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Barlet BD, Hauson AO, Pollard AA, Zhang EZ, Nemanim NM, Sarkissians S, Lackey NS, Stelmach NP, Walker AD, Carson BT, Flora-Tostado C, Reszegi K, Allen KE, Viglione DJ. Neuropsychological Performance in Alzheimer's Disease versus Late-Life Depression: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Arch Clin Neuropsychol 2023; 38:991-1016. [PMID: 37332152 DOI: 10.1093/arclin/acad036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Despite decades of research, neuropsychological tests (NPTs) that clearly differentiate between Alzheimer's disease (AD) and late-life depression (LLD) have yet to be agreed upon. Given this gap in knowledge and the rapid deployment of disease-modifying drugs for the two disorders, accurate clinical diagnosis using evidence-based assessment is essential. This study aims to systematically examine the literature to identify NPTs that would be able to differentiate AD and LLD. METHOD Databases and bibliographies were searched to identify articles for analysis. Two major inclusion criteria were that the studies compared neuropsychological functioning of AD versus LLD using normed NPTs and provided data for effect size calculation. Risk of bias was minimized by having independent coders for all steps in the review. RESULTS Forty-one studies met inclusion criteria (N = 2,797) and provided effect sizes for tests that were classified as belonging to 15 domains of functioning. The two groups were well differentiated by tasks of delayed contextual verbal memory as compared to immediate or non-contextual memory, recognition cueing, confrontation naming, visuospatial construction, and conceptualization. Specific NPTs that appear to be useful for differential diagnosis include the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test-Delayed Recognition; Boston Naming Test; the Dementia Rating Scale's memory, conceptualization, and construction subscales; and the CERAD Constructional Praxis. CONCLUSIONS The NPTs highlighted in this systematic review could be used as a relatively simple and cost-effective method to differentiate between patients with cognitive dysfunction due to AD versus LLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brianna D Barlet
- Clinical Psychology PhD Program, California School of Professional Psychology, San Diego, CA 92131, USA
- Institute of Brain Research and Integrated Neuropsychological Services (iBRAINs.org), San Diego, CA 92105, USA
| | - Alexander O Hauson
- Clinical Psychology PhD Program, California School of Professional Psychology, San Diego, CA 92131, USA
- Institute of Brain Research and Integrated Neuropsychological Services (iBRAINs.org), San Diego, CA 92105, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Anna A Pollard
- Clinical Psychology PhD Program, California School of Professional Psychology, San Diego, CA 92131, USA
- Institute of Brain Research and Integrated Neuropsychological Services (iBRAINs.org), San Diego, CA 92105, USA
| | - Emily Z Zhang
- Clinical Psychology PhD Program, California School of Professional Psychology, San Diego, CA 92131, USA
- Institute of Brain Research and Integrated Neuropsychological Services (iBRAINs.org), San Diego, CA 92105, USA
| | - Natasha M Nemanim
- Clinical Psychology PhD Program, California School of Professional Psychology, San Diego, CA 92131, USA
- Institute of Brain Research and Integrated Neuropsychological Services (iBRAINs.org), San Diego, CA 92105, USA
| | - Sharis Sarkissians
- Clinical Psychology PhD Program, California School of Professional Psychology, San Diego, CA 92131, USA
- Institute of Brain Research and Integrated Neuropsychological Services (iBRAINs.org), San Diego, CA 92105, USA
| | - Nick S Lackey
- Clinical Psychology PhD Program, California School of Professional Psychology, San Diego, CA 92131, USA
- Institute of Brain Research and Integrated Neuropsychological Services (iBRAINs.org), San Diego, CA 92105, USA
| | - Nicholas P Stelmach
- Clinical Psychology PhD Program, California School of Professional Psychology, San Diego, CA 92131, USA
- Institute of Brain Research and Integrated Neuropsychological Services (iBRAINs.org), San Diego, CA 92105, USA
| | - Alyssa D Walker
- Clinical Psychology PhD Program, California School of Professional Psychology, San Diego, CA 92131, USA
- Institute of Brain Research and Integrated Neuropsychological Services (iBRAINs.org), San Diego, CA 92105, USA
| | - Bryce T Carson
- Clinical Psychology PhD Program, California School of Professional Psychology, San Diego, CA 92131, USA
- Institute of Brain Research and Integrated Neuropsychological Services (iBRAINs.org), San Diego, CA 92105, USA
| | - Christopher Flora-Tostado
- Clinical Psychology PhD Program, California School of Professional Psychology, San Diego, CA 92131, USA
- Institute of Brain Research and Integrated Neuropsychological Services (iBRAINs.org), San Diego, CA 92105, USA
| | - Katalin Reszegi
- Clinical Psychology PhD Program, California School of Professional Psychology, San Diego, CA 92131, USA
- Institute of Brain Research and Integrated Neuropsychological Services (iBRAINs.org), San Diego, CA 92105, USA
| | - Kenneth E Allen
- Clinical Psychology PhD Program, California School of Professional Psychology, San Diego, CA 92131, USA
- Institute of Brain Research and Integrated Neuropsychological Services (iBRAINs.org), San Diego, CA 92105, USA
| | - Donald J Viglione
- Clinical Psychology PhD Program, California School of Professional Psychology, San Diego, CA 92131, USA
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Pavel DG, Henderson TA, DeBruin S. The Legacy of the TTASAAN Report-Premature Conclusions and Forgotten Promises: A Review of Policy and Practice Part I. Front Neurol 2022; 12:749579. [PMID: 35450131 PMCID: PMC9017602 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.749579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain perfusion single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) scans were initially developed in 1970's. A key radiopharmaceutical, hexamethylpropyleneamine oxime (HMPAO), was originally approved in 1988, but was unstable. As a result, the quality of SPECT images varied greatly based on technique until 1993, when a method of stabilizing HMPAO was developed. In addition, most SPECT perfusion studies pre-1996 were performed on single-head gamma cameras. In 1996, the Therapeutics and Technology Assessment Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology (TTASAAN) issued a report regarding the use of SPECT in the evaluation of neurological disorders. Although the TTASAAN report was published in January 1996, it was approved for publication in October 1994. Consequently, the reported brain SPECT studies relied upon to derive the conclusions of the TTASAAN report largely pre-date the introduction of stabilized HMPAO. While only 12% of the studies on traumatic brain injury (TBI) in the TTASAAN report utilized stable tracers and multi-head cameras, 69 subsequent studies with more than 23,000 subjects describe the utility of perfusion SPECT scans in the evaluation of TBI. Similarly, dementia SPECT imaging has improved. Modern SPECT utilizing multi-headed gamma cameras and quantitative analysis has a sensitivity of 86% and a specificity of 89% for the diagnosis of mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease-comparable to fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography. Advances also have occurred in seizure neuroimaging. Lastly, developments in SPECT imaging of neurotoxicity and neuropsychiatric disorders have been striking. At the 25-year anniversary of the publication of the TTASAAN report, it is time to re-examine the utility of perfusion SPECT brain imaging. Herein, we review studies cited by the TTASAAN report vs. current brain SPECT imaging research literature for the major indications addressed in the report, as well as for emerging indications. In Part II, we elaborate technical aspects of SPECT neuroimaging and discuss scan interpretation for the clinician.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan G Pavel
- Pathfinder Brain SPECT Imaging, Deerfield, IL, United States.,The International Society of Applied Neuroimaging (ISAN), Denver, CO, United States
| | - Theodore A Henderson
- The International Society of Applied Neuroimaging (ISAN), Denver, CO, United States.,The Synaptic Space, Inc., Denver, CO, United States.,Neuro-Luminance, Inc., Denver, CO, United States.,Dr. Theodore Henderson, Inc., Denver, CO, United States
| | - Simon DeBruin
- The International Society of Applied Neuroimaging (ISAN), Denver, CO, United States.,Good Lion Imaging, Columbia, SC, United States
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3
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Babiloni C, Arakaki X, Bonanni L, Bujan A, Carrillo MC, Del Percio C, Edelmayer RM, Egan G, Elahh FM, Evans A, Ferri R, Frisoni GB, Güntekin B, Hainsworth A, Hampel H, Jelic V, Jeong J, Kim DK, Kramberger M, Kumar S, Lizio R, Nobili F, Noce G, Puce A, Ritter P, Smit DJA, Soricelli A, Teipel S, Tucci F, Sachdev P, Valdes-Sosa M, Valdes-Sosa P, Vergallo A, Yener G. EEG measures for clinical research in major vascular cognitive impairment: recommendations by an expert panel. Neurobiol Aging 2021; 103:78-97. [PMID: 33845399 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2021.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Vascular contribution to cognitive impairment (VCI) and dementia is related to etiologies that may affect the neurophysiological mechanisms regulating brain arousal and generating electroencephalographic (EEG) activity. A multidisciplinary expert panel reviewed the clinical literature and reached consensus about the EEG measures consistently found as abnormal in VCI patients with dementia. As compared to cognitively unimpaired individuals, those VCI patients showed (1) smaller amplitude of resting state alpha (8-12 Hz) rhythms dominant in posterior regions; (2) widespread increases in amplitude of delta (< 4 Hz) and theta (4-8 Hz) rhythms; and (3) delayed N200/P300 peak latencies in averaged event-related potentials, especially during the detection of auditory rare target stimuli requiring participants' responses in "oddball" paradigms. The expert panel formulated the following recommendations: (1) the above EEG measures are not specific for VCI and should not be used for its diagnosis; (2) they may be considered as "neural synchronization" biomarkers to enlighten the relationships between features of the VCI-related cerebrovascular lesions and abnormalities in neurophysiological brain mechanisms; and (3) they may be tested in future clinical trials as prognostic biomarkers and endpoints of interventions aimed at normalizing background brain excitability and vigilance in wakefulness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Babiloni
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "Vittorio Erspamer", Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy; San Raffaele Cassino, Cassino, FR, Italy.
