1
|
Himori N, Uchida K, Ninomiya T, Nagai M, Sato K, Tsuda S, Omodaka K, Nakazawa T. The relationship between equol production status and normal tension glaucoma. Int Ophthalmol 2024; 44:287. [PMID: 38937293 PMCID: PMC11211100 DOI: 10.1007/s10792-024-03225-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Equol is metabolized by intestinal bacteria from soy isoflavones and is chemically similar to estrogen. Dietary habits, such as consumption of soy products, influence equol production. A relationship between glaucoma and estrogen has been identified; here, we investigated the relationship between equol production status and glaucoma in Japan. METHODS We recruited 68 normal-tension glaucoma (NTG) patients (male to female ratio 26:42, average age 63.0 ± 7.6 years) and 31 controls (male to female ratio 13:18, average age 66.0 ± 6.3 years) from our hospital. All women included were postmenopausal. Urinary equol concentration was quantified with the ELISA method. MD was calculated based on the Humphrey visual field. The association between MD and equol was analyzed with Spearman's rank correlation coefficient. The Mann-Whitney U test was used to compare the equol-producing (> 1 μM) and non-producing (< 1 μM) subjects. We also investigated the association between equol and glaucoma with a logistic regression analysis. RESULTS There was a significant association between equol and MD (r = 0.36, P < 0.01) in the NTG patients. Glaucoma, represented by MD, was significantly milder in the equol-producing subjects than the non-equol producing subjects (P = 0.03). A multivariate analysis revealed the independent contributions of equol, cpRNFLT, and IOP to MD (P = 0.03, P = 0.04, and P < 0.01, respectively). CONCLUSION Our results suggest that equol, acting through estrogen receptor-mediated neuroprotective effects, might be involved in suppressing the progression of NTG. This result also adds to evidence that glaucoma may be influenced by lifestyle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Noriko Himori
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Seiryo-cho Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8574, Japan
- Department of Aging Vision Healthcare, Tohoku University Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Keiko Uchida
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Seiryo-cho Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8574, Japan
| | - Takahiro Ninomiya
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Seiryo-cho Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8574, Japan
| | | | - Kota Sato
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Seiryo-cho Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8574, Japan
- Department of Advanced Ophthalmic Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Satoru Tsuda
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Seiryo-cho Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8574, Japan
| | - Kazuko Omodaka
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Seiryo-cho Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8574, Japan
- Department of Ophthalmic Imaging and Information Analytics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Toru Nakazawa
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Seiryo-cho Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8574, Japan.
- Department of Ophthalmic Imaging and Information Analytics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan.
- Department of Retinal Disease Control, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan.
- Department of Advanced Ophthalmic Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Márquez-Flores YK, Martínez-Galero E, Correa-Basurto J, Sixto-López Y, Villegas I, Rosillo MÁ, Cárdeno A, Alarcón-de-la-Lastra C. Daidzein and Equol: Ex Vivo and In Silico Approaches Targeting COX-2, iNOS, and the Canonical Inflammasome Signaling Pathway. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2024; 17:647. [PMID: 38794217 PMCID: PMC11124169 DOI: 10.3390/ph17050647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The inflammasome is a cytosolic multiprotein complex associated with multiple autoimmune diseases. Phytochemical compounds in soy (Glycine max) foods, such as isoflavones, have been reported for their anti-inflammatory properties. AIM the anti-inflammatory activity of DZ (daidzein) and EQ (equol) were investigated in an ex vivo model of LPS-stimulated murine peritoneal macrophages and by molecular docking correlation. METHODS Cells were pre-treated with DZ (25, 50, and 100 µM) or EQ (5, 10, and 25 µM), followed by LPS stimulation. The levels of PGE2, NO, TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β were analyzed by ELISA, whereas the expressions of COX-2, iNOS, NLRP3, ASC, caspase 1, and IL-18 were measured by Western blotting. Also, the potential for transcriptional modulation by targeting NF-κB, COX-2, iNOS, NLRP3, ASC, and caspase 1 was investigated by molecular docking. RESULTS The anti-inflammatory responses observed may be due to the modulation of NF-κB due to the binding of DZ or EQ, which is translated into decreased TNF-α, COX-2, iNOS, NLRP3, and ASC levels. CONCLUSION This study establishes that DZ and EQ inhibit LPS-induced inflammatory responses in peritoneal murine macrophages via down-regulation of NO and PGE2 generation, as well as the inhibition of the canonical inflammasome pathway, regulating NLRP3, and consequently decreasing IL-1β and IL-18 activation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yazmín K. Márquez-Flores
- Departamento de Farmacia, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Campus Zacatenco, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Av. Wilfrido Massieu s/n Col. Zacatenco, Mexico City C.P. 07738, Mexico;
| | - Elizdath Martínez-Galero
- Departamento de Farmacia, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Campus Zacatenco, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Av. Wilfrido Massieu s/n Col. Zacatenco, Mexico City C.P. 07738, Mexico;
| | - José Correa-Basurto
- Laboratorio de Diseño y Desarrollo de Nuevos Fármacos y Productos Biotecnológicos, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón s/n, Col. Santo Tomas, Mexico City C.P. 11340, Mexico; (J.C.-B.); (Y.S.-L.)
| | - Yudibeth Sixto-López
- Laboratorio de Diseño y Desarrollo de Nuevos Fármacos y Productos Biotecnológicos, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón s/n, Col. Santo Tomas, Mexico City C.P. 11340, Mexico; (J.C.-B.); (Y.S.-L.)
- Departamento de Química Farmacéutica y Orgánica, Facultad de Farmacia, Campus de Cartuja, Universidad de Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Isabel Villegas
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Seville, Professor García González Street 2, 41012 Seville, Spain; (I.V.); (A.C.); (C.A.-d.-l.-L.)
| | - María Á. Rosillo
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Seville, Professor García González Street 2, 41012 Seville, Spain; (I.V.); (A.C.); (C.A.-d.-l.-L.)
| | - Ana Cárdeno
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Seville, Professor García González Street 2, 41012 Seville, Spain; (I.V.); (A.C.); (C.A.-d.-l.-L.)
| | - Catalina Alarcón-de-la-Lastra
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Seville, Professor García González Street 2, 41012 Seville, Spain; (I.V.); (A.C.); (C.A.-d.-l.-L.)
