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Emetic responses to T-2 toxin, HT-2 toxin and emetine correspond to plasma elevations of peptide YY3–36 and 5-hydroxytryptamine. Arch Toxicol 2015; 90:997-1007. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-015-1508-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2014] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Comparison of Anorectic Potencies of the Trichothecenes T-2 Toxin, HT-2 Toxin and Satratoxin G to the Ipecac Alkaloid Emetine. Toxicol Rep 2015; 2:238-251. [PMID: 25932382 PMCID: PMC4410735 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2014.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Anorectic effects of natural toxins were compared in the mouse. Parenteral and oral T-2 and HT-2 toxin exposure caused prolonged anorexia. Emetine was more potent when delivered orally as compared to parenterally. Emetine's effects were less than T-2 and HT-2 toxin and more transient. Parental and intranasal delivery satratoxin G caused transient anorectic effects.
Trichothecene mycotoxins, potent translational inhibitors that are associated with human food poisonings and damp-building illnesses, are of considerable concern to animal and human health. Food refusal is a hallmark of exposure of experimental animals to deoxynivalenol (DON) and other Type B trichothecenes but less is known about the anorectic effects of foodborne Type A trichothecenes (e.g., T-2 toxin, HT-2 toxin), airborne Type D trichothecenes (e.g., satratoxin G [SG]) or functionally analogous metabolites that impair protein synthesis. Here, we utilized a well-described mouse model of food intake to compare the anorectic potencies of T-2 toxin, HT-2 toxin, and SG to that of emetine, a medicinal alkaloid derived from ipecac that inhibits translation. Intraperitoneal (IP) administration with T-2 toxin, HT-2 toxin, emetine and SG evoked anorectic responses that occurred within 0.5 h that lasted up to 96, 96, 3 and 96 h, respectively, with lowest observed adverse effect levels (LOAELs) being 0.1, 0.1, 2.5 and 0.25 mg/kg BW, respectively. When delivered via natural routes of exposure, T-2 toxin, HT-2 toxin, emetine (oral) and SG (intranasal) induced anorectic responses that lasted up to 48, 48, 3 and 6 h, respectively with LOAELs being 0.1, 0.1, 0.25, and 0.5 mg/kg BW, respectively. All four compounds were generally much more potent than DON which was previously observed to have LOAELs of 1 and 2.5 mg/kg BW after IP and oral dosing, respectively. Taken together, these anorectic potency data will be valuable in discerning the relative risks from trichothecenes and other translational inhibitors of natural origin.
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Abstract
Nitroimidazole antibiotics are the mainstay of treatment of invasive amebiasis; however, few comparative studies of applicable antibiotics are available. Evidence of sporadic clinical failure and rare reports of metronidazole resistance have led to the investigation of novel antiamebic therapeutics. The goal of this study was to examine drug efficacy in both in vitro and in vivo models of intestinal amebiasis. We studied six current and three novel drugs. Many drugs, including metronidazole, nitazoxanide, and nitazoxanide derivatives, were shown to be potently inhibitory in vitro. However, metronidazole remained the most effective in vivo, both in preventative and curative regimens, underscoring the value of animal models in evaluating future therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Becker
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, 345 Crispell Drive, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA.