| | | | - Laura Bonanni
- Department of Neuroscience Imaging and Clinical Sciences and CESI, University G D'Annunzio of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Ana Bujan
- Psychological Neuroscience Lab, School of Psychology, University of Minho, Portugal
| | | | - Claudio Del Percio
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "Vittorio Erspamer", Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Gary Egan
- Foundation Director of the Monash Biomedical Imaging (MBI) research facilities, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Fanny M Elahh
- Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco
| | - Alan Evans
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | | | - Giovanni B Frisoni
- Memory Clinic and LANVIE - Laboratory of Neuroimaging of Aging, University Hospitals and University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland; Laboratory of Alzheimer's Neuroimaging and Epidemiology, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy
| | - Bahar Güntekin
- Department of Biophysics, School of Medicine, Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey; REMER, Clinical Electrophysiology, Neuroimaging and Neuromodulation Lab, Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Atticus Hainsworth
- University of London St George's Molecular and Clinical Sciences Research Institute, London, UK
| | - Harald Hampel
- Sorbonne University, GRC No. 21, Alzheimer Precision Medicine, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Vesna Jelic
- Division of Clinical Geriatrics, NVS Department, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jaeseung Jeong
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering/Program of Brain and Cognitive Engineering Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Doh Kwan Kim
- Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Milica Kramberger
- Center for cognitive and movement disorders, Department of neurology, University Medical Center Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Sanjeev Kumar
- Geriatric Psychiatry Division, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - Flavio Nobili
- Clinica neurologica, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy; Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Oftalmologia, Genetica, Riabilitazione e Scienze Materno-infantili (DiNOGMI)
| | | | - Aina Puce
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences at Indiana University in Bloomington, Indiana, USA
| | - Petra Ritter
- Brain Simulation Section, Department of Neurology, Charité Universitätsmedizin and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany; Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience, Berlin, Germany
| | - Dirk J A Smit
- Department of Psychiatry Academisch Medisch Centrum Universiteit van Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Andrea Soricelli
- IRCCS SDN, Naples, Italy; Department of Motor Sciences and Healthiness, University of Naples Parthenope, Naples, Italy
| | - Stefan Teipel
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) - Rostock/Greifswald, Rostock, Germany
| | - Federico Tucci
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "Vittorio Erspamer", Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Perminder Sachdev
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing (CHeBA), School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales; Neuropsychiatric Institute, The Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | | | - Pedro Valdes-Sosa
- Cuban Neuroscience Center, Havana, Cuba; Key Laboratory for Neuroinformation, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Andrea Vergallo
- Sorbonne University, GRC No. 21, Alzheimer Precision Medicine, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Görsev Yener
- Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center. Dokuz Eylul University Health Campus, Izmir, Turkey
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4
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Castano-Prat P, Perez-Mendez L, Perez-Zabalza M, Sanfeliu C, Giménez-Llort L, Sanchez-Vives MV. Altered slow (<1 Hz) and fast (beta and gamma) neocortical oscillations in the 3xTg-AD mouse model of Alzheimer's disease under anesthesia. Neurobiol Aging 2019; 79:142-151. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2019.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Revised: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 02/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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5
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Höller Y, Bathke AC, Uhl A, Strobl N, Lang A, Bergmann J, Nardone R, Rossini F, Zauner H, Kirschner M, Jahanbekam A, Trinka E, Staffen W. Combining SPECT and Quantitative EEG Analysis for the Automated Differential Diagnosis of Disorders with Amnestic Symptoms. Front Aging Neurosci 2017; 9:290. [PMID: 28936173 PMCID: PMC5594223 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2017.00290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) and Electroencephalography (EEG) have become established tools in routine diagnostics of dementia. We aimed to increase the diagnostic power by combining quantitative markers from SPECT and EEG for differential diagnosis of disorders with amnestic symptoms. We hypothesize that the combination of SPECT with measures of interaction (connectivity) in the EEG yields higher diagnostic accuracy than the single modalities. We examined 39 patients with Alzheimer's dementia (AD), 69 patients with depressive cognitive impairment (DCI), 71 patients with amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI), and 41 patients with amnestic subjective cognitive complaints (aSCC). We calculated 14 measures of interaction from a standard clinical EEG-recording and derived graph-theoretic network measures. From regional brain perfusion measured by 99mTc-hexamethyl-propylene-aminoxime (HMPAO)-SPECT in 46 regions, we calculated relative cerebral perfusion in these patients. Patient groups were classified pairwise with a linear support vector machine. Classification was conducted separately for each biomarker, and then again for each EEG- biomarker combined with SPECT. Combination of SPECT with EEG-biomarkers outperformed single use of SPECT or EEG when classifying aSCC vs. AD (90%), aMCI vs. AD (70%), and AD vs. DCI (100%), while a selection of EEG measures performed best when classifying aSCC vs. aMCI (82%) and aMCI vs. DCI (90%). Only the contrast between aSCC and DCI did not result in above-chance classification accuracy (60%). In general, accuracies were higher when measures of interaction (i.e., connectivity measures) were applied directly than when graph-theoretical measures were derived. We suggest that quantitative analysis of EEG and machine-learning techniques can support differentiating AD, aMCI, aSCC, and DCC, especially when being combined with imaging methods such as SPECT. Quantitative analysis of EEG connectivity could become an integral part for early differential diagnosis of cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne Höller
- Department of Neurology, Christian Doppler Medical Centre and Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, Paracelsus Medical University of SalzburgSalzburg, Austria
| | - Arne C Bathke
- Department of Mathematics, Paris Lodron University of SalzburgSalzburg, Austria
| | - Andreas Uhl
- Multimedia Signal Processing and Security Lab, Department of Computer Sciences, Paris Lodron University of SalzburgSalzburg, Austria
| | - Nicolas Strobl
- Department of Neurology, Christian Doppler Medical Centre and Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, Paracelsus Medical University of SalzburgSalzburg, Austria
| | - Adelheid Lang
- Department of Psychology, Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, Paris Lodron University of SalzburgSalzburg, Austria
| | - Jürgen Bergmann
- Department of Neurology, Christian Doppler Medical Centre and Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, Paracelsus Medical University of SalzburgSalzburg, Austria
| | - Raffaele Nardone
- Department of Neurology, Christian Doppler Medical Centre and Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, Paracelsus Medical University of SalzburgSalzburg, Austria.,Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center, Paracelsus Medical University of SalzburgSalzburg, Austria.,Department of Neurology, Franz Tappeiner HospitalMerano, Italy
| | - Fabio Rossini
- Department of Neurology, Christian Doppler Medical Centre and Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, Paracelsus Medical University of SalzburgSalzburg, Austria
| | - Harald Zauner
- Cardiovascular and Neurological Rehabilitation CenterGroßgmain, Austria
| | - Margarita Kirschner
- Department of Neurology, Christian Doppler Medical Centre and Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, Paracelsus Medical University of SalzburgSalzburg, Austria
| | | | - Eugen Trinka
- Department of Neurology, Christian Doppler Medical Centre and Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, Paracelsus Medical University of SalzburgSalzburg, Austria.,Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center, Paracelsus Medical University of SalzburgSalzburg, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Staffen
- Department of Neurology, Christian Doppler Medical Centre and Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, Paracelsus Medical University of SalzburgSalzburg, Austria
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6
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Marshall AC, Cooper NR. The association between high levels of cumulative life stress and aberrant resting state EEG dynamics in old age. Biol Psychol 2017; 127:64-73. [PMID: 28501607 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2017.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Revised: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Cumulative experienced stress produces shortcomings in old adults' cognitive performance. These are reflected in electrophysiological changes tied to task execution. This study explored whether stress-related aberrations in older adults' electroencephalographic (EEG) activity were also apparent in the system at rest. To this effect, the amount of stressful life events experienced by 60 young and 60 elderly participants were assessed in conjunction with resting state power changes in the delta, theta, alpha, and beta frequencies during a resting EEG recording. Findings revealed elevated levels of delta power among elderly individuals reporting high levels of cumulative life stress. These differed significantly from young high and low stress individuals and old adults with low levels of stress. Increases of delta activity have been linked to the emergence of conditions such as Alzheimer's Disease and Mild Cognitive Impairment. Thus, a potential interpretation of our findings associates large amounts of cumulative stress with an increased risk of developing age-related cognitive pathologies in later life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda C Marshall
- Department of General and Experimental Psychology, Ludwig-Maximilian University, 80539 Munich, Germany.
