1
|
Rudin CM, Pandha HS, Zibelman M, Akerley WL, Harrington KJ, Day D, Hill AG, O'Day SJ, Clay TD, Wright GM, Jennens RR, Gerber DE, Rosenberg JE, Ralph C, Campbell DC, Curti BD, Merchan JR, Ren Y, Schmidt EV, Guttman L, Gupta S. Phase 1, open-label, dose-escalation study on the safety, pharmacokinetics, and preliminary efficacy of intravenous Coxsackievirus A21 (V937), with or without pembrolizumab, in patients with advanced solid tumors. J Immunother Cancer 2023; 11:e005007. [PMID: 36669791 PMCID: PMC9872507 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2022-005007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oncolytic virus V937 showed activity and safety with intratumoral administration. This phase 1 study evaluated intravenous V937±pembrolizumab in patients with advanced solid tumors. METHODS Patients had advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), urothelial cancer, metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer, or melanoma in part A (V937 monotherapy), and metastatic NSCLC or urothelial cancer in part B (V937+pembrolizumab). Prior immunotherapy was permitted >28 days before study treatment. Patients received intravenous V937 on days 1, 3, and 5 (also on day 8 in part B) of the first 21-day cycle and on day 1 of subsequent cycles for eight cycles. Three ascending dose-escalation cohorts were studied. Dose-escalation proceeded if no dose-limiting toxicities (DLTs) occurred in cycle 1 of the previous cohort. In part B, patients also received pembrolizumab 200 mg every 3 weeks from day 8 for 2 years; dose-expansion occurred at the highest-dose cohort. Serial biopsies were performed. RESULTS No DLTs occurred in parts A (n=18) or B (n=85). Grade 3-5 treatment-related adverse events (AEs) were not observed in part A and were experienced by 10 (12%) patients in part B. The most frequent treatment-related AEs (any grade) in part B were fatigue (36%), pruritus (18%), myalgia (14%), diarrhea (13%), pyrexia (13%), influenza-like illness (12%), and nausea (12%). At the highest tested dose, median intratumoral V937 concentrations were 117,631 copies/mL on day 8, cycle 1 in part A (n=6) and below the detection limit for most patients (86% (19/22)) on day 15, cycle 1 in part B. Objective response rates were 6% (part A), 9% in the NSCLC dose-expansion cohort (n=43), and 20% in the urothelial cancer dose-expansion cohort (n=35). CONCLUSIONS Intravenous V937+pembrolizumab had a manageable safety profile. Although V937 was detected in tumor tissue, in NSCLC and urothelial cancer, efficacy was not greater than that observed in previous studies with pembrolizumab monotherapy. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT02043665.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Charles M Rudin
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
- Professor of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA
| | | | | | - Wallace L Akerley
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Kevin J Harrington
- The Royal Marsden/The Institute of Cancer Research NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, London, UK
| | - Daphne Day
- Department of Oncology, Monash Health and Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Andrew G Hill
- Tasman Oncology Research Ltd, Southport, Queensland, Australia
| | - Steven J O'Day
- John Wayne Cancer Institute, Providence St John's Health Center, Santa Monica, California, USA
| | - Timothy D Clay
- Medical Oncology, St. John of God Subiaco Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Gavin M Wright
- Department of Surgery, St Vincent's Hospital Melbourne, The University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, Australia; Division of Cancer Surgery, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - David E Gerber
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Jonathan E Rosenberg
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Christy Ralph
- Division of Medical Oncology, Institute of Oncology, St. James's University Hospital, Leeds, UK
| | - David C Campbell
- Western Health, Sunshine Hospital, St Albans, Victoria, Australia
| | - Brendan D Curti
- Earle A. Chiles Research Institute at Robert W. Franz Cancer Center, Providence Cancer Institute, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Jaime R Merchan
- University of Miami Miller School of Medicine/Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Yixin Ren
- Merck & Co., Inc, Rahway, New Jersey, USA
| | | | - Lisa Guttman
- Practical Clinical, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sumati Gupta
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Silk AW, O’Day SJ, Kaufman HL, Bryan J, Norrell JT, Imbergamo C, Portal D, Zambrano-Acosta E, Palmeri M, Fein S, Wu C, Guerreiro L, Medina D, Bommareddy PK, Zloza A, Fox BA, Ballesteros-Merino C, Ren Y, Shafren D, Grose M, Vieth JA, Mehnert JM. A phase 1b single-arm trial of intratumoral oncolytic virus V937 in combination with pembrolizumab in patients with advanced melanoma: results from the CAPRA study. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2022; 72:1405-1415. [DOI: 10.1007/s00262-022-03314-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background
CAPRA (NCT02565992) evaluated Coxsackievirus A21 (V937) + pembrolizumab for metastatic/unresectable stage IIIB–IV melanoma.
