1
|
BENCHIKH EL FEGOUN MC, UMHANG G, BOUÉ F, KOHIL K, BABELHADJ B, RABHI S, SLIMANI R, MESSAOUDI N, AGUEZLANE A, ZOUIKRI A. [Hydatid cyst sampling by FTA Card method for characterizing Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato in Algeria. Preliminary results]. MEDECINE TROPICALE ET SANTE INTERNATIONALE 2023; 3:mtsi.v3i3.2023.416. [PMID: 38094490 PMCID: PMC10714594 DOI: 10.48327/mtsi.v3i3.2023.416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
Introduction and objectives Cystic echinococcosis is highly endemic in Algeria and constitutes a major socio-economic problem. Typing the species of the Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato complex circulating in cattle requires the use of a hydatid cyst sampling method adapted to difficult field conditions (high heat and humidity, long transport time). The FTA Card method currently constitutes an effective means of preserving biological samples before their molecular analysis. In the present study, the FTA Card method was used in the collection of hydatid cysts to identify the species of E. granulosus sensu lato circulating in ruminants (intermediate hosts) in eastern Algeria. Material and methods A PCR was carried out for 41 samples of hydatid cysts taken from six slaughterhouses in eastern Algeria, targeting the cox1 mitochondrial gene. PCR products were visualized by electrophoresis in a 1% agarose gel. Results and conclusion The results of the molecular analysis of all hydatid cyst samples confirmed the presence of E. granulosus sensu stricto in sheep, cattle and camels. The ubiquitous nature of the G1 genotype has been demonstrated. The use of FTA Card sampling is an efficient and simple method to obtain a biological sample in order to characterize the species of E. granulosus sensu lato in Algeria. The good preservation of the DNA in this matrix will make it easier to obtain new molecular data from difficult regions. The identification of the species of the E. granulosus sensu lato complex involved in the biological cycle is an essential prerequisite for the implementation of control measures, since different host species participate in their evolutionary cycle. The characterization of E. granulosus genotypes is essential to define an appropriate control strategy against cystic echinococcosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Gérald UMHANG
- ANSES, Laboratoire Rage et faune sauvage de Nancy, Laboratoire national de référence pour Echinococcus spp., Unité Surveillance et éco-épidémiologie des animaux sauvages, Technopôle agricole et vétérinaire, CS 40009, 54220 Malzéville, France
| | - Franck BOUÉ
- ANSES, Laboratoire Rage et faune sauvage de Nancy, Laboratoire national de référence pour Echinococcus spp., Unité Surveillance et éco-épidémiologie des animaux sauvages, Technopôle agricole et vétérinaire, CS 40009, 54220 Malzéville, France
| | - Karima KOHIL
- Institut des sciences vétérinaires, Université des Frères Mentouri, 25000 Constantine, Algérie
| | | | - Saoussene RABHI
- Institut des sciences vétérinaires, Université des Frères Mentouri, 25000 Constantine, Algérie
| | - Rahma SLIMANI
- Institut des sciences vétérinaires, Université des Frères Mentouri, 25000 Constantine, Algérie
| | - Nazim MESSAOUDI
- Institut des sciences vétérinaires, Université des Frères Mentouri, 25000 Constantine, Algérie
| | - Abdelaziz AGUEZLANE
- Institut des sciences vétérinaires, Université des Frères Mentouri, 25000 Constantine, Algérie
| | - Abdelaziz ZOUIKRI
- Institut des sciences vétérinaires, Université des Frères Mentouri, 25000 Constantine, Algérie
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Samari H, Laurimäe T, Reghaissia N, Dahmane A, Mamoune A, Baroudi D, Deplazes P, Laatamna A. Molecular characterisation of Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato genotypes in dromedary camels from extreme Sahara of Algeria based on analysis of nad2 and nad5 genetic markers. Acta Trop 2022; 234:106616. [PMID: 35901920 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2022.106616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Cystic echinococcosis is parasitic disease caused by the metacestodes belonging to the Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato (s.l.) species complex. Cystic echinococcosis is of considerable economic and public health importance. It is endemic in both livestock and humans in North African countries, including Algeria. The present study aimed to characterize E. granulosus s.l. genotypes in dromedary camels (Camelus dromedarius) from the extreme Sahara of Algeria, using recently developed mitochondrial genetic markers (NADH dehydrogenase subunit 2 and NADH dehydrogenase subunit 5) for reliable identification of different genotypes. A total of 75 Echinococcus cysts were collected from 49 dromedary camels, including 65 and 10 cysts from 45 and four camels originating from two slaughterhouses of Tindouf and Illizi provinces, respectively. E. granulosus sensu stricto (s.s.) G1 and G3 were identified in camels from both areas based on nad5 (649 bp) gene sequences, whereas E. granulosus s.l. G6 was identified in camels from Tindouf region based on concatenated nad5 and nad2 gene sequences (total 1336 bp). Identified samples clustered into 11 different haplotypes (ALG1-ALG11) including four haplotypes (ALG8-ALG11) for E. granulosus s.s. G1, one haplotype (ALG7) for E. granulosus s.s. G3, and six haplotypes (ALG1-ALG6) for E. granulosus s.l. G6. The present study provides valuable molecular data including genotyping and haplotypic variability on E. granulosus s.l. in dromedary camels from two regions in the extreme Sahara of Algeria. Future characterization of the G1, G3 and G6 samples based on sequencing of complete mitochondrial genomes would be of considerable significance for a more comprehensive understanding of molecular epidemiology of CE in Algeria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Houssem Samari
- Higher National Veterinary School, Rue Issad Abbes, El Alia, Algiers 1600, Algeria; Laboratory of Exploration and Valorization of Steppic Ecosystems, Faculty of Nature and Life Sciences, University of Djelfa, Moudjbara Road, BP 3117, Djelfa, Algeria; Faculty of Sciences, University of Mohamed Boudiaf, BP 166, M'sila 2800, Algeria
| | - Teivi Laurimäe
- Institute of Parasitology, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland; Department of Zoology, Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Estonia
| | - Nassiba Reghaissia
- Institute of Agronomic and Veterinary Sciences, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Souk Ahras, Annaba Road, Souk Ahras 41000, Algeria
| | - AbdEldjalil Dahmane
- Higher National Veterinary School, Rue Issad Abbes, El Alia, Algiers 1600, Algeria
| | - Ali Mamoune
- Faculty of Nature and Life Sciences, University Mustapha Stambouli of Mascara, BP 305, Mascara 29000, Algeria
| | - Djamel Baroudi
- Higher National Veterinary School, Rue Issad Abbes, El Alia, Algiers 1600, Algeria
| | - Peter Deplazes
- Institute of Parasitology, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - AbdElkarim Laatamna
- Laboratory of Exploration and Valorization of Steppic Ecosystems, Faculty of Nature and Life Sciences, University of Djelfa, Moudjbara Road, BP 3117, Djelfa, Algeria.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Miambo R, Afonso S, Noormahomed E, Pondja A, Mukaratirwa S. Echinococcosis in humans and animals in Southern Africa Development Community countries: A systematic review. Food Waterborne Parasitol 2020; 20:e00087. [PMID: 32995581 PMCID: PMC7501418 DOI: 10.1016/j.fawpar.2020.e00087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The taeniid Echinococcus is the causative agent of the zoonotic disease echinococcosis/hydatidosis and is associated with economic losses in livestock production. This review summarizes available scientific literature on circulating species of Echinococcus in humans, wild and domestic animals in countries of Southern Africa Development Community, and identifies knowledge gaps and recommend research priorities. Data were systematically accessed from Google Scholar, MEDLINE/PubMed and from library resources from December 2017 to June 2019. Meta-analysis was conducted in STATA program and heterogeneity and prevalence values were pooled by host species with 95% confidence interval. In intermediate hosts, the overall prevalence of Echinococcus by meat inspection was 10% (CI: 9-11%) in small ruminants, 7% (CI: 5-8%) in cattle, 1% (CI: 0-1%) in pigs and 9% (CI: 0-29%) in wild herbivores. In canids by CoproAg-ELISA and necropsy the prevalence was of 10% (CI: 8-10%) and 6% (CI: 3-10%) respectively. A high level of heterogeneity (I2 > 65%) was observed for all study groups. Echinococcus equinus, E. canadensis, E ortleppi and E. felidis were reported from wildlife and E. ortleppi, E. granulosus s. s. and E. canadensis from humans. There is paucity of research in echinococcosis and gaps in prevalence reports over time in both humans and animals in the SADC region and we recommend an increase in future studies on the epidemiology of disease, risk factors for transmission in animals and humans and its relation with human health specially in the advent of HIV pandemic following a "One Health" approach.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R.D. Miambo
- Faculty of Veterinary, Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo, Mozambique
- School of Life Science, College of Agriculture, Engineering and Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban 4001, South Africa
| | - S.M.S Afonso
- Faculty of Veterinary, Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo, Mozambique