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Bensaada S, Chabrier F, Ginisty P, Ferrand C, Peruzzi G, Valat M, Bennetau-Pelissero C. Improved Food-Processing Techniques to Reduce Isoflavones in Soy-Based Foodstuffs. Foods 2023; 12:foods12071540. [PMID: 37048361 PMCID: PMC10093994 DOI: 10.3390/foods12071540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Soy is a growing protein source; however, the isoflavones it contains are of concern, as they exhibit estrogenic activities whose toxicological limits might be exceeded. Reducing their concentrations to safe levels while preserving nutritional quality in soy foodstuffs is therefore a matter of public health. The main objective of this paper is to develop at pilot scale a process for isoflavones’ extraction from soybeans, and to show its feasibility and efficiency. The study was conducted by first optimizing the previously obtained laboratory treatment key factors. These data were then transposed to the pilot level. Finally, the process was adjusted to technical constraints which appeared at pilot scale: the mandatory use of drenching and the exploration of granulometry analysis. The involved steps were validated by monitoring the genistein and daidzein content variations through statistical analysis of the data of an ELISA and a Folin–Ciocalteu assay. Additionally, isoflavones’ recovery from treatment waters for their valorisation and the water cleaning by means of filtration, centrifugation and resin adsorption were carried out. The results showed that the most successful pilot treatment developed involved soybean dehulling, drenching, washing and drying and almost halved isoflavones while preserving the main nutritional characteristics. A combination of techniques led to almost complete recovery of isoflavones from process waters.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Souad Bensaada
- Campus Carreire, Pharmacy Faculty, Department Sciences and Technology, University of Bordeaux, 33076 Bordeaux, France
- ARNA (Nucleic Acids: Natural and Artificial Regulations), U1212 Inserm, UMR CNRS 5320, University of Bordeaux, 33076 Bordeaux, France
- Biopress, 47400 Tonneins, France
| | | | - Pascal Ginisty
- IFTS (Institute of Filtration and Separative Techniques), 47510 Foulayronnes, France
| | - Carine Ferrand
- Campus Carreire, Pharmacy Faculty, Department Sciences and Technology, University of Bordeaux, 33076 Bordeaux, France
- BFP (Fruit Biology and Pathology), UMR CNRS 1332, INRA Bordeaux-Aquitaine, University of Bordeaux, 33140 Villenave-d’Ornon, France
| | | | - Marc Valat
- Campus Carreire, Pharmacy Faculty, Department Sciences and Technology, University of Bordeaux, 33076 Bordeaux, France
- I2M (Mechanical and Engineering Institute), UMR CNRS 5295, University of Bordeaux, 33405 Talence, France
| | - Catherine Bennetau-Pelissero
- Campus Carreire, Pharmacy Faculty, Department Sciences and Technology, University of Bordeaux, 33076 Bordeaux, France
- ARNA (Nucleic Acids: Natural and Artificial Regulations), U1212 Inserm, UMR CNRS 5320, University of Bordeaux, 33076 Bordeaux, France
- Bordeaux Sciences Agro, 33175 Gradignan, France
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Imai H, Nishikawa H, Suzuki A, Kodama E, Iida T, Mikura K, Hashizume M, Kigawa Y, Tadokoro R, Sugisawa C, Endo K, Iizaka T, Otsuka F, Nagasaka S. Secondary Hypogonadism due to Excessive Ingestion of Isoflavone in a Man. Intern Med 2022; 61:2899-2903. [PMID: 35228414 PMCID: PMC9593161 DOI: 10.2169/internalmedicine.8578-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
A 54-year-old man had been drinking approximately 1.2 L of soy milk (equivalent to approximately 310 mg of isoflavones) per day for the previous 3 years. He then developed erectile dysfunction and gynecomastia. On an examination in our department in May, blood tests showed low gonadotropin and testosterone levels, indicative of secondary hypogonadism. He stopped drinking soy milk on his own in June of that year. When he was admitted in August, blood tests showed an improved gonadal function. Secondary hypogonadism caused by the excessive intake of isoflavones in soy milk was diagnosed. In men, an excessive intake of isoflavones may cause feminization and secondary hypogonadism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hideyuki Imai
- Division of Diabetes, Metabolism and Endocrinology, Showa University Fujigaoka Hospital, Japan
| | - Hiroto Nishikawa
- Division of Diabetes, Metabolism and Endocrinology, Showa University Fujigaoka Hospital, Japan
| | - Asami Suzuki
- Division of Diabetes, Metabolism and Endocrinology, Showa University Fujigaoka Hospital, Japan
| | - Eriko Kodama
- Division of Diabetes, Metabolism and Endocrinology, Showa University Fujigaoka Hospital, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Iida
- Division of Diabetes, Metabolism and Endocrinology, Showa University Fujigaoka Hospital, Japan
| | - Kentaro Mikura
- Division of Diabetes, Metabolism and Endocrinology, Showa University Fujigaoka Hospital, Japan
| | - Mai Hashizume
- Division of Diabetes, Metabolism and Endocrinology, Showa University Fujigaoka Hospital, Japan
| | - Yasuyoshi Kigawa
- Division of Diabetes, Metabolism and Endocrinology, Showa University Fujigaoka Hospital, Japan
| | - Rie Tadokoro
- Division of Diabetes, Metabolism and Endocrinology, Showa University Fujigaoka Hospital, Japan
| | - Chiho Sugisawa
- Division of Diabetes, Metabolism and Endocrinology, Showa University Fujigaoka Hospital, Japan
| | - Kei Endo
- Division of Diabetes, Metabolism and Endocrinology, Showa University Fujigaoka Hospital, Japan
| | - Toru Iizaka
- Division of Diabetes, Metabolism and Endocrinology, Showa University Fujigaoka Hospital, Japan
| | - Fumiko Otsuka
- Division of Diabetes, Metabolism and Endocrinology, Showa University Fujigaoka Hospital, Japan
| | - Shoichiro Nagasaka
- Division of Diabetes, Metabolism and Endocrinology, Showa University Fujigaoka Hospital, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Maximizing the Estrogenic Potential of Soy Isoflavones through the Gut Microbiome: Implication for Cardiometabolic Health in Postmenopausal Women. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14030553. [PMID: 35276910 PMCID: PMC8840243 DOI: 10.3390/nu14030553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Soy isoflavones have been suggested as an alternative treatment for managing postmenopausal symptoms and promoting long-term health due to their structural similarity to mammalian estrogen and ability to bind to estrogen receptors. Among all soy isoflavones and their metabolites, (S)-equol is known for having the strongest estrogenic activity. Equol is a metabolite of the soy isoflavone daidzein produced through intestinal bacterial metabolism. However, more than half of the human population is not able to produce equol due to the lack of equol-producing bacteria in their gastrointestinal tract. The interpersonal variations in the gut microbiome complicate the interpretation of data collected from humans. Furthermore, because rodents are efficient equol-producers, translatability between rodent models and humans is challenging. Herein, we first summarized the current knowledge of the microbial conversion of daidzein to equol, its relation to health, and proposed the need for developing model systems by which equol production can be manipulated while controlling other known confounding factors. Determining the necessity of equol-producing capacity within a gut microbial community when consuming soy as a functional ingredient, and identifying strategies to maximize equol production by modulating the gut microbiome, may provide future therapeutic approaches to improve the health of postmenopausal women.