Methods
Patients received intratumoral V937 on days 1, 3, 5, and 8 (then every 3 weeks [Q3W]) and intravenous pembrolizumab 2 mg/kg Q3W from day 8. Primary endpoint was safety.
Results
Median time from first dose to data cutoff was 32.0 months. No dose-limiting toxicities occurred; 14% (5/36) of patients experienced grade 3‒5 treatment-related adverse events. Objective response rate was 47% (complete response, 22%). Among 17 responders, 14 (82%) had responses ≥ 6 months. Among 8 patients previously treated with immunotherapy, 3 responded (1 complete, 2 partial). Responses were associated with increased serum CXCL10 and CCL22, suggesting viral replication contributes to antitumor immunity. For responders versus nonresponders, there was no difference in baseline tumor PD-L1 expression, ICAM1 expression, or CD3+ infiltrates. Surprisingly, the baseline cell density of CD3+CD8− T cells in the tumor microenvironment was significantly lower in responders compared with nonresponders (P = 0.0179).
Conclusions
These findings suggest responses to this combination may be seen even in patients without a typical “immune-active” microenvironment.
Trial registration number
NCT02565992.
Collapse
|
3
|
Nazaroff WW. Indoor aerosol science aspects of SARS-CoV-2 transmission. INDOOR AIR 2022; 32:e12970. [PMID: 34873752 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Knowledge about person-to-person transmission of SARS-CoV-2 is reviewed, emphasizing three components: emission of virus-containing particles and drops from infectious persons; transport and fate of such emissions indoors; and inhalation of viral particles by susceptible persons. Emissions are usefully clustered into three groups: small particles (diameter 0.1-5 µm), large particles (5-100 µm), and ballistic drops (>100 µm). Speaking generates particles and drops across the size spectrum. Small particles are removed from indoor air at room scale by ventilation, filtration, and deposition; large particles mainly deposit onto indoor surfaces. Proximate exposure enhancements are associated with large particles with contributions from ballistic drops. Masking and social distancing are effective in mitigating transmission from proximate exposures. At room scale, masking, ventilation, and filtration can contribute to limit exposures. Important information gaps prevent a quantitative reconciliation of the high overall global spread of COVID-19 with known transmission pathways. Available information supports several findings with moderate-to-high confidence: transmission occurs predominantly indoors; inhalation of airborne particles (up to 50 µm in diameter) contributes substantially to viral spread; transmission occurs in near proximity and at room scale; speaking is a major source of airborne SARS-CoV-2 virus; and emissions can occur without strong illness symptoms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- William W Nazaroff
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Real-time PCR assay as a simple and efficient tool for viral stability study. Bioanalysis 2021; 13:387-394. [PMID: 33661025 DOI: 10.4155/bio-2021-0002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: For oncolytic virus trials, regulatory agencies often require pharmaceutical industry to evaluate risks of released viruses from patients to environment. This study was to establish a real-time PCR method to assess viral shedding and viral stability in human urine. Results/methodology: Herein, we describe an incubation of viral drug product in human urine and use of real-time PCR as a simple, efficient and high throughput assay to assess the level and stability of a nonenveloped and single stranded RNA virus. The viral stability issue is critical to the collection, transport, storage and testing of clinical samples. Discussion/conclusion: In summary, this simple method provides useful viral stability information at various temperatures and detergents. A similar approach may apply to other RNA viruses (including SARS-CoV-2).
