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Abrignani V, Salvo A, Pacinella G, Tuttolomondo A. The Mediterranean Diet, Its Microbiome Connections, and Cardiovascular Health: A Narrative Review. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4942. [PMID: 38732161 PMCID: PMC11084172 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25094942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2024] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
The Mediterranean diet (MD), rich in minimally processed plant foods and in monounsaturated fats but low in saturated fats, meat, and dairy products, represents one of the most studied diets for cardiovascular health. It has been shown, from both observational and randomized controlled trials, that MD reduces body weight, improves cardiovascular disease surrogates such as waist-to-hip ratios, lipids, and inflammation markers, and even prevents the development of fatal and nonfatal cardiovascular disease, diabetes, obesity, and other diseases. However, it is unclear whether it offers cardiovascular benefits from its individual components or as a whole. Furthermore, limitations in the methodology of studies and meta-analyses have raised some concerns over its potential cardiovascular benefits. MD is also associated with characteristic changes in the intestinal microbiota, mediated through its constituents. These include increased growth of species producing short-chain fatty acids, such as Clostridium leptum and Eubacterium rectale, increased growth of Bifidobacteria, Bacteroides, and Faecalibacterium prausnitzii species, and reduced growth of Firmicutes and Blautia species. Such changes are known to be favorably associated with inflammation, oxidative status, and overall metabolic health. This review will focus on the effects of MD on cardiovascular health through its action on gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Abrignani
- Internal Medicine and Stroke Care Ward, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy; (V.A.); (A.S.); (G.P.)
- Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Andrea Salvo
- Internal Medicine and Stroke Care Ward, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy; (V.A.); (A.S.); (G.P.)
- Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Gaetano Pacinella
- Internal Medicine and Stroke Care Ward, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy; (V.A.); (A.S.); (G.P.)
- Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Antonino Tuttolomondo
- Internal Medicine and Stroke Care Ward, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy; (V.A.); (A.S.); (G.P.)
- Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy
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Dolati S, Razmjouei S, Alizadeh M, Faghfouri AH, Moridpour AH. A high dietary acid load can potentially exacerbate cardiometabolic risk factors: An updated systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2024; 34:569-580. [PMID: 38316575 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2024.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
AIMS Chronic metabolic acidosis has been shown to be associated with cardiometabolic risk factors. The aim of the currently updated meta-analysis was to explore the association between Potential Renal Acid Load (PRAL) and Net Endogenous Acid Production (NEAP) with these risk factors. DATA SYNTHESIS Databases were searched up to May 2023. The mean of waist circumference (WC), body mass index (BMI), high- and low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C and LDL-C), triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), fasting blood sugar (FBS), and systolic- and diastolic blood pressure (SBP and DBP) in highest category vs lowest categories of NEAP and PRAL were recorded. Effect sizes were generated as weighted mean difference (WMD). Results showed that SBP, DBP, and WC had a significant difference in the upper and lower categories of PRAL (WMDSBP: 1.466 mmHg; 95% CI: 2.121, -0.811; P<0.001, WMDDBP: 0.710 mmHg; 95 % CI: 1.170, -0.249; P=0.003, and WMDWC: 0.819 cm; 95% CI: 1.446, -0.192; P=0.010) or NEAP (WMDSBP: 1.690 mmHg; 95% CI: 2.789, -0.591; P=0.003, WMDDBP: 1.076 mmHg, and WMDWC: 1.325 cm; 95% CI: 1.901, -0.749; P<0.001; 95% CI: 1.938, -0.214; P =0.014). The lowest versus highest categories of dietary PRAL were associated with lower BMI (WMDPRAL: 0.297 kg/m2; 95 % CI: 0.440, -0.154; P<0.001) and TG (WMD: 2.280 mg/dl; 95%CI: 3.828, -0.732; P=0.004; I2=99.4 %; P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS High DAL can be considered as an independent risk factor for increasing anthropometric indices, blood pressure, and TG. This study registered in the PROSPERO database (Registration No. CRD42023402985).
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Affiliation(s)
- Shamim Dolati
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Science, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Soha Razmjouei
- School of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Alizadeh
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Science, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Amir Hossein Faghfouri
- Maternal and Childhood Obesity Research Center, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran.
| | - Amir Hossein Moridpour
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Science, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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Moretti JB, Drouin A, Truong C, Youn E, Cloutier A, Alvarez F, Paganelli M, Grzywacz K, Jantchou P, Dubois J, Levy E, El Jalbout R. Effects of polyphenol supplementation on hepatic steatosis, intima-media thickness and non-invasive vascular elastography in obese adolescents: a pilot study protocol. BMJ Open 2024; 14:e074882. [PMID: 38296273 PMCID: PMC10828866 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2023-074882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is increasingly prevalent in obese adolescents. Increased systemic inflammation and decreased gut microbial diversity linked to obesity affect the liver and are also associated with cardiovascular diseases in adulthood. However, NAFLD and vascular alterations are reversible. METHODS AND ANALYSIS This pilot study evaluated the feasibility of a prospective open-label randomised controlled trial evaluating the effects of polyphenols on NAFLD and vascular parameters in obese adolescents. Children aged 12-18 years with hepatic steatosis (n=60) will be recruited. The participants will be randomised with a 1:1 allocation ratio to receive polyphenol supplementation one time per day for 8 weeks along with the clinician-prescribed treatment (group B, n=30) or to continue the prescribed treatment without taking any polyphenols (group A, n=30). The outcome measures will be collected from both the groups at day 1 before starting polyphenol supplementation, at day 60 after 8 weeks of supplementation and at day 120, that is, 60 days after supplementation. The changes in hepatic steatosis and vascular parameters will be measured using liver and vascular imaging. Furthermore, anthropometric measures, blood tests and stool samples for gut microbiome analysis will be collected. After evaluating the study's feasibility, we hypothesise that, as a secondary outcome, compared with group A, the adolescents in group B will have improved NAFLD, vascular parameters, systemic inflammation and gut microbiome. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION This study is approved by Health Canada and the hospital ethics. Participants and their parents/tutors will both provide consent. Trial results will be communicated to the collaborating gastroenterologists who follow the enrolled participants. Abstracts and scientific articles will be submitted to high-impact radiological societies and journals. CLINICALTRIALS gov ID: NCT03994029. Health Canada authorisation referral number: 250 811. Protocole version 13, 2 June 2023. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT03994029.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Anik Cloutier
- CHU Sainte-Justine Centre de Recherche, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Emile Levy
- CHU Sainte-Justine, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Ramy El Jalbout
- Medical Imaging Department, CHU Sainte-Justine, Montreal, Québec, Canada
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Tu R, Xia J. Stroke and Vascular Cognitive Impairment: The Role of Intestinal Microbiota Metabolite TMAO. CNS & NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS DRUG TARGETS 2024; 23:102-121. [PMID: 36740795 DOI: 10.2174/1871527322666230203140805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The gut microbiome interacts with the brain bidirectionally through the microbiome-gutbrain axis, which plays a key role in regulating various nervous system pathophysiological processes. Trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) is produced by choline metabolism through intestinal microorganisms, which can cross the blood-brain barrier to act on the central nervous system. Previous studies have shown that elevated plasma TMAO concentrations increase the risk of major adverse cardiovascular events, but there are few studies on TMAO in cerebrovascular disease and vascular cognitive impairment. This review summarized a decade of research on the impact of TMAO on stroke and related cognitive impairment, with particular attention to the effects on vascular cognitive disorders. We demonstrated that TMAO has a marked impact on the occurrence, development, and prognosis of stroke by regulating cholesterol metabolism, foam cell formation, platelet hyperresponsiveness and thrombosis, and promoting inflammation and oxidative stress. TMAO can also influence the cognitive impairment caused by Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease via inducing abnormal aggregation of key proteins, affecting inflammation and thrombosis. However, although clinical studies have confirmed the association between the microbiome-gut-brain axis and vascular cognitive impairment (cerebral small vessel disease and post-stroke cognitive impairment), the molecular mechanism of TMAO has not been clarified, and TMAO precursors seem to play the opposite role in the process of poststroke cognitive impairment. In addition, several studies have also reported the possible neuroprotective effects of TMAO. Existing therapies for these diseases targeted to regulate intestinal flora and its metabolites have shown good efficacy. TMAO is probably a new target for early prediction and treatment of stroke and vascular cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruxin Tu
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| | - Jian Xia
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
- Human Clinical Research Center for Cerebrovascular Disease, Changsha, China
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Abaj F, Esmaeily Z, Naeini Z, Alvandi E, Rafiee M, Koohdani F. Dietary acid load and its interaction with CETP TaqB1 polymorphisms on lipid profile among patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus. BMC Endocr Disord 2023; 23:138. [PMID: 37407953 DOI: 10.1186/s12902-023-01391-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Gene-diet interaction plays a key role in the inter-individual differences in lipid abnormalities as a major risk factor for cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Thus, we explored the interaction between CETP TaqB1 polymorphism with dietary acid load (DAL) on lipid profile among type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). METHOD This cross-sectional study conducted on 220 Iranian patients with T2DM. Dietary acid load (PRAL and NEAP) was calculated via a validated food-frequency questionnaire (FFQ). The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) used for genotyping Taq1B polymorphism. Biochemical markers were measured by standard protocol. The interaction between CETP Taq1B polymorphism and DAL (PRAL and NEAP) on lipid profile was performed by a generalized linear regression model (GLM). RESULTS The overall prevalence of rs708272 genotypes was 8.6%, 72.7% and 18.6% for B1B1, B1B2 and B2B2 genotype respectively. This study showed that people with the B1B1 genotype had greater LDL, TC, LDL/HDL, and TG when they consumed diets that scored higher on the NEAP and PRAL indexes than those with the B1B2 and B2B2 genotypes. Besides, carriers of the B1B1 allele who were in the highest tertile of NEAP, had lower HDL (P Interaction < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS In summary, the lipid profile might be improved in B1B1 homozygotes by less adherence to DAL indexes, however, the findings should be validated in high-quality interventional studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faezeh Abaj
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Esmaeily
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zeinab Naeini
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ehsan Alvandi
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW, Australia
| | - Masoumeh Rafiee
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences (IUMS), Isfahan, Iran.