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Bharti N, Husain K, Gonzalez Garza MT, Cruz-Vega DE, Castro-Garza J, Mata-Cardenas BD, Naqvi F, Azam A. Synthesis and in vitro antiprotozoal activity of 5-nitrothiophene-2-carboxaldehyde thiosemicarbazone derivatives. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2002; 12:3475-8. [PMID: 12419387 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(02)00703-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Several thiosemicarbazone derivatives of 5-nitrothiophene-2-carboxaldehyde were prepared by the simple process in which N(4)-thiosemicarbazone moiety was replaced by aliphatic, arylic and cyclic amine. Among these thiosemicarbazones compound 11 showed significant antiamoebic activity whereas compound 3 was more active antitrichomonal than the reference drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neelam Bharti
- Department of Chemistry, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi, India
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Bharti N, Gonzalez Garza MT, Cruz-Vega DE, Castro-Garza J, Saleem K, Naqvi F, Maurya MR, Azam A. Synthesis, characterization and antiamoebic activity of benzimidazole derivatives and their vanadium and molybdenum complexes. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2002; 12:869-71. [PMID: 11958982 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(02)00034-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Reaction of [MoO(2)(acac)(2)] (where, acac=acetyl acetone) and KVO(3) with 2-(salicylidieneimine) benzimidazole lead to form new complexes [MoO(2)(sal-BMZ)(2)] and K [VO(2)(sal-BMZ)(2)] [where, sal-BMZ=2-(salicylidieneimine) benzimidazole], which showed the monobasic bidentate nature of the ligand in which the phenolic oxygen and the imine nitrogen of the ligand are coordinated to the metal ion. These complexes were characterized along with nine other complexes of oxoperoxovanadium (V), molybdenum (Vl) and tungsten (Vl) with benzimidazole derivatives and screened in vitro by micro dilution technique for their amoebicidal activity with a view to search for a more effective agent against Entamoeba histolytica suggests that compound 2 and 3 might be endowed with important antiamoebic properties since they showed IC(50 )values in a microM range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neelam Bharti
- Department of Chemistry, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, -110025, New Delhi, India
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Navarro-García F, López-Revilla R, Vega-López MA, Domínguez-Robles MC, Enríquez-Rincón F, Tsutsumi V. Intragastric immunization of rats with Entamoeba histolytica trophozoites induces cecal mucosal IgE, eosinophilic infiltration, and type I hypersensitivity. CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY AND IMMUNOPATHOLOGY 1997; 82:221-9. [PMID: 9073545 DOI: 10.1006/clin.1997.4299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
We have investigated the role of IgE in the local immunity of intestinal amebiasis, a parasitic infection known to induce specific antibody-forming cells (AFC) and IgA antibodies in rodents and humans. We found that intragastric immunization of rats with glutaraldehyde-fixed Entamoeba histolytica trophozoites significantly increased antiameba AFC in the Peyer's patches and spleen and that the lamina propria of the cecum from immunized animals was infiltrated by eosinophils armed with IgE antibodies. Morphometric analysis showed that IgE-containing cells and eosinophils were nearly three times more abundant in the cecum of immunized rats. Antigenic challenge with amebal lysates provoked an increase in the short-circuit current and in the transepithelial potential difference in Ussing-chambered cecum preparations from immunized rats. Although eosinophilia and the increase of IgE are common consequences of infection by parasitic worms, our results indicate that local immunity in intestinal amebiasis also involves IgE deposition, eosinophil infiltration, and type I hypersensitivity, which may explain some symptoms of amebic dysentery such as colic, abdominal tension, tenesmus, and bloody stools.