Collapse
|
5
|
Sze‐To GN, Yang Y, Kwan JKC, Yu SCT, Chao CYH. Effects of surface material, ventilation, and human behavior on indirect contact transmission risk of respiratory infection. RISK ANALYSIS : AN OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE SOCIETY FOR RISK ANALYSIS 2014; 34:818-30. [PMID: 24955468 PMCID: PMC7169243 DOI: 10.1111/risa.12144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Infectious particles can be deposited on surfaces. Susceptible persons who contacted these contaminated surfaces may transfer the pathogens to their mucous membranes via hands, leading to a risk of respiratory infection. The exposure and infection risk contributed by this transmission route depend on indoor surface material, ventilation, and human behavior. In this study, quantitative infection risk assessments were used to compare the significances of these factors. The risks of three pathogens, influenza A virus, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), and rhinovirus, in an aircraft cabin and in a hospital ward were assessed. Results showed that reducing the contact rate is relatively more effective than increasing the ventilation rate to lower the infection risk. Nonfabric surface materials were found to be much more favorable in the indirect contact transmission for RSV and rhinovirus than fabric surface materials. In the cases considered in this study, halving the ventilation rate and doubling the hand contact rate to surfaces and the hand contact rate to mucous membranes would increase the risk by 3.7-16.2%, 34.4-94.2%, and 24.1-117.7%, respectively. Contacting contaminated nonfabric surfaces may pose an indirect contact risk up to three orders of magnitude higher than that of contacting contaminated fabric surfaces. These findings provide more consideration for infection control and building environmental design.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gin Nam Sze‐To
- Building Energy Research CenterFok Ying Tung Graduate SchoolThe Hong Kong University of Science and TechnologyClear Water BayHong Kong
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace EngineeringThe Hong Kong University of Science and TechnologyClear Water BayHong Kong
| | - Joseph K. C. Kwan
- Health, Safety and Environment OfficeThe Hong Kong University of Science and TechnologyClear Water BayHong Kong
- Division of EnvironmentThe Hong Kong University of Science and TechnologyClear Water BayHong Kong
| | - Samuel C. T. Yu
- Health, Safety and Environment OfficeThe Hong Kong University of Science and TechnologyClear Water BayHong Kong
- Division of EnvironmentThe Hong Kong University of Science and TechnologyClear Water BayHong Kong
| | - Christopher Y. H. Chao
- Building Energy Research CenterFok Ying Tung Graduate SchoolThe Hong Kong University of Science and TechnologyClear Water BayHong Kong
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace EngineeringThe Hong Kong University of Science and TechnologyClear Water BayHong Kong
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Goldufsky J, Sivendran S, Harcharik S, Pan M, Bernardo S, Stern RH, Friedlander P, Ruby CE, Saenger Y, Kaufman HL. Oncolytic virus therapy for cancer. Oncolytic Virother 2013; 2:31-46. [PMID: 27512656 DOI: 10.2147/ov.s38901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of oncolytic viruses to treat cancer is based on the selection of tropic tumor viruses or the generation of replication selective vectors that can either directly kill infected tumor cells or increase their susceptibility to cell death and apoptosis through additional exposure to radiation or chemotherapy. In addition, viral vectors can be modified to promote more potent tumor cell death, improve the toxicity profile, and/or generate host antitumor immunity. A variety of viruses have been developed as oncolytic therapeutics, including adenovirus, vaccinia virus, herpesvirus, coxsackie A virus, Newcastle disease virus, and reovirus. The clinical development of oncolytic viral therapy has accelerated in the last few years, with several vectors entering clinical trials for a variety of cancers. In this review, current strategies to optimize the therapeutic effectiveness and safety of the major oncolytic viruses are discussed, and a summary of current clinical trials is provided. Further investigation is needed to characterize better the clinical impact of oncolytic viruses, but there are increasing data demonstrating the potential promise of this approach for the treatment of human and animal cancers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joe Goldufsky
- Department of Immunology & Microbiology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago IL, USA