| | - Nicholas R Cooper
- Centre for Brain Science, Department of Psychology, University of Essex, Colchester CO4 3SQ, United Kingdom.
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7
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Vecchio F, Miraglia F, Valeriani L, Scarpellini MG, Bramanti P, Mecarelli O, Rossini PM. Cortical Brain Connectivity and B-Type Natriuretic Peptide in Patients With Congestive Heart Failure. Clin EEG Neurosci 2015; 46:224-9. [PMID: 24997011 DOI: 10.1177/1550059414529765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2013] [Accepted: 02/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The brain has a high level of complexity and needs continuous oxygen supply. So it is clear that any pathological condition, or physiological (aging) change, in the cardiovascular system affects functioning of the central nervous system. We evaluated linear aspects of the relationship between the slowness of cortical rhythms, as revealed by the modulation of a graph connectivity parameter, and congestive heart failure (CHF), as a reflection of neurodegenerative processes. Eyes-closed resting electroencephalographic (EEG) data of 10 patients with CHF were recorded by 19 electrodes positioned according the international 10-20 system. Graph theory function (normalized characteristic path length λ) was applied to the undirected and weighted networks obtained by lagged linear coherence evaluated by eLORETA software, therefore getting rid of volumetric propagation influences. The EEG frequency bands of interest were: delta (2-4 Hz), theta (4-8 Hz), alpha 1 (8-10.5 Hz), alpha 2 (10.5-13 Hz), beta 1 (13-20 Hz), beta 2 (20-30 Hz), and gamma (30-40 Hz). The analysis between B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) values and λ showed positive correlation in delta, associated with a negative correlation in alpha 2 band. Namely, the higher the severity of the disease (as revealed by the BNP vales), the higher the λ in delta, and lower in alpha 2 band. Results suggest that delta and alpha λ indices are good markers of the severity of CHF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Vecchio
- Brain Connectivity laboratory, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Lavinia Valeriani
- Casa di cura San Raffaele Montecompatri e Rocca di Papa, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Paolo M Rossini
- Brain Connectivity laboratory, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Rome, Italy Dept of Neurology, Catholic University "Sacro Cuore" Rome, Italy
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8
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Yener GG, Emek-Savaş DD, Lizio R, Çavuşoğlu B, Carducci F, Ada E, Güntekin B, Babiloni CC, Başar E. Frontal delta event-related oscillations relate to frontal volume in mild cognitive impairment and healthy controls. Int J Psychophysiol 2015; 103:110-7. [PMID: 25660300 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2015.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Amnesic mild cognitive impairment (MCI) represents a risk of developing Alzheimer's disease (AD), but not all MCI subjects progress to dementia of AD type. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of cortical and hippocampal atrophy supports early diagnosis of AD in MCI subjects, while frontal event-related oscillations (EROs) at delta frequencies (<4Hz) are appealing markers for this purpose, as they are both cost-effective and largely available. The present study tested the hypothesis that these EROs reflect cortical frontal neurodegeneration in the continuum between normal and amnesic MCI subjects. EROs and volumetric MRI data were recorded in 28 amnesic MCI and in 28 healthy elderly controls (HCs). EROs were collected during a standard visual oddball paradigm including frequent (66.6%) and rare (33.3%; targets to be mentally counted) stimuli. Peak-to-peak amplitude of delta target EROs (<4Hz) was measured. Volume of frontal cortex was estimated from MRIs. Frontal volume was lower in MCI compared to the HC group. Furthermore, widespread delta target EROs were lower in amplitude in the former than in the latter group. Finally, there was a positive correlation between frontal volume and frontal delta target EROs in MCI and HC subjects as a whole group. These results suggest that frontal delta EROs reflect frontal neurodegeneration in the continuum between normal and amnesic MCI subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Görsev G Yener
- Department of Neurology, Dokuz Eylül University Medical School, Izmir 35340, Turkey; Brain Dynamics Multidisciplinary Research Center, Dokuz Eylül University, Izmir 35340, Turkey; Brain Dynamics, Cognition and Complex Systems Research Center, Istanbul Kultur University, Istanbul 34156, Turkey; Department of Neurosciences, Dokuz Eylül University, Izmir 35340, Turkey.
| | - Derya Durusu Emek-Savaş
- Brain Dynamics, Cognition and Complex Systems Research Center, Istanbul Kultur University, Istanbul 34156, Turkey; Department of Neurosciences, Dokuz Eylül University, Izmir 35340, Turkey; Department of Psychology, Dokuz Eylül University, Izmir 35160, Turkey
| | | | - Berrin Çavuşoğlu
- Department of Neurosciences, Dokuz Eylül University, Izmir 35340, Turkey
| | - Filippo Carducci
- Laboratory of Neuroimaging, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Rome "La Sapienza", Rome, Italy
| | - Emel Ada
- Department of Radiology, Dokuz Eylül University Medical School, Izmir 35340, Turkey
| | - Bahar Güntekin
- Brain Dynamics, Cognition and Complex Systems Research Center, Istanbul Kultur University, Istanbul 34156, Turkey
| | - Claudio C Babiloni
- IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Roma, Italy; Laboratory of High resolution EEG, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Rome "La Sapienza", Rome, Italy
| | - Erol Başar
- Brain Dynamics, Cognition and Complex Systems Research Center, Istanbul Kultur University, Istanbul 34156, Turkey
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9
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Babiloni C, Del Percio C, Boccardi M, Lizio R, Lopez S, Carducci F, Marzano N, Soricelli A, Ferri R, Triggiani AI, Prestia A, Salinari S, Rasser PE, Basar E, Famà F, Nobili F, Yener G, Emek-Savaş DD, Gesualdo L, Mundi C, Thompson PM, Rossini PM, Frisoni GB. Occipital sources of resting-state alpha rhythms are related to local gray matter density in subjects with amnesic mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Aging 2015; 36:556-70. [PMID: 25442118 PMCID: PMC4315728 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2014.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2012] [Revised: 09/08/2014] [Accepted: 09/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Occipital sources of resting-state electroencephalographic (EEG) alpha rhythms are abnormal, at the group level, in patients with amnesic mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and Alzheimer's disease (AD). Here, we evaluated the hypothesis that amplitude of these occipital sources is related to neurodegeneration in occipital lobe as measured by magnetic resonance imaging. Resting-state eyes-closed EEG rhythms were recorded in 45 healthy elderly (Nold), 100 MCI, and 90 AD subjects. Neurodegeneration of occipital lobe was indexed by weighted averages of gray matter density, estimated from structural MRIs. EEG rhythms of interest were alpha 1 (8-10.5 Hz) and alpha 2 (10.5-13 Hz). EEG cortical sources were estimated by low-resolution brain electromagnetic tomography. Results showed a positive correlation between occipital gray matter density and amplitude of occipital alpha 1 sources in Nold, MCI, and AD subjects as a whole group (r = 0.3, p = 0.000004, N = 235). Furthermore, there was a positive correlation between the amplitude of occipital alpha 1 sources and cognitive status as revealed by Mini Mental State Examination score across all subjects (r = 0.38, p = 0.000001, N = 235). Finally, amplitude of occipital alpha 1 sources allowed a moderate classification of individual Nold and AD subjects (sensitivity: 87.8%; specificity: 66.7%; area under the receiver operating characteristic curve: 0.81). These results suggest that the amplitude of occipital sources of resting-state alpha rhythms is related to AD neurodegeneration in occipital lobe along pathologic aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Babiloni
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Rome "La Sapienza", Rome, Italy; Department of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Rome, Italy.