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Venugopalan B, Patel B, Karnik PJ, de Souza NJ, Chatterjee DK, Iyer N. Synthesis of diphenyl bisamidines as potential amoebicides. Eur J Med Chem 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/0223-5234(96)85169-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Bhopale KK, Pradhan KS, Masani KB, Kaul CL. A comparative study of experimental caecal amoebiasis and the evaluation of amoebicides. ANNALS OF TROPICAL MEDICINE AND PARASITOLOGY 1995; 89:253-9. [PMID: 7668916 DOI: 10.1080/00034983.1995.11812950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Caecal amoebiasis models (mouse, hamster and rat) were compared for amoebic infection and chemotherapeutic evaluation using a pathogenic strain of Entamoeba histolytica of human origin. Caecal infection in the hamster was of the acute type, with a large number of amoebae in the caecal tissue, whereas the amoebae in rats were seen in the lumen, on the mucosal surface. Amoebic lesions in the mouse caecum were of moderate severity. The mouse model responded to both metronidazole (tissue amoebicide) and diloxanide furoate (luminal amoebicide), whereas the hamster model only responded well to metronidazole and the rat model only to diloxanide furoate. Using the mouse as a primary screening model, a new oxadiazole compound, BTI 2405E, was found to have tissue and luminal amoebicidal activity. In rodent caecal models, a single dose of BTI 2405E was found to be more effective than one of metronidazole or diloxanide furoate. The mouse model appears to be the most useful for primary screening of anti-amoebic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- K K Bhopale
- Parasitology Department, Boots Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Bombay, India
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Bhopale KK, Pradhan KS, Phaltankar PG, Masani KB, Kaul CL. Activity of a new oxadiazole compound, against experimental infections with Entamoeba histolytica and Giardia lamblia in animal models. ANNALS OF TROPICAL MEDICINE AND PARASITOLOGY 1993; 87:169-78. [PMID: 8561524 DOI: 10.1080/00034983.1993.11812751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BTI 2286E(+/-)-E-3-(4-methylsulphinylstyryl)-1,2,4-oxadiazole has demonstrated potent amoebicidal activity in a single-dose treatment against Entamoeba histolytica infection in the livers of golden hamsters and the caeca of mice, hamsters and rats. It has intra luminal activity against Entamoeba criceti, a natural infection in golden hamster, and anti-giardial activity against Giardia lamblia infection in suckling mice. BTI 2286E is more potent than metronidazole in extra intestinal, intra luminal amoebiasis models and has significant advantages in that it is non-mutagenic in the Ames test and has a shorter duration of effective treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- K K Bhopale
- Parasitology Department, Boots Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Sion, Bombay, India
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Gonzalez-Garza MT, Mata-Cárdenas BD, Said-Fernández S. High susceptibility of five axenic Entamoeba histolytica strains to gossypol. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1989; 83:522-4. [PMID: 2559507 DOI: 10.1016/0035-9203(89)90275-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The antiamoebic potency of gossypol was tested against 5 axenic Entamoeba histolytica strains, in logarithmic phase growth in PEHPS medium. All of the strains were moderately susceptible to this polyphenolic drug. The 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) was of the same order of magnitude in all strains: 0.015 microM (for strain HM-1) to 0.067 microM (for HM-38). The difference between the IC50 of HM-1 and the remaining 4 strains (HM-38, HK-9, HM-2 and HM-3) was significant, although it was greater between HM-1 and HM-38 (P less than 0.005) than between HM-1 and the other 3 strains (P less than 0.05), for which the IC50 was 0.03 microM, 0.049 microM and 0.38 microM respectively. Gossypol is more toxic in vitro for amoebae than other drugs widely used clinically, its pharmacological effects and safe dosage in humans are well known because of its antifertilizing effect, and it is accumulated mainly in the liver and colon. Accordingly, this compound could be a good antiamoebic agent if it is as potent in vivo as it is in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- M T Gonzalez-Garza
- División de Biología Celular, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Monterrey, Nuevo León, México