| | - E.V. Noormahomed
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo, Mozambique
- Mozambique Institute for Health Education and Research (MIHER), Maputo, Mozambique
- Department of Medicine, Infectious Disease Division, University of California, San Diego, USA
| | - A. Pondja
- Faculty of Veterinary, Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo, Mozambique
| | - S. Mukaratirwa
- School of Life Science, College of Agriculture, Engineering and Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban 4001, South Africa
- One Health Center for Zoonoses and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, Saint Kitts and Nevis
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Ohiolei JA, Yan HB, Li L, Magaji AA, Luka J, Zhu GQ, Isaac C, Odoya ME, Wu YT, Alvi MA, Muku RJ, Fu BQ, Jia WZ. Cystic echinococcosis in Nigeria: first insight into the genotypes of Echinococcus granulosus in animals. Parasit Vectors 2019; 12:392. [PMID: 31391113 PMCID: PMC6686243 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-019-3644-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is a zoonosis caused by cestodes of Echinococcus granulosus (sensu lato) complex. In Nigeria, reports on the prevalence of CE, although limited, have been found to vary with location and host with higher prevalence and fertility rate observed in camels than other livestock. Until now, information regarding the molecular characteristics, genetic population structure, and genotypes of Echinococcus is lacking. Therefore, this study was aimed at addressing these gaps in knowledge. Methods We describe the genetic status of 31 Echinococcus isolates collected from slaughtered livestock (camels, cattle and goats) based on the full-length mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (cox1) and NADH dehydrogenase subunit 1 (nad1) genes. Results The resulting nucleotide sequences via the NCBI BLAST algorithm and Bayesian phylogeny of cox1 and cox1–nad1 genes using MrBayes v.3.1.2 showed that all isolates were clearly E. canadensis (G6/G7) and were 99–100% identical to previously reported G6/G7 haplotypes across Europe, Asia, North and East Africa. Conclusions Although, the G1 genotype is believed to be responsible for the majority of global CE burden, reports from a number of West African countries including Nigeria suggest that E. canadensis G6/G7 genotype could be the major causative agent of CE in the subregion. This study provides for the first time insight into the genetic population structure of Echinococcus species as well as implications for CE control in Nigeria. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13071-019-3644-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John Asekhaen Ohiolei
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology/National Professional Laboratory of Animal Hydatidosis, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu, P. R. China.,Department of Zoology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Ambrose Alli University, Ekpoma, Nigeria
| | - Hong-Bin Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology/National Professional Laboratory of Animal Hydatidosis, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu, P. R. China
| | - Li Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology/National Professional Laboratory of Animal Hydatidosis, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu, P. R. China
| | - Abdullahi Alhaji Magaji
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria
| | - Joshua Luka
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology and Entomology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri, Nigeria
| | - Guo-Qiang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology/National Professional Laboratory of Animal Hydatidosis, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu, P. R. China
| | - Clement Isaac
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Ambrose Alli University, Ekpoma, Nigeria
| | - Manfred Ebube Odoya
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Ambrose Alli University, Ekpoma, Nigeria
| | - Yan-Tao Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology/National Professional Laboratory of Animal Hydatidosis, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu, P. R. China
| | - Mughees Aizaz Alvi
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology/National Professional Laboratory of Animal Hydatidosis, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu, P. R. China
| | - Rosline James Muku
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology/National Professional Laboratory of Animal Hydatidosis, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu, P. R. China
| | - Bao-Quan Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology/National Professional Laboratory of Animal Hydatidosis, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu, P. R. China
| | - Wan-Zhong Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology/National Professional Laboratory of Animal Hydatidosis, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu, P. R. China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Genotyping of human Echinococcus granulosus cyst in Morocco. J Parasit Dis 2019; 43:560-565. [PMID: 31749525 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-019-01127-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Echinococcus granulosus is the etiological agent of cystic echinococcosis (CE), also commonly called hydatidosis. This is a zoonotic infection endemic worldwide, including the Mediterranean basin and Morocco. The genetic variability of Echinococcus granulosus is known to influence development of parasitic cysts in different intermediate hosts, and therefore the epidemiology of infection. Molecular studies have identified nine genotypes of Echinococcus granulosus, eight of them affect humans, grouped today in four distinct species. In Morocco, molecular studies on CE cysts from animals showed the presence, for the large majority of cases, of the G1 genotype (« sheep strain » or Echinococcus granulosus sensu stricto), which is also the cause of the majority of human infections worldwide, and to a lesser extent of the other genotypes (G2 and G3) within Echinococcus granulosus sensu stricto complex. However, so far no genotyping of echinococcal cysts in Morocco has been carried out. We collected CE cysts material from 15 patients diagnosed with abdominal CE in the Meknès-Tafilalt region, Middle Atlas of Morocco, and an endemic area and genotyped by multiplex PCR. The only five cysts from which it was possible to successfully amplify the DNA were all belonging to the G1-G3 genotype, in line with the epidemiology of CE in animals in the same area. Our results add new information, on the human side, to the epidemiological picture of CE in the region, which are important in the context of any control plan for the infection.
Collapse
|
6
|
Multilocus sequence analysis of Echinococcus granulosus strains isolated from humans and animals in Iran. Exp Parasitol 2017; 183:50-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2017.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Revised: 08/12/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
7
|
Avila HG, Santos GB, Cucher MA, Macchiaroli N, Pérez MG, Baldi G, Jensen O, Pérez V, López R, Negro P, Scialfa E, Zaha A, Ferreira HB, Rosenzvit M, Kamenetzky L. Implementation of new tools in molecular epidemiology studies of Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato in South America. Parasitol Int 2017; 66:250-257. [PMID: 28193534 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2017.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this work was to determine Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato species and genotypes in intermediate and definitive hosts and in human isolates from endemic regions of Argentina and Brazil including those where no molecular data is available by a combination of classical and alternative molecular tools. A total of 227 samples were isolated from humans, natural intermediate and definitive hosts. Amplification of cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene fragment was performed and a combination of AluI digestion assay, High Resolution Melting analysis (HRM) assay and DNA sequencing was implemented for Echinococcus species/genotype determination. E. granulosus sensu stricto (G1) was found in sheep (n=35), cattle (n=67) and dogs (n=5); E. ortleppi (G5) in humans (n=3) and cattle (n=108); E. canadensis (G6) in humans (n=2) and E. canadensis (G7) in pigs (n=7). We reported for the first time the presence of E. ortleppi (G5) and E. canadensis (G6) in humans from San Juan and Catamarca Argentinean provinces and E. canadensis (G7) in pigs from Cordoba Argentinean province. In this work, we widened molecular epidemiology studies of E. granulosus s. l. in South America by analyzing several isolates from definitive and intermediate hosts, including humans from endemic regions were such information was scarce or unavailable. The presence of different species/genotypes in the same region and host species reinforce the need of rapid and specific techniques for accurate determination of Echinococcus species such as the ones proposed in this work.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Héctor G Avila
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Parasitología Médica, IMPAM (UBA-CONICET), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Paraguay 2155, piso 13 (1121), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina; Centro de Investigaciones en Zoonosis, Chacra N°18, Sarmiento, Chubut, Argentina.