Collapse
|
6
|
Bajerska J, Łagowska K, Mori M, Reguła J, Skoczek-Rubińska A, Toda T, Mizuno N, Yamori Y. A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials of the Effects of Soy Intake on Inflammatory Markers in Postmenopausal Women. J Nutr 2022; 152:5-15. [PMID: 34642749 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxab325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Elevated concentrations of serum inflammatory cytokines, specifically TNF-α and IL-6, as well as C-reactive protein (CRP), are commonly observed after menopause. OBJECTIVES Because soy isoflavones may have some anti-inflammatory potential, the aim of the present systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) was to explore whether soy intake affects serum markers of inflammation in postmenopausal women. METHODS PubMed, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library were systematically searched up to August 2020. All RCTs that met the following criteria were included: 1) studies of the effects of soy intake on inflammatory markers; 2) any date of publication; 3) conducted on postmenopausal women; 4) with sufficient quantitative data for meta-analysis. Effect sizes were expressed as weighted mean differences (WMDs) and 95% CIs. A total of 24 RCTs assessing the effects of soy intake on serum concentrations of CRP, TNF-α, and IL-6 were included in the analysis. A random-effects model was used to determine the overall effect. RESULTS Soy supplementation significantly reduced CRP by 0.11 mg/L in postmenopausal women (95% CI: -0.22, -0.004 mg/L; P = 0.0414), but did not affect IL-6 or TNF-α. Significant reductions in CRP concentration occurred when natural soy products were given (WMD: -0.23 mg/L; 95% CI: -0.29, -0.17 mg/L; P < 0.001). This is equivalent to a ∼9% reduction in CRP concentration from baseline. CONCLUSIONS Although our meta-analysis found evidence that soy products significantly reduce CRP concentrations in postmenopausal women, the mechanisms by which soy foods and their constituents affect inflammatory biomarkers still need to be clarified.This systematic review was registered at www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/ as CRD42020179232.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Bajerska
- Department of Human Nutrition and Dietetics, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Karolina Łagowska
- Department of Human Nutrition and Dietetics, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Mari Mori
- Department of Health Management, School of Health Studies, Tokai University, Hiratsukashi, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Julita Reguła
- Department of Human Nutrition and Dietetics, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | | | - Toshiya Toda
- Department of Innovative Food Sciences, School of Food Sciences and Nutrition, Mukogawa Women's University, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Naho Mizuno
- Department of Innovative Food Sciences, School of Food Sciences and Nutrition, Mukogawa Women's University, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Yukio Yamori
- Institute for World Health Development, Mukogawa Women's University, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Anti-Osteoporotic Activity of Pueraria lobata Fermented with Lactobacillus paracasei JS1 by Regulation of Osteoblast Differentiation and Protection against Bone Loss in Ovariectomized Mice. FERMENTATION 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/fermentation7030186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoporosis is the most common bone disease associated with low bone mineral density. It is the process of bone loss and is most commonly caused by decreased estrogen production in women, particularly after menopause. Pueraria lobata, which contains various metabolites, especially isoflavone, is widely known as regulator for bone mineral contents. In this study, the effects of the P. lobata extract (PE) with or without fermentation with Lactobacillus paracasei JS1 (FPE) on osteoporosis were investigated in vitro and in vivo. The effects of PE and FPE on human osteoblastic MG63 cells, RAW 264.7 cells, and ovariectomized (OVX)-induced model mice were analyzed at various ratios. We found that FPE increased calcium deposition and inhibited bone resorption by in vitro assay. Furthermore, treatment with PE and FPE has significantly restored destroyed trabecular bone in the OVX-induced bone loss mouse model. Overall, FPE demonstrated bioactivity to prevent bone loss by decreasing bone turnover.
Collapse
|
8
|
The Potential Effects of Phytoestrogens: The Role in Neuroprotection. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26102954. [PMID: 34065647 PMCID: PMC8156305 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26102954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Phytoestrogens are naturally occurring non-steroidal phenolic plant compounds. Their structure is similar to 17-β-estradiol, the main female sex hormone. This review offers a concise summary of the current literature on several potential health benefits of phytoestrogens, mainly their neuroprotective effect. Phytoestrogens lower the risk of menopausal symptoms and osteoporosis, as well as cardiovascular disease. They also reduce the risk of brain disease. The effects of phytoestrogens and their derivatives on cancer are mainly due to the inhibition of estrogen synthesis and metabolism, leading to antiangiogenic, antimetastatic, and epigenetic effects. The brain controls the secretion of estrogen (hypothalamus-pituitary-gonads axis). However, it has not been unequivocally established whether estrogen therapy has a neuroprotective effect on brain function. The neuroprotective effects of phytoestrogens seem to be related to both their antioxidant properties and interaction with the estrogen receptor. The possible effects of phytoestrogens on the thyroid cause some concern; nevertheless, generally, no serious side effects have been reported, and these compounds can be recommended as health-promoting food components or supplements.
Collapse
|
9
|
Raffner Basson A, Gomez-Nguyen A, LaSalla A, Buttó L, Kulpins D, Warner A, Di Martino L, Ponzani G, Osme A, Rodriguez-Palacios A, Cominelli F. Replacing Animal Protein with Soy-Pea Protein in an "American Diet" Controls Murine Crohn Disease-Like Ileitis Regardless of Firmicutes: Bacteroidetes Ratio. J Nutr 2021; 151:579-590. [PMID: 33484150 PMCID: PMC7948210 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxaa386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The current nutritional composition of the "American diet" (AD; also known as Western diet) has been linked to the increasing incidence of chronic diseases, including inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), namely Crohn disease (CD). OBJECTIVES This study investigated which of the 3 major macronutrients (protein, fat, carbohydrates) in the AD has the greatest impact on preventing chronic inflammation in experimental IBD mouse models. METHODS We compared 5 rodent diets designed to mirror the 2011-2012 "What We Eat in America" NHANES. Each diet had 1 macronutrient dietary source replaced. The formulated diets were AD, AD-soy-pea (animal protein replaced by soy + pea protein), AD-CHO ("refined carbohydrate" by polysaccharides), AD-fat [redistribution of the ω-6:ω-3 (n-6:n-3) PUFA ratio; ∼10:1 to 1:1], and AD-mix (all 3 "healthier" macronutrients combined). In 3 separate experiments, 8-wk-old germ-free SAMP1/YitFC mice (SAMP) colonized with human gut microbiota ("hGF-SAMP") from CD or healthy donors were fed an AD, an AD-"modified," or laboratory rodent diet for 24 wk. Two subsequent dextran sodium sulfate-colitis experiments in hGF-SAMP (12-wk-old) and specific-pathogen-free (SPF) C57BL/6 (20-wk-old) mice, and a 6-wk feeding trial in 24-wk-old SPF SAMP were performed. Intestinal inflammation, gut metagenomics, and MS profiles were assessed. RESULTS The AD-soy-pea diet resulted in lower histology scores [mean ± SD (56.1% ± 20.7% reduction)] in all feeding trials and IBD mouse models than did other diets (P < 0.05). Compared with the AD, the AD-soy-pea correlated with increased abundance in Lactobacillaceae and Leuconostraceae (1.5-4.7 log2 and 3.0-5.1 log2 difference, respectively), glutamine (6.5 ± 0.8 compared with 3.9 ± 0.3 ng/μg stool, P = 0.0005) and butyric acid (4:0; 3.3 ± 0.5 compared with 2.54 ± 0.4 ng/μg stool, P = 0.006) concentrations, and decreased linoleic acid (18:2n-6; 5.4 ± 0.4 compared with 8.6 ± 0.3 ng/μL plasma, P = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS Replacement of animal protein in an AD by plant-based sources reduced the severity of experimental IBD in all mouse models studied, suggesting that similar, feasible adjustments to the daily human diet could help control/prevent IBD in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abigail Raffner Basson