| | - Shanthi Sivendran
- Department of Hematology/Oncology Medical Specialists, Lancaster General Health, Lancaster, PA, USA
| | - Sara Harcharik
- Department of Medical Oncology, Tisch Cancer Institute, The Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Michael Pan
- Department of Medical Oncology, Tisch Cancer Institute, The Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sebastian Bernardo
- Department of Medical Oncology, Tisch Cancer Institute, The Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Richard H Stern
- Department of Radiology, Tisch Cancer Institute, The Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Philip Friedlander
- Department of Medical Oncology, Tisch Cancer Institute, The Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Carl E Ruby
- Department of Immunology & Microbiology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago IL, USA; Department of Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago IL, USA
| | - Yvonne Saenger
- Department of Medical Oncology, Tisch Cancer Institute, The Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Howard L Kaufman
- Department of Immunology & Microbiology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago IL, USA; Department of Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago IL, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Myeloma xenograft destruction by a nonviral vector delivering oncolytic infectious nucleic acid. Mol Ther 2011; 19:1041-7. [PMID: 21505425 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2011.68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The feasibility of using a nonviral vector formulation to initiate an oncolytic viral infection has not been previously demonstrated. We therefore sought to determine whether infectious nucleic acid (INA) could be used in place of virus particles to initiate an oncolytic picornavirus infection in vivo. Infectious RNA encoding coxsackievirus A21 (CVA21) was transcribed from plasmid DNA using T7 polymerase. Within 48 hours of injecting this RNA into KAS6/1 myeloma xenografts, high titers of infectious CVA21 virions were detected in the bloodstream. Tumors regressed rapidly thereafter and mice developed signs of myositis. At euthanasia, CVA21 was recovered from regressing tumors and from skeletal muscles. Treatment outcomes were comparable following intratumoral injection of naked RNA or fully infectious CVA21 virus. Dose-response studies showed that an effective oncolytic infection could be established by intratumoral injection of 1 µg of infectious RNA. The oncolytic infection could also be initiated by intravenous injection of infectious RNA. Our study demonstrates that INA is a highly promising alternative drug formulation for oncolytic virotherapy.
Collapse
|
8
|
Skelding KA, Barry RD, Shafren DR. Enhanced oncolysis mediated by Coxsackievirus A21 in combination with doxorubicin hydrochloride. Invest New Drugs 2010; 30:568-81. [DOI: 10.1007/s10637-010-9614-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2010] [Accepted: 11/30/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
9
|
Acornley JE, Bessell CJ, Bynoe ML, Godtfredsen WO, Knoyle JM. Antiviral activity of sodium fusidate and related compounds. BRITISH JOURNAL OF PHARMACOLOGY AND CHEMOTHERAPY 2010; 31:210-20. [PMID: 19108251 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.1967.tb01992.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
10
|
Systemic targeting of metastatic human breast tumor xenografts by Coxsackievirus A21. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2008; 113:21-30. [DOI: 10.1007/s10549-008-9899-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2007] [Accepted: 01/07/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
11
|
Chang LY, King CC, Hsu KH, Ning HC, Tsao KC, Li CC, Huang YC, Shih SR, Chiou ST, Chen PY, Chang HJ, Lin TY. Risk factors of enterovirus 71 infection and associated hand, foot, and mouth disease/herpangina in children during an epidemic in Taiwan. Pediatrics 2002; 109:e88. [PMID: 12042582 DOI: 10.1542/peds.109.6.e88] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In 1998, an enterovirus 71 (EV71) epidemic in Taiwan was associated with hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD)/herpangina and involved 78 fatal cases. We measured EV71 seroprevalence rates before and after the epidemic and investigated risk factors associated with EV71 infection and illness. METHODS Neutralizing antibodies to EV71 were assayed for 539 people before the epidemic and 4619 people of similar ages after the epidemic. Questionnaires, which were completed during household interviews after the epidemic, solicited demographic