| | - Guilherme B Santos
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Caixa Postal 15005, CEP 91501-970, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
| | - Marcela A Cucher
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Parasitología Médica, IMPAM (UBA-CONICET), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Paraguay 2155, piso 13 (1121), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Natalia Macchiaroli
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Parasitología Médica, IMPAM (UBA-CONICET), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Paraguay 2155, piso 13 (1121), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Matías G Pérez
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Parasitología Médica, IMPAM (UBA-CONICET), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Paraguay 2155, piso 13 (1121), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Germán Baldi
- Estudios Ambientales, Instituto de Matemática Aplicada de San Luis UNSL-CONICET, San Luis, Argentina.
| | - Oscar Jensen
- Centro de Investigaciones en Zoonosis, Chacra N°18, Sarmiento, Chubut, Argentina.
| | - Verónica Pérez
- División Zoonosis, San Juan:AvLibGral San Martín 750, Centro Cívico 3° piso Núcleo 2, San Juan, Argentina.
| | - Raúl López
- Departamento de Zoonosis Provincial, Chacabuco 169, Catamarca, Argentina.
| | - Perla Negro
- Cátedra de Parasitología y Enfermedades Parasitarias, UNR: Bv. Ovidio Lagos 1000, 2170 Casilda, Santa Fe, Argentina.
| | - Exequiel Scialfa
- División Zoonosis Rurales, UNCPBA, Facultad Agronomía, Azul 7300, Argentina.
| | - Arnaldo Zaha
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Caixa Postal 15005, CEP 91501-970, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
| | - Henrique B Ferreira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Caixa Postal 15005, CEP 91501-970, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
| | - Mara Rosenzvit
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Parasitología Médica, IMPAM (UBA-CONICET), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Paraguay 2155, piso 13 (1121), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Laura Kamenetzky
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Parasitología Médica, IMPAM (UBA-CONICET), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Paraguay 2155, piso 13 (1121), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Deplazes P, Rinaldi L, Alvarez Rojas CA, Torgerson PR, Harandi MF, Romig T, Antolova D, Schurer JM, Lahmar S, Cringoli G, Magambo J, Thompson RCA, Jenkins EJ. Global Distribution of Alveolar and Cystic Echinococcosis. ADVANCES IN PARASITOLOGY 2017; 95:315-493. [PMID: 28131365 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apar.2016.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 548] [Impact Index Per Article: 78.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Alveolar echinococcosis (AE) and cystic echinococcosis (CE) are severe helminthic zoonoses. Echinococcus multilocularis (causative agent of AE) is widely distributed in the northern hemisphere where it is typically maintained in a wild animal cycle including canids as definitive hosts and rodents as intermediate hosts. The species Echinococcus granulosus, Echinococcus ortleppi, Echinococcus canadensis and Echinococcus intermedius are the causative agents of CE with a worldwide distribution and a highly variable human disease burden in the different endemic areas depending upon human behavioural risk factors, the diversity and ecology of animal host assemblages and the genetic diversity within Echinococcus species which differ in their zoonotic potential and pathogenicity. Both AE and CE are regarded as neglected zoonoses, with a higher overall burden of disease for CE due to its global distribution and high regional prevalence, but a higher pathogenicity and case fatality rate for AE, especially in Asia. Over the past two decades, numerous studies have addressed the epidemiology and distribution of these Echinococcus species worldwide, resulting in better-defined boundaries of the endemic areas. This chapter presents the global distribution of Echinococcus species and human AE and CE in maps and summarizes the global data on host assemblages, transmission, prevalence in animal definitive hosts, incidence in people and molecular epidemiology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Deplazes
- University of Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - L Rinaldi
- University of Naples Federico II, Napoli, Italy
| | | | | | - M F Harandi
- Research centre of Hydatid Disease in Iran, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - T Romig
- University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - D Antolova
- Institute of Parasitology SAS, Kosice, Slovak Republic
| | - J M Schurer
- University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada; University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - S Lahmar
- National School of Veterinary Medicine, Sidi Thabet, Tunisia
| | - G Cringoli
- University of Naples Federico II, Napoli, Italy
| | - J Magambo
- Meru University of Science and Technology, Meru, Kenya
| | | | - E J Jenkins
- University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Oudni-M'rad M, Cabaret J, M'rad S, Chaâbane-Banaoues R, Mekki M, Zmantar S, Nouri A, Mezhoud H, Babba H. Genetic relationship between the Echinococcus granulosus sensu stricto cysts located in lung and liver of hosts. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2016; 44:356-360. [PMID: 27456279 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2016.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Revised: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
G1 genotype of Echinococcus granulosus sensu stricto is the major cause of hydatidosis in Northern Africa, Tunisia included. The genetic relationship between lung and liver localization were studied in ovine, bovine and human hydatid cysts in Tunisia. Allozyme variation and single strand conformation polymorphism were used for genetic differentiation. The first cause of genetic differentiation was the host species and the second was the localization (lung or liver). The reticulated genetic relationship between the liver or the lung human isolates and isolates from bovine lung, is indicative of recombination (sexual reproduction) or lateral genetic transfer. The idea of two specialized populations (one for the lung one for the liver) that are more or less successful according to host susceptibility is thus proposed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Myriam Oudni-M'rad
- LP3M: Laboratory of Medical and Molecular Parasitology-Mycology, LR12ES08, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Monastir, 5000 Monastir, Tunisia.
| | - Jacques Cabaret
- UMR 1282, ISP INRA and F. Rabelais University, 37380 Nouzilly, France.
| | - Selim M'rad
- LP3M: Laboratory of Medical and Molecular Parasitology-Mycology, LR12ES08, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Monastir, 5000 Monastir, Tunisia.
| | - Raja Chaâbane-Banaoues
- LP3M: Laboratory of Medical and Molecular Parasitology-Mycology, LR12ES08, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Monastir, 5000 Monastir, Tunisia.
| | - Mongi Mekki
- Department of Paediatric Surgery and LR12SP13, University Hospital F. Bourguiba, 5000 Monastir, Tunisia.
| | | | - Abdellatif Nouri
- Department of Paediatric Surgery and LR12SP13, University Hospital F. Bourguiba, 5000 Monastir, Tunisia.
| | - Habib Mezhoud
- LP3M: Laboratory of Medical and Molecular Parasitology-Mycology, LR12ES08, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Monastir, 5000 Monastir, Tunisia.