| | | | - Marina Boccardi
- LENITEM (Laboratory of Epidemiology, Neuroimaging and Telemedicine), IRCCS Centro "S. Giovanni di Dio-F.B.F.", Brescia, Italy
| | - Roberta Lizio
- Department of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Rome, Italy
| | - Susanna Lopez
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Rome "La Sapienza", Rome, Italy
| | - Filippo Carducci
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Rome "La Sapienza", Rome, Italy
| | - Nicola Marzano
- Department of Integrated Imaging, IRCCS SDN, Napoli, Italy
| | - Andrea Soricelli
- Department of Integrated Imaging, IRCCS SDN, Napoli, Italy; Department of Studies of Institutions and Territorial Systems, University of Naples Parthenope, Naples, Italy
| | - Raffaele Ferri
- Department of Neurology, IRCCS Oasi Institute for Research on Mental Retardation and Brain Aging, Troina, Enna, Italy
| | | | - Annapaola Prestia
- LENITEM (Laboratory of Epidemiology, Neuroimaging and Telemedicine), IRCCS Centro "S. Giovanni di Dio-F.B.F.", Brescia, Italy
| | - Serenella Salinari
- Department of Informatics and Systems "Antonio Ruberti", University of Rome "La Sapienza", Rome, Italy
| | - Paul E Rasser
- Centre for Translational Neuroscience & Mental Health Research, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia; Schizophrenia Research Institute, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Erol Basar
- Brain Dynamics, Cognition and Complex Systems Research Center, Istanbul Kültür University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Francesco Famà
- Department of Neuroscience (DINOGMI), Clinical Neurology, University of Genoa, Italy
| | - Flavio Nobili
- Department of Neuroscience (DINOGMI), Clinical Neurology, University of Genoa, Italy
| | - Görsev Yener
- Brain Dynamics, Cognition and Complex Systems Research Center, Istanbul Kültür University, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Neurosciences, Dokuz Eylül University, Izmir, Turkey; Brain Dynamics Multidisciplinary Research Center, Dokuz Eylül University, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Neurology, Dokuz Eylül University Medical School, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Derya Durusu Emek-Savaş
- Brain Dynamics, Cognition and Complex Systems Research Center, Istanbul Kültür University, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Neurosciences, Dokuz Eylül University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Loreto Gesualdo
- Dipartimento Emergenza e Trapianti d'Organi (D.E.T.O), University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Ciro Mundi
- Department of Neurology, Ospedali Riuniti, Foggia, Italy
| | - Paul M Thompson
- Department of Neurology & Psychiatry, Imaging Genetics Center, Laboratory of Neuro Imaging, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Paolo M Rossini
- Department of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Rome, Italy; Department of Geriatrics, Neuroscience & Orthopedics, Institute of Neurology, Catholic University, Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanni B Frisoni
- LENITEM (Laboratory of Epidemiology, Neuroimaging and Telemedicine), IRCCS Centro "S. Giovanni di Dio-F.B.F.", Brescia, Italy
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Ahnaou A, Huysmans H, Jacobs T, Drinkenburg W. Cortical EEG oscillations and network connectivity as efficacy indices for assessing drugs with cognition enhancing potential. Neuropharmacology 2014; 86:362-77. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2014.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2014] [Revised: 08/18/2014] [Accepted: 08/20/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Rodriguez R, Lopera F, Alvarez A, Fernandez Y, Galan L, Quiroz Y, Bobes MA. Spectral Analysis of EEG in Familial Alzheimer's Disease with E280A Presenilin-1 Mutation Gene. Int J Alzheimers Dis 2014; 2014:180741. [PMID: 24551475 PMCID: PMC3914466 DOI: 10.1155/2014/180741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2013] [Accepted: 10/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
To evaluate the hypothesis that quantitative EEG (qEEG) analysis is susceptible to detect early functional changes in familial Alzheimer's disease (AD) preclinical stages. Three groups of subjects were selected from five extended families with hereditary AD: a Probable AD group (18 subjects), an asymptomatic carrier (ACr) group (21 subjects), with the mutation but without any clinical symptoms of dementia, and a normal group of 18 healthy subjects. In order to reveal significant differences in the spectral parameter, the Mahalanobis distance (D (2)) was calculated between groups. To evaluate the diagnostic efficiency of this statistic D (2), the ROC models were used. The ROC curve was summarized by accuracy index and standard deviation. The D (2) using the parameters of the energy in the fast frequency bands shows accurate discrimination between normal and ACr groups (area ROC = 0.89) and between AD probable and ACr groups (area ROC = 0.91). This is more significant in temporal regions. Theses parameters could be affected before the onset of the disease, even when cognitive disturbance is not clinically evident. Spectral EEG parameter could be firstly used to evaluate subjects with E280A Presenilin-1 mutation without impairment in cognitive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rene Rodriguez
- Clinical Neurophysiology Department, Cuban Neuroscience Center, Havana, CP 10400, Cuba
| | | | - Alfredo Alvarez
- Clinical Neurophysiology Department, Cuban Neuroscience Center, Havana, CP 10400, Cuba
| | - Yuriem Fernandez
- Cognitive Department, Cuban Neuroscience Center, Havana, CP 10400, Cuba
| | - Lidice Galan
- Cognitive Department, Cuban Neuroscience Center, Havana, CP 10400, Cuba
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Yeo JM, Lim X, Khan Z, Pal S. Systematic review of the diagnostic utility of SPECT imaging in dementia. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2013; 263:539-52. [PMID: 23917803 DOI: 10.1007/s00406-013-0426-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2013] [Accepted: 07/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Single-photon emission-computed tomography (SPECT) may potentially contribute to the diagnostic work up of patients with neurodegenerative dementia. This systematic review aims to establish the diagnostic utility of 99mTc-hexamethylpropyleneamine (99mTc-HMPAO) and 99mTc-ethylcysteine dimer SPECT in distinguishing between Alzheimer's disease (AD) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD), AD and vascular dementia (VD), AD and dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), and AD and normal controls (NC). We searched MEDLINE and Embase databases via OVID for articles from January 1985 to May 2012 and identified additional studies from reviews and references. Of 755 studies, 49 studies met the inclusion and exclusion criteria for this systematic review; AD versus FTD (n=13), AD versus VD (n=18), AD versus DLB (n=5), and AD versus NC (n=18). We compiled relevant data and graded the studies with an internal and external validity criteria checklist. We pooled the studies with a clinical diagnosis and those using 99mTc-HMPAO SPECT in a meta-analysis, calculating the pooled weighted sensitivity, specificity, likelihood ratios, and diagnostic odds ratios using DerSimonian-Laird random-effects model. The pooled weighted sensitivity and specificity of 99mTc-HMPAO-SPECT in distinguishing clinically diagnosed AD from FTD are 79.7 and 79.9%, respectively, AD from VD are 74.5 and 72.4%, AD from DLB are 70.2 and 76.2%, and AD from NC are 76.1 and 85.4%. SPECT does have diagnostic value, particularly in differentiating Alzheimer's disease from frontotemporal dementia and normal controls; however, it should not be used in isolation, rather as an adjunct, and interpreted in the context of clinical information and paraclinical test results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Ming Yeo
- College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK,
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13