| | - Fariba Koohdani
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Mu J, Guo X, Zhou Y, Cao G. The Effects of Probiotics/Synbiotics on Glucose and Lipid Metabolism in Women with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15061375. [PMID: 36986107 PMCID: PMC10056932 DOI: 10.3390/nu15061375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is prevalent with lasting health implications for the mother and offspring. Medical therapy is the foundation of GDM management, for achieving optimal glycemic control often requires treatment with insulin or metformin. Gut dysbiosis is a feature of GDM pregnancies, therefore, dietary manipulation of the gut microbiota may offer a new avenue for management. Probiotics are a relatively new intervention, which can reduce the mother’s blood sugar levels and, furthermore, adjust glucose and lipid metabolism in both mother and offspring. Objective: The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis is to explore the effect of probiotics/synbiotics on glucose and lipid metabolism in women with GDM. Methods: A systematic search of the literature was conducted using the electronic databases Cochrane Library, Web of Science, PubMed, and EBOSCO, published between 1 January 2012 and 1 November 2022. A total of 11 randomized controlled clinical trials (RCTs) were analyzed. The indicators included fasting plasma glucose (FPG), fasting serum insulin (FSI), the homoeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), quantitative insulin sensitivity check index (QUICKI), total cholesterol (TC), HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol and triglycerides (TG), the mean weight at end of trial, and gestational weight gain (GWG). Results: Compared with the placebo, probiotics/synbiotics were associated with a statistically significant improvement in FPG (MD = −2.33, 95% CI = −4.27, −0.40, p = 0.02), FSI (MD = −2.47 95% CI = −3.82, −1.12, p = 0.0003), HOMA-IR (MD = −0.40, 95% CI = −0.74, −0.06, p = 0.02), and TC (MD = −6.59, 95% CI = −12.23,−−0.95, p = 0.02), while other factors had no significant difference. The subgroup analysis revealed that the kind of supplement led to heterogeneity for FPG and FSI, while heterogeneity was not found for others. Conclusion: Probiotics/synbiotics could control glucose and lipid metabolism in pregnant women with GDM. There was a significant improvement in FPG, FSI, HOMA-IR, and TC. The use of specific probiotic supplementation may be a promising prevention and therapeutic strategy for GDM. However, due to the heterogeneity among existing studies, further studies are warranted to address the limitations of existing evidence and better inform the management of GDM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhao Mu
- Sport Science School, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xian Guo
- Sport Science School, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China
- Key Laboratory of Exercise and Physical Fitness, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100084, China
- Correspondence:
| | - Yanbing Zhou
- School of Art, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Guoxia Cao
- Sport Science School, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China
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COVID-19: Reducing the risk via diet and lifestyle. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE MEDICINE 2023; 21:1-16. [PMID: 36333177 PMCID: PMC9550279 DOI: 10.1016/j.joim.2022.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
This review shows that relatively simple changes to diet and lifestyle can significantly, and rapidly, reduce the risks associated with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in terms of infection risk, severity of disease, and even disease-related mortality. A wide range of interventions including regular exercise, adequate sleep, plant-based diets, maintenance of healthy weight, dietary supplementation, and time in nature have each been shown to have beneficial effects for supporting more positive health outcomes with COVID-19, in addition to promoting better overall health. This paper brings together literature from these areas and presents the argument that non-pharmaceutical approaches should not be overlooked in our response to COVID-19. It is noted that, in several cases, interventions discussed result in risk reductions equivalent to, or even greater than, those associated with currently available vaccines. Where the balance of evidence suggests benefits, and the risk is minimal to none, it is suggested that communicating the power of individual actions to the public becomes morally imperative. Further, many lives could be saved, and many harms from the vaccine mandates avoided, if we were willing to embrace this lifestyle-centred approach in our efforts to deal with COVID-19.
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Tackling Atherosclerosis via Selected Nutrition. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23158233. [PMID: 35897799 PMCID: PMC9368664 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The development and pathogenesis of atherosclerosis are significantly influenced by lifestyle, particularly nutrition. The modern level of science and technology development promote personalized nutrition as an efficient preventive measure against atherosclerosis. In this survey, the factors were revealed that contribute to the formation of an individual approach to nutrition: genetic characteristics, the state of the microbiota of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) and environmental factors (diets, bioactive components, cardioprotectors, etc.). In the course of the work, it was found that in order to analyze the predisposition to atherosclerosis associated with nutrition, genetic features affecting the metabolism of nutrients are significant. The genetic features include the presence of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) of genes and epigenetic factors. The influence of telomere length on the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and circadian rhythms was also considered. Relatively new is the study of the relationship between chrono-nutrition and the development of metabolic diseases. That is, to obtain the relationship between nutrition and atherosclerosis, a large number of genetic markers should be considered. In this relation, the question arises: “How many genetic features need to be analyzed in order to form a personalized diet for the consumer?” Basically, companies engaged in nutrigenetic research and choosing a diet for the prevention of a number of metabolic diseases use SNP analysis of genes that accounts for lipid metabolism, vitamins, the body’s antioxidant defense system, taste characteristics, etc. There is no set number of genetic markers. The main diets effective against the development of atherosclerosis were considered, and the most popular were the ketogenic, Mediterranean, and DASH-diets. The advantage of these diets is the content of foods with a low amount of carbohydrates, a high amount of vegetables, fruits and berries, as well as foods rich in antioxidants. However, due to the restrictions associated with climatic, geographical, material features, these diets are not available for a number of consumers. The way out is the use of functional products, dietary supplements. In this approach, the promising biologically active substances (BAS) that exhibit anti-atherosclerotic potential are: baicalin, resveratrol, curcumin, quercetin and other plant metabolites. Among the substances, those of animal origin are popular: squalene, coenzyme Q10, omega-3. For the prevention of atherosclerosis through personalized nutrition, it is necessary to analyze the genetic characteristics (SNP) associated with the metabolism of nutrients, to assess the state of the microbiota of the GIT. Based on the data obtained and food preferences, as well as the individual capabilities of the consumer, the optimal diet can be selected. It is topical to exclude nutrients of which their excess consumption stimulates the occurrence and pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and to enrich the diet with functional foods (FF), BAS containing the necessary anti-atherosclerotic, and stimulating microbiota of the GIT nutrients. Personalized nutrition is a topical preventive measure and there are a number of problems hindering the active use of this approach among consumers. The key factors include weak evidence of the influence of a number of genetic features, the high cost of the approach, and difficulties in the interpretation of the results. Eliminating these deficiencies will contribute to the maintenance of a healthy state of the population through nutrition.
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The Influence of Gut Dysbiosis in the Pathogenesis and Management of Ischemic Stroke. Cells 2022; 11:cells11071239. [PMID: 35406804 PMCID: PMC8997586 DOI: 10.3390/cells11071239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent research on the gut microbiome has revealed the influence of gut microbiota (GM) on ischemic stroke pathogenesis and treatment outcomes. Alterations in the diversity, abundance, and functions of the gut microbiome, termed gut dysbiosis, results in dysregulated gut–brain signaling, which induces intestinal barrier changes, endotoxemia, systemic inflammation, and infection, affecting post-stroke outcomes. Gut–brain interactions are bidirectional, and the signals from the gut to the brain are mediated by microbially derived metabolites, such as trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs); bacterial components, such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS); immune cells, such as T helper cells; and bacterial translocation via hormonal, immune, and neural pathways. Ischemic stroke affects gut microbial composition via neural and hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) pathways, which can contribute to post-stroke outcomes. Experimental and clinical studies have demonstrated that the restoration of the gut microbiome usually improves stroke treatment outcomes by regulating metabolic, immune, and inflammatory responses via the gut–brain axis (GBA). Therefore, restoring healthy microbial ecology in the gut may be a key therapeutic target for the effective management and treatment of ischemic stroke.
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The intestinal microbiota as a predictor for antidepressant treatment outcome in geriatric depression: a prospective pilot study. Int Psychogeriatr 2022; 34:33-45. [PMID: 33757609 DOI: 10.1017/s1041610221000120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES (1) To investigate if gut microbiota can be a predictor of remission in geriatric depression and to identify features of the gut microbiota that is associated with remission. (2) To determine if changes in gut microbiota occur with remission in geriatric depression. DESIGN Secondary analysis of a parent randomized placebo-controlled trial (NCT02466958). SETTING Los Angeles, CA, USA (2016-2018). PARTICIPANTS Seventeen subjects with major depressive disorder, over 60 years of age, 41.2% female. INTERVENTION Levomilacipran (LVM) or placebo. MEASUREMENTS Remission was defined by Hamilton Depression Rating Scale score of 6 or less at 12 weeks. 16S-ribosomal RNA sequencing based fecal microbiota composition and diversity were measured at baseline and 12 weeks. Differences in fecal microbiota were evaluated between remitters and non-remitters as well as between baseline and post-treatment samples. LVM and placebo groups were combined in all the analyses. RESULTS Baseline microbiota showed no community level α-diversity or β-diversity differences between remitters and non-remitters. At the individual taxa level, a random forest classifier created with nine genera from the baseline microbiota was highly accurate in predicting remission (AUC = .857). Of these, baseline enrichment of Faecalibacterium, Agathobacter and Roseburia relative to a reference frame was associated with treatment outcome of remission. Differential abundance analysis revealed significant genus level changes from baseline to post-treatment in remitters, but not in non-remitters. CONCLUSIONS This is the first study demonstrating fecal microbiota as a potential predictor of treatment response in geriatric depression. Our findings need to be confirmed in larger prospective studies.
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Mehmood K, Moin A, Hussain T, Rizvi SMD, Gowda DV, Shakil S, Kamal MA. Can manipulation of gut microbiota really be transformed into an intervention strategy for cardiovascular disease management? Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2021; 66:897-916. [PMID: 34699042 DOI: 10.1007/s12223-021-00926-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Recent advancement in manipulation techniques of gut microbiota either ex vivo or in situ has broadened its plausible applicability for treating various diseases including cardiovascular disease. Several reports suggested that altering gut microbiota composition is an effective way to deal with issues associated with managing cardiovascular diseases. However, actual translation of gut microbiota manipulation-based techniques into cardiovascular-therapeutic approach is still questionable. This review summarized the evidence on challenges, opportunities, recent development, and future prospects of gut microbiota manipulation for targeting cardiovascular diseases. Initially, issues associated with current cardiovascular diseases treatment strategy, association of gut microbiota with cardiovascular disease, and its influence on cardiovascular drugs were discussed, followed by applicability of gut microbiota manipulation as a cardiovascular disease intervention strategy along with its challenges and future prospects. Despite the fact that the gut microbiota is rugged, interventions like probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics, fecal microbiota transplantation, fecal virome transplantation, antibiotics, diet changes, and exercises could manipulate it. Advanced techniques like administration of engineered bacteriophages and bacteria could also be employed. Intensive exploration revealed that if sufficiently controlled approach and proper monitoring were applied, gut microbiota could provide a compelling answer for cardiovascular therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalid Mehmood
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Hail, Hail, KSA, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Pharmacy, Abbottabad University of Science and Technology, Havelian, Pakistan
| | - Afrasim Moin
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Hail, Hail, KSA, Saudi Arabia
| | - Talib Hussain
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Hail, Hail, KSA, Saudi Arabia
| | - Syed Mohd Danish Rizvi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Hail, Hail, KSA, Saudi Arabia.