variables, exposure history, and clinical manifestations. RESULTS A total of 129 106 cases of HFMD were reported during the epidemic. Age-specific pre-epidemic EV71 seroprevalence rates were inversely related to age-specific periepidemic mortality rates (r = -0.82) or severe case rates (r = -0.93). Higher postepidemic EV71 seropositive rates among children who were younger than 3 years positively correlated with higher mortality rates in different areas (r = 0.88). After the epidemic, 51 (56%) of 91 younger siblings of elder siblings who were EV71-seropositive were EV71-seropositive; otherwise, 2.2% (4 of 186) of younger siblings were EV71-seropositive (matched odds ratio [OR]: 10; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 3.4-29). Stepwise multiple logistic regression revealed other factors associated with EV71 infection to be older age (adjusted OR: 2.5; 95% CI: 1.9-3.4), attendance at kindergartens/child care centers (adjusted OR: 1.8; 95% CI: 1.3-2.5), contact with HFMD/herpangina (adjusted OR: 1.6; 95% CI: 1.2-2.1), greater number of children in a family (adjusted OR: 1.4; 95% CI: 1.1-1.7), and rural residence (adjusted OR: 1.4; 95% CI: 1.2-1.6). Twenty-nine percent of preschool children who were infected with EV71 developed HFMD/herpangina. Younger age and contact with HFMD/herpangina were significant factors for the development of EV71-related HFMD/herpangina in these children. CONCLUSIONS An increased incidence of EV71 infection in young children occurred more often in geographic areas with increased mortality rates. Intrafamilial and kindergarten transmissions among preschool children were major modes of disease transmission during the widespread EV71 epidemic in Taiwan in 1998.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luan-Yin Chang
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Children's Hospital, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Abstract
I have been asked to stand back and describe in broad terms the view I have had of common colds--probably the most frequent of acute human diseases and a long-lasting scientific problem--and in particular our recent work on antivirals. I should be able to do this for two reasons. Like everyone else I have suffered from colds, but in addition I have been studying the problem from the virological and clinical point of view for over 35 years--for the last 31 at the Common Cold Unit, Salisbury. As a result I may have problems with perspective--it is not possible to give a personal view and at the same time to describe something from every possible angle, and quite impossible to be comprehensive, but I have done my best and readers will make their own judgements and corrections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D A Tyrrell
- Medical Research Council, Common Cold Unit, Salisbury, UK
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Abstract
With the expanding knowledge of rhinovirus transmission and rhinovirus chemistry, the outlook for control of infections with these agents has brightened considerably. Although rhinoviruses are probably the world's leading cause of respiratory illness, they are surprisingly reluctant transmitters, infecting only about 50% of susceptibles in family-like settings. Current research suggests that rhinoviruses are spread chiefly by aerosol, rather than by fomites or personal contact. It has been possible to interrupt rhinovirus transmission completely by careful use of virucidal facial tissues, which, presumably, smothered aerosols generated by coughing, sneezing and nose blowing. Accordingly, it may be feasible to control rhinovirus (and perhaps other virus) dissemination by appropriate air handling and filtration systems in combination with careful nasal sanitation. Anti-rhinovirus drug development is also moving forward. Although there are over 100 rhinovirus serotypes, it has been found that most rhinoviruses attach to a single cell receptor by a single binding site on the virus. Also, the structure of the rhinovirus capsid is now known at the atomic level. These two pieces of knowledge about basic viral architecture appear to open new vistas for reasoned synthesis of antiviral drugs, and some promising compounds are now under investigation. Even interferon has been demonstrated useful in a family setting. On several research fronts, there are good grounds for optimism about control of rhinovirus colds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L C Jennings
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Wisconsin Medical School, Madison 53706
| | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
|
15
|
|
16
|