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Babiloni C, Del Percio C, Lizio R, Marzano N, Infarinato F, Soricelli A, Salvatore E, Ferri R, Bonforte C, Tedeschi G, Montella P, Baglieri A, Rodriguez G, Famà F, Nobili F, Vernieri F, Ursini F, Mundi C, Frisoni GB, Rossini PM. Cortical sources of resting state electroencephalographic alpha rhythms deteriorate across time in subjects with amnesic mild cognitive impairment. Neurobiol Aging 2013; 35:130-42. [PMID: 23906617 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2013.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2012] [Revised: 06/21/2013] [Accepted: 06/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Cortical sources of resting state electroencephalographic (EEG) rhythms are abnormal in subjects with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Here, we tested the hypothesis that these sources in amnesic MCI subjects further deteriorate over 1 year. To this aim, the resting state eyes-closed EEG data were recorded in 54 MCI subjects at baseline (Mini Mental State Examination I = 26.9; standard error [SE], 0.2) and at approximately 1-year follow-up (13.8 months; SE, 0.5; Mini Mental State Examination II = 25.8; SE, 0.2). As a control, EEG recordings were also performed in 45 normal elderly and in 50 mild Alzheimer's disease subjects. EEG rhythms of interest were delta (2-4 Hz), theta (4-8 Hz), alpha1 (8-10.5 Hz), alpha2 (10.5-13 Hz), beta1 (13-20 Hz), and beta2 (20-30 Hz). Cortical EEG sources were estimated using low-resolution brain electromagnetic tomography. Compared with the normal elderly and mild Alzheimer's disease subjects, the MCI subjects were characterized by an intermediate power of posterior alpha1 sources. In the MCI subjects, the follow-up EEG recordings showed a decreased power of posterior alpha1 and alpha2 sources. These results suggest that the resting state EEG alpha sources were sensitive-at least at the group level-to the cognitive decline occurring in the amnesic MCI group over 1 year, and might represent cost-effective, noninvasive and widely available markers to follow amnesic MCI populations in large clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Babiloni
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Rome La Sapienza, Rome, Italy.
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14
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Vecchio F, Babiloni C, Lizio R, Fallani FDV, Blinowska K, Verrienti G, Frisoni G, Rossini PM. Resting state cortical EEG rhythms in Alzheimer's disease: toward EEG markers for clinical applications: a review. SUPPLEMENTS TO CLINICAL NEUROPHYSIOLOGY 2013; 62:223-36. [PMID: 24053043 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-7020-5307-8.00015-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The human brain contains an intricate network of about 100 billion neurons. Aging of the brain is characterized by a combination of synaptic pruning, loss of cortico-cortical connections, and neuronal apoptosis that provoke an age-dependent decline of cognitive functions. Neural/synaptic redundancy and plastic remodeling of brain networking, also secondary to mental and physical training, promote maintenance of brain activity and cognitive status in healthy elderly subjects for everyday life. However, age is the main risk factor for neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) that impact on cognition. Growing evidence supports the idea that AD targets specific and functionally connected neuronal networks and that oscillatory electromagnetic brain activity might be a hallmark of the disease. In this line, digital electroencephalography (EEG) allows noninvasive analysis of cortical neuronal synchronization, as revealed by resting state brain rhythms. This review provides an overview of the studies on resting state eyes-closed EEG rhythms recorded in amnesic mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and AD subjects. Several studies support the idea that spectral markers of these EEG rhythms, such as power density, spectral coherence, and other quantitative features, differ among normal elderly, MCI, and AD subjects, at least at group level. Regarding the classification of these subjects at individual level, the most previous studies showed a moderate accuracy (70-80%) in the classification of EEG markers relative to normal and AD subjects. In conclusion, resting state EEG makers are promising for large-scale, low-cost, fully noninvasive screening of elderly subjects at risk of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Vecchio
- A.Fa.R., Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Ospedale Fatebenefratelli, Isola Tiberina, 00186 Rome, Italy
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The diagnosis and evaluation of dementia and mild cognitive impairment with emphasis on SPECT perfusion neuroimaging. CNS Spectr 2012; 17:176-206. [PMID: 22929226 DOI: 10.1017/s1092852912000636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
As the world population ages, the incidence of dementing illnesses will dramatically increase. The number of people afflicted with dementia is expected to quadruple in the next 50 years. Since the neuropathology of the dementias precedes clinical symptoms often by several years, earlier detection and intervention could be key steps to mitigating the progression and burden of these diseases. This review will explore methods of evaluating, differentiating, and diagnosing the multiple forms of dementia. Particular emphasis will be placed on the diagnosis of mild cognitive impairment-the precursor to dementia. Anatomical imaging; cerebrospinal fluid markers; functional neuroimaging, such as positron emission tomography and single photon emission tomography; and molecular imaging, such as amyloid marker imaging, will be assessed in terms of sensitivity and specificity. Cost will also be a consideration, as the growing population afflicted with dementia represents an increasingly large financial encumbrance to the healthcare systems of every nation. In the face of expensive new markers and limited availability of cyclotrons, single photon emission computer tomography (SPECT) provides relatively high sensitivity and specificity at a comparatively low overall cost.
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Cortical sources of EEG rhythms in congestive heart failure and Alzheimer's disease. Int J Psychophysiol 2012; 86:98-107. [PMID: 22771500 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2012.06.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2011] [Revised: 06/14/2012] [Accepted: 06/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The brain needs continuous oxygen supply even in resting-state. Hypoxia enhances resting-state electroencephalographic (EEG) rhythms in the delta range, and reduces those in the alpha range, with a pattern similar to that observed in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Here we tested whether resting-state cortical EEG rhythms in patients with congestive heart failure (CHF), as a model of acute hypoxia, present frequency similarities with AD patients, comparable by cognitive status revealed by the mini mental state examination (MMSE). METHODS Eyes-closed EEG data were recorded in 10 CHF patients, 20 AD patients, and 20 healthy elderly subjects (Nold) as controls. LORETA software estimated cortical EEG generators. RESULTS Compared to Nold, both AD and CHF groups presented higher delta (2-4Hz) and lower alpha (8-13Hz) temporal sources. The highest delta and lowest alpha sources were observed in CHF subjects. In these subjects, the global amplitude of delta sources correlated with brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) level in the blood, as a marker of disease severity. CONCLUSIONS Resting-state delta and alpha rhythms suggest analogies between the effects of acute hypoxia and AD neurodegeneration on the cortical neurons' synchronization. SIGNIFICANCE Acute ischemic hypoxia could affect the mechanisms of cortical neural synchronization generating resting state EEG rhythms, inducing the "slowing" of EEG rhythms typically observed in AD patients.