| | - D V Gowda
- Department of Pharmaceutics, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysuru, India
| | - Shazi Shakil
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,Center of Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - M A Kamal
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,Enzymoics 7 Peterlee Place, NSW, 2770, Hebersham, Australia.,Novel Global Community, Educational Foundation, Hebersham, Australia
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Bulut M, Tunçtürk Y, Alwazeer D. Effect of fortification of set‐type yoghurt with different plant extracts on its physicochemical, rheological, textural and sensory properties during storage. INT J DAIRY TECHNOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/1471-0307.12803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Menekşe Bulut
- Department of Food Engineering Faculty of Engineering Iğdır University Iğdır 76000Turkey
- Research Center for Redox Applications in Foods (RCRAF) Iğdır University Iğdır 76000Turkey
- Innovative Food Technologies Development, Application, and Research Center Iğdır University Iğdır 76000Turkey
| | - Yusuf Tunçtürk
- Department of Food Engineering Faculty of Engineering Van Yüzüncü Yıl University Van 65000Turkey
| | - Duried Alwazeer
- Research Center for Redox Applications in Foods (RCRAF) Iğdır University Iğdır 76000Turkey
- Innovative Food Technologies Development, Application, and Research Center Iğdır University Iğdır 76000Turkey
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetic Faculty of Health Sciences Iğdır University Iğdır 76000 Turkey
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Khalil NA, Eltahan NR, Elaktash HM, Aly S, Sarbini SR. Prospective evaluation of probiotic and prebiotic supplementation on diabetic health associated with gut microbiota. FOOD BIOSCI 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbio.2021.101149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic in Japan is not as disastrous as it is in other Western countries, possibly because of certain lifestyle factors. One such factor might be the seaweed-rich diet commonly consumed in Japan. COVID-19 is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which binds to angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) on the cell surface and downregulates ACE2, likely elevating the ratio of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) to ACE2. The overreaction of the immune system, combined with the cytokine storm and ACE dominance, is purported to cause the condition of COVID-19 patients to deteriorate rapidly. Dietary seaweeds contain numerous components, including ACE inhibitory peptides, soluble dietary fibers (eg, fucoidan, porphyran), omega-3 fatty acids, fucoxanthin, fucosterol, vitamins D3 and B12, and phlorotannins. These components exert antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiviral effects directly as well as indirectly through prebiotic effects. It is possible that ACE inhibitory components could minimize the ACE dominance caused by SARS-CoV-2 infection. Thus, dietary seaweeds might confer protection against COVID-19 through multiple mechanisms. Overconsumption of seaweeds should be avoided, however, as seaweeds contain high levels of iodine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenichi Tamama
- K. Tamama, Clinical Laboratory Building, 3477 Euler Way, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
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15
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Shah P, Wolever TM, Jenkins AL, Ezatagha A, Campbell J, Zurbau A, Jain M, Gote M, Bhaduri A, Mullick A. Acute glycemic and insulin response of Fossence™ alone, or when substituted or added to a carbohydrate challenge: A three-phase, acute, randomized, cross-over, double blind clinical trial. Heliyon 2021; 7:e06805. [PMID: 33997376 PMCID: PMC8102419 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e06805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/10/2021] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Short chain fructo-oligosaccharides (scFOS) are well-recognized prebiotic fibers. Fossence™ (FOSS) is a scFOS that has been produced from sucrose via a proprietary fermentation process and has not been tested for its digestibility or glucose/insulin response (GR and IR, respectively). The present randomized, controlled, cross-over study was conducted in 3 phases to explore GR and IR to ingestion of FOSS, when replaced by/added to available-carbohydrates (avCHO) among 25 healthy adults (40 ± 14years). In each phase GR and IR elicited by 3-4 test-meals were measured among the fasted recruited subjects. The interventional test meals were as follows: Phase-1, water alone or 10g FOSS or 10g Dextrose in 250ml water; Phase-2, 250ml water containing Dextrose:FOSS (g:g) in the content as 50:0 or 50:15 or 35:0 or 35:15; Phase-3 portions of white-bread (WB) containing avCHO:FOSS (g:g) in the content as 50:0 or 50:15 or 35:0 or 35:15. Blood samples (finger prick method) were collected at fasting and 15, 30, 45, 60, 90 and 120 min after start of test meal ingestion. Plasma glucose and serum insulin were analyzed utilizing standard methods. The primary endpoint was differences in glucose IAUC. All subjects provided their written consent to participate in the study (ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT03755232). The results demonstrated that FOSS, when consumed alone, showed no raise in glycaemia or insulinemia and was statistically equivalent to response of water alone. GR and IR elicited by dextrose:FOSS and WB:FOSS test-meals of Phase 2 and Phase 3, were statistically equivalent to the respective test-meals without FOSS. Result of the 3 phases support the hypothesis that FOSS is resistant to breakdown and is indigestible in the human small-intestine, and therefore can be classified as an unavailable carbohydrate that does not raise post prandial blood glucose or insulin. FOSS, being sweet to taste, may be an acceptable sugar replacer in beverages without compromising their taste and sensory qualities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyali Shah
- Tata Chemicals Ltd-Innovation Centre, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Manish Jain
- Tata Chemicals Ltd-Innovation Centre, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Manoj Gote
- Tata Chemicals Ltd-Innovation Centre, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Anirban Bhaduri
- Tata Chemicals Ltd-Innovation Centre, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Ashim Mullick
- Tata Consumer Products Ltd (formerly at Tata Chemicals Ltd-Innovation Centre), Pune, Maharashtra, India
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Del Pinto R, Pietropaoli D, Monaco A, Desideri G, Ferri C, Grassi D. Non-pharmacological Strategies Against Systemic Inflammation: Molecular Basis and Clinical Evidence. Curr Pharm Des 2020; 26:2620-2629. [PMID: 32242777 DOI: 10.2174/1381612826666200403122600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Systemic inflammation is a common denominator to a variety of cardiovascular (CV) and non-CV diseases and relative risk factors, including hypertension and its control, metabolic diseases, rheumatic disorders, and those affecting the gastrointestinal tract. Besides medications, a non-pharmacological approach encompassing lifestyle changes and other complementary measures is mentioned in several updated guidelines on the management of these conditions. We performed an updated narrative review on the mechanisms behind the systemic impact of inflammation and the role of non-pharmacological, complementary measures centered on lowering systemic phlogosis for preserving or restoring a good global health. The central role of genetics in shaping the immune response is discussed in conjunction with that of the microbiome, highlighting the interdependence and mutual influences between the human genome and microbial integrity, diversity, and functions. Several plausible strategies to modulate inflammation and restore balanced crosstalk between the human genome and the microbiome are then recapitulated, including dietary measures, active lifestyle, and other potential approaches to manipulate the resident microbial community. To date, evidence from high-quality human studies is sparse to allow the unconditioned inclusion of understudied, though plausible solutions against inflammation into public health strategies for global wellness. This gap claims further focused, well-designed research targeted at unravelling the mechanisms behind future personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Del Pinto
- University of L'Aquila, Department of Life, Health, and Environmental Sciences, San Salvatore Hospital, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Davide Pietropaoli
- University of L'Aquila, Department of Life, Health, and Environmental Sciences, San Salvatore Hospital, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Annalisa Monaco
- University of L'Aquila, Department of Life, Health, and Environmental Sciences, San Salvatore Hospital, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Giovambattista Desideri
- University of L'Aquila, Department of Life, Health, and Environmental Sciences, San Salvatore Hospital, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Claudio Ferri
- University of L'Aquila, Department of Life, Health, and Environmental Sciences, San Salvatore Hospital, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Davide Grassi
- University of L'Aquila, Department of Life, Health, and Environmental Sciences, San Salvatore Hospital, L'Aquila, Italy
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Koszewicz M, Jaroch J, Brzecka A, Ejma M, Budrewicz S, Mikhaleva LM, Muresanu C, Schield P, Somasundaram SG, Kirkland CE, Avila-Rodriguez M, Aliev G. Dysbiosis is one of the risk factor for stroke and cognitive impairment and potential target for treatment. Pharmacol Res 2020; 164:105277. [PMID: 33166735 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.105277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 10/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
More than 50 million people have various forms of cognitive impairment basically caused by neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and cerebrovascular diseases as well as stroke. Often these conditions coexist and exacerbate one another. The damaged area in post-stroke dementia may lead to neurodegenerative lesions. Gut microbiome functions like an endocrine organ by generating bioactive metabolites that can directly or indirectly impact human physiology. An alteration in the composition and function of intestinal flora, i.e. gut dysbiosis, is implicated in neurodegenerative and cerebrovascular diseases. Additionally, gut dysbiosis may accelerate the progression of cognitive impairment. Dysbiosis may result from obesity; metabolic disorders, cardiovascular disease, and sleep disorders, Lack of physical activity is associated with dysbiosis as well. These may coexist in various patterns in older people, enhancing the risk, incidence, and progression of cerebrovascular lesions, neurodegenerative disorders, and cognitive impairment, creating a vicious circle. Recently, it has been reported that several metabolites produced by gut microbiota (e.g., trimethylamine/trimethylamine N-oxide, short-chain fatty acids, secondary bile acids) may be linked to neurodegenerative and cerebrovascular diseases. New treatment modalities, including prebiotic and probiotics, may normalize the gut microbiota composition, change the brain-gut barrier, and decrease the risk of the pathology development. Fecal microbiota transplantation, sometimes in combination with other methods, is used for remodeling and replenishing the symbiotic gut microbiome. This promising field of research is associated with basic findings of bidirectional communication between body organs and gut microbiota that creates new possibilities of pharmacological treatments of many clinical conditions. The authors present the role of gut microbiota in physiology, and the novel therapeutic targets in modulation of intestinal microbiota Personalized therapies based on their personal genome make up could offer benefits by modulating microbiota cross-talk with brain and cardiovascular system. A healthy lifestyle, including pre and probiotic nutrition is generally recommended. Prevention may also be enhanced by correcting gut dysbiosis resulting a reduced risk of post-stroke cognitive impairment including dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Koszewicz
- Department of Neurology, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-556 Wrocław, Borowska 213, Poland
| | - Joanna Jaroch
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Wroclaw Medical University, 51-618 Wrocław, Bartla 5, Poland; Department of Cardiology, Lower Silesian Specialist Hospital, Fieldorfa 2, 54-049 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Anna Brzecka
- Department of Pulmonology and Lung Oncology, Wroclaw Medical University, 53-439, Wroclaw, Grabiszynska 105, Poland
| | - Maria Ejma
- Department of Neurology, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-556 Wrocław, Borowska 213, Poland
| | - Slawomir Budrewicz
- Department of Neurology, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-556 Wrocław, Borowska 213, Poland
| | - Liudmila M Mikhaleva
- Federal State Budgetary Institution «Research Institute of Human Morphology», 3, Tsyurupy Str., Moscow, 117418, Russian Federation
| | - Cristian Muresanu
- Research Center for Applied Biotechnology in Diagnosis and Molecular Therapies, Str. Trifoiului nr. 12 G, 400478, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Pamela Schield
- School of Education & Athletics, Salem University, Salem, WV 26426, United States
| | | | - Cecil E Kirkland
- Department of Biological Sciences, Salem University, Salem, WV, USA
| | - Marco Avila-Rodriguez
- Health Sciences Faculty, Clinic Sciences Department, University of Tolima, 730006 Ibague, Colombia
| | - Gjumrakch Aliev
- Federal State Budgetary Institution «Research Institute of Human Morphology», 3, Tsyurupy Str., Moscow, 117418, Russian Federation; I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (Sechenov University), 8/2 Trubetskaya Str., Moscow, 119991, Russia; Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka, 142432, Russia; GALLY International Research Institute, 7733 Louis Pasteur Drive, #330, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA.