Tyrrell DA. Studies of rhinoviruses and coronaviruses at the Common Cold Unit, Salisbury, Wiltshire. Postgrad Med J 1979; 55:117-21. [PMID: 223137 PMCID: PMC2425374 DOI: 10.1136/pgmj.55.640.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
17
|
Freestone DS, Weinberg AL. The administration of drugs and vaccines by the intranasal route. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1976; 3:827-30. [PMID: 973980 PMCID: PMC1428945 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2125.1976.tb00634.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
|
18
|
Reed SE. An investigation of the possible transmission of Rhinovirus colds through indirect contact. J Hyg (Lond) 1975; 75:249-58. [PMID: 170332 PMCID: PMC2130306 DOI: 10.1017/s0022172400047288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Rhinovirus was recovered from the fingers of 16 of 38 volunteers and others, who were swabbed during the acute stages of their colds. Very low titres of virus were also recovered from 6 of 40 objects recently handled by infected volunteers, but not from the fingers of 18 non-infected subjects whose flat-mates were shedding virus. When rhinovirus from nasal secretions was dried on skin or other surfaces during laboratory experiments, approximately 40-99% of infectivity was lost. Virus could be transferred from surface to surface by rubbing, the transfer being more efficient if it was carried out while the inoculum was still damp. Volunteers could infect themselves if a moderately heavy dose (88 TCD50) of virus was inoculated on the finger and then rubbed into the conjunctiva or nostril, especially if the inoculum was still damp. From estimates of virus titres in nasal washings and on fingers, and of amounts transferred by rubbing, it was concluded that apread of colds is unlikely to occur via objects contaminated by the hands of the virus-shedder, but that a receipient might pick up enough virus on his fingers by direct contact with heavily infected skin or secretions to constitute a risk of self-inoculation via the conjunctiva or nostril.
Collapse
|
19
|
Sattar SA, Synek EJ, Westwood JC, Neals P. Hazard inherent in microbial tracers: reduction of risk by the use of Bacillus stearothermophilus spores in aerobiology. Appl Microbiol 1972; 23:1053-9. [PMID: 4557557 PMCID: PMC380506 DOI: 10.1128/am.23.6.1053-1059.1972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The use of a "biological tracer" forms an essential part of many aerobiological experiments. Where release of such tracers is likely to result in deliberate or inadvertent human exposure, safety becomes a primary consideration in the selection of the tracer organism. Of the three most commonly used organisms, namely Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, and Serratia marcescens, only the first comes near to satisfying the need for nonpathogenicity and even it has been incriminated as a cause of human infection, sometimes with a fatal outcome. The relevant characteristics of B. stearothermophilus were, therefore, investigated. Because it can grow only at elevated temperatures (minimum 41 C; optimum 56 C), it should not pose a threat to human health and this view is supported by experimental evidence to be presented. It is extremely easy to grow and maintain in the laboratory, and spore suspensions are easily prepared and stored. It withstands the stresses of aerosolization and sampling and its stability in the aerosol state compares favorably with that of B. subtilis var. niger.
Collapse
|
20
|
Holmes MJ, Allen TR, Bradburne AF, Stott EJ. Studies of respiratory viruses in personnel at an Antarctic base. J Hyg (Lond) 1971; 69:187-99. [PMID: 5282923 PMCID: PMC2130878 DOI: 10.1017/s0022172400021422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Thirteen men wintering on an Antarctic base were isolated from other human contact for 10 months. During this period Coxsackievirus A21 and later influenza A2 virus were administered to some of the men. Serum samples were collected from each of the men at monthly intervals.Coxsackievirus A21 produced symptoms and apparently spread to uninoculated men. It also appears that repeated re-infections occurred and that the virus persisted in this small community for most of the period of isolation. HI antibody responses in the absence of neutralizing antibody responses seem to be transient.The vaccine strain of influenza virus induced antibody responses but did not cause symptoms. There was no evidence of spread to uninoculated men.Antibody titres against influenza C, parainfluenzaviruses 1 and 2 and coronavirus OC43 did not fall significantly during isolation.An outbreak of respiratory illness occurred at the end of isolation and its origin was traced. No causative agent was detected.