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Babiloni C, Frisoni GB, Vecchio F, Lizio R, Pievani M, Cristina G, Fracassi C, Vernieri F, Rodriguez G, Nobili F, Ferri R, Rossini PM. Stability of clinical condition in mild cognitive impairment is related to cortical sources of alpha rhythms: an electroencephalographic study. Hum Brain Mapp 2011; 32:1916-31. [PMID: 21181798 PMCID: PMC6869969 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.21157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2010] [Revised: 06/10/2010] [Accepted: 08/10/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous evidence has shown that resting eyes-closed cortical alpha rhythms are higher in amplitude in mild cognitive impairment (MCI) than Alzheimer's disease (AD) subjects (Babiloni et al. [2006a]: Human Brain Mapp 27:162-172; [2006b]: Clin Neurophysiol 117:252-268; [2006c]: Neuroimage 29:948-964; [2006d]: Ann Neurol 59:323-334; [2006e]: Clin Neurophysiol 117:1113-1129; [2006f]: Neuroimage 31:1650-1665). This study tested the hypothesis that, in amnesic MCI subjects, high amplitude of baseline cortical alpha rhythms is related to long-term stability of global cognition on clinical follow-up. Resting electroencephalographic (EEG) data were recorded in 100 amnesic MCI subjects during eyes-closed condition. EEG rhythms of interest were delta (2-4 Hz), theta (4-8 Hz), alpha1 (8-10.5 Hz), alpha2 (10.5-13 Hz), beta1 (13-20 Hz), and beta2 (20-30 Hz). Cortical EEG sources were estimated by low-resolution brain electromagnetic tomography (LORETA). Global cognition was indexed by mini mental state evaluation (MMSE) score at the time of EEG recordings (baseline) and about after 1 year. Based on the MMSE percentage difference between baseline and 1-year follow-up (MMSEvar), the MCI subjects were retrospectively divided into three arbitrary groups: DECREASED (MMSEvar ≤ -4%; N = 43), STABLE (MMSEvar ≈ 0; N = 27), and INCREASED (MMSEvar ≥ +4%; N = 30). Subjects' age, education, individual alpha frequency, gender, and MMSE scores were used as covariates for statistical analysis. Baseline posterior cortical sources of alpha 1 rhythms were higher in amplitude in the STABLE than in the DECREASED and INCREASED groups. These results suggest that preserved resting cortical neural synchronization at alpha frequency is related to a long-term (1 year) stable cognitive function in MCI subjects. Future studies should use serial MMSE measurements to confirm and refine the present results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Babiloni
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy.
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Lizio R, Vecchio F, Frisoni GB, Ferri R, Rodriguez G, Babiloni C. Electroencephalographic rhythms in Alzheimer's disease. Int J Alzheimers Dis 2011; 2011:927573. [PMID: 21629714 PMCID: PMC3100729 DOI: 10.4061/2011/927573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2010] [Accepted: 03/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Physiological brain aging is characterized by synapses loss and neurodegeneration that slowly lead to an age-related decline of cognition. Neural/synaptic redundancy and plastic remodelling of brain networking, also due to mental and physical training, promotes maintenance of brain activity in healthy elderly subjects for everyday life and good social behaviour and intellectual capabilities. However, age is the major risk factor for most common neurodegenerative disorders that impact on cognition, like Alzheimer's disease (AD). Brain electromagnetic activity is a feature of neuronal network function in various brain regions. Modern neurophysiological techniques, such as electroencephalography (EEG) and event-related potentials (ERPs), are useful tools in the investigation of brain cognitive function in normal and pathological aging with an excellent time resolution. These techniques can index normal and abnormal brain aging analysis of corticocortical connectivity and neuronal synchronization of rhythmic oscillations at various frequencies. The present review suggests that discrimination between physiological and pathological brain aging clearly emerges at the group level, with suggested applications also at the level of single individual. The possibility of combining the use of EEG together with biological/neuropsychological markers and structural/functional imaging is promising for a low-cost, non-invasive, and widely available assessment of groups of individuals at-risk.
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Vecchio F, Babiloni C. Direction of Information Flow in Alzheimer's Disease and MCI Patients. Int J Alzheimers Dis 2011; 2011:214580. [PMID: 21547216 PMCID: PMC3087446 DOI: 10.4061/2011/214580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2010] [Accepted: 02/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Is directionality of electroencephalographic (EEG) synchronization abnormal in amnesic mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and Alzheimer's disease (AD)? And, do cerebrovascular and AD lesions represent additive factors in the development of MCI as a putative preclinical stage of AD? Here we reported two studies that tested these hypotheses. EEG data were recorded in normal elderly (Nold), amnesic MCI, and mild AD subjects at rest condition (closed eyes). Direction of information flow within EEG electrode pairs was performed by directed transfer function (DTF) at δ (2-4 Hz), θ (4-8 Hz), α1 (8-10 Hz), α2 (10-12 Hz), β1 (13-20 Hz), β2 (20-30 Hz), and γ (30-40 Hz). Parieto-to-frontal direction was stronger in Nold than in MCI and/or AD subjects for α and β rhythms. In contrast, the directional flow within interhemispheric EEG functional coupling did not discriminate among the groups. More interestingly, this coupling was higher at θ, α1, α2, and β1 in MCI with higher than in MCI with lower vascular load. These results suggest that directionality of parieto-to-frontal EEG synchronization is abnormal not only in AD but also in amnesic MCI, supporting the additive model according to which MCI state would result from the combination of cerebrovascular and neurodegenerative lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Vecchio
- AfaR, Department of Neuroscience, Fatebenefratelli Hospital, Isola Tiberina, 00186 Rome, Italy
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Babiloni C, Pievani M, Vecchio F, Geroldi C, Eusebi F, Fracassi C, Fletcher E, De Carli C, Boccardi M, Rossini PM, Frisoni GB. White-matter lesions along the cholinergic tracts are related to cortical sources of EEG rhythms in amnesic mild cognitive impairment. Hum Brain Mapp 2009; 30:1431-43. [PMID: 19097164 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.20612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Does impairment of cholinergic systems represent an important factor in the development of amnesic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI), as a preclinical stage of Alzheimer's disease (AD)? Here we tested the hypothesis that electroencephalographic (EEG) rhythms, known to be modulated by the cholinergic system, may be particularly affected in aMCI patients with lesions along the cholinergic white-matter tracts. Eyes-closed resting EEG data were recorded in 28 healthy elderly (Nold) and 57 aMCI patients. Lesions along the cholinergic white-matter tracts were detected with fluid-attenuated inversion recovery sequences on magnetic resonance imaging. The estimation of the cholinergic lesion was performed with a validated semi-automatic algorithm pipeline after registration to a stereotactic template, image integration with stereotactic masks of the cholinergic tracts, and normalization to intracranial volume. The aMCI patients were divided into two groups of high (MCI Ch+; N = 29; MMSE = 26.2) and low cholinergic damage (MCI Ch-; N = 28; MMSE = 26.6). EEG rhythms of interest were delta (2-4 Hz), theta (4-8 Hz), alpha 1 (8-10.5 Hz), alpha 2 (10.5-13 Hz), beta 1 (13-20 Hz), and beta 2 (20-30 Hz). Cortical EEG generators were estimated by LORETA software. As main results, (i) power of occipital, parietal, temporal, and limbic alpha 1 sources was maximum in Nold, intermediate in MCI Ch-, and low in MCI Ch+ patients; (ii) the same trend was true in theta sources. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that damage to the cholinergic system is associated with alterations of EEG sources in aMCI subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Babiloni
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
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21
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Babiloni C, Frisoni GB, Del Percio C, Zanetti O, Bonomini C, Cassetta E, Pasqualetti P, Miniussi C, De Rosas M, Valenzano A, Cibelli G, Eusebi F, Rossini PM. Ibuprofen treatment modifies cortical sources of EEG rhythms in mild Alzheimer's disease. Clin Neurophysiol 2009; 120:709-18. [PMID: 19324592 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2009.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2008] [Revised: 01/12/2009] [Accepted: 02/03/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs such as ibuprofen have a protective role on risk of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Here we evaluated the hypothesis that long-term ibuprofen treatment affects cortical sources of resting electroencephalographic (EEG) rhythms in mild AD patients. METHODS Twenty-three AD patients (13 treated AD IBUPROFEN; 10 untreated AD PLACEBO) were enrolled. Resting EEG data were recorded before and 1 year after the ibuprofen/placebo treatment. EEG rhythms were delta (2-4 Hz), theta (4-8 Hz), alpha 1 (8-10.5 Hz), alpha 2 (10.5-13 Hz), beta 1 (13-20 Hz), and beta 2 (20-30 Hz). LORETA was used for EEG source analysis. RESULTS In the AD PLACEBO group, amplitude of delta sources was globally greater at follow-up than baseline. Instead, amplitude of delta sources remained stable or decreased in the majority of the AD IBUPROFEN patients. Clinical (CDR) but not global cognitive status (MMSE) reflected EEG results. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that in mild AD patients, a long-term ibuprofen treatment slightly slows down the progressive increment of delta rhythms as a sign of contrast against the neurodegenerative processes. SIGNIFICANCE They motivate future investigations with larger population and extended neuropsychological testing, to study the relationships among ibuprofen treatment, delta cortical sources, and higher order functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Babiloni
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Foggia, Viale Pinto 7, Foggia I-71100, Italy.