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18
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Chen J, Wang Y, Zhu T, Yang S, Cao J, Li X, Wang LS, Sun C. Beneficial Regulatory Effects of Polymethoxyflavone-Rich Fraction from Ougan ( Citrus reticulata cv. Suavissima) Fruit on Gut Microbiota and Identification of Its Intestinal Metabolites in Mice. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9090831. [PMID: 32899916 PMCID: PMC7555910 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9090831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Polymethoxyflavones (PMFs) are special flavonoids in citrus fruits that have been suggested to be beneficial to human health. However, whether PMFs in citrus fruit alter human gut microbiota is not well understood. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of PMF-rich fraction from Ougan (Citrus reticulata cv. Suavissima) on gut microbiota and evaluate the intestinal metabolic profile of PMFs in Institute of Cancer Research mice. The main components of the PMF-rich fraction were nobiletin, tangeretin, and 5-demethylnobiletin. The composition of the gut microbiota was analyzed using 16S ribosomal DNA sequencing. The results showed that after oral administration, the composition of mice gut microbiota was significantly altered. The relative abundance of two probiotics, Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium, were found to increase significantly. A total of 21 metabolites of PMFs were detected in mice intestinal content by high performance liquid chromatography electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry, and they were generated through demethylation, demethoxylation, hydroxylation, and glucuronidation. Our results provided evidence that PMFs have potential beneficial regulatory effects on gut microbiota that in turn metabolize PMFs, which warrants further investigation in human clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiebiao Chen
- Laboratory of Fruit Quality Biology/Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology/The State Agriculture Ministry Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, China; (J.C.); (Y.W.); (T.Z.); (S.Y.); (J.C.); (X.L.)
| | - Yue Wang
- Laboratory of Fruit Quality Biology/Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology/The State Agriculture Ministry Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, China; (J.C.); (Y.W.); (T.Z.); (S.Y.); (J.C.); (X.L.)
| | - Tailin Zhu
- Laboratory of Fruit Quality Biology/Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology/The State Agriculture Ministry Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, China; (J.C.); (Y.W.); (T.Z.); (S.Y.); (J.C.); (X.L.)
| | - Sijia Yang
- Laboratory of Fruit Quality Biology/Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology/The State Agriculture Ministry Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, China; (J.C.); (Y.W.); (T.Z.); (S.Y.); (J.C.); (X.L.)
| | - Jinping Cao
- Laboratory of Fruit Quality Biology/Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology/The State Agriculture Ministry Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, China; (J.C.); (Y.W.); (T.Z.); (S.Y.); (J.C.); (X.L.)
| | - Xian Li
- Laboratory of Fruit Quality Biology/Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology/The State Agriculture Ministry Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, China; (J.C.); (Y.W.); (T.Z.); (S.Y.); (J.C.); (X.L.)
| | - Li-Shu Wang
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA;
| | - Chongde Sun
- Laboratory of Fruit Quality Biology/Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology/The State Agriculture Ministry Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, China; (J.C.); (Y.W.); (T.Z.); (S.Y.); (J.C.); (X.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-0571-88982229
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19
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Ahlawat S, Asha, Sharma KK. Gut-organ axis: a microbial outreach and networking. Lett Appl Microbiol 2020; 72:636-668. [PMID: 32472555 DOI: 10.1111/lam.13333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Human gut microbiota (GM) includes a complex and dynamic population of microorganisms that are crucial for well-being and survival of the organism. It has been reported as diverse and relatively stable with shared core microbiota, including Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes as the major dominants. They are the key regulators of body homeostasis, involving both intestinal and extra-intestinal effects by influencing many physiological functions such as metabolism, maintenance of barrier homeostasis, inflammation and hematopoiesis. Any alteration in GM community structures not only trigger gut disorders but also influence other organs and cause associated diseases. In recent past, the GM has been defined as a 'vital organ' with its involvement with other organs; thus, establishing a link or a bi- or multidirectional communication axis between the organs via neural, endocrine, immune, humoral and metabolic pathways. Alterations in GM have been linked to several diseases known to humans; although the exact interaction mechanism between the gut and the organs is yet to be defined. In this review, the bidirectional relationship between the gut and the vital human organs was envisaged and discussed under several headings. Furthermore, several disease symptoms were also revisited to redefine the communication network between the gut microbes and the associated organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ahlawat
- Laboratory of Enzymology and Recombinant DNA Technology, Department of Microbiology, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana, India
| | - Asha
- Laboratory of Enzymology and Recombinant DNA Technology, Department of Microbiology, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana, India
| | - K K Sharma
- Laboratory of Enzymology and Recombinant DNA Technology, Department of Microbiology, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana, India
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Consumption of Stilbenes and Flavonoids is Linked to Reduced Risk of Obesity Independently of Fiber Intake. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12061871. [PMID: 32585900 PMCID: PMC7353284 DOI: 10.3390/nu12061871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Polyphenol consumption is implicated in gut microbiome composition and improved metabolic outcomes, but it is unclear whether the effect is independent of dietary fiber. Methods: We investigated the links between (poly)phenol intake, gut microbiome composition (16s RNA) and obesity independently of fiber intake in UK women (n = 1810) and in a small group of UK men (n = 64). Results: (Poly)phenol intakes correlated with microbiome alpha diversity (Shannon Index) after adjusting for confounders and fiber intake. Moreover, flavonoid intake was significantly correlated with the abundance of Veillonella, (a genus known to improve physical performance), and stilbene intake with that of butyrate-producing bacteria (Lachnospira and Faecalibacterium). Stilbene and flavonoid intake also correlated with lower odds of prevalent obesity (Stilbenes: Odds Ratio (95% Confidence Interval) (OR(95%CI)) = 0.80 (0.73, 0.87), p = 4.90 × 10−7; Flavonoids: OR(95%CI) = 0.77 (0.65, 0.91), p = 0.002). Formal mediation analyses revealed that gut microbiome mediates ~11% of the total effect of flavonoid and stilbene intake on prevalent obesity. Conclusions: Our findings highlight the importance of (poly)phenol consumption for optimal human health.
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Adebola OO, Corcoran O, Morgan WA. Prebiotics may alter bile salt hydrolase activity: Possible implications for cholesterol metabolism. PHARMANUTRITION 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phanu.2020.100182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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22
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Abstract
The review covers achievements and developments in the field of probiosis and prebiosis originating from sources other than dairy sources, mainly from plant material like cereals. The actual definitions of probiotic microorganisms, prebiotic, and postbiotic compounds and functional food are discussed. The presentation takes into account the relations between selected food components and their effect on probiotic bacteria, as well as effects on some health issues in humans. The review also focuses on the preservation of cereals using probiotic bacteria, adverse effects of probiotics and prebiotics, and novel possibilities for using probiotic bacteria in the food industry.
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Li Y, Rahman SU, Huang Y, Zhang Y, Ming P, Zhu L, Chu X, Li J, Feng S, Wang X, Wu J. Green tea polyphenols decrease weight gain, ameliorate alteration of gut microbiota, and mitigate intestinal inflammation in canines with high-fat-diet-induced obesity. J Nutr Biochem 2019; 78:108324. [PMID: 32004926 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2019.108324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Revised: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Green tea polyphenols (GTPs) exhibit beneficial effects towards obesity and intestinal inflammation; however, the mechanisms and association with gut microbiota are unclear. We examined the role of the gut microbiota of GTPs treatment for obesity and inflammation. Canines were fed either a normal diet or high-fat diet with low (0.48% g/kg), medium (0.96% g/kg), or high (1.92% g/kg), doses of GTPs for 18 weeks. GTPs decreased the relative abundance of Bacteroidetes and Fusobacteria and increased the relative abundance of Firmicutes as revealed by 16S rRNA gene sequencing analysis. The relative proportion of Acidaminococcus, Anaerobiospirillum, Anaerovibrio, Bacteroides, Blautia, Catenibactetium, Citrobacter, Clostridium, Collinsella, and Escherichia were significantly associated with GTPs-induced weight loss. GTPs significantly (P<.01) decreased expression levels of inflammatory cytokines, including TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β, and inhibited induction of the TLR4 signaling pathway compared with high-fat diet. We show that the therapeutic effects of GTPs correspond with changes in gut microbiota and intestinal inflammation, which may be related to the anti-inflammatory and anti-obesity mechanisms of GTPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 West Changjiang Road, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Sajid Ur Rahman
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 West Changjiang Road, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Yingying Huang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 West Changjiang Road, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Yafei Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 West Changjiang Road, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Pengfei Ming
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 West Changjiang Road, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Lei Zhu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 West Changjiang Road, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Xiaoyan Chu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 West Changjiang Road, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Jinchun Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 West Changjiang Road, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Shibin Feng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 West Changjiang Road, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Xichun Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 West Changjiang Road, Hefei 230036, China.
| | - Jinjie Wu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 West Changjiang Road, Hefei 230036, China.
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Nutrition - facts and myths. ACTA PHARMACEUTICA (ZAGREB, CROATIA) 2019; 69:497-510. [PMID: 31639089 DOI: 10.2478/acph-2019-0051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Taking responsibility for your life, among other factors, means also considering what to eat and which nutrition pattern to follow. Everyone needs to think about what they put on the plate and which ingredients should be avoided. Food, as such, will never be a drug or medication, like a painkilling tablet relieving pain in a short amount of time, for example. However, proper nutrition is our ally in the prevention of diseases, maintaining balance in our body and our mind. By following the main principles of a healthy diet, the physiological homeostasis can be managed, as well as faster recovery from disease achieved. This review is aimed at summarizing basic principles of nutrition recommendations and at empowering stakeholders (pharmacists, medical biochemists, physicians) to be able to communicate to their patients and customers healthy and sustainable nutrition choices through the personalized advice.