- Division of Gastroenterology & Liver Diseases, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Digestive Health Research Institute, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Adrian Gomez-Nguyen
- Division of Gastroenterology & Liver Diseases, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Digestive Health Research Institute, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Alexandria LaSalla
- Division of Gastroenterology & Liver Diseases, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Ludovica Buttó
- Division of Gastroenterology & Liver Diseases, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Digestive Health Research Institute, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Danielle Kulpins
- Division of Gastroenterology & Liver Diseases, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Alexandra Warner
- Division of Gastroenterology & Liver Diseases, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Luca Di Martino
- Division of Gastroenterology & Liver Diseases, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Digestive Health Research Institute, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Gina Ponzani
- Division of Gastroenterology & Liver Diseases, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Digestive Health Research Institute, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Abdullah Osme
- Division of Gastroenterology & Liver Diseases, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Department of Pathology, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Alexander Rodriguez-Palacios
- Division of Gastroenterology & Liver Diseases, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Digestive Health Research Institute, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Fabio Cominelli
- Division of Gastroenterology & Liver Diseases, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Digestive Health Research Institute, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Gómez-Zorita S, González-Arceo M, Fernández-Quintela A, Eseberri I, Trepiana J, Portillo MP. Scientific Evidence Supporting the Beneficial Effects of Isoflavones on Human Health. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12123853. [PMID: 33348600 PMCID: PMC7766685 DOI: 10.3390/nu12123853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Isoflavones are phenolic compounds with a chemical structure similar to that of estradiol. They are present in several vegetables, mainly in legumes such as soy, white and red clover, alfalfa and beans. The most significant food source of isoflavones in humans is soy-derived products. Isoflavones could be used as an alternative therapy for pathologies dependent on hormonal disorders such as breast and prostate cancer, cardiovascular diseases, as well as to minimize menopausal symptoms. According to the results gathered in the present review, it can be stated that there is scientific evidence showing the beneficial effect of isoflavones on bone health and thus in the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis on postmenopausal women, although the results do not seem entirely conclusive as there are discrepancies among the studies, probably related to their experimental designs. For this reason, the results should be interpreted with caution, and more randomized clinical trials are required. By contrast, it seems that soy isoflavones do not lead to a meaningful protective effect on cardiovascular risk. Regarding cancer, scientific evidence suggests that isoflavones could be useful in reducing the risk of suffering some types of cancer, such as breast and endometrial cancer, but further studies are needed to confirm these results. Finally, isoflavones could be useful in reducing hot flushes associated with menopause. However, a limitation in this field is that there is still a great heterogeneity among studies. Lastly, with regard to isoflavone consumption safety, it seems that they are safe and that the most common adverse effect is mild and occurs at the gastrointestinal level.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saioa Gómez-Zorita
- Nutrition and Obesity Group, Department of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU) and Lucio Lascaray Research Institute, 01006 Vitoria, Spain; (S.G.-Z.); (M.G.-A.); (A.F.-Q.); (M.P.P.)
- CIBEROBN Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition, Institute of Health Carlos III, 01006 Vitoria, Spain
- Bioaraba Health Research Institute, 01002 Vitoria, Spain
| | - Maitane González-Arceo
- Nutrition and Obesity Group, Department of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU) and Lucio Lascaray Research Institute, 01006 Vitoria, Spain; (S.G.-Z.); (M.G.-A.); (A.F.-Q.); (M.P.P.)
| | - Alfredo Fernández-Quintela
- Nutrition and Obesity Group, Department of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU) and Lucio Lascaray Research Institute, 01006 Vitoria, Spain; (S.G.-Z.); (M.G.-A.); (A.F.-Q.); (M.P.P.)
- CIBEROBN Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition, Institute of Health Carlos III, 01006 Vitoria, Spain
- Bioaraba Health Research Institute, 01002 Vitoria, Spain
| | - Itziar Eseberri
- Nutrition and Obesity Group, Department of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU) and Lucio Lascaray Research Institute, 01006 Vitoria, Spain; (S.G.-Z.); (M.G.-A.); (A.F.-Q.); (M.P.P.)
- CIBEROBN Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition, Institute of Health Carlos III, 01006 Vitoria, Spain
- Bioaraba Health Research Institute, 01002 Vitoria, Spain
- Correspondence: (I.E.); (J.T.)
| | - Jenifer Trepiana
- Nutrition and Obesity Group, Department of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU) and Lucio Lascaray Research Institute, 01006 Vitoria, Spain; (S.G.-Z.); (M.G.-A.); (A.F.-Q.); (M.P.P.)
- CIBEROBN Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition, Institute of Health Carlos III, 01006 Vitoria, Spain
- Bioaraba Health Research Institute, 01002 Vitoria, Spain
- Correspondence: (I.E.); (J.T.)
| | - María Puy Portillo
- Nutrition and Obesity Group, Department of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU) and Lucio Lascaray Research Institute, 01006 Vitoria, Spain; (S.G.-Z.); (M.G.-A.); (A.F.-Q.); (M.P.P.)
- CIBEROBN Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition, Institute of Health Carlos III, 01006 Vitoria, Spain
- Bioaraba Health Research Institute, 01002 Vitoria, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Jinglong X, Xiaobin L, Fang Z, Chenchen W, Kailun Y. Isolation and identification of an isoflavone reducing bacterium from feces from a pregnant horse. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0223503. [PMID: 31738752 PMCID: PMC6860936 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0223503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this research was to isolate bacteria capable of biotransforming daidzein from fresh feces from pregnant horses. A Hungate anaerobic roller tube was used for anaerobic culture. Single colonies were picked at random and incubated with daidzein. High performance liquid chromatography was used to detect whether the isolated bacteria were able to biotransform the substrate. A strain capable of reducing daidzein was selected and characterized using sequence analysis of 16S rDNA, and a phylogenetic tree was constructed. The morphological physiological and biochemical characteristics of the strain were investigated. A facultative anaerobic, Gram-positive bacterium capable of converting daidzein to dihydrodaidzein was isolated and named HXBM408 (MF992210). A BLAST search of HXBM408's 16S rDNA sequence against the GenBank database suggested that the strain has 99% similarity with Pediococcus acidilactici strain DSM (NR042057). The morphological, physiological, and biochemical characteristics of HXBM408 are very similar to those of Pediococcus. Based on these characteristics, the strain was identified as Pediococcus acidilactici. The bacterial strain HXBM408 isolated from the feces of pregnant horses was able to reduce the isoflavone daidzein to dihydrodaidzein.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xie Jinglong
- Xinjiang Laboratory of Meat-and Milk-Production Herbivore Nutrition, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Li Xiaobin
- Xinjiang Laboratory of Meat-and Milk-Production Herbivore Nutrition, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Zhao Fang
- Xinjiang Laboratory of Meat-and Milk-Production Herbivore Nutrition, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Wang Chenchen
- Xinjiang Laboratory of Meat-and Milk-Production Herbivore Nutrition, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Yang Kailun
- Xinjiang Laboratory of Meat-and Milk-Production Herbivore Nutrition, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
|
13
|