| | - Hamouda Babba
- LP3M: Laboratory of Medical and Molecular Parasitology-Mycology, LR12ES08, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Monastir, 5000 Monastir, Tunisia; Laboratory of Parasitology, University Hospital F. Bourguiba, 5000 Monastir, Tunisia.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Zait H, Kouidri M, Grenouillet FE, Umhang G, Millon L, Hamrioui B, Grenouillet F. Molecular characterization of Echinococcus granulosus sensu stricto and Echinococcus canadensis in humans and livestock from Algeria. Parasitol Res 2016; 115:2423-31. [PMID: 27021186 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-016-4994-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
In Algeria, previous studies investigated genotypes of Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato in animals and identified E. granulosus sensu stricto (s.s.) genotypes G1 and G3 whereas Echinococcus canadensis genotype G6 was only reported from dromedary cysts. Molecular data on human cystic echinococcosis (CE) were limited. We implemented a large genotyping study of hydatid cysts from humans and livestock animals to specify CE's molecular epidemiology and the genetic diversity in Algeria. Fifty-four human CE cysts from patients predominantly admitted in surgical units from Mustapha Hospital, Algiers, and 16 cysts from livestock animals gathered in two geographically distinct slaughterhouses, Tiaret and Tamanrasset, were collected. Molecular characterization was performed using sequencing of two mitochondrial genes, cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) and NADH dehydrogenase subunit I (NDI). In humans, G1 of E. granulosus s.s. was the main genotype (90.7 %); four samples (7.4 %) were characterized as E. granulosus s.s. G3 and one cyst as E. canadensis G6 (1.8 %). This molecular confirmation of E. canadensis G6 human infection in Algeria was observed in a Tuareg female living in a desertic area in Tamanrasset. All cysts from sheep, cattle, and goat were identified as E. granulosus s.s. G1 and the two cysts originating from dromedary as E. canadensis G6. Twenty concatenated haplotypes (COI + NDI) were characterized. Among E. granulosus s.s., one haplotype (HL1) was highly predominant in both humans and animals cysts (71.6 %). This study revealed main occurrence of E. granulosus s.s. in humans and livestock animals, with description of a predominant shared haplotype corresponding to the main worldwide observed haplotype E.granulosus s.s. G1. E. canadensis G6 was limited to South Algeria, in dromedary as well as in human.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Houria Zait
- Parasitology and Mycology department, Mustapha University Hospital, 16000, Algiers, Algeria.
| | - Mokhtaria Kouidri
- Institute of Veterinary Science, Ibn-khaldoun University of Tiaret, 14000, Tiaret, Algeria
| | - Florence Elisabeth Grenouillet
- Parasitology & Mycology Department, French National Reference Center for Alveolar Echinococcosis and WHO Collaborating Center for Prevention and Treatment of Human Echinococcosis, University Hospital, Besançon, France.,Chrono-environnement, UMR UFC/CNRS 6249 aff. INRA, University of Bourgogne-Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
| | - Gérald Umhang
- ANSES, LRFSN, Unité de Surveillance et Eco-épidémiologie des Animaux Sauvages, National Reference Laboratory for Echinococcus spp, Malzéville, France
| | - Laurence Millon
- Parasitology & Mycology Department, French National Reference Center for Alveolar Echinococcosis and WHO Collaborating Center for Prevention and Treatment of Human Echinococcosis, University Hospital, Besançon, France.,Chrono-environnement, UMR UFC/CNRS 6249 aff. INRA, University of Bourgogne-Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
| | - Boussad Hamrioui
- Parasitology and Mycology department, Mustapha University Hospital, 16000, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Frédéric Grenouillet
- Parasitology & Mycology Department, French National Reference Center for Alveolar Echinococcosis and WHO Collaborating Center for Prevention and Treatment of Human Echinococcosis, University Hospital, Besançon, France.,Chrono-environnement, UMR UFC/CNRS 6249 aff. INRA, University of Bourgogne-Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Roelfsema JH, Nozari N, Pinelli E, Kortbeek LM. Novel PCRs for differential diagnosis of cestodes. Exp Parasitol 2015; 161:20-6. [PMID: 26704662 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2015.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2015] [Revised: 09/11/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Cestodes or tapeworms belong to a diverse group of helminths. The adult Taenia saginata and Taenia solium tapeworm can infest the human gut and the larval stage of Echinococcus spp. and T. solium can infect tissues of the human body, causing serious disease. Molecular diagnostics can be performed on proglottids, eggs and on cyst fluids taken by biopsy. Detection of cestodes when a helminthic infection is suspected is of vital importance and species determination is required for appropriate patient care. For routine diagnostics a single test that is able to detect and type a range of cestodes is preferable. We sought to improve our diagnostic procedure that used to rely on PCR and subsequent sequencing of the Cox1 and Nad1 genes. We have compared these PCRs with novel PCRs on the 12S rRNA and Nad5 gene and established the sensitivity and specificity. A single PCR on the 12S gene proved to be very suitable for detection and specification of Taenia sp. and Echinococcus sp. Both targets harbour enough polymorphic sites to determine the various Echinococcus species. The 12S PCR was most sensitive of all tested.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeroen H Roelfsema
- National Institute of Public Health and the Environment, Centre for Infectious Disease Control, Netherlands.
| | - Nahid Nozari
- National Institute of Public Health and the Environment, Centre for Infectious Disease Control, Netherlands.
| | - Elena Pinelli
- National Institute of Public Health and the Environment, Centre for Infectious Disease Control, Netherlands.
| | - Laetitia M Kortbeek
- National Institute of Public Health and the Environment, Centre for Infectious Disease Control, Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Amer S, Helal IB, Kamau E, Feng Y, Xiao L. Molecular characterization of Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato from farm animals in Egypt. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0118509. [PMID: 25760944 PMCID: PMC4356597 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0118509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Little is known on the diversity and public health significance of Echinococcus species in livestock in Egypt. In this study, 37 individual hydatid cysts were collected from dromedary camels (n=28), sheep (n=7) and buffalos (n=2). DNA was extracted from protoscoleces/germinal layer of individual cysts and amplified by PCR targeting nuclear (actin II) and mitochondrial (COX1 and NAD1) genes. Direct sequencing of amplicons indicated the presence of Echinococcus canadenesis (G6 genotype) in 26 of 28 camel cysts, 3 of 7 sheep cysts and the 2 buffalo derived cysts. In contrast, Echinococcus granulosus sensu stricto (G1 genotype) was detected in one cyst from a camel and 4 of 7 cysts from sheep, whereas Echinococcus ortleppi (G5 genotype) was detected in one cyst from a camel. This is the first identification of E. ortleppi in Egypt.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Said Amer
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne and Environmental Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Kafr El sheikh University, Kafr El Sheikh, Egypt
| | - Ibrahim B. Helal
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Evelyne Kamau
- Institute of Systems and Synthetic Biology, ISSB, Universite d’Evry val d’Essonne, France
| | - Yaoyu Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lihua Xiao
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne and Environmental Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato genotypes infecting humans--review of current knowledge. Int J Parasitol 2013; 44:9-18. [PMID: 24269720 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2013.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 288] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2013] [Revised: 08/22/2013] [Accepted: 08/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Genetic variability in the species group Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato is well recognised as affecting intermediate host susceptibility and other biological features of the parasites. Molecular methods have allowed discrimination of different genotypes (G1-10 and the 'lion strain'), some of which are now considered separate species. An accumulation of genotypic analyses undertaken on parasite isolates from human cases of cystic echinococcosis provides the basis upon which an assessment is made here of the relative contribution of the different genotypes to human disease. The allocation of samples to G-numbers becomes increasingly difficult, because much more variability than previously recognised exists in the genotypic clusters G1-3 (=E. granulosus sensu stricto) and G6-10 (Echinococcus canadensis). To accommodate the heterogeneous criteria used for genotyping in the literature, we restrict ourselves to differentiate between E. granulosus sensu stricto (G1-3), Echinococcus equinus (G4), Echinococcus ortleppi (G5) and E. canadensis (G6-7, G8, G10). The genotype G1 is responsible for the great majority of human cystic echinococcosis worldwide (88.44%), has the most cosmopolitan distribution and is often associated with transmission via sheep as intermediate hosts. The closely related genotypes G6 and G7 cause a significant number of human infections (11.07%). The genotype G6 was found to be responsible for 7.34% of infections worldwide. This strain is known from Africa and Asia, where it is transmitted mainly by camels (and goats), and South America, where it appears to be mainly transmitted by goats. The G7 genotype has been responsible for 3.73% of human cases of cystic echinococcosis in eastern European countries, where the parasite is transmitted by pigs. Some of the samples (11) could not be identified with a single specific genotype belonging to E. canadensis (G6/10). Rare cases of human cystic echinococcosis have been identified as having been caused by the G5, G8 and G10 genotypes. No cases of human infection with G4 have been described. Biological differences between the species and genotypes have potential to affect the transmission dynamics of the parasite, requiring modification of methods used in disease control initiatives. Recent investigations have revealed that the protective vaccine antigen (EG95), developed for the G1 genotype, is immunologically different in the G6 genotype. Further research will be required to determine whether the current EG95 vaccine would be effective against the G6 or G7 genotypes, or whether it will be necessary, and possible, to develop genotype-specific vaccines.