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25
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Mozaffari H, Namazi N, Larijani B, Bellissimo N, Azadbakht L. Association of dietary acid load with cardiovascular risk factors and the prevalence of metabolic syndrome in Iranian women: A cross-sectional study. Nutrition 2019; 67-68:110570. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2019.110570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2018] [Revised: 08/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Angelino D, Martina A, Rosi A, Veronesi L, Antonini M, Mennella I, Vitaglione P, Grioni S, Brighenti F, Zavaroni I, Fares C, Torriani S, Pellegrini N. Glucose- and Lipid-Related Biomarkers Are Affected in Healthy Obese or Hyperglycemic Adults Consuming a Whole-Grain Pasta Enriched in Prebiotics and Probiotics: A 12-Week Randomized Controlled Trial. J Nutr 2019; 149:1714-1723. [PMID: 31162597 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxz071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Revised: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Synbiotic foods, which combine the action of prebiotics and probiotics along the gastrointestinal tract, can affect inflammatory and glucose-related markers. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to investigate the effects on inflammatory and glycemia-related markers of a whole-grain pasta containing barley β-glucans and Bacillus coagulans BC30, 6086 in healthy overweight or obese volunteers. METHODS A single-blind, parallel, randomized, placebo-controlled dietary intervention study was carried out. Forty-one healthy sedentary overweight (body mass index [BMI] 25-29.9 kg/m2) and obese (BMI ≥30) volunteers, aged 30-65 y and low consumers of fruit and vegetables, ate 1 serving/d of whole-grain control (CTR) or innovative (INN) pasta for 12 wk and maintained their habitual diets. Biological samples were collected at baseline and every 4 wk for primary (plasma high-sensitivity C-reactive protein [hs-CRP] and fasting plasma lipid profile) and secondary outcomes (glycemia-related markers, blood pressure, fecal microbiota composition, and body weight). Between (CTR compared with INN) and within (among weeks) group differences were tested for the whole population and for subgroups stratified by baseline values of BMI (≥30) and glycemia (≥100 mg/dL). RESULTS INN or CTR pasta consumption had no effect on primary and secondary outcomes over time, except for a significant increase in plasma γ-glutamyltransferase (GGT) after 12 wk of CTR pasta consumption. Comparisons between intervention groups revealed differences only at 12 wk: plasma GGT was higher in the CTR group; plasma hs-CRP, plasma LDL/HDL cholesterol ratio, and Bifidobacterium spp. were lower in the INN subgroup of obese volunteers; plasma resistin was lower and Faecalibacterium prausnitzii abundance was higher in the INN subgroup of hyperglycemic volunteers. CONCLUSIONS A daily serving of a synbiotic whole-grain pasta had limited effects on primary and secondary outcomes in the entire group of volunteers but affected glycemia- and lipid-related markers and resistin in a subgroup of healthy obese or hyperglycemic volunteers. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02236533.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alessia Martina
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Alice Rosi
- Human Nutrition Unit, Department of Food and Drugs
| | | | - Monica Antonini
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Ilario Mennella
- Department of Agricultural and Food Science, University of Naples "Federico II", Portici, Naples, Italy
| | - Paola Vitaglione
- Department of Agricultural and Food Science, University of Naples "Federico II", Portici, Naples, Italy
| | - Sara Grioni
- Epidemiology and Prevention Unit, Fondazione IRCSS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Ivana Zavaroni
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Clara Fares
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics-Centre for Cereal Research and Industrial Crops, Foggia, Italy
| | - Sandra Torriani
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
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27
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Kong CY, Li ZM, Han B, Zhang ZY, Chen HL, Zhang SL, Xu JQ, Mao YQ, Zhao YP, Wang LS. Diet Consisting of Balanced Yogurt, Fruit, and Vegetables Modifies the Gut Microbiota and Protects Mice against Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Mol Nutr Food Res 2019; 63:e1900249. [PMID: 31271251 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201900249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Revised: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Calorie restriction (CR) is a therapeutically effective method for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. However, the compliance of the CR method is relatively poor. New CR methods are needed. METHODS AND RESULTS Each week, mice are given a 5-day high-fat diet (HFD) ad libitum plus 2 days of an intermittent calorie restriction (ICR) diet (50% calorie restriction) consisting of yogurt, fruit, and vegetables, for 16 weeks. The effect of the ICR diet model on the fatty liver of mice is examined. Compared with continuous HFD-fed mice, the mice feeding HFD+ICR have lower body weight and hepatic steatosis, reduced serum lipid and transaminase levels, increased fatty acid oxidation gene of Cpt1a, and decreased hepatic lipid synthesis gene of Pparγ and Srebf-1c, as well as improved insulin resistance and lower level of inflammation. Moreover, ICR reverses the dysbacteriosis in HFD group, including the lower Shannon diversity indexes and lower abundance of Lactobacillus. CONCLUSION An ICR diet consisting of yogurt, fruit, and vegetables attenuates the development of HFD-induced hepatic steatosis in mice. Furthermore, HFD+ICR diet is associated with a different fecal microbiota that tends to be more similar to normal diet controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao-Yue Kong
- Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201199, China.,Institute of Fudan-Minhang Academic Health System, Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201199, China
| | - Zhan-Ming Li
- Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201199, China.,Institute of Fudan-Minhang Academic Health System, Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201199, China
| | - Bing Han
- Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201199, China.,Institute of Fudan-Minhang Academic Health System, Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201199, China
| | - Zheng-Yan Zhang
- Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201199, China.,Institute of Fudan-Minhang Academic Health System, Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201199, China
| | - Hui-Ling Chen
- Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201199, China.,Institute of Fudan-Minhang Academic Health System, Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201199, China
| | - Shi-Long Zhang
- Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201199, China.,Institute of Fudan-Minhang Academic Health System, Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201199, China
| | - Jia-Qi Xu
- Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201199, China.,Institute of Fudan-Minhang Academic Health System, Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201199, China
| | - Yu-Qin Mao
- Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201199, China.,Institute of Fudan-Minhang Academic Health System, Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201199, China
| | - Yan-Ping Zhao
- Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201199, China.,Institute of Fudan-Minhang Academic Health System, Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201199, China
| | - Li-Shun Wang
- Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201199, China.,Institute of Fudan-Minhang Academic Health System, Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201199, China
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28
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Henning SM, Yang J, Woo SL, Lee RP, Huang J, Rasmusen A, Carpenter CL, Thames G, Gilbuena I, Tseng CH, Heber D, Li Z. Hass Avocado Inclusion in a Weight-Loss Diet Supported Weight Loss and Altered Gut Microbiota: A 12-Week Randomized, Parallel-Controlled Trial. Curr Dev Nutr 2019; 3:nzz068. [PMID: 31367691 PMCID: PMC6658913 DOI: 10.1093/cdn/nzz068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Revised: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Avocados contain fiber, lutein, and vitamin E, and they are a rich source of MUFAs. The effect of including an avocado daily as part of a hypocaloric weight-loss diet on weight loss is not known. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to determine the effect of daily avocado consumption as part of a hypocaloric diet on weight loss, body composition, satiety, biomarkers of inflammation, and intestinal microbiota composition. METHODS In this randomized, parallel-controlled, open-label, 2-arm intervention study, 51 healthy overweight/obese women and men were assigned to a hypocaloric diet with 1 Hass avocado daily (AVO; n = 24) or a hypocaloric diet (CTRL; n = 27) without daily avocado for 12 wk. Serum markers and intestinal microbiota were analyzed at baseline and week 12. RESULTS Both groups experienced significant weight loss, decrease in BMI (in kg/m2), total body fat, and visceral adipose tissue, respectively (AVO: -2.3 ± 2 kg, -0.8 ± 0.8, -1.1% ± 2%, and -81.2 ± 118 g; CTRL: -2.6 ± 3.6 kg, -0.9 ± 1, -1.5% ± 2%, and -87.4 ± 216 g). We observed a significant decrease in serum glucose over time in the control group compared with the AVO group. There was no change between the groups in serum triglyceride, but a significant decrease from baseline to 12 wk was observed in the AVO group. Serum hepatic growth factor (HGF) and relative proportion of bacterial phyla (Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes), family (Bacteroidaceae and Erysipelotrichaceae), and genus (Bacteroides, Clostridium, Methanosphaera, and Candidatus Soleaferrea) were significantly altered in the AVO group compared with the CTRL group. A trend to decrease in serum inflammatory factors IL-1β (P = 0.07) and C-reactive protein (P = 0.074) was observed in the AVO group compared with CTRL. CONCLUSIONS Daily Hass avocado consumption as part of a hypocaloric diet supported weight loss, a decrease in serum HGF, and an increase in the abundance of bacteria involved in plant polysaccharide fermentation. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02953158.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne M Henning
- Department of Medicine, Center for Human Nutrition, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jieping Yang
- Department of Medicine, Center for Human Nutrition, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Shih Lung Woo
- Department of Medicine, Center for Human Nutrition, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ru-Po Lee
- Department of Medicine, Center for Human Nutrition, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jianjun Huang
- Department of Medicine, Center for Human Nutrition, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Anna Rasmusen
- Department of Medicine, Center for Human Nutrition, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Catherine L Carpenter
- Department of Medicine, Center for Human Nutrition, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Gail Thames
- Department of Medicine, Center for Human Nutrition, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Irene Gilbuena
- Department of Medicine, Center for Human Nutrition, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Chi-Hong Tseng
- Department of Statistics Core, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - David Heber
- Department of Medicine, Center for Human Nutrition, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Zhaoping Li
- Department of Medicine, Center for Human Nutrition, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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29
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Principi N, Esposito S. Antibiotic-related adverse events in paediatrics: unique characteristics. Expert Opin Drug Saf 2019; 18:795-802. [PMID: 31305171 DOI: 10.1080/14740338.2019.1640678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Antibiotics have saved and are still saving countless human lives from the burden of infectious diseases. However, as with all other drugs, they can cause adverse events. Generally, these are uncommon, mild and spontaneously resolving. However, in some cases, they can cause relevant clinical problems. Compared with adults, children, particularly in the first years of life, have a higher risk of antibiotic-related adverse events for several reasons. Areas covered: In this paper, the conditions that can contribute to the elevated risk of antibiotic-related adverse events in children are discussed. Expert opinion: Antibiotic stewardship can be a solution to limit antibiotic abuse and misuse and consequently the incidence of antibiotic-related adverse events in children. Moreover, most of the antibiotic-associated adverse events can be avoided with more extensive pre-marketing medicine investigations, improved postmarket safety surveillance system, increased transparency throughout the clinical research enterprise, increased training of clinical pharmacologists and paediatric researchers, expanded pool of paediatric patients, and providing additional funding and incentives for paediatric drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Susanna Esposito
- b Pediatric Clinic, Department of Surgical and Biomedical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Perugia , Perugia , Italy
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30
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Barrea L, Annunziata G, Muscogiuri G, Laudisio D, Di Somma C, Maisto M, Tenore GC, Colao A, Savastano S. Trimethylamine N-oxide, Mediterranean diet, and nutrition in healthy, normal-weight adults: also a matter of sex? Nutrition 2019; 62:7-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2018.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Revised: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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The Role of the Microbiota in the Diabetic Peripheral Artery Disease. Mediators Inflamm 2019; 2019:4128682. [PMID: 31205450 PMCID: PMC6530226 DOI: 10.1155/2019/4128682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Revised: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Vascular complications of diabetes mellitus represent a major public health problem. Although many steps forward have been made to define the causes and to find the best possible therapies, the problem remains crucial. In recent years, more and more evidences have defined a link between microbiota and the initiation, promotion, and evolution of atherosclerotic disease, even in the diabetic scenario. There is an urgency to develop the knowledge of modern medicine about the link between gut microbiota and its host's metabolic pathways, and it would be useful to understand and justify the interindividual diversity of clinical disease presentation of diabetic vascular complication even if an optimization of pharmacological treatment has been made or in the case of young patients where hypertension, dyslipidemia, and diabetes are not able to justify a very quick progress of atherosclerotic process. The aim of the present review is to gather all the best available evidence in this regard and to define a new role of the microbiota in this field, from biomarker to possible therapeutic target.