Mace TA, Ware MB, King SA, Loftus S, Farren MR, McMichael E, Scoville S, Geraghty C, Young G, Carson WE, Clinton SK, Lesinski GB. Soy isoflavones and their metabolites modulate cytokine-induced natural killer cell function. Sci Rep 2019; 9:5068. [PMID: 30911044 PMCID: PMC6433892 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-41687-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Soybeans are a rich source of isoflavones that have been linked with anti-inflammatory processes and various health benefits. However, specific mechanisms whereby soy bioactives impact immune cell subsets are unclear. Isoflavones, such as genistein and daidzein, are metabolized by microbes to bioactive metabolites as O-desmethylangolensin (O-DMA) and equol, whose presence has been linked to health benefits. We examined how soy isoflavones and metabolites impact natural killer (NK) cell signaling and function. We observe no impact of isoflavones on viability of healthy donor peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) or NK cells, even at high (25 µM) concentrations. However, pre-treatment of PBMCs with physiologically-relevant concentrations of genistein (p = 0.0023) and equol (p = 0.006) decreases interleukin (IL)-12/IL-18-induced interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) production versus controls. Detailed cellular analyses indicate genistein and equol decrease IL-12/IL-18-induced IFN-γ production by human NK cell subsets, but do not consistently alter cytotoxicity. At the level of signal transduction, genistein decreases IL-12/IL-18-induced total phosphorylated tyrosine, and phosphorylation MAPK pathway components. Further, genistein limits IL-12/IL-18-mediated upregulation of IL-18Rα expression on NK cells (p = 0.0109). Finally, in vivo studies revealed that C57BL/6 mice fed a soy-enriched diet produce less plasma IFN-γ following administration of IL-12/IL-18 versus control-fed animals (p < 0.0001). This study provides insight into how dietary soy modulates NK cell functions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas A Mace
- Division of Gastroenterology Hepatology Nutrition, The Arthur G. James Cancer Hospital and Richard J. Solove Research Institute, Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Arthur G. James Cancer Hospital and Richard J. Solove Research Institute, Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Michael B Ware
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, USA
| | - Samantha A King
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Arthur G. James Cancer Hospital and Richard J. Solove Research Institute, Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Shannon Loftus
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Arthur G. James Cancer Hospital and Richard J. Solove Research Institute, Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Matthew R Farren
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, USA
| | - Elizabeth McMichael
- Division of Surgical Oncology, The Arthur G. James Cancer Hospital and Richard J. Solove Research Institute, Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- Department of Surgery, The Arthur G. James Cancer Hospital and Richard J. Solove Research Institute, Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Steven Scoville
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, Medical Scientist Training Program, The Arthur G. James Cancer Hospital and Richard J. Solove Research Institute, Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Connor Geraghty
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Arthur G. James Cancer Hospital and Richard J. Solove Research Institute, Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- Division of Medical Oncology, The Arthur G. James Cancer Hospital and Richard J. Solove Research Institute, Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Gregory Young
- Center for Biostatistics, The Arthur G. James Cancer Hospital and Richard J. Solove Research Institute, Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - William E Carson
- Division of Surgical Oncology, The Arthur G. James Cancer Hospital and Richard J. Solove Research Institute, Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- Department of Surgery, The Arthur G. James Cancer Hospital and Richard J. Solove Research Institute, Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Steven K Clinton
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Arthur G. James Cancer Hospital and Richard J. Solove Research Institute, Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- Division of Medical Oncology, The Arthur G. James Cancer Hospital and Richard J. Solove Research Institute, Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Gregory B Lesinski
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Identification of active compound combination contributing to anti-inflammatory activity of Xiao-Cheng-Qi Decoction via human intestinal bacterial metabolism. Chin J Nat Med 2018; 16:513-524. [PMID: 30080651 DOI: 10.1016/s1875-5364(18)30088-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Human intestinal bacteria play an important role in the metabolism of herbal medicines, leading to the variations in their pharmacological profile. The present study aimed to investigate the metabolism of Xiao-Cheng-Qi decoction (XCQD) by human intestinal bacteria and to discover active component combination (ACC) contributing to the anti-inflammatory activity of XCQD. The water extract of XCQD was anaerobically incubated with human intestinal bacteria suspensions for 48 h at 37 °C. A liquid chromatography-hybrid quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-Q-TOF/MS) method was performed for identification of the metabolites. In addition, the anti-inflammatory effects of XCQD and biotransformed XCQD (XCQD-BT) were evaluated in vitro with cytokines in RAW264.7 cells induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). A total of 51 compounds were identified in XCQD and XCQD-BT. Among them, 20 metabolites were proven to be transformed by human intestinal bacteria. Significantly, a combination of 14 compounds was identified as ACC from XCQD-BT, which was as effective as XCQD in cell models of inflammation. In conclusion, this study provided an applicable method, based on intestinal bacterial metabolism, for identifying combinatory compounds responsible for a certain pharmacological activity of herbal medicines.
Collapse
|
15
|
Ercolini D, Fogliano V. Food Design To Feed the Human Gut Microbiota. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:3754-3758. [PMID: 29565591 PMCID: PMC5951603 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b00456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The gut microbiome has an enormous impact on the life of the host, and the diet plays a fundamental role in shaping microbiome composition and function. The way food is processed is a key factor determining the amount and type of material reaching the gut bacteria and influencing their growth and the production of microbiota metabolites. In this perspective, the current possibilities to address food design toward a better feeding of gut microbiota are highlighted, together with a summary of the most interesting microbial metabolites that can be made from dietary precursors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Danilo Ercolini
- Department of Agricultural
Sciences, University of Naples Federico
II, Via Università
100, 80055 Portici, Italy
- Task Force on Microbiome Studies, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Fogliano
- Food Quality and Design Group, Wageningen University, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG Wageningen, Netherlands
- Telephone/Fax: 0031-317-485171. E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Effects of equol on multiple K+ channels stably expressed in HEK 293 cells. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0183708. [PMID: 28832658 PMCID: PMC5568406 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0183708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study investigated the effects of equol on cardiovascular K+ channel currents. The cardiovascular K+ channel currents were determined in HEK 293 cells stably expressing cloned differential cardiovascular K+ channels with conventional whole-cell patch voltage-clamp technique. We found that equol inhibited hKv1.5 (IC50: 15.3 μM), hKv4.3 (IC50: 29.2 μM and 11.9 μM for hKv4.3 peak current and charge area, respectively), IKs (IC50: 24.7 μM) and IhERG (IC50: 31.6 and 56.5 μM for IhERG.tail and IhERG.step, respectively), but not hKir2.1 current, in a concentration-dependent manner. Interestingly, equol increased BKCa current with an EC50 of 0.1 μM. It had no significant effect on guinea pig ventricular action potentials at concentrations of ≤3 μM. These results demonstrate that equol inhibits several cardiac K+ currents at relatively high concentrations, whereas it increases BKCa current at very low concentrations, suggesting that equol is a safe drug candidate for treating patients with cerebral vascular disorders.