Collapse
|
14
|
Nakao M, Lavikainen A, Yanagida T, Ito A. Phylogenetic systematics of the genus Echinococcus (Cestoda: Taeniidae). Int J Parasitol 2013; 43:1017-29. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2013.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Revised: 06/20/2013] [Accepted: 06/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
15
|
The optimum cut-off value to differentiate Echinococcus granulosus sensu stricto from other species of E. granulosus sensu lato using larval rostellar hook morphometry. J Helminthol 2013; 89:1-8. [DOI: 10.1017/s0022149x13000473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
AbstractCystic echinococcosis caused by Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato is one of the most important helminth zoonoses in the world; it affects both humans and livestock. The disease is endemic in Argentina and highly endemic in the province of Neuquén. Considerable genetic and phenotypic variation has been demonstrated in E. granulosus, and ten different genotypes (G1–G10) have been identified using molecular tools. Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato may be considered a species complex, comprised of E. granulosus sensu stricto (G1–G3), E. equinus (G4), E. ortleppi (G5) and E. canadensis (G6–G10). In endemic areas, the characterization of cystic echinococcosis molecular epidemiology is important in order to apply adequate control strategies. A cut-off value for larval large hook total length to distinguish E. granulosus sensu stricto isolates from those produced by other species of the complex was defined for the first time. Overall, 1780 larval hooks of 36 isolates obtained from sheep (n= 11, G1), goats (n= 10, G6), cattle (n= 5, G6) and pigs (n= 10, G7) were analysed. Validation against molecular genotyping as gold standard was carried out using the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. The optimum cut-off value was defined as 26.5 μm. The proposed method showed high sensitivity (97.8%) and specificity (91.1%). Since in most endemic regions the molecular epidemiology of echinococcosis includes the coexistence of the widely distributed E. granulosus sensu stricto G1 strain and other species of the complex, this technique could be useful as a quick and economical tool for epidemiological and surveillance field studies, when fertile cysts are present.
Collapse
|
16
|
Zait H, Achir I, Guerchani MK, Hamrioui B. [Epidemiological profile of 290 cases of human cystic echinococcosis diagnosed in the Mustapha University Hospital (Algiers) from 2006 to 2011]. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 61:193-8. [PMID: 23578521 DOI: 10.1016/j.patbio.2013.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2012] [Accepted: 03/01/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
THE AIM OF THE STUDY This study reports a series of 290 cases of hydatidosis confirmed by the surgery and/or the imagery with a positive immuno-diagnosis collected between 1st January 2006 and 31 March 2011 at parasitology-mycology laboratory of hospital university center of Mustapha of Algiers. Our aim is to specify, through the listed cases, the epidemiological aspects of this affection and compared with those obtained in two previous Algerian epidemiological investigations carried out, between 1963-1964 and 1966-1975. PATIENTS AND METHODS It is a retrospective (2006-2008) and prospective (2008-2011) study. The parasitological diagnosis was carried out by the direct macroscopic and/or microscopic identification of the parasite and indirect diagnosis based on four techniques: passive hemagglutination, Elisa IgG "Echinococcus granulosus", Western Blot IgG "Echinococcus" and electrophoresis. RESULTS The study shows that this affection is still prerogative of the young adult. It bring out also in this study that the child of school age (ten years), in particular the boy, pays a heavy tribute. At the child, the preferential pulmonary seat of the hydatic disease is not devoid of risk. At adult, this parasitic disease mainly affect the active woman. CONCLUSION Generally, the epidemiological and clinical characteristics join the endemic countries data and confirmed the row of our country among them. The transmission seems as strong as in the past, in spite of a much better social educational level.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H Zait
- Laboratoire de parasitologie-mycologie, CHU Mustapha, place du 1(er) Mai, CP 16000 Alger, Algérie.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Boubaker G, Macchiaroli N, Prada L, Cucher MA, Rosenzvit MC, Ziadinov I, Deplazes P, Saarma U, Babba H, Gottstein B, Spiliotis M. A multiplex PCR for the simultaneous detection and genotyping of the Echinococcus granulosus complex. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2013; 7:e2017. [PMID: 23350011 PMCID: PMC3547860 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2012] [Accepted: 12/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Echinococcus granulosus is characterized by high intra-specific variability (genotypes G1–G10) and according to the new molecular phylogeny of the genus Echinococcus, the E. granulosus complex has been divided into E. granulosus sensu stricto (G1–G3), E. equinus (G4), E. ortleppi (G5), and E. canadensis (G6–G10). The molecular characterization of E. granulosus isolates is fundamental to understand the spatio-temporal epidemiology of this complex in many endemic areas with the simultaneous occurrence of different Echinococcus species and genotypes. To simplify the genotyping of the E. granulosus complex we developed a single-tube multiplex PCR (mPCR) allowing three levels of discrimination: (i) Echinococcus genus, (ii) E. granulosus complex in common, and (iii) the specific genotype within the E. granulosus complex. The methodology was established with known DNA samples of the different strains/genotypes, confirmed on 42 already genotyped samples (Spain: 22 and Bulgaria: 20) and then successfully applied on 153 unknown samples (Tunisia: 114, Algeria: 26 and Argentina: 13). The sensitivity threshold of the mPCR was found to be 5 ng Echinoccoccus DNA in a mixture of up to 1 µg of foreign DNA and the specificity was 100% when template DNA from closely related members of the genus Taenia was used. Additionally to DNA samples, the mPCR can be carried out directly on boiled hydatid fluid or on alkaline-lysed frozen or fixed protoscoleces, thus avoiding classical DNA extractions. However, when using Echinococcus eggs obtained from fecal samples of infected dogs, the sensitivity of the mPCR was low (<40%). Thus, except for copro analysis, the mPCR described here has a high potential for a worldwide application in large-scale molecular epidemiological studies on the Echinococcus genus. The dog tapeworm Echinococcus granulosus (E. granulosus) is a cosmopolitan parasite. The adult worms reside in the small intestine of their definitive hosts (dogs). Infective eggs are shed with the feces into the environment and are orally ingested by intermediate hosts where they develop into the metacestode (larval) stage, causing cystic echinococcosis (CE) in humans and livestock. Ten intraspecific genotypes of E. granulosus (G1 to G10) have been reported from different intermediate host species. Based on the recently established molecular phylogeny, E. granulosus is now considered a complex consisting of four species: E. granulosus sensu stricto (G1/G2/G3), E. equinus (G4), E. ortleppi (G5) and E. canadensis (G6–G10). Simple and highly discriminative molecular epidemiological approaches are needed to explore dynamics, life cycle patterns, and the pathogenicity of the members of this complex. We here introduce a one-step multiplex PCR (mPCR) protocol for the genotyping and discrimination of the different members of the E. granulosus complex, allowing three levels of discrimination: (i) Echinococcus genus, (ii) E. granulosus complex, and (iii) genetic variants within the E. granulosus complex. The relatively complicated task of E. granulosus complex speciation and genotyping is clearly simplified by mPCR, and this technique therefore represents a useful tool for routine practice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ghalia Boubaker
- Institute of Parasitology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- University of Monastir, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Clinical Biology B, Laboratory of Parasitology and Mycology, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Natalia Macchiaroli
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Parasitología Médica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Paraguay 2155, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Laura Prada
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Parasitología Médica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Paraguay 2155, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Marcela A. Cucher
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Parasitología Médica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Paraguay 2155, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mara C. Rosenzvit
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Parasitología Médica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Paraguay 2155, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Iskender Ziadinov
- Institute of Parasitology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Peter Deplazes
- Institute of Parasitology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Urmas Saarma
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Hamouda Babba
- University of Monastir, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Clinical Biology B, Laboratory of Parasitology and Mycology, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Bruno Gottstein
- Institute of Parasitology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Markus Spiliotis
- Institute of Parasitology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Grosso G, Gruttadauria S, Biondi A, Marventano S, Mistretta A. Worldwide epidemiology of liver hydatidosis including the Mediterranean area. World J Gastroenterol 2012; 18:1425-37. [PMID: 22509074 PMCID: PMC3319938 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v18.i13.1425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2011] [Revised: 09/17/2011] [Accepted: 10/14/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The worldwide incidence and prevalence of cystic echinococcosis have fallen dramatically over the past several decades. Nonetheless, infection with Echinococcus granulosus (E. granulosus) remains a major public health issue in several countries and regions, even in places where it was previously at low levels, as a result of a reduction of control programmes due to economic problems and lack of resources. Geographic distribution differs by country and region depending on the presence in that country of large numbers of nomadic or semi-nomadic sheep and goat flocks that represent the intermediate host of the parasite, and their close contact with the final host, the dog, which mostly provides the transmission of infection to humans. The greatest prevalence of cystic echinococcosis in human and animal hosts is found in countries of the temperate zones, including several parts of Eurasia (the Mediterranean regions, southern and central parts of Russia, central Asia, China), Australia, some parts of America (especially South America) and north and east Africa. Echinococcosis is currently considered an endemic zoonotic disease in the Mediterranean region. The most frequent strain associated with human cystic echinococcosis appears to be the common sheep strain (G1). This strain appears to be widely distributed in all continents. The purpose of this review is to examine the distribution of E. granulosus and the epidemiology of a re-emerging disease such as cystic echinococcosis.