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Pathogenic Protozoa: An Overview of in Vitro Cultivation and Susceptibility to Chemotherapeutic Agents. Clin Lab Med 1989. [DOI: 10.1016/s0272-2712(18)30630-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Anaya-Velázquez F, Padilla-Vaca F, Arias-Negrete S, Mendoza-Díaz G. In vitro activity of nalidixic acid and its iron (III) complex on Entamoeba histolytica. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1989; 83:344-5. [PMID: 2559504 DOI: 10.1016/0035-9203(89)90498-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The in vitro activity of the antibacterial agent nalidixic acid (HNal) and its iron (III) complex (FeNal) against Entamoeba histolytica HM1 strain trophozoites in axenic or monoxenic (associated with Clostridium symbiosum) cultures was investigated. Using a dilution test with TYI-S-33 medium, this protozoan was found to be susceptible to both drugs, but FeNal showed amoebicidal activity only at concentrations higher than those used with HNal.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Anaya-Velázquez
- Instituto de Investigación en Biología Experimental, Universidad de Guanajuato, Mexico
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Gonzalez-Garza MT, Said-Fernandez S. Entamoeba histolytica: potent in vitro antiamoebic effect of gossypol. Exp Parasitol 1988; 66:253-5. [PMID: 2899518 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4894(88)90097-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M T Gonzalez-Garza
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Unidad de Investigación Biomédica del Noreste, Monterrey, Nuevo León, México
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Escario JA, Igea AM, Contreras M, Martinez-Fernandez AR, Claramunt R, Lopez C. Antiparasitic activity of nine pyrazole derivatives against Trichomonas vaginalis, Entamoeba invadens and Plasmodium berghei. ANNALS OF TROPICAL MEDICINE AND PARASITOLOGY 1988; 82:257-62. [PMID: 3074738 DOI: 10.1080/00034983.1988.11812241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Nine nitropyrazole derivatives were prepared and tested against Trichomonas vaginalis in vitro and in vivo, Entamoeba invadens in vitro and Plasmodium berghei in vivo. Three of the compounds, 4-4-nitropyrazole, 1-methyl-4-nitropyrazole and 4,4'-dinitro-1,1'-methylenedipyrazole, have an activity similar to that of metronidazole (used as the reference compound) against T. vaginalis and E. invadens after 48 hours of incubation. All the compounds tested were inactive against P. berghei.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Escario
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
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O'Neill MJ, Bray DH, Boardman P, Phillipson JD, Warhurst DC, Peters W, Suffness M. Plants as sources of antimalarial drugs: in vitro antimalarial activities of some quassinoids. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1986; 30:101-4. [PMID: 3530122 PMCID: PMC176444 DOI: 10.1128/aac.30.1.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Fourteen quassinoids, obtained from simaroubaceous plants, were tested for in vitro antimalarial activity. All of these inhibited the incorporation of [3H]hypoxanthine into Plasmodium falciparum in vitro at concentrations below 0.41 microgram ml-1. The two most potent quassinoids, bruceantin and simalikalactone D, showed 50% inhibitory concentration values of 0.0008 and 0.0009 microgram ml-1, respectively. The results are compared with the antiamoebic, antileukemic, and cytotoxic activities of these compounds reported in the literature.
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Abstract
Drug resistance is now recognised as a major cause of the failure of drugs to control coccidiosis in the fowl. In this article, biological, biochemical and genetic aspects of resistance in Eimeria are reviewed and some of the problems that may limit progress in understanding the nature of resistance in coccidia are discussed.
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Chatterjee DK, Raether W, Iyer N, Ganguli BN. Caerulomycin, an antifungal antibiotic with marked in vitro and in vivo activity against Entamoeba histolytica. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR PARASITENKUNDE (BERLIN, GERMANY) 1984; 70:569-73. [PMID: 6095553 DOI: 10.1007/bf00926587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The anti-amoebic action of the bipyridyl antibiotic caerulomycin was assessed in vitro and in vivo using various strains of Entamoeba histolytica from polyxenic, axenic and monoxenic cultures. Minimum inhibition concentrations of caerulomycin (metronidazole) were 7.5 (5), 15.6(1.95) and 60 (2.5) micrograms/ml against polyxenic, axenic and monoxenic cultures of E. histolytica, respectively. The ED50 values ascertained in golden hamsters (extraintestinal amoebiasis) and rats (intestinal amoebiasis) after the oral route were 136 and 199 mg/kg (X4), respectively. Metronidazole proved to be approximately four times more active against tissue forms of E. histolytica than caerulomycin [ED50 of metronidazole: less than 40 mg/kg (X4)]. The antibiotic was slightly superior to metronidazole in its action on lumen forms of E. histolytica [ED50 of metronidazole: 233 mg/kg (X4)]. The antibiotic was in some cases toxic to hamsters and rats within the therapeutic range.
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