Collapse
|
17
|
Rietjens IMCM, Louisse J, Beekmann K. The potential health effects of dietary phytoestrogens. Br J Pharmacol 2017; 174:1263-1280. [PMID: 27723080 PMCID: PMC5429336 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 273] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Revised: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 09/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Phytoestrogens are plant-derived dietary compounds with structural similarity to 17-β-oestradiol (E2), the primary female sex hormone. This structural similarity to E2 enables phytoestrogens to cause (anti)oestrogenic effects by binding to the oestrogen receptors. The aim of the present review is to present a state-of-the-art overview of the potential health effects of dietary phytoestrogens. Various beneficial health effects have been ascribed to phytoestrogens, such as a lowered risk of menopausal symptoms like hot flushes and osteoporosis, lowered risks of cardiovascular disease, obesity, metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes, brain function disorders, breast cancer, prostate cancer, bowel cancer and other cancers. In contrast to these beneficial health claims, the (anti)oestrogenic properties of phytoestrogens have also raised concerns since they might act as endocrine disruptors, indicating a potential to cause adverse health effects. The literature overview presented in this paper illustrates that several potential health benefits of phytoestrogens have been reported but that, given the data on potential adverse health effects, the current evidence on these beneficial health effects is not so obvious that they clearly outweigh the possible health risks. Furthermore, the data currently available are not sufficient to support a more refined (semi) quantitative risk-benefit analysis. This implies that a definite conclusion on possible beneficial health effects of phytoestrogens cannot be made. LINKED ARTICLES This article is part of a themed section on Principles of Pharmacological Research of Nutraceuticals. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v174.11/issuetoc.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jochem Louisse
- Division of ToxicologyWageningen UniversityWageningenThe Netherlands
| | - Karsten Beekmann
- Division of ToxicologyWageningen UniversityWageningenThe Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Prinsloo G, Papadi G, Hiben MG, de Haan L, Louisse J, Beekmann K, Vervoort J, Rietjens IMCM. In vitro bioassays to evaluate beneficial and adverse health effects of botanicals: promises and pitfalls. Drug Discov Today 2017; 22:1187-1200. [PMID: 28533190 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2017.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Revised: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
This review provides an update on the promises and pitfalls when using in vitro bioassays to evaluate beneficial and adverse health effects of botanicals and botanical preparations. Important issues addressed in the paper are: (i) the type of assays and biological effects available; (ii) false-positives, false-negatives and confounding factors; (iii) matrix and combination effects; (iv) extrapolation of in vitro data to the in vivo situation; (v) when (not) to use bioassays; and (vi) identification of active constituents. It is concluded that in vitro bioassays provide models to detect beneficial as well as adverse activities, but that linking these observations to individual ingredients and extrapolations to the in vivo situation is more complicated than generally anticipated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gerhard Prinsloo
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands; Department of Agriculture and Animal Health, University of South Africa, Private bag x 6, Florida, South Africa.
| | - Georgia Papadi
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands; Department of Biological Applications & Technology, University of Ioannina, Greece
| | - Mebrahtom G Hiben
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands; Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
| | - Laura de Haan
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jochem Louisse
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Karsten Beekmann
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jacques Vervoort
- Department of Agriculture and Animal Health, University of South Africa, Private bag x 6, Florida, South Africa; Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ivonne M C M Rietjens
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Wu GD, Compher C, Chen EZ, Smith SA, Shah RD, Bittinger K, Chehoud C, Albenberg LG, Nessel L, Gilroy E, Star J, Weljie AM, Flint HJ, Metz DC, Bennett MJ, Li H, Bushman FD, Lewis JD. Comparative metabolomics in vegans and omnivores reveal constraints on diet-dependent gut microbiota metabolite production. Gut 2016; 65:63-72. [PMID: 25431456 PMCID: PMC4583329 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2014-308209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 339] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2014] [Accepted: 10/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The consumption of an agrarian diet is associated with a reduced risk for many diseases associated with a 'Westernised' lifestyle. Studies suggest that diet affects the gut microbiota, which subsequently influences the metabolome, thereby connecting diet, microbiota and health. However, the degree to which diet influences the composition of the gut microbiota is controversial. Murine models and studies comparing the gut microbiota in humans residing in agrarian versus Western societies suggest that the influence is large. To separate global environmental influences from dietary influences, we characterised the gut microbiota and the host metabolome of individuals consuming an agrarian diet in Western society. DESIGN AND RESULTS Using 16S rRNA-tagged sequencing as well as plasma and urinary metabolomic platforms, we compared measures of dietary intake, gut microbiota composition and the plasma metabolome between healthy human vegans and omnivores, sampled in an urban USA environment. Plasma metabolome of vegans differed markedly from omnivores but the gut microbiota was surprisingly similar. Unlike prior studies of individuals living in agrarian societies, higher consumption of fermentable substrate in vegans was not associated with higher levels of faecal short chain fatty acids, a finding confirmed in a 10-day controlled feeding experiment. Similarly, the proportion of vegans capable of producing equol, a soy-based gut microbiota metabolite, was less than that was reported in Asian societies despite the high consumption of soy-based products. CONCLUSIONS Evidently, residence in globally distinct societies helps determine the composition of the gut microbiota that, in turn, influences the production of diet-dependent gut microbial metabolites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gary D Wu
- Division of Gastroenterology, Perelman School of Medicine, The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Charlene Compher
- School of Nursing, Perelman School of Medicine, The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Eric Z Chen
- Departments of Biostatistics & Epidemiology, Perelman School of Medicine, The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Sarah A Smith
- Division of Gastroenterology, Perelman School of Medicine, The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Rachana D Shah
- Divisions of Endocrinolgy, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Kyle Bittinger
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Christel Chehoud
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Lindsey G Albenberg
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Lisa Nessel
- Departments of Biostatistics & Epidemiology, Perelman School of Medicine, The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Erin Gilroy
- Departments of Biostatistics & Epidemiology, Perelman School of Medicine, The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Julie Star
- Division of Gastroenterology, Perelman School of Medicine, The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Aalim M Weljie
- Department of Pharmacology, Perelman School of Medicine, The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Harry J Flint
- Microbiology Group, Rowett Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - David C Metz
- Division of Gastroenterology, Perelman School of Medicine, The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Michael J Bennett
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Hongzhe Li
- Departments of Biostatistics & Epidemiology, Perelman School of Medicine, The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Frederic D Bushman
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - James D Lewis
- Division of Gastroenterology, Perelman School of Medicine, The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA,Departments of Biostatistics & Epidemiology, Perelman School of Medicine, The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Hwang KA, Choi KC. Anticarcinogenic Effects of Dietary Phytoestrogens and Their Chemopreventive Mechanisms. Nutr Cancer 2015; 67:796-803. [DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2015.1040516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
|
21
|
The role of colonic bacteria in the metabolism of the natural isoflavone daidzin to equol. Metabolites 2015; 5:56-73. [PMID: 25594250 PMCID: PMC4381290 DOI: 10.3390/metabo5010056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2014] [Accepted: 01/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Isoflavones are found in leguminous plants, especially soybeans. They have a structural similarity to natural estrogens, which enables them to bind to estrogen receptors and elicit biological activities similar to natural estrogens. They have been suggested to be beneficial for the prevention and therapy of hormone-dependent diseases. After soy products are consumed, the bacteria of the intestinal microflora metabolize isoflavones to metabolites with altered absorption, bioavailability, and estrogenic characteristics. Variations in the effect of soy products have been correlated with the isoflavone metabolites found in plasma and urine samples of the individuals consuming soy products. The beneficial effects of the soy isoflavone daidzin, the glycoside of daidzein, have been reported in individuals producing equol, a reduction product of daidzein produced by specific colonic bacteria in individuals called equol producers. These individuals comprise 30% and 60% of populations consuming Western and soy-rich Asian diets, respectively. Since the higher percentage of equol producers in populations consuming soy-rich diets is correlated with a lower incidence of hormone-dependent diseases, considerable efforts have been made to detect the specific colonic bacteria involved in the metabolism of daidzein to the more estrogenic compound, equol, which should facilitate the investigation of the metabolic activities related to this compound.
