Lu J, Wang D, Ma B, Gai X, Kang X, Wang J, Xiong K. Blood retinol and retinol-binding protein concentrations are associated with diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. Eur J Nutr 2022; 61:3315-3326. [PMID: 35318493 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-022-02859-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The associations between blood retinol, retinol-binding protein (RBP) concentrations and diabetes mellitus were inconsistent in literature. The objective is to investigate these associations by a systematic review and meta-analysis and provide basis for clinical intervention. METHODS PubMed, Web of science, and Cochrane databases were searched from the beginning to July 1, 2021. A total of 13 studies on retinol and 31 studies on RBP are included in the current meta-analysis. RESULTS The blood retinol concentration was significantly lower in the type I diabetes mellitus (T1DM) [standardized mean difference (SMD) (95% CI): - 0.59 (- 0.81, - 0.37), P < 0.01] and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) patients [SMD (95% CI): - 0.54 (- 0.87, - 0.20), P < 0.01] than in the controls. However, the difference was not significant between the type II diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients and the controls. The RBP concentration was significantly higher in the diabetic patients than in the controls [SMD (95% CI): 0.24 (0.12, 0.35), P < 0.01]. Particularly, the RBP concentration was significantly higher in the T2DM and GDM patients. CONCLUSION The blood retinol concentration was negatively associated with T1DM and GDM, while the blood RBP concentration was positively associated with T2DM and GDM. Future work should use a more sensitive retinol measurement method like retinol isotope dilution method to confirm whether blood retinol concentration differs between the diabetes patients and the controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jialin Lu
- Institute of Nutrition and Health, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Dandan Wang
- Department of Nutrition, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Baolan Ma
- Health Management Center, The 971 Naval Hospital, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Xiaochun Gai
- Institute of Nutrition and Health, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Xiao Kang
- Institute of Nutrition and Health, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Jinyu Wang
- Institute of Nutrition and Health, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Ke Xiong
- Institute of Nutrition and Health, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China.
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Hekmat-Ardakani A, Morshed-Behbahani B, Rahimi-Ardabili H, Ayati MH, Namazi N. The effects of dietary supplements and natural products targeting glucose levels: an overview. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 63:6138-6167. [PMID: 35081820 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2028716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Identifying effective dietary supplements and medicinal herbs has attracted the attention of clinicians and researchers to complement the standard treatment in controlling diabetes mellitus. In the present overview, we aimed to collect studies with the highest level of evidence to shed light on detecting the most effective dietary supplements and medicinal herbs for controlling glycemic status. For the current overview, four electronic databases, including PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library, were systematically searched from inception to 31 December 2020 and then updated until 1 October 2021 to obtain eligible meta-analyses on either dietary supplements or medicinal herbs and their effects on glycemic status. Fasting blood sugar (FBS) and Hemoglobin A1C (HbA1C) were considered as primary outcomes. Finally, ninety-one meta-analyses on dietary supplements (n = 55) and herbs (n = 36) were included. Evidence showed positive effects of chromium, zinc, propolis, aloe vera, milk thistle, fenugreek, cinnamon, ginger, and nettle on FBS and/or HbA1C. However, mostly the heterogeneity (I2) was high. Other supplements and herbs also showed no reduction in glucose levels or their effects were small. Although some dietary supplements and medicinal herbs showed a significant reduction in FBS and/or HbA1C, mostly their effects from the clinical point of view were not remarkable. In addition, due to high heterogeneity, publication bias, and a limited number of included studies in most cases further clinical trials are needed for making decision on anti-diabetic supplement efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bahar Morshed-Behbahani
- Midwifery Department, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Hania Rahimi-Ardabili
- School of Population Health, UNSW, Sydney, Australia
- Centre for Health Informatics, Australian Institute of Health Innovation, Sydney, Australia
| | - Mohammad Hossein Ayati
- School of Persian Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nazli Namazi
- Diabetes Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Adjunctive vitamin A and D for the glycaemic control in patients with concurrent type 2 diabetes and tuberculosis: a randomised controlled trial. Br J Nutr 2021; 127:556-562. [PMID: 33820572 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114521001185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study is to investigate the effects of vitamin A, D and their interaction on the glycaemic control in patients with both diabetes and tuberculosis. Tuberculosis infection and its treatment induce hyperglycaemia and complicate the glycaemic control in patients with diabetes. A randomised controlled trial with a 2 × 2 factorial design was conducted in a tuberculosis-specialised hospital in Qingdao, China. A total of 279 patients who have both diabetes and tuberculosis were included in this analysis. The patients received standard anti-tuberculosis treatment alone (control group), or together with a dose of vitamin A (600 μg RAE/d) or vitamin D (10 μg/d) or a combination of vitamin A (600 μg RAE/d) and vitamin D (10 μg/d) for 2 months. The effects of the intervention on fasting plasma glucose and 2-h postprandial blood glucose were investigated by ANCOVA. The analysis was adjusted for baseline values, age, sex, smoking, drinking and antidiabetic treatment as covariates. No significant effect was observed for vitamin A and D supplementation on fasting plasma glucose, 2-h postprandial blood glucose, BMI and related blood parameters. No interaction was observed between vitamin A and D supplementation for these endpoints. Vitamin A and D supplementation showed a null effect on the glycaemic control for patients with concurrent diabetes and tuberculosis. Future work should evaluate the effect of vitamin A and D supplementation on insulin-related indices for these patients and investigate the effect of vitamin D receptor genotypes.
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