Collapse
|
19
|
Abdel Aaty H, Abdel-Hameed D, Alam-Eldin Y, El-Shennawy S, Aminou H, Makled S, Darweesh S. Molecular genotyping of Echinococcus granulosus in animal and human isolates from Egypt. Acta Trop 2012; 121:125-8. [PMID: 22062047 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2011.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2011] [Revised: 10/10/2011] [Accepted: 10/23/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
Despite, Egypt is started to be considered as an emerging endemic area for cystic echinococcosis (CE), no enough data in the literature about the exact status of the genotype in both animals and humans. Therefore, the present study aims to characterize the underlying genotypes that could be responsible for the transmission cycle and for the growing infectivity. Animal isolates were collected from 47 camels and 6 pigs. Human isolates are 31 CE cases including; 21 of hepatic cases, 5 of pulmonary cases and 5 multiple-organ affection cases. Hot-Start specific PCR followed by DNA sequencing for mitochondrial 12S rRNA gene, revealed G1 genotype in one (3.2%) of 31 human isolate only. G6 genotype was detected in all the 53 (100%) animal isolates and in 30 out of 31 (96.8%) human isolate. The Egyptian G6 strain nucleotide sequence revealed 100% homology with an Argentinean reference strain 99% homology with the Kenyan G6 strain. It was concluded that G6 genotype is the predominant genotype in Egypt.
Collapse
|
20
|
Maillard S, Benchikh-Elfegoun MC, Kohil K, Gottstein B, Piarroux R. Failure to observe cross-fertilization between the Echinococcus granulosus G1 and G6 strains after an experimental mixed infection of the definitive host. Vet Parasitol 2010; 175:80-3. [PMID: 20965659 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2010.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2010] [Revised: 09/07/2010] [Accepted: 09/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The classification within Echinococcus granulosus is currently under debate. To assess the reproductive potential between the G1 and G6 strains, an experimental double infection was carried out in a dog. First, two fertile hydatid cysts were collected in Algeria from a cow and a dromedary. They were identified as being G1 and G6 with the markers coxI and nadI. Subsequently, a dog was inoculated with protoscoleces from these two cysts. Sixty days after infection, 85 adult worms were recovered from the intestine of the dog. Then, the two cysts and each of these individual parasites were characterized with the multilocus microsatellite EmsB and compared. For all worms, the scolex and the gravid proglottids, separately analyzed, provided an identical profile: the G1 profile was observed in 70 adults, and the G6 profile in the 15 others. No single worm exhibited a hybrid G1/G6 profile. This result suggests the absence of cross-fertilizing between the two taxa under the given experimental conditions, and so, the presence of a strong cross-reproductive barrier. This observation corroborates with the recent reclassification of G1 and G6 within two distinct species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Maillard
- UMR6249 CNRS/UFC Chrono-Environnement, Department of Parasitology and Mycology, University of Franche-Comté, Besançon, France. maillard
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Sharbatkhori M, Fasihi Harandi M, Mirhendi H, Hajialilo E, Kia EB. Sequence analysis of cox1 and nad1 genes in Echinococcus granulosus G3 genotype in camels (Camelus dromedarius) from central Iran. Parasitol Res 2010; 108:521-7. [PMID: 20922418 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-010-2092-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2010] [Accepted: 09/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Nineteen hydatid cyst isolates collected from camels in central Iran were subjected to sequences analysis of mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (cox1) and NADH dehydrogenase subunit 1 (nad1) genes. A consensus sequence obtained containing 366 nucleotides for cox1 and 471 nucleotides for nad1 genes. Overall, the camel isolates indicated five different sequences in cox1 and nine in nad1 genes. The sequences analysis indicated that 26.3%, 42.1%, and 31.6% of isolates belonging to G1, G3, and G6 genotypes of Echinococcus granulosus, respectively. The isolates with G3 genotype indicated one cox1 sequence having 100% homology with reference G3 sequence (AN: M84663) and two different nad1 sequences, one having 100% homology with reference G3 sequence (AN: AJ237634) and the other with a silent mutation (G to A) in position 279. The presence of G3 genotype (buffalo strain) of E. granulosus as dominant genotype in camels is emphasized. As G3 genotype has formerly been reported in human, the epidemiological role of camels is warranted in future surveys.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mitra Sharbatkhori
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Golestan University of Medical Science, Gorgan, Iran
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Abstract
Echinococcosis/hydatidosis is one of the most important parasitic zoonotic diseases in the world. Both cystic hydatidosis (CE) caused by Echinococcus granulosus and alveolar echinococcosis (AE) caused by E. multilocularis have been reported in several countries of the Mediterranean region (MR). E. granulosus has always been present in the MR and is the most common species. This parasite depends on the dog-sheep cycle and is actively transmitted in all pastoral regions where sheep, cattle and camelids predominate. E. multilocularis occurs only sporadically in limited areas of France, Serbia and Montenegro, Turkey, Tunisia and Morocco. However recent evidence indicates that it is spreading into other regions of the Mediterranean. Due to the lack of well-documented data, and to the fact that CE is not a notifiable disease in the majority of M countries, the precise incidence and prevalence of CE in humans and animals are not known. Published data suggests that prevalence is rather high in North Africa, Turkey, Greece, and in several regions of Italy and Spain. CE is an increasing public health and socio-economic concern due to the considerable morbidity rates that give rise to high economic losses both in the public health sector and in the livestock industry. Hospitalisation for human CE lasts from 2 weeks to more than 1 month in case of surgery. A number of factors contribute to the increase of prevalence and to the spreading of CE in the MR. These include the diversity of livestock production systems (predominantly extensive, traditional animal husbandry), small, ill-equipped and unsupervised slaughter-houses, illegal and family slaughtering, low public awareness of hydatid diseases, and the high population of stray dogs. Cyprus is the only country where an eradication programme has been successfully implemented. There have been, however, important developments in the last decade in CE epidemiology, in the diagnosis of canine infection, in strain characterisation and in immune strategies against CE in animals. This scientific progress, together with effective health education programmes, will likely improve control programmes and reduce the time required to achieve significant decreases in prevalence or eradication.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Dakkak
- Department of Pathology and Veterinary Public Health, Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases Unit, Institut Agronomique et Vétérinaire Hassan II, B.P. 60202, Rabat-Instituts, Morocco.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
A molecular survey of cystic echinococcosis in Sudan. Vet Parasitol 2010; 169:340-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2010.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2009] [Revised: 12/04/2009] [Accepted: 01/05/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
24
|
Arikoglu H, Arslan A, Hepdogru MA, Turhan AB. Expression profile and polymorphisms of actin genes in protoscoleces of Echinococcus granulosus from sheep in central Turkey. Vet Parasitol 2009; 166:80-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2009.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2008] [Revised: 07/24/2009] [Accepted: 08/03/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
25
|