Collapse
|
22
|
Nakamura K, Ohmori K, Suzuki K. The flavan–isoflavan rearrangement: bioinspired synthetic access to isoflavonoids via 1,2-shift–alkylation sequence. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 51:7012-4. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cc01572c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
An approach to 2-substituted isoflavonoids is reported based on the 1,2-shift of the aryl group in the catechin skeleton followed by the in situ alkylation. Synthesis of (−)-equol, a natural isoflavan with estrogenic activities, was achieved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kayo Nakamura
- Department of Chemistry
- Tokyo Institute of Technology
- Meguro
- Japan
| | - Ken Ohmori
- Department of Chemistry
- Tokyo Institute of Technology
- Meguro
- Japan
| | - Keisuke Suzuki
- Department of Chemistry
- Tokyo Institute of Technology
- Meguro
- Japan
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
van der Velpen V, Geelen A, Hollman PCH, Schouten EG, van 't Veer P, Afman LA. Isoflavone supplement composition and equol producer status affect gene expression in adipose tissue: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled crossover trial in postmenopausal women. Am J Clin Nutr 2014; 100:1269-77. [PMID: 25332325 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.114.088484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Isoflavone supplements, consumed by women experiencing menopausal symptoms, are suggested to have positive effects on menopause-related adiposity and cardiovascular disease risk profile, but discussions about their safety are still ongoing. OBJECTIVE The objective was to study the effects of an 8-wk consumption of 2 different isoflavone supplements compared with placebo on whole-genome gene expression in the adipose tissue of postmenopausal women. DESIGN This double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled crossover intervention consisted of 2 substudies, one with a low-genistein (LG) supplement (56% daidzein + daidzin, 16% genistein + genistin, and 28% glycitein + glycitin) and the other with a high-genistein (HG) supplement (49% daidzein + daidzin, 41% genistein + genistin, and 10% glycitein + glycitin). Both supplements provided ∼ 100 mg isoflavones/d (aglycone equivalents). After the 8-wk isoflavone and placebo period, whole-genome arrays were performed in subcutaneous adipose tissue of postmenopausal women (n = 26 after LG, n = 31 after HG). Participants were randomized by equol-producing phenotype, and data analysis was performed per substudy for equol producers and nonproducers separately. RESULTS Gene set enrichment analysis showed downregulation of expression of energy metabolism-related genes after LG supplementation (n = 24) in both equol-producing phenotypes and oppositely regulated expression for equol producers (down) and nonproducers (up) after HG supplementation (n = 31). Expression of inflammation-related genes was upregulated in equol producers but downregulated in nonproducers, independent of supplement type. Only 4.4-7.0% of the genes with significantly changed expression were estrogen responsive. Body weight, adipocyte size, and plasma lipid profile were not affected by isoflavone supplementation. CONCLUSIONS Effects of isoflavones on adipose tissue gene expression were influenced by supplement composition and equol-producing phenotype, whereas estrogen-responsive effects were lacking. LG isoflavone supplementation resulted in a caloric restriction-like gene expression profile for both producer phenotypes and pointed toward a potential beneficial effect, whereas both supplements induced anti-inflammatory gene expression in equol producers. The study was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01556737.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vera van der Velpen
- From the Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands (VvdV, AG, PCHH, EGS, PvtV, and LAA), and Institute of Food Safety, Wageningen University & Research Centre, Wageningen, Netherlands (PCHH)
| | - Anouk Geelen
- From the Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands (VvdV, AG, PCHH, EGS, PvtV, and LAA), and Institute of Food Safety, Wageningen University & Research Centre, Wageningen, Netherlands (PCHH)
| | - Peter C H Hollman
- From the Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands (VvdV, AG, PCHH, EGS, PvtV, and LAA), and Institute of Food Safety, Wageningen University & Research Centre, Wageningen, Netherlands (PCHH)
| | - Evert G Schouten
- From the Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands (VvdV, AG, PCHH, EGS, PvtV, and LAA), and Institute of Food Safety, Wageningen University & Research Centre, Wageningen, Netherlands (PCHH)
| | - Pieter van 't Veer
- From the Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands (VvdV, AG, PCHH, EGS, PvtV, and LAA), and Institute of Food Safety, Wageningen University & Research Centre, Wageningen, Netherlands (PCHH)
| | - Lydia A Afman
- From the Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands (VvdV, AG, PCHH, EGS, PvtV, and LAA), and Institute of Food Safety, Wageningen University & Research Centre, Wageningen, Netherlands (PCHH)
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Mattison DR, Karyakina N, Goodman M, LaKind JS. Pharmaco- and toxicokinetics of selected exogenous and endogenous estrogens: A review of the data and identification of knowledge gaps. Crit Rev Toxicol 2014; 44:696-724. [DOI: 10.3109/10408444.2014.930813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
|
25
|
Virk-Baker MK, Barnes S, Krontiras H, Nagy TR. S-(-)equol producing status not associated with breast cancer risk among low isoflavone-consuming US postmenopausal women undergoing a physician-recommended breast biopsy. Nutr Res 2014; 34:116-25. [PMID: 24461312 PMCID: PMC4028846 DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2013.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2013] [Revised: 12/09/2013] [Accepted: 12/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Soy foods are the richest sources of isoflavones, mainly daidzein and genistein. Soy isoflavones are structurally similar to the steroid hormone 17β-estradiol and may protect against breast cancer. S-(-)equol, a metabolite of the soy isoflavone daidzein, has a higher bioavailability and greater affinity for estrogen receptor β than daidzein. Approximately one-third of the Western population is able to produce S-(-)equol, and the ability is linked to certain gut microbes. We hypothesized that the prevalence of breast cancer, ductal hyperplasia, and overall breast pathology will be lower among S-(-)equol producing, as compared with nonproducing, postmenopausal women undergoing a breast biopsy. We tested our hypothesis using a cross-sectional study design. Usual diets of the participants were supplemented with 1 soy bar per day for 3 consecutive days. Liquid chromatography-multiple reaction ion monitoring mass spectrometry analysis of urine from 143 subjects revealed 25 (17.5%) as S-(-)equol producers. We found no statistically significant associations between S-(-)equol producing status and overall breast pathology (odds ratio [OR], 0.68; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.23-1.89), ductal hyperplasia (OR, 0.84; 95% CI, 0.20-3.41), or breast cancer (OR, 0.56; 95% CI, 0.16-1.87). However, the mean dietary isoflavone intake was much lower (0.3 mg/d) than in previous reports. Given that the amount of S-(-)equol produced in the gut depends on the amount of daidzein exposure, the low soy intake coupled with lower prevalence of S-(-)equol producing status in the study population favors toward null associations. Findings from our study could be used for further investigations on S-(-)equol producing status and disease risk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mandeep K Virk-Baker
- Department of Nutrition Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
| | - Stephen Barnes
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA; The UAB Comprehensive Cancer Center, Birmingham, AL, USA.