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32
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Forkosh E, Ilan Y. The heart-gut axis: new target for atherosclerosis and congestive heart failure therapy. Open Heart 2019; 6:e000993. [PMID: 31168383 PMCID: PMC6519415 DOI: 10.1136/openhrt-2018-000993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The human gut microbiota has been identified as a possible novel risk factor for cardiovascular disease. The intestinal microbiome plays a role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and heart failure. Even though studies in rodents suggested that gut microbes may affect the risk of heart disease, this link has not been shown in humans. In the present study, we review several potential mechanisms by which the gut microbiome and bacterial translocation are associated with the development of cardiac disorders making them potential targets for novel therapeutic measures for these conditions. Modulation of the gut microbiota as a mechanism for altering the pathogenesis of disorders is an area of growing interest. Alteration in the gut microbiota is being explored as a method of reducing risk factors associated with cardiac diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Forkosh
- Medicine, Hebrew University Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Yaron Ilan
- Medicine, Hebrew University Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
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33
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Mervish NA, Hu J, Hagan LA, Arora M, Frau C, Choi J, Attaie A, Ahmed M, Teitelbaum SL, Wolff MS. Associations of the Oral Microbiota with Obesity and Menarche in Inner City Girls. JOURNAL OF CHILDHOOD OBESITY 2019; 4. [PMID: 31535093 DOI: 10.21767/2572-5394.100068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Objective Alterations of the oral microbiome have been associated with obesity, possibly based on inflammatory processes mediated by bacteria. Specific bacterial strains have been associated with obesity and periodontal disease. Little is known about the oral microbiome in children. Understanding the relationship between oral health and childhood growth could help identify preventable factors contributing to obesity and related conditions, including onset of menarche which is associated with obesity. Methods In this pilot study, we investigated the saliva microbiome among 25 girls 7-15 years old (mean 11.1) and their mothers in an inner city dental clinic in New York City. The main outcome measures were body size, presence or absence of menarche and dental practices. We examined associations of microbiome richness, diversity, and relative abundance with pubertal and demographic factors and oral health. Results Girls had good dental health and a typical rich oral microbiome, based on the Shannon Index of all species detected. Older girls flossed more often and younger girls had more frequent dental check-ups. Microbiome richness among girls was similar to their mothers', but diversity was greater among mothers than girls. Richness was reduced among mothers with gum bleeding, flossing and increased teeth brushing. Overweight girls had greater diversity and less richness than normal weight girls. Certain bacterial species differed in abundance with respect to whether girls had reached menarche (Flavobacteria, Actinobacteria), overweight (Megasphaera, Lactorbacillales, Lactobacillus) and gingivitis in the girls (Scardovia, Bifidobacteriales, Gemellaceae). Conclusions Differences found in specific bacteria in the oral microbiome were related to body size and menarche. With increasing interest on studying microbiome variability related to the multifactorial etiology of obesity in children, saliva is capable of providing clinically informative markers of this and related conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy A Mervish
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai, 1 Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, USA
| | - Jianzhong Hu
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai, 1 Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, USA
| | - Loy A Hagan
- Department of Dentistry/Oral Maxillofacial Surgery, Otolaryngogoly and Surgery (Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1 Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, USA
| | - Manish Arora
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai, 1 Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, USA.,Department of Dentistry/Oral Maxillofacial Surgery, Otolaryngogoly and Surgery (Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1 Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, USA
| | - Catalina Frau
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai, 1 Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, USA
| | - Julee Choi
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai, 1 Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, USA
| | - Ali Attaie
- Department of Dentistry/Oral Maxillofacial Surgery, Otolaryngogoly and Surgery (Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1 Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, USA.,Department Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1 Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, USA
| | - Mairaj Ahmed
- Department of Dentistry/Oral Maxillofacial Surgery, Otolaryngogoly and Surgery (Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1 Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, USA
| | - Susan L Teitelbaum
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai, 1 Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, USA
| | - Mary S Wolff
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai, 1 Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, USA
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34
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Xylooligosaccharide supplementation decreases visceral fat accumulation and modulates cecum microbiome in mice. J Funct Foods 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2018.10.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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35
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Cox LA, Olivier M, Spradling-Reeves K, Karere GM, Comuzzie AG, VandeBerg JL. Nonhuman Primates and Translational Research-Cardiovascular Disease. ILAR J 2018; 58:235-250. [PMID: 28985395 DOI: 10.1093/ilar/ilx025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the United States. Human epidemiological studies provide challenges for understanding mechanisms that regulate initiation and progression of CVD due to variation in lifestyle, diet, and other environmental factors. Studies describing metabolic and physiologic aspects of CVD, and those investigating genetic and epigenetic mechanisms influencing CVD initiation and progression, have been conducted in multiple Old World nonhuman primate (NHP) species. Major advantages of NHPs as models for understanding CVD are their genetic, metabolic, and physiologic similarities with humans, and the ability to control diet, environment, and breeding. These NHP species are also genetically and phenotypically heterogeneous, providing opportunities to study gene by environment interactions that are not feasible in inbred animal models. Each Old World NHP species included in this review brings unique strengths as models to better understand human CVD. All develop CVD without genetic manipulation providing multiple models to discover genetic variants that influence CVD risk. In addition, as each of these NHP species age, their age-related comorbidities such as dyslipidemia and diabetes are accelerated proportionally 3 to 4 times faster than in humans.In this review, we discuss current CVD-related research in NHPs focusing on selected aspects of CVD for which nonprimate model organism studies have left gaps in our understanding of human disease. We include studies on current knowledge of genetics, epigenetics, calorie restriction, maternal calorie restriction and offspring health, maternal obesity and offspring health, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis and steatosis, Chagas disease, microbiome, stem cells, and prevention of CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura A Cox
- Department of Genetics, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas.,Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Michael Olivier
- Department of Genetics, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas.,Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas
| | | | - Genesio M Karere
- Department of Genetics, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Anthony G Comuzzie
- Department of Genetics, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas
| | - John L VandeBerg
- South Texas Diabetes and Obesity Center, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Edinburg/Harlingen/Brownsville, Texas
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36
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Kristek A, Schär MY, Soycan G, Alsharif S, Kuhnle GGC, Walton G, Spencer JPE. The gut microbiota and cardiovascular health benefits: A focus on wholegrain oats. NUTR BULL 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/nbu.12354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Kristek
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences; University of Reading; Reading UK
| | - M. Y. Schär
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences; University of Reading; Reading UK
| | - G. Soycan
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences; University of Reading; Reading UK
| | - S. Alsharif
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences; University of Reading; Reading UK
| | - G. G. C. Kuhnle
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences; University of Reading; Reading UK
| | - G. Walton
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences; University of Reading; Reading UK
| | - J. P. E. Spencer
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences; University of Reading; Reading UK
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW In recent years, an interest in intestinal microbiota-host interactions has increased due to many findings about the impact of gut bacteria on human health and disease. Dysbiosis, a change in the composition of the gut microbiota, has been associated with much pathology, including cardiovascular diseases (CVD). This article will review normal functions of the gut microbiome, its link to CVD, and potential therapeutic interventions. RECENT FINDINGS The recently discovered contribution of gut microbiota-derived molecules in the development of heart disease and its risk factors has significantly increased attention towards the connection between our gut and heart. The gut microbiome is virtually an endocrine organ, arguably the largest, capable of contributing to and reacting to circulating signaling molecules within the host. Gut microbiota-host interactions occur through many pathways, including trimethylamine-N-oxide and short-chain fatty acids. These molecules and others have been linked to much pathology including chronic kidney disease, atherosclerosis, and hypertension. SUMMARY Although our understanding of gut microbiota-host interactions has increased recently; many questions remain about the mechanistic links between the gut microbiome and CVD. With further research, we may one day be able to add gut microbiota profiles as an assessable risk factor for CVD and target therapies towards the gut microbiota.
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Visceral Congestion in Heart Failure: Right Ventricular Dysfunction, Splanchnic Hemodynamics, and the Intestinal Microenvironment. Curr Heart Fail Rep 2018; 14:519-528. [PMID: 29075956 DOI: 10.1007/s11897-017-0370-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Visceral venous congestion of the gut may play a key role in the pathogenesis of right-sided heart failure (HF) and cardiorenal syndromes. Here, we review the role of right ventricular (RV) dysfunction, visceral congestion, splanchnic hemodynamics, and the intestinal microenvironment in the setting of right-sided HF. We review recent literature on this topic, outline possible mechanisms of disease pathogenesis, and discuss potential therapeutics. RECENT FINDINGS There are several mechanisms linking RV-gut interactions via visceral venous congestion which could result in (1) hypoxia and acidosis in enterocytes, which may lead to enhanced sodium-hydrogen exchanger 3 (NHE3) expression with increased sodium and fluid retention; (2) decreased luminal pH in the intestines, which could lead to alteration of the gut microbiome which could increase gut permeability and inflammation; (3) alteration of renal hemodynamics with triggering of the cardiorenal syndrome; and (4) altered phosphate metabolism resulting in increased pulmonary artery stiffening, thereby increasing RV afterload. A wide variety of therapeutic interventions that act on the RV, pulmonary vasculature, intestinal microenvironment, and the kidney could alter these pathways and should be tested in patients with right-sided HF. The RV-gut axis is an important aspect of HF pathogenesis that deserves more attention. Modulation of the pathways interconnecting the right heart, visceral congestion, and the intestinal microenvironment could be a novel avenue of intervention for right-sided HF.
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Principi N, Cozzali R, Farinelli E, Brusaferro A, Esposito S. Gut dysbiosis and irritable bowel syndrome: The potential role of probiotics. J Infect 2017; 76:111-120. [PMID: 29291933 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2017.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Revised: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To discuss the role of gut dysbiosis in the development of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and the impact of probiotics as a potential therapeutic measure. METHODS PubMed was used to search for all of the studies published over the last 15 years using the key words: "irritable bowel syndrome" and "gut dysbiosis" or "probiotic". More than 800 articles were found, but only those published in English or providing evidence-based data were included in the evaluation. RESULTS IBS is a common disease for which no resolutive therapy is presently available. In recent years, strong evidence of a possible relationship between modifications of the gut microbiota composition and development of IBS has been collected. Moreover, the evidence showed that attempts to treat acute infectious and post-antibiotic gastroenteritis with some probiotics were significantly effective in a great number of patients, leading many experts to suggest the use of probiotics to address all of the clinical problems associated with IBS. CONCLUSION The available data are promising, but presently, a precise definition of which probiotic or which mixture of probiotics is effective cannot be made. Moreover, the dose and duration of treatment has not been established. Finally, we do not know whether probiotic treatment should be different according to the type of IBS. Further studies are needed before probiotics can be considered a reliable treatment for IBS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rita Cozzali
- Pediatric Clinic, Department of Surgical and Biomedical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Edoardo Farinelli
- Pediatric Clinic, Department of Surgical and Biomedical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Andrea Brusaferro
- Pediatric Clinic, Department of Surgical and Biomedical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Susanna Esposito
- Pediatric Clinic, Department of Surgical and Biomedical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Perugia, Italy.