Tawfeek GM, Elwakil HS, Awad NS, El-Hoseiny L, Thabet HS, Sarhan RM, Darweesh SK, Anwar WA. Genetic variability of antigen B among Echinococcus granulosus Egyptian isolates. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 2009; 47:259-64. [PMID: 19724699 DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2009.47.3.259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2008] [Revised: 04/12/2009] [Accepted: 04/17/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Genetic polymorphisms of encoding antigen B2 gene (AgB2) in Echinococcus granulosus were studied using PCR-RFLP and DNA sequencing among 20 Egyptian isolates. Five isolates from different host origins (humans, camels, pigs, and sheep) were collected and used. All examined isolates of each host group gave very similar patterns of PCR-RFLP after restriction enzyme digestion with AluI, with the gene size of approximately 140 bp and 240 bp for sheep and human isolates, and approximately 150 bp and 250 bp for pig and camel isolates. No digestion pattern was obtained after incubation of all studied isolates with EcoRI. These results reveal high intra-group homogeneity. DNA sequence analysis highlighted that human infecting strain showed 100% identity with respect to sheep infecting isolate, 96% and 99% with pig and camel infecting isolates, respectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gihan M Tawfeek
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Knapp J, Bart JM, Giraudoux P, Glowatzki ML, Breyer I, Raoul F, Deplazes P, Duscher G, Martinek K, Dubinsky P, Guislain MH, Cliquet F, Romig T, Malczewski A, Gottstein B, Piarroux R. Genetic diversity of the cestode Echinococcus multilocularis in red foxes at a continental scale in Europe. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2009; 3:e452. [PMID: 19513103 PMCID: PMC2685985 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0000452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2008] [Accepted: 05/06/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alveolar echinococcosis (AE) is a severe helminth disease affecting humans, which is caused by the fox tapeworm Echinococcus multilocularis. AE represents a serious public health issue in larger regions of China, Siberia, and other regions in Asia. In Europe, a significant increase in prevalence since the 1990s is not only affecting the historically documented endemic area north of the Alps but more recently also neighbouring regions previously not known to be endemic. The genetic diversity of the parasite population and respective distribution in Europe have now been investigated in view of generating a fine-tuned map of parasite variants occurring in Europe. This approach may serve as a model to study the parasite at a worldwide level. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS The genetic diversity of E. multilocularis was assessed based upon the tandemly repeated microsatellite marker EmsB in association with matching fox host geographical positions. Our study demonstrated a higher genetic diversity in the endemic areas north of the Alps when compared to other areas. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE The study of the spatial distribution of E. multilocularis in Europe, based on 32 genetic clusters, suggests that Europe can be considered as a unique global focus of E. multilocularis, which can be schematically drawn as a central core located in Switzerland and Jura Swabe flanked by neighbouring regions where the parasite exhibits a lower genetic diversity. The transmission of the parasite into peripheral regions is governed by a "mainland-island" system. Moreover, the presence of similar genetic profiles in both zones indicated a founder event.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Knapp
- Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Chrono-Environment, CNRS 6249, usc INRA, University of Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
| | - Jean-Mathieu Bart
- Department of Chrono-Environment, CNRS 6249, usc INRA, University of Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
| | - Patrick Giraudoux
- Department of Chrono-Environment, CNRS 6249, usc INRA, University of Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
| | - Marie-Louise Glowatzki
- Department of Clinical Research, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Isabelle Breyer
- Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Francis Raoul
- Department of Chrono-Environment, CNRS 6249, usc INRA, University of Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
| | - Peter Deplazes
- Institute of Parasitology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Georg Duscher
- Institute for Parasitology and Zoology, Department for Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Karel Martinek
- Department of Biology, University of West Bohemia, Pilsen, Czech Republic
| | - Pavol Dubinsky
- Parasitological Institute, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Kosice, Slovak Republic
| | | | | | - Thomas Romig
- Institute of Zoology, University of Hohenheim, Hohenheim, Germany
| | - Andrzej Malczewski
- Witold Stefanski Institute of Parasitology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warszawa, Poland
| | - Bruno Gottstein
- Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Renaud Piarroux
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Hôpital la Timone, Marseille, France
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Molecular characterization of Echinococcus granulosus of Indian animal isolates on the basis of nuclear and mitochondrial genotype. Mol Biol Rep 2008; 36:1381-5. [DOI: 10.1007/s11033-008-9324-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2008] [Accepted: 07/14/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
28
|
Ma SM, Maillard S, Zhao HL, Huang X, Wang H, Geng PL, Bart JM, Piarroux R. Assessment of Echinococcus granulosus polymorphism in Qinghai Province, People’s Republic of China. Parasitol Res 2008; 102:1201-6. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-008-0894-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2007] [Accepted: 01/16/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
29
|
Muzulin PM, Kamenetzky L, Gutierrez AM, Guarnera EA, Rosenzvit MC. Echinococcus granulosus antigen B gene family: Further studies of strain polymorphism at the genomic and transcriptional levels. Exp Parasitol 2008; 118:156-64. [PMID: 17825293 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2007.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2007] [Revised: 07/03/2007] [Accepted: 07/16/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Echinococcus granulosus AgB gene family is constituted by five gene loci. In a previous study, we analyzed the strain variation of EgAgB2/B4 sequences. Here, we have analyzed, by SSCP and sequencing, 250 genomic clones of EgAgB1/B3/B5 gene cluster from five E. granulosus strains. Several new EgAgB genomic variants were found. EgAgB1 and EgAgB3 genomic sequences grouped E. granulosus strains by phylogenetic tools in two clusters: one formed by G1/G2 and the other by G5, G6/G7 strains, in accordance with other molecular markers. EgAgB5 genomic and cDNA sequences were only found in G1/G2 cluster. Reverse transcription-PCR analysis using subunit specific primers revealed that all the EgAgB genes were transcribed in G1 and G7 strains with the exception of EgAgB5 transcripts that were not detected in G7 strain. Interestingly, AgB2 transcripts that were probably processed by an aberrant splicing mechanism leading to a non-functional B2 protein were found in G7 strain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Marcela Muzulin
- Departamento de Parasitología, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Infecciosas ANLIS Dr. Carlos G. Malbrán, Av. Vélez Sarsfield 563, Buenos Aires (1281), Argentina
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Busi M, Šnábel V, Varcasia A, Garippa G, Perrone V, De Liberato C, D’Amelio S. Genetic variation within and between G1 and G3 genotypes of Echinococcus granulosus in Italy revealed by multilocus DNA sequencing. Vet Parasitol 2007; 150:75-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2007.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2007] [Revised: 08/21/2007] [Accepted: 09/07/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
31
|
Knapp J, Bart JM, Glowatzki ML, Ito A, Gerard S, Maillard S, Piarroux R, Gottstein B. Assessment of use of microsatellite polymorphism analysis for improving spatial distribution tracking of echinococcus multilocularis. J Clin Microbiol 2007; 45:2943-50. [PMID: 17634311 PMCID: PMC2045259 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.02107-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Alveolar echinococcosis (AE)--caused by the cestode Echinococcus multilocularis--is a severe zoonotic disease found in temperate and arctic regions of the northern hemisphere. Even though the transmission patterns observed in different geographical areas are heterogeneous, the nuclear and mitochondrial targets usually used for the genotyping of E. multilocularis have shown only a marked genetic homogeneity in this species. We used microsatellite sequences, because of their high typing resolution, to explore the genetic diversity of E. multilocularis. Four microsatellite targets (EmsJ, EmsK, and EmsB, which were designed in our laboratory, and NAK1, selected from the literature) were tested on a panel of 76 E. multilocularis samples (larval and adult stages) obtained from Alaska, Canada, Europe, and Asia. Genetic diversity for each target was assessed by size polymorphism analysis. With the EmsJ and EmsK targets, two alleles were found for each locus, yielding two and three genotypes, respectively, discriminating European isolates from the other groups. With NAK1, five alleles were found, yielding seven genotypes, including those specific to Tibetan and Alaskan isolates. The EmsB target, a tandem repeated multilocus microsatellite, found 17 alleles showing a complex pattern. Hierarchical clustering analyses were performed with the EmsB findings, and 29 genotypes were identified. Due to its higher genetic polymorphism, EmsB exhibited a higher discriminatory power than the other targets. The complex EmsB pattern was able to discriminate isolates on a regional and sectoral level, while avoiding overdistinction. EmsB will be used to assess the putative emergence of E. multilocularis in Europe.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Knapp
- Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Maillard S, Benchikh-Elfegoun MC, Knapp J, Bart JM, Koskei P, Gottstein B, Piarroux R. Taxonomic position and geographical distribution of the common sheep G1 and camel G6 strains of Echinococcus granulosus in three African countries. Parasitol Res 2006; 100:495-503. [PMID: 17016727 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-006-0286-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2006] [Accepted: 07/11/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The taxonomic and phylogenetic status of Echinococcus granulosus strains are still controversial and under discussion. In the present study, we investigated the genetic polymorphism of E. granulosus isolates originating from three countries of Africa, including a region of Algeria, where the common G1 sheep and the camel G6 strains coexist sympatrically. Seventy-one hydatid cysts were collected from sheep, cattle, camels, and humans. Two mitochondrial markers (cox1 and nad1) were used for strain identification. Two nuclear markers (actII and hbx2) were used to study the possible occurrence of cross-fertilization. Despite the heterogeneity observed among the G1 isolates, they were all localized within one robust cluster. A second strong cluster was also observed containing all of the G6 isolates. Both strains appeared as two distinct groups, and no cases of interbreeding were found. Thus, the attribution of a species rank can be suggested. We also found the Tasmanian sheep G2 strain for the first time in Africa. Because of the slight variations observed between the common sheep and the Tasmanian sheep strains, further studies should be carried out to elucidate the epidemiological relevance of this genetic discrimination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Maillard
- SERF, Santé Environnement Rural-Université de Franche-Comté, Parasitology Department, University of Franche-Comté, Besancon, France.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Abstract
Echinococcosis is one of the major zoonotic parasitic diseases in the Middle East and Arabic North Africa from Morocco to Egypt. Both cystic and alveolar echinococcosis has been reported from these areas. However, cystic echinococcosis is more prevalent and has been reported from all countries in the Middle East and Arabic North Africa. Alveolar echinococcosis is less prevalent and has been reported only from Iran, Turkey, Iraq and Tunisia. Present situation of echinococcosis in dogs and other definitive hosts, animal intermediate hosts and humans in the Middle East and Arabic North Africa has been reviewed. Echinococcus granulosus is highly prevalent in Iran, Turkey, Iraq, Morocco, Tunisia, and Libya. In the Levant countries, the cystic echinococcosis is also highly endemic. In Oman, it is endemic with low prevalence and a very low level in Cyprus. Various surveys have indicated that hydatid cysts are commonly found in sheep, cattle, goats and camels throughout the Middle East and Arabic North Africa. Sheep are the most infected animals of these regions. Most of studies on human have been focused on surgical reports although several population studies have been performed using serological and imaging techniques. Human cystic echinococcosis (CE) is prevalent in the Middle East and Arabic North Africa. It is hyper endemic in Iran, Turkey, Iraq, Jordan, Morocco, Libya, Tunisia, and Algeria, and endemic in Egypt. Studies on the strain specificities of E. granulosus in the Middle East revealed sheep strain (G1) present in sheep, goats, cattle, camels and humans, and the camel strain (G6) in camels, sheep, cattle as well as humans. Dog/sheep strain seems to be more prevalent in the foregoing regions in documented reports from Iran and Jordan. However, a strain of E. granulosus, which resembles the horse strain (G4) strain, has been reported from Jordan. Strain specifications of E. granulosus in Arabic North Africa showed that sheep/dog strain (G1) have been reported from Tunisia and Libya both from humans and animals. However, in Egypt the human cases reported are of camel/dog strain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Mahmoud Sadjjadi
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, P.O. Box 71345-1735, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Bart JM, Morariu S, Knapp J, Ilie MS, Pitulescu M, Anghel A, Cosoroaba I, Piarroux R. Genetic typing of Echinococcus granulosus in Romania. Parasitol Res 2005; 98:130-7. [PMID: 16328370 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-005-0015-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2005] [Accepted: 09/02/2005] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In Romania, cystic echinococcosis is endemic and affects, besides humans, various animal species including sheep, cattle, and swine. As yet, no molecular-genetic typing has been carried out to clearly identify the putative strains being transmitted there. Parasite samples (protoscoleces or germinal layers) were collected from infected intermediate hosts and subsequently analyzed by comparing the PCR-amplified DNA sequences of three targets: one nuclear (BG1/3) and two mitochondrial (cox1 and nadI). Three strains were identified with the mitochondrial sequences: (i) the common sheep strain (G1) which circulates between sheep and cattle and is infective for humans, (ii) the Tasmanian sheep strain (G2) infecting sheep and cattle, and (iii) the pig strain (G7) predominantly found in swine. To our knowledge, this is the first report which demonstrates the occurrence of the Tasmanian sheep strain in cattle and the sympatric occurrence of these three strains (G1, G2, and G7) in Europe.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J M Bart
- SERF Team (Equipe Santé Environment Rural Franche-Comté), Parasitology Department, College of Medicine of Besançon, 19 rue Ambroise Paré, 25000 Besançon, France.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Kamenetzky L, Muzulin PM, Gutierrez AM, Angel SO, Zaha A, Guarnera EA, Rosenzvit MC. High polymorphism in genes encoding antigen B from human infecting strains of Echinococcus granulosus. Parasitology 2005; 131:805-15. [PMID: 16336734 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182005008474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2005] [Revised: 05/26/2005] [Accepted: 05/28/2005] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Echinococcus granulosus antigen B (AgB) is encoded by a gene family and is involved in the evasion of the host immune response. E. granulosus exists as a number of strains (G1-G10) that differ in biological characteristics. We used PCR-SSCP followed by DNA sequencing to evaluate sequence variation and transcription profile of AgB in 5 E. granulosus strains. Twenty-four genomic sequences were isolated and clustered in 3 groups related to 2 of the 5 reported AgB genes. AgB4 genes were present in almost all strains, whereas AgB2 were present as functional genes exclusively in G1/G2 cluster, and as non-functional genes in G5 and the G6/G7 cluster, suggesting inter-strain variation. The AgB transcription patterns, analysed by RT-PCR, showed that AgB2 and AgB4 genes were transcribed in G1, while only the AgB4 gene was transcribed in G7 strain. Cysts from the same strain or cluster shared more genomic and cDNA variants than cysts from different strain or cluster. The level of nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequence variation observed is higher than that reported so far for coding genes of other helminths. Neutrality was rejected for AgB2 genes. These data show the genetic polymorphism of antigen-coding genes among genetically characterized strains of E. granulosus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Kamenetzky
- Departamento de Parasitología, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Infecciosas ANLIS Av. Velez Sarsfield 563, Buenos Aires (1281), ArgentinaInstituto Tecnológico de Chascomús (IIB-INTECH)-Conicet/UNSAM, Chascomús, Argentina
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|