| | - Helen Krontiras
- The UAB Comprehensive Cancer Center, Birmingham, AL, USA; Department of Surgery, Surgical Oncology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
| | - Tim R Nagy
- Department of Nutrition Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA; The UAB Comprehensive Cancer Center, Birmingham, AL, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Etxeberria U, Fernández-Quintela A, Milagro FI, Aguirre L, Martínez JA, Portillo MP. Impact of polyphenols and polyphenol-rich dietary sources on gut microbiota composition. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2013; 61:9517-33. [PMID: 24033291 DOI: 10.1021/jf402506c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 258] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Gut microbiota plays a key role in host physiology and metabolism. Indeed, the relevance of a well-balanced gut microbiota composition to an individual's health status is essential for the person's well-being. Currently, investigations are focused on analyzing the effects of pre- and probiotics as new therapeutic tools to counteract the disruption of intestinal bacterial balance occurring in several diseases. Polyphenols exert a wide range of beneficial health effects. However, although specific attention has been paid in recent years to the function of this "biological entity" in the metabolism of polyphenols, less is known about the modulatory capacity of these bioactive compounds on gut microbiota composition. This review provides an overview of the latest investigations carried out with pure polyphenols, extracts rich in polyphenols, and polyphenol-rich dietary sources (such as cocoa, tea, wine, soy products, and fruits) and critically discusses the consequences to gut microbiota composition which are produced.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Usune Etxeberria
- Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Physiology and Toxicology, University of Navarra , 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Zheng J, Song M, Dong P, Qiu P, Guo S, Zhong Z, Li S, Ho CT, Xiao H. Identification of novel bioactive metabolites of 5-demethylnobiletin in mice. Mol Nutr Food Res 2013; 57:1999-2007. [DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201300211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2013] [Revised: 05/10/2013] [Accepted: 05/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jinkai Zheng
- Department of Food Science; University of Massachusetts; Amherst MA USA
| | - Mingyue Song
- Department of Food Science; University of Massachusetts; Amherst MA USA
| | - Ping Dong
- Department of Food Science; University of Massachusetts; Amherst MA USA
| | - Peiju Qiu
- Department of Food Science; University of Massachusetts; Amherst MA USA
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy; Ocean University of China; Qingdao Shandong P. R. China
| | - Shanshan Guo
- Department of Food Science; University of Massachusetts; Amherst MA USA
| | - Zhimei Zhong
- Department of Food Science; University of Massachusetts; Amherst MA USA
- College of Science; Inner Mongolia Agricultural University; Huhhot P. R. China
| | - Shiming Li
- Department of Food Science; Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey; New Brunswick NJ USA
| | - Chi-Tang Ho
- Department of Food Science; Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey; New Brunswick NJ USA
| | - Hang Xiao
- Department of Food Science; University of Massachusetts; Amherst MA USA
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Rietjens IMCM, Sotoca AM, Vervoort J, Louisse J. Mechanisms underlying the dualistic mode of action of major soy isoflavones in relation to cell proliferation and cancer risks. Mol Nutr Food Res 2013; 57:100-13. [PMID: 23175102 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201200439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2012] [Revised: 09/25/2012] [Accepted: 10/08/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Isoflavones are phytoestrogens that have been linked to both beneficial as well as adverse effects in relation to cell proliferation and cancer risks. The present article presents an overview of these seemingly contradicting health effects and of mechanisms that could be involved in this dualistic mode of action. One mechanism relates to the different ultimate cellular effects of activation of estrogen receptor (ER) α, promoting cell proliferation, and of ERβ, promoting apoptosis, with the major soy isoflavones genistein and daidzein activating especially ERβ. A second mode of action includes the role of epigenetics, including effects of isoflavones on DNA methylation, histone modification and miRNA expression patterns. The overview presented reveals that we are only at the start of unraveling the complex underlying mode of action for effects of isoflavones, both beneficial or adverse, on cell proliferation and cancer risks. It is evident that whatever model system will be applied, its relevance to human tissues with respect to ERα and ERβ levels, co-repressor and co-activator characteristics as well as its relevance to human exposure regimens, needs to be considered and defined.
Collapse
|
29
|
de la Parra C, Otero-Franqui E, Martinez-Montemayor M, Dharmawardhane S. The soy isoflavone equol may increase cancer malignancy via up-regulation of eukaryotic protein synthesis initiation factor eIF4G. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:41640-50. [PMID: 23095751 PMCID: PMC3516715 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.393470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2012] [Revised: 10/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Dietary soy is thought to be cancer-preventive; however, the beneficial effects of soy on established breast cancer is controversial. We recently demonstrated that dietary daidzein or combined soy isoflavones (genistein, daidzein, and glycitein) increased primary mammary tumor growth and metastasis. Cancer-promoting molecules, including eukaryotic protein synthesis initiation factors (eIF) eIF4G and eIF4E, were up-regulated in mammary tumors from mice that received dietary daidzein. Herein, we show that increased eIF expression in tumor extracts of mice after daidzein diets is associated with protein expression of mRNAs with internal ribosome entry sites (IRES) that are sensitive to eIF4E and eIF4G levels. Results with metastatic cancer cell lines show that some of the effects of daidzein in vivo can be recapitulated by the daidzein metabolite equol. In vitro, equol, but not daidzein, up-regulated eIF4G without affecting eIF4E or its regulator, 4E-binding protein (4E-BP), levels. Equol also increased metastatic cancer cell viability. Equol specifically increased the protein expression of IRES containing cell survival and proliferation-promoting molecules and up-regulated gene and protein expression of the transcription factor c-Myc. Moreover, equol increased the polysomal association of mRNAs for p 120 catenin and eIF4G. The elevated eIF4G in response to equol was not associated with eIF4E or 4E-binding protein in 5' cap co-capture assays or co-immunoprecipitations. In dual luciferase assays, IRES-dependent protein synthesis was increased by equol. Therefore, up-regulation of eIF4G by equol may result in increased translation of pro-cancer mRNAs with IRESs and, thus, promote cancer malignancy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Columba de la Parra
- From the Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00936 and
| | - Elisa Otero-Franqui
- From the Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00936 and
| | | | - Suranganie Dharmawardhane
- From the Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00936 and
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Sutherland JB, Bridges BM, Heinze TM, Adams MR, Delio PJ, Hotchkiss C, Rafii F. Comparison of the effects of antimicrobial agents from three different classes on metabolism of isoflavonoids by colonic microflora using Etest strips. Curr Microbiol 2011; 64:60-5. [PMID: 22006071 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-011-0020-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2011] [Accepted: 09/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Daidzein (4',7-dihydroxyisoflavone), a phytoestrogen found in soybeans mainly in the form of its glycoside daidzin, is metabolized by colonic bacteria to compounds with altered estrogenic activities, which may affect human health. Antibacterial agents used for the treatment of infections can alter the composition of bacterial populations in the colon and therefore can affect daidzein metabolism. To rapidly detect the effects of different concentrations of antibiotics on daidzein metabolism by colonic bacteria of monkeys and identify the subpopulation involved in daidzein metabolism, Etest strips containing antibacterial agents from three classes (tetracyclines, fluoroquinolones, and β-lactams) were used to eliminate the colonic bacteria that were susceptible to 0-32 μg/ml of each antibacterial agent and test the surviving bacteria for their ability to metabolize daidzein. The metabolism of daidzein by the colonic microflora was measured before and after the colonic bacterial population was exposed to antibacterial agents. The metabolites were detected by high performance liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry after incubation of the cultures for various times. Exposure of colonic microflora to antibiotics had various effects on daidzein metabolism. Tetracycline completely removed the bacteria metabolizing daidzein, metabolism of daidzein was not changed in cultures of bacteria after ceftriaxone treatment, and ciprofloxacin enriched for the bacteria metabolizing daidzein. In liquid cultures treated with various concentrations of ciprofloxacin, 4 μg/ml of ciprofloxacin favored the growth of bacteria that metabolized daidzein. This is the first time in which the Etest has been used to show that, whereas some antibiotics eliminate phytoestrogen-metabolizing bacteria in colonic microflora, others enrich them by eliminating the non-metabolizing strains in the population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John B Sutherland
- Division of Microbiology, National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, AR, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|