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Babiloni C, Frisoni GB, Pievani M, Vecchio F, Infarinato F, Geroldi C, Salinari S, Ferri R, Fracassi C, Eusebi F, Rossini PM. White matter vascular lesions are related to parietal-to-frontal coupling of EEG rhythms in mild cognitive impairment. Hum Brain Mapp 2009; 29:1355-67. [PMID: 17979121 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.20467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Do cerebrovascular and Alzheimer's disease (AD) lesions represent additive factors in the development of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) as a putative preclinical stage of AD? Here we tested the hypothesis that directionality of fronto-parietal functional coupling of electroencephalographic (EEG) rhythms is relatively preserved in amnesic MCI subjects in whom the cognitive decline is mainly explained by white-matter vascular load. Resting EEG was recorded in 40 healthy elderly (Nold) and 78 amnesic MCI. In the MCI subjects, white-matter vascular load was quantified based on magnetic resonance images (0-30 visual rating scale). EEG rhythms of interest were delta (2-4 Hz), theta (4-8 Hz), alpha1 (8-10.5 Hz), alpha2 (10.5-13 Hz), beta1 (13-20 Hz), and beta2 (20-30 Hz). Directionality of fronto-parietal functional coupling of EEG rhythms was estimated by directed transfer function software. As main results, (i) fronto-parietal functional coupling of EEG rhythms was higher in magnitude in the Nold than in the MCI subjects; (ii) more interestingly, that coupling was higher at theta, alpha1, alpha2, and beta1 in MCI V+ (high vascular load; N = 42; MMSE = 26) than in MCI V- group (low vascular load; N = 36; MMSE= 26.7). These results are interpreted as supporting the additive model according to which MCI state would result from the combination of cerebrovascular and neurodegenerative lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Babiloni
- Dip. Fisiologia Umana e Farmacologia, University La Sapienza, Rome, Italy
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Babiloni C, Frisoni G, Vecchio F, Lizio R, Pievani M, Geroldi C, Fracassi C, Vernieri F, Ursini F, Rodriguez G, Nobili F, Salinari S, Van Dijkman S, Ferri R, Rossini PM. Global Functional Coupling of Resting EEG Rhythms is Abnormal in Mild Cognitive Impairment and Alzheimer’s Disease. J PSYCHOPHYSIOL 2009. [DOI: 10.1027/0269-8803.23.4.224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is typically associated with an impairment of brain networks and global cognitive function in aging. In this vein, the present study tested the hypothesis that the functional coupling of resting cortical electroencephalographic (EEG) rhythms is progressively abnormal in amnesic mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and AD subjects. Eyes-closed resting EEG data were recorded (10–20 system) in 33 mild AD, 52 amnesic MCI, and 47 normal elderly subjects (Nold). EEG rhythms of interest were delta (2–4 Hz), theta (4–8 Hz), alpha1 (8–10 Hz), alpha2 (10–13 Hz), beta1 (13–20 Hz), beta2 (20–30 Hz), and gamma (30–40 Hz). The global functional coupling of the EEG rhythms was indexed by means of spectral coherence for all combinations of electrode pairs (i.e., total coherence). The main results showed that the total coherence of delta rhythms was higher in the AD than the MCI group. It was also higher in the MCI than the Nold group. Furthermore, the delta total coherence was negatively correlated with global cognition (Mini Mental State Examination score) across the Nold, MCI, and AD subjects. Finally, the alpha1 total coherence was lower in the AD group than in the MCI and Nold groups. These results suggest that in the AD process an impairment of brain networks and global cognition is associated with a frequency-specific modulation of the global functional coupling of resting EEG rhythms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Babiloni
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Foggia, Italy
- Casa di Cura San Raffaele Cassino, Italy
| | | | - Fabrizio Vecchio
- IRCCS “S. Giovanni di Dio-F.B.F.,” Brescia, Italy
- A.Fa.R., Dip. Neurosci. Osp. FBF; Isola Tiberina, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Guido Rodriguez
- Neurofisiologia Clinica (DiNOG; DipTeC), Azienda Ospedale-Universita’ S. Martino di Genova, Italy
| | - Flavio Nobili
- Neurofisiologia Clinica (DiNOG; DipTeC), Azienda Ospedale-Universita’ S. Martino di Genova, Italy
| | - Serenella Salinari
- Dipartimento Informatica e Sistemistica Univ. “La Sapienza,” Rome, Italy
| | - Sven Van Dijkman
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Rome “Sapienza,” Rome, Italy
| | - Raffaele Ferri
- Dept of Neurology, IRCCS Oasi Institute for Research on Mental Retardation and Brain Aging (IRCCS), Troina, Italy
| | - Paolo M. Rossini
- Casa di Cura San Raffaele Cassino, Italy
- Clin. Neurol. University “Campus Biomedico”, Rome, Italy
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Babiloni C, Frisoni GB, Pievani M, Toscano L, Del Percio C, Geroldi C, Eusebi F, Miniussi C, Rossini PM. White-matter vascular lesions correlate with alpha EEG sources in mild cognitive impairment. Neuropsychologia 2008; 46:1707-20. [PMID: 18440574 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2008.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2007] [Revised: 03/28/2008] [Accepted: 03/31/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
It is an open issue if vascular and Alzheimer's disease (AD) lesions represent additive factors in the development of mild cognitive impairment (MCI), as a preclinical stage of Alzheimer's disease (AD) at group level. In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that electroencephalographic (EEG) alpha rhythms, which are affected (i.e. decreased in amplitude) by AD processes, are relatively preserved in MCI subjects in whom the cognitive decline is mainly explained by white-matter vascular load. Resting EEG was recorded in 40 healthy elderly (Nold), 80 MCI, and 40 AD subjects. In the MCI subjects, white-matter vascular load was quantified based on MRI (0-30 Wahlund visual rating scale). EEG rhythms of interest were delta (2-4Hz), theta (4-8Hz), alpha 1 (8-10.5Hz), alpha 2 (10.5-13Hz), beta 1 (13-20Hz), and beta 2 (20-30Hz). Low resolution electromagnetic source tomography (LORETA) was used for EEG source analysis. As expected, we observed that alpha 1 sources in parietal, occipital, and temporal areas were lower in amplitude in the AD and MCI subjects than in the Nold subjects, whereas the amplitude of wide delta sources was higher in the AD than in the Nold and MCI subjects. As novel results, the amplitude of parietal, occipital, and temporal alpha 1 sources was higher in the MCI V+ (high vascular load; N=42; MMSE=26) than MCI V- group (low vascular load; N=37; MMSE=26.7). Furthermore, a weak but significant (p<0.05) positive statistical correlation was found between the parietal alpha 1 sources and the score of Wahlund scale across all MCI subjects (i.e. the more severe white-matter lesions, the higher parietal alpha source power). The present results are in line with the additive model of cognitive impairment postulating that this arises as the sum of neurodegenerative and cerebrovascular lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Babiloni
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy; Casa di Cura San Raffaele Cassino, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Rome, Italy
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25
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Babiloni C, Cassetta E, Binetti G, Tombini M, Del Percio C, Ferreri F, Ferri R, Frisoni G, Lanuzza B, Nobili F, Parisi L, Rodriguez G, Frigerio L, Gurzì M, Prestia A, Vernieri F, Eusebi F, Rossini PM. Resting EEG sources correlate with attentional span in mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease. Eur J Neurosci 2007; 25:3742-57. [PMID: 17610594 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2007.05601.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Previous evidence has shown that resting delta and alpha electroencephalographic (EEG) rhythms are abnormal in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and its potential preclinical stage (mild cognitive impairment, MCI). Here, we tested the hypothesis that these EEG rhythms are correlated with memory and attention in the continuum across MCI and AD. Resting eyes-closed EEG data were recorded in 34 MCI and 53 AD subjects. EEG rhythms of interest were delta (2-4 Hz), theta (4-8 Hz), alpha 1 (8-10.5 Hz), alpha 2 (10.5-13 Hz), beta 1 (13-20 Hz), and beta 2 (20-30 Hz). EEG cortical sources were estimated by low-resolution brain electromagnetic tomography (LORETA). These sources were correlated with neuropsychological measures such as Rey list immediate recall (word short-term memory), Rey list delayed recall (word medium-term memory), Digit span forward (immediate memory for digits probing focused attention), and Corsi span forward (visuo-spatial immediate memory probing focused attention). A statistically significant negative correlation (Bonferroni corrected, P < 0.05) was observed between Corsi span forward score and amplitude of occipital or temporal delta sources across MCI and AD subjects. Furthermore, a positive correlation was shown between Digit span forward score and occipital alpha 1 sources (Bonferroni corrected, P < 0.05). These results suggest that cortical sources of resting delta and alpha rhythms correlate with neuropsychological measures of immediate memory based on focused attention in the continuum of MCI and AD subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Babiloni
- Dip. Fisiologia Umana e Farmacologia, Università degli Studi di Roma La Sapienza, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy.