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40
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Conterno L, Martinelli F, Tamburini M, Fava F, Mancini A, Sordo M, Pindo M, Martens S, Masuero D, Vrhovsek U, Dal Lago C, Ferrario G, Morandini M, Tuohy K. Measuring the impact of olive pomace enriched biscuits on the gut microbiota and its metabolic activity in mildly hypercholesterolaemic subjects. Eur J Nutr 2017; 58:63-81. [PMID: 29124388 PMCID: PMC6424929 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-017-1572-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Olive pomace is a major waste product of olive oil production but remains rich in polyphenols and fibres. We measured the potential of an olive pomace-enriched biscuit formulation delivering 17.1 ± 4.01 mg/100 g of hydroxytyrosol and its derivatives, to modulate the composition and metabolic activity of the human gut microbiota. Methods In a double-blind, controlled parallel dietary intervention 62 otherwise healthy hypercholesterolemic (total plasma cholesterol 180–240 mg/dl) subjects were randomly assigned to eat 90 g of olive pomace-enriched biscuit (olive-enriched product, OEP) or an isoenergetic control (CTRL) for 8 weeks. Fasted blood samples, 24-h urine and faecal samples were collected before and after dietary intervention for measurement of microbiota, metabolites and clinical parameters. Results Consumption of OEP biscuits did not impact on the diversity of the faecal microbiota and there was no statistically significant effect on CVD markers. A trend towards reduced oxidized LDL cholesterol following OEP ingestion was observed. At the genus level lactobacilli and Ruminococcus were reduced in OEP compared to CTRL biscuits. A trend towards increased bifidobacteria abundance was observed after OEP ingestion in 16S rRNA profiles, by fluorescent in situ hybridization and by qPCR. Targeted LC–MS revealed significant increases phenolic acid concentrations in 24-h urine following OEP ingestion and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) and homovanillic acid, derivatives of hydroxytyrosol, were elevated in blood. A sex effect was apparent in urine small phenolic acid concentrations, and this sex effect was mirrored by statistically significant differences in relative abundances of faecal bacteria between men and women. Conclusion Ingestion of OEP biscuits led to a significant increase in the metabolic output of the gut microbiota with an apparent sex effect possibly linked to differences in microbiota makeup. Increased levels of homovanillic acid and DOPAC, thought to be involved in reducing oxidative LDL cholesterol, were observed upon OEP ingestion. However, OEP did not induce statistically significant changes in either ox-LDL or urinary isoprostane in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenza Conterno
- OlioCRU s.r.l. Research and Development Group, Via Aldo Moro 1, 38062, Arco, TN, Italy
| | - Francesca Martinelli
- OlioCRU s.r.l. Research and Development Group, Via Aldo Moro 1, 38062, Arco, TN, Italy
| | - Matteo Tamburini
- OlioCRU s.r.l. Research and Development Group, Via Aldo Moro 1, 38062, Arco, TN, Italy
| | - Francesca Fava
- Department of Food Quality and Nutrition, Research and Innovation Centre-Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all'Adige, Italy
| | - Andrea Mancini
- Department of Food Quality and Nutrition, Research and Innovation Centre-Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all'Adige, Italy
| | - Maddalena Sordo
- Department of Food Quality and Nutrition, Research and Innovation Centre-Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all'Adige, Italy
| | - Massimo Pindo
- Genomics and Advanced Biology Unit, Research and Innovation Centre-Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all'Adige, Italy
| | - Stefan Martens
- Department of Food Quality and Nutrition, Research and Innovation Centre-Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all'Adige, Italy
| | - Domenico Masuero
- Department of Food Quality and Nutrition, Research and Innovation Centre-Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all'Adige, Italy
| | - Urska Vrhovsek
- Department of Food Quality and Nutrition, Research and Innovation Centre-Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all'Adige, Italy
| | - Claudia Dal Lago
- Casa di Cura Eremo di Arco s.r.l., Via XXI Aprile 1, 38062, Arco, TN, Italy
| | - Gabriele Ferrario
- Casa di Cura Eremo di Arco s.r.l., Via XXI Aprile 1, 38062, Arco, TN, Italy
| | - Mario Morandini
- OlioCRU s.r.l. Research and Development Group, Via Aldo Moro 1, 38062, Arco, TN, Italy
| | - Kieran Tuohy
- Department of Food Quality and Nutrition, Research and Innovation Centre-Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all'Adige, Italy.
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Henning SM, Yang J, Hsu M, Lee RP, Grojean EM, Ly A, Tseng CH, Heber D, Li Z. Decaffeinated green and black tea polyphenols decrease weight gain and alter microbiome populations and function in diet-induced obese mice. Eur J Nutr 2017; 57:2759-2769. [PMID: 28965248 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-017-1542-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Decaffeinated green tea (GT) and black tea (BT) polyphenols inhibit weight gain in mice fed an obesogenic diet. Since the intestinal microflora is an important contributor to obesity, it was the objective of this study to determine whether the intestinal microflora plays a role in the anti-obesogenic effect of GT and BT. METHODS C57BL/6J mice were fed a high-fat/high-sucrose diet (HF/HS, 32% energy from fat; 25% energy from sucrose) or the same diet supplemented with 0.25% GTP or BTP or a low-fat/high-sucrose (LF/HS, 10.6% energy from fat, 25% energy from sucrose) diet for 4 weeks. Bacterial composition was assessed by MiSeq sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene. RESULTS GTP and BTP diets resulted in a decrease of cecum Firmicutes and increase in Bacteroidetes. The relative proportions of Blautia, Bryantella, Collinsella, Lactobacillus, Marvinbryantia, Turicibacter, Barnesiella, and Parabacteroides were significantly correlated with weight loss induced by tea extracts. BTP increased the relative proportion of Pseudobutyrivibrio and intestinal formation of short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) analyzed by gas chromatography. Cecum propionic acid content was significantly correlated with the relative proportion of Pseudobutyrivibrio. GTP and BTP induced a significant increase in hepatic 5'adenosylmonophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) phosphorylation by 70 and 289%, respectively (P < 0.05) determined by Western blot. CONCLUSION In summary, both BTP and GTP induced weight loss in association with alteration of the microbiota and increased hepatic AMPK phosphorylation. We hypothesize that BTP increased pAMPK through increased intestinal SCFA production, while GTPs increased hepatic AMPK through GTP present in the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne M Henning
- Center for Human Nutrition, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Warren Hall 14-166, 900 Veteran Avenue, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
| | - Jieping Yang
- Center for Human Nutrition, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Warren Hall 14-166, 900 Veteran Avenue, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Mark Hsu
- Center for Human Nutrition, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Warren Hall 14-166, 900 Veteran Avenue, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Ru-Po Lee
- Center for Human Nutrition, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Warren Hall 14-166, 900 Veteran Avenue, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Emma M Grojean
- Center for Human Nutrition, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Warren Hall 14-166, 900 Veteran Avenue, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Austin Ly
- Center for Human Nutrition, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Warren Hall 14-166, 900 Veteran Avenue, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Chi-Hong Tseng
- Department of Statistics Core, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - David Heber
- Center for Human Nutrition, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Warren Hall 14-166, 900 Veteran Avenue, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Zhaoping Li
- Center for Human Nutrition, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Warren Hall 14-166, 900 Veteran Avenue, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
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Aoe S, Ichinose Y, Kohyama N, Komae K, Takahashi A, Yoshioka T, Yanagisawa T. Effects of β-Glucan Content and Pearling of Barley in Diet-Induced Obese Mice. Cereal Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1094/cchem-04-17-0083-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Seiichiro Aoe
- Department of Food Science, Otsuma Women’s University, Japan
| | - Yasunori Ichinose
- NARO Institute of Crop Science, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Japan
| | - Noriko Kohyama
- NARO Institute of Crop Science, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Japan
| | - Kozo Komae
- NARO Western Region Agricultural Research Center, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Japan
| | - Asuka Takahashi
- NARO Western Region Agricultural Research Center, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Japan
| | - Toji Yoshioka
- NARO Western Region Agricultural Research Center, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Japan
| | - Takashi Yanagisawa
- NARO Institute of Crop Science, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Japan
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Lau K, Srivatsav V, Rizwan A, Nashed A, Liu R, Shen R, Akhtar M. Bridging the Gap between Gut Microbial Dysbiosis and Cardiovascular Diseases. Nutrients 2017; 9:E859. [PMID: 28796176 PMCID: PMC5579652 DOI: 10.3390/nu9080859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2017] [Revised: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The human gut is heavily colonized by a community of microbiota, primarily bacteria, that exists in a symbiotic relationship with the host and plays a critical role in maintaining host homeostasis. The consumption of a high-fat (HF) diet has been shown to induce gut dysbiosis and reduce intestinal integrity. Recent studies have revealed that dysbiosis contributes to the progression of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) by promoting two major CVD risk factors-atherosclerosis and hypertension. Imbalances in host-microbial interaction impair homeostatic mechanisms that regulate health and can activate multiple pathways leading to CVD risk factor progression. Dysbiosis has been implicated in the development of atherosclerosis through metabolism-independent and metabolite-dependent pathways. This review will illustrate how these pathways contribute to the various stages of atherosclerotic plaque progression. In addition, dysbiosis can promote hypertension through vascular fibrosis and an alteration of vascular tone. As CVD is the number one cause of death globally, investigating the gut microbiota as a locus of intervention presents a novel and clinically relevant avenue for future research, with vast therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberley Lau
- Bachelor of Health Sciences (Honours), Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada.
- MD Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada.
| | - Varun Srivatsav
- Bachelor of Health Sciences (Honours), Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada.
- Michael G. DeGroote School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada.
| | - Ayesha Rizwan
- Bachelor of Health Sciences (Honours), Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada.
- MD Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada.
| | - Andrew Nashed
- Bachelor of Health Sciences (Honours), Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada.
| | - Rui Liu
- Bachelor of Health Sciences (Honours), Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada.
| | - Rui Shen
- Bachelor of Health Sciences (Honours), Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada.
| | - Mahmood Akhtar
- Bachelor of Health Sciences (Honours), Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada.
- Sr. Principal Scientist, Research Executive Administration, King Fahad Specialist Hospital, Dammam 32253, Saudi Arabia.
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Ghasemi A, Jeddi S. Anti-obesity and anti-diabetic effects of nitrate and nitrite. Nitric Oxide 2017; 70:9-24. [PMID: 28804022 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2017.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Revised: 07/02/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Prevalence of obesity is increasing worldwide and type 2 diabetes to date is the most devastating complication of obesity. Decreased nitric oxide bioavailability is a feature of obesity and diabetes that links these two pathologies. Nitric oxide is synthesized both by nitric oxide synthase enzymes from l-arginine and nitric oxide synthase-independent from nitrate/nitrite. Nitric oxide production from nitrate/nitrite could potentially be used for nutrition-based therapy in obesity and diabetes. Nitric oxide deficiency also contributes to pathogeneses of cardiovascular disease and hypertension, which are associated with obesity and diabetes. This review summarizes pathways for nitric oxide production and focuses on the anti-diabetic and anti-obesity effects of the nitrate-nitrite-nitric oxide pathway. In addition to increasing nitric oxide production, nitrate and nitrite reduce oxidative stress, increase adipose tissue browning, have favorable effects on nitric oxide synthase expression, and increase insulin secretion, all effects that are potentially promising for management of obesity and diabetes. Based on current data, it could be suggested that amplifying the nitrate-nitrite-nitric oxide pathway is a diet-based strategy for increasing nitric oxide bioavailability and the management of these two interlinked conditions. Adding nitrate/nitrite to drugs that are currently used for managing diabetes (e.g. metformin) and possibly anti-obesity drugs may also enhance their efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asghar Ghasemi
- Endocrine Physiology Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Sajad Jeddi
- Endocrine Physiology Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Health benefit of vegetable/fruit juice-based diet: Role of microbiome. Sci Rep 2017; 7:2167. [PMID: 28526852 PMCID: PMC5438379 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-02200-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiota is an important contributor to human health. Vegetable/fruit juices provide polyphenols, oligosaccharides, fiber and nitrate (beet juice), which may induce a prebiotic-like effect. Juice-based diets are becoming popular. However, there is a lack of scientific evidence of their health benefits. It was our hypothesis that changes in the intestinal microbiota induced by a juice-based diet play an important role in their health benefits. Twenty healthy adults consumed only vegetable/fruit juices for 3 days followed by 14 days of customary diet. On day 4 we observed a significant decrease in weight and body mass index (p = 2.0E−05), which was maintained until day 17 (p = 3.0E−04). On day 4 the proportion of the phylum Firmicutes and Proteobacteria in stool was significantly decreased and Bacteroidetes and Cyanobacteria was increased compared to baseline and was partially reversed on day 17. On day 4 plasma and urine nitric oxide was increased by 244 ± 89% and 450 ± 360%, respectively, and urinary lipid peroxidation marker malondialdehyde was decreased by 32 ± 21% compared to baseline. General well-being score was increased at the end of the study. In summary a 3-day juice-based diet altered the intestinal microbiota associated with weight loss, increase in the vasodilator NO, and decrease in lipid oxidation.