Collapse
|
21
|
Sellers RF, Donaldson AI, Herniman KA. Ihalation, persistence and dispersal f foot-and-mouth disease virus by man. J Hyg (Lond) 1970; 68:565-73. [PMID: 4321595 PMCID: PMC2130876 DOI: 10.1017/s0022172400042492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Sampling of human subjects, who had been in contact with animals infected with foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) virus, showed that virus could be recovered from the nose, throat, saliva and from air expelled during coughing, sneezing, talking and breathing. The amounts of virus recovered paralleled those collected with a large-volume sampler and multistage impinger and these findings confirmed that the highest recovery of airborne virus was from infected pigs followed by cattle and sheep. More virus was found in the noses of those examining infected animals than in those operating the samplers, but there was variation between the subjects. In the majority there was a 1.8 log fall in titre by 3.5 hr., but virus persisted in the nose of one subject for 28 hr. Nose blowing or washing the nostrils did not remove virus completely, nor were cloth or industrial masks completely effective in preventing inhalation of virus. It was possible to transmit virus from infected subjects to others on one occasion. No clinical cases of FMD in man resulted from exposure, nor was there any rise in antibody. Use was made of these findings in determining sites of aerosol excretion in animals, and the results are discussed in relation to FMD in man and to the spread of respiratory viruses by the airborne route.
Collapse
|
22
|
DeLong DC, Doran WJ, Baker LA, Nelson JD. PRECLINICAL STUDIES WITH 5-(3,4-DICHLOROPHENYL)-5-ETHYL-HEXAHYDROPYRIMIDINE-2,4,6-TRIONE. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1970. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1970.tb53439.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
23
|
Kingston D. Towards the isolation of respiratory syncytial virus from the environment. THE JOURNAL OF APPLIED BACTERIOLOGY 1968; 31:498-510. [PMID: 4883088 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.1968.tb00398.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
|
24
|
Tyrrell DA, Sparrow P, Beare AS. Relation between blood groups and resistance to infection with influenza and spome picornaviruses. Nature 1968; 220:819-20. [PMID: 4301643 DOI: 10.1038/220819a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
|
25
|
Tyrrell DA, Peto M, King N. Serological studies on infections by respiratory viruses of the inhabitants of Tristan da Cunha. J Hyg (Lond) 1967; 65:327-41. [PMID: 4293359 PMCID: PMC2130346 DOI: 10.1017/s002217240004585x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Sera were obtained from about half of the Tristan da Cunha islanders on reaching Cape Town in October 1961, a few months after reaching Britain and before returning to the Island in 1963.After vaccination against current influenza A 2 and B serotypes antibodies were evoked against earlier serotypes, in particular against influenza A1 of 1951 with which the islanders had almost certainly been infected. Those who failed to develop antibody against A 2 and B after vaccination developed it later presumably owing to natural infection.Almost all islanders developed antibodies against parainfluenza 3 and 1 and some against parainfluenza 2 and coxsackie A 21 viruses. There were no antibody rises against reoviruses.
Collapse
|
26
|
Andrewes CH. The common cold: prospects for its control. Med Clin North Am 1967; 51:765-8. [PMID: 6023803 DOI: 10.1016/s0025-7125(16)33044-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
|
27
|
Studies of a strain of herpes virus isolated from a case of upper respiratory disease. Arch Virol 1966. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01250150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
28
|
|
29
|
Couch RB, Cate TR, Douglas RG, Gerone PJ, Knight V. Effect of route of inoculation on experimental respiratory viral disease in volunteers and evidence for airborne transmission. BACTERIOLOGICAL REVIEWS 1966; 30:517-29. [PMID: 5920335 PMCID: PMC378233 DOI: 10.1128/br.30.3.517-529.1966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
|
30
|
Tyrrell DAJ. The Common Cold. Proc R Soc Med 1966. [DOI: 10.1177/003591576605900728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D A J Tyrrell
- Common Cold Research Unit, Harvard Hospital, Salisbury, Wiltshire
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Tyrrell DA. Some recent work at the Common Cold Research Unit. Proc R Soc Med 1966; 59:637-8. [PMID: 4287264 PMCID: PMC1901012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
|
32
|
|
33
|
Spread of colds. BRITISH MEDICAL JOURNAL 1965; 2:1449-50. [PMID: 5849432 PMCID: PMC1847057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
|