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46
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Taylor BL, Woodfall GE, Sheedy KE, O'Riley ML, Rainbow KA, Bramwell EL, Kellow NJ. Effect of Probiotics on Metabolic Outcomes in Pregnant Women with Gestational Diabetes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Nutrients 2017; 9:E461. [PMID: 28475161 PMCID: PMC5452191 DOI: 10.3390/nu9050461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Revised: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 04/29/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The metabolic effects of probiotic administration in women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is unknown. The objective of this review was to investigate the effect of probiotics on fasting plasma glucose (FPG), insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and LDL-cholesterol levels in pregnant women diagnosed with GDM. Seven electronic databases were searched for RCTs published in English between 2001 and 2017 investigating the metabolic effects of a 6-8 week dietary probiotic intervention in pregnant women following diagnosis with GDM. Eligible studies were assessed for risk of bias and subjected to qualitative and quantitative synthesis using a random effects model meta-analyses. Four high quality RCTs involving 288 participants were included in the review. Probiotic supplementation was not effective in decreasing FBG (Mean Difference = -0.13; 95% CI -0.32, 0.06, p = 0.18) or LDL-cholesterol (-0.16; 95% CI -0.45, 0.13, p = 0.67) in women with GDM. However, a significant reduction in HOMA-IR was observed following probiotic supplementation (-0.69; 95% CI -1.24, -0.14, p = 0.01). There were no significant differences in gestational weight gain, delivery method or neonatal outcomes between experimental and control groups, and no adverse effects of the probiotics were reported. Probiotic supplementation for 6-8 weeks resulted in a significant reduction in insulin resistance in pregnant women diagnosed with GDM. The use of probiotic supplementation is promising as a potential therapy to assist in the metabolic management of GDM. Further high quality studies of longer duration are required to determine the safety, optimal dose and ideal bacterial composition of probiotics before their routine use can be recommended in this patient group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bonnie L Taylor
- Be Active Sleep & Eat (BASE) Facility, Department of Nutrition, Dietetics & Food, Monash University, Notting Hill, VIC 3168, Australia.
| | - Georgia E Woodfall
- Be Active Sleep & Eat (BASE) Facility, Department of Nutrition, Dietetics & Food, Monash University, Notting Hill, VIC 3168, Australia.
| | - Katherine E Sheedy
- Be Active Sleep & Eat (BASE) Facility, Department of Nutrition, Dietetics & Food, Monash University, Notting Hill, VIC 3168, Australia.
| | - Meggan L O'Riley
- Be Active Sleep & Eat (BASE) Facility, Department of Nutrition, Dietetics & Food, Monash University, Notting Hill, VIC 3168, Australia.
| | - Kelsie A Rainbow
- Be Active Sleep & Eat (BASE) Facility, Department of Nutrition, Dietetics & Food, Monash University, Notting Hill, VIC 3168, Australia.
| | - Elsa L Bramwell
- Be Active Sleep & Eat (BASE) Facility, Department of Nutrition, Dietetics & Food, Monash University, Notting Hill, VIC 3168, Australia.
| | - Nicole J Kellow
- Be Active Sleep & Eat (BASE) Facility, Department of Nutrition, Dietetics & Food, Monash University, Notting Hill, VIC 3168, Australia.
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Donovan SM. Introduction to the special focus issue on the impact of diet on gut microbiota composition and function and future opportunities for nutritional modulation of the gut microbiome to improve human health. Gut Microbes 2017; 8:75-81. [PMID: 28282253 PMCID: PMC5390819 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2017.1299309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the past decade, application of culture-independent, next generation DNA sequencing has dramatically enhanced our understanding of the composition of the gut microbiome and its association with human states of health and disease. Host genetics, age, and environmental factors such as where and who you live with, use of pre-, pro- and antibiotics, exercise and diet influence the short- and long-term composition of the microbiome. Dietary intake is a key determinant of microbiome composition and diversity and studies to date have linked long-term dietary patterns as well as short-term dietary interventions to the composition and diversity of the gut microbiome. The goal of this special focus issue was to review the role of diet in regulating the composition and function of the gut microbiota across the lifespan, from pregnancy to old age. Overall dietary patterns, as well as perturbations such as undernutrition and obesity, as well as the effects of dietary fiber/prebiotics and fat composition are explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon M. Donovan
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL USA
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48
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Klinder A, Shen Q, Heppel S, Lovegrove JA, Rowland I, Tuohy KM. Impact of increasing fruit and vegetables and flavonoid intake on the human gut microbiota. Food Funct 2017; 7:1788-96. [PMID: 26757793 DOI: 10.1039/c5fo01096a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies have shown protective effects of fruits and vegetables (F&V) in lowering the risk of developing cardiovascular diseases (CVD) and cancers. Plant-derived dietary fibre (non-digestible polysaccharides) and/or flavonoids may mediate the observed protective effects particularly through their interaction with the gut microbiota. The aim of this study was to assess the impact of fruit and vegetable (F&V) intake on gut microbiota, with an emphasis on the role of flavonoids, and further to explore relationships between microbiota and factors associated with CVD risk. In the study, a parallel design with 3 study groups, participants in the two intervention groups representing high-flavonoid (HF) and low flavonoid (LF) intakes were asked to increase their daily F&V intake by 2, 4 and 6 portions for a duration of 6 weeks each, while a third (control) group continued with their habitual diet. Faecal samples were collected at baseline and after each dose from 122 subjects. Faecal bacteria enumeration was performed by fluorescence in situ hybridisation (FISH). Correlations of dietary components, flavonoid intake and markers of CVD with bacterial numbers were also performed. A significant dose X treatment interaction was only found for Clostidium leptum-Ruminococcus bromii/flavefaciens with a significant increase after intake of 6 additional portions in the LF group. Correlation analysis of the data from all 122 subjects independent from dietary intervention indicated an inhibitory role of F&V intake, flavonoid content and sugars against the growth of potentially pathogenic clostridia. Additionally, we observed associations between certain bacterial populations and CVD risk factors including plasma TNF-α, plasma lipids and BMI/waist circumference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annett Klinder
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, Berkshire, UK. and Clinic of Orthopaedics, University Medicine Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Qing Shen
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, Berkshire, UK.
| | - Susanne Heppel
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, Berkshire, UK.
| | - Julie A Lovegrove
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, Berkshire, UK.
| | - Ian Rowland
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, Berkshire, UK.
| | - Kieran M Tuohy
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, Berkshire, UK. and Department of Food Quality and Nutrition, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all'Adige, Trento, Italy
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Fernandez MA, Marette A. Potential Health Benefits of Combining Yogurt and Fruits Based on Their Probiotic and Prebiotic Properties. Adv Nutr 2017; 8:155S-164S. [PMID: 28096139 PMCID: PMC5227968 DOI: 10.3945/an.115.011114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Fruit and yogurt have been identified individually as indicators of healthy dietary patterns. Fruits are relatively low in energy density and are an excellent source of antioxidants and prebiotic fibers and polyphenols, which can promote digestive health. Yogurt, on the other hand, is a nutrient-dense food that is a good source of dairy protein, calcium, magnesium, vitamin B-12, conjugated linoleic acid, and other key fatty acids. In addition, it contains beneficial bacterial cultures, making it a potential source of probiotics. Yogurt's unique fermented food matrix provides added health benefits by enhancing nutrient absorption and digestion. Combining the intake of yogurt and fruit could provide probiotics, prebiotics, high-quality protein, important fatty acids, and a mixture of vitamins and minerals that have the potential to exert synergistic effects on health. Yogurt consumption has been associated with reduced weight gain and a lower incidence of type 2 diabetes, whereas fruits have established effects on reducing the risk of cardiovascular disease. Yogurt and fruits can be eaten together and may exert combined health benefits through potential prebiotic and probiotic effects. Furthermore, substituting high-energy, nutrient-deficient snacks with fruit and yogurt could reduce the intake of high-calorie obesogenic foods. In light of the positive cardiometabolic impacts of fruit and yogurt and their association with healthy dietary patterns, there is sufficient evidence to warrant further exploration into the potential synergistic health benefits of a combined intake of fruit and yogurt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Anne Fernandez
- Quebec Heart and Lung Institute, Quebec, Canada
- Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods, Quebec, Canada; and
- School of Nutrition and
| | - André Marette
- Quebec Heart and Lung Institute, Quebec, Canada;
- Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods, Quebec, Canada; and
- Department of Medicine, Laval University, Quebec, Canada
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50
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Kühn T, Rohrmann S, Sookthai D, Johnson T, Katzke V, Kaaks R, von Eckardstein A, Müller D. Intra-individual variation of plasma trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO), betaine and choline over 1 year. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 55:261-268. [DOI: 10.1515/cclm-2016-0374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
AbstractBackground:Circulating trimethylamine-Methods:We measured fasting plasma levels of TMAO and two of its precursors, betaine and choline by LC-MS, in two samples of 100 participants of the European Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC)-Heidelberg study (age range: 47–80 years, 50% female) that were collected 1 year apart, and assessed their intra-individual variation by Spearman’s correlation coefficients (ρ).Results:Correlations of metabolite concentrations over 1 year were at ρ=0.29 (p=0.003) for TMAO, ρ=0.81 (p<0.001) for betaine, and ρ=0.61 (p<0.001) for choline. Plasma levels of TMAO were not significantly associated with food intake, lifestyle factors, or routine biochemistry parameters such as C-reactive protein (CRP), low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol, or creatinine.Conclusions:In contrast to fasting plasma concentrations of betaine and choline, concentrations of TMAO were more strongly affected by intra-individual variation over 1 year in adults from the general population. The modest correlation of TMAO levels over time should be considered when interpreting associations between TMAO levels and disease endpoints.
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