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26
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Rossini PM, Rossi S, Babiloni C, Polich J. Clinical neurophysiology of aging brain: from normal aging to neurodegeneration. Prog Neurobiol 2007; 83:375-400. [PMID: 17870229 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2007.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 333] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2007] [Revised: 05/03/2007] [Accepted: 07/26/2007] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Physiological brain aging is characterized by a loss of synaptic contacts and neuronal apoptosis that provokes age-dependent decline of sensory processing, motor performance, and cognitive function. Neural redundancy and plastic remodelling of brain networking, also secondary to mental and physical training, promotes maintenance of brain activity in healthy elderly for everyday life and fully productive affective and intellectual capabilities. However, age is the main risk factor for neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) that impact on cognition. Oscillatory electromagnetic brain activity is a hallmark of neuronal network function in various brain regions. Modern neurophysiological techniques including electroencephalography (EEG), event-related potential (ERP), magnetoencephalography (MEG), and transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) can accurately index normal and abnormal brain aging to facilitate non-invasive analysis of cortico-cortical connectivity and neuronal synchronization of firing and coherence of rhythmic oscillations at various frequencies. The present review provides a perspective of these issues by assaying different neurophysiological methods and integrating the results with functional brain imaging findings. It is concluded that discrimination between physiological and pathological brain aging clearly emerges at the group level, with applications at the individual level also suggested. Integrated approaches utilizing neurophysiological techniques together with biological markers and structural and functional imaging are promising for large-scale, low-cost and non-invasive evaluation of at-risk populations. Practical implications of the methods are emphasized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo M Rossini
- Clinica Neurologica University Campus Bio-Medico, Rome, Italy.
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27
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Babiloni C, Squitti R, Del Percio C, Cassetta E, Ventriglia MC, Ferreri F, Tombini M, Frisoni G, Binetti G, Gurzi M, Salinari S, Zappasodi F, Rossini PM. Free copper and resting temporal EEG rhythms correlate across healthy, mild cognitive impairment, and Alzheimer’s disease subjects. Clin Neurophysiol 2007; 118:1244-60. [PMID: 17462944 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2007.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2006] [Revised: 01/15/2007] [Accepted: 03/08/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The present study tested the hypothesis that the serum copper abnormalities were correlated with alterations of resting electroencephalographic (EEG) rhythms across the continuum of healthy elderly (Hold), mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and AD subjects. METHODS Resting eyes-closed EEG rhythms delta (2-4Hz), theta (4-8Hz), alpha 1 (8-10.5Hz), alpha 2 (10.5-13Hz), beta 1 (13-20Hz), beta 2 (20-30Hz), and gamma (30-40Hz), estimated by LORETA, were recorded in 17 Hold, 19 MCI, 27 AD- (MMSE< or =20), and 27 AD+ (MMSE20) individuals and correlated with copper biological variables. RESULTS Across the continuum of Hold, MCI and AD subjects, alpha sources in parietal, occipital, and temporal areas were decreased, while the magnitude of the delta and theta EEG sources in parietal, occipital, and temporal areas was increased. The fraction of serum copper unbound to ceruloplasmin positively correlated with temporal and frontal delta sources, regardless of the effects of age, gender, and education. CONCLUSIONS These results sustain the hypothesis of a toxic component of serum copper that is correlated with functional loss of AD, as revealed by EEG indexes. SIGNIFICANCE The present study represents the first demonstration that the fraction of serum copper unbound to ceruloplasmin is correlated with cortical delta rhythms across Hold, MCI, and AD subjects, thus unveiling possible relationships among the biological parameter, advanced neurodegenerative processes, and synchronization mechanisms regulating the relative amplitude of selective EEG rhythms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Babiloni
- Dip Fisiologia Umana e Farmacologia, Univ La Sapienza, Rome, Italy.
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Homocysteine and electroencephalographic rhythms in Alzheimer disease: a multicentric study. Neuroscience 2007; 145:942-54. [PMID: 17321055 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2006.12.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2006] [Revised: 12/18/2006] [Accepted: 12/19/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
High plasma concentration of homocysteine is an independent risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD), due to microvascular impairment and consequent neural loss [Seshadri S, Beiser A, Selhub J, Jacques PF, Rosenberg IH, D'Agostino RB, Wilson PW, Wolf PA (2002) Plasma homocysteine as a risk factor for dementia and Alzheimer's disease. N Engl J Med 346(7):476-483]. Is high plasma homocysteine level related to slow electroencephalographic (EEG) rhythms in awake resting AD subjects, as a reflection of known relationships between cortical neural loss and these rhythms? To test this hypothesis, we enrolled 34 mild AD patients and 34 subjects with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Enrolled people were then subdivided into four sub-groups of 17 persons: MCI and AD subjects with low homocysteine level (MCI- and AD-, homocysteine level <11 micromol/l); MCI and AD subjects with high homocysteine level (MCI+ and AD+, homocysteine level >or=11 micromol/l). Resting eyes-closed EEG data were recorded. EEG rhythms of interest were delta (2-4 Hz), theta (4-8 Hz), alpha 1 (8-10.5 Hz), alpha 2 (10.5-13 Hz), beta 1 (13-20 Hz), and beta 2 (20-30 Hz). EEG cortical sources were estimated by low-resolution brain electromagnetic tomography (LORETA). Results showed that delta (frontal and temporal), theta (central, frontal, parietal, occipital, and temporal), alpha 1 (parietal, occipital, and temporal), and alpha 2 (parietal and occipital) sources were stronger in magnitude in AD+ than AD- group. Instead, no difference was found between MCI- and MCI+ groups. In conclusion, high plasma homocysteine level is related to unselective increment of cortical delta, theta, and alpha rhythms in mild AD, thus unveiling possible relationships among that level, microvascular concomitants of advanced neurodegenerative processes, and synchronization mechanisms generating EEG rhythms.
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Rossini PM, Del Percio C, Pasqualetti P, Cassetta E, Binetti G, Dal Forno G, Ferreri F, Frisoni G, Chiovenda P, Miniussi C, Parisi L, Tombini M, Vecchio F, Babiloni C. Conversion from mild cognitive impairment to Alzheimer's disease is predicted by sources and coherence of brain electroencephalography rhythms. Neuroscience 2006; 143:793-803. [PMID: 17049178 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2006.08.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2006] [Revised: 07/25/2006] [Accepted: 08/16/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Objective. Can quantitative electroencephalography (EEG) predict the conversion from mild cognitive impairment (MCI) to Alzheimer's disease (AD)? Methods. Sixty-nine subjects fulfilling criteria for MCI were enrolled; cortical connectivity (spectral coherence) and (low resolution brain electromagnetic tomography) sources of EEG rhythms (delta=2-4 Hz; theta=4-8 Hz; alpha 1=8-10.5 Hz; alpha 2=10.5-13 Hz: beta 1=13-20 Hz; beta 2=20-30 Hz; and gamma=30-40) were evaluated at baseline (time of MCI diagnosis) and follow up (about 14 months later). At follow-up, 45 subjects were still MCI (MCI Stable) and 24 subjects were converted to AD (MCI Converted). Results. At baseline, fronto-parietal midline coherence as well as delta (temporal), theta (parietal, occipital and temporal), and alpha 1 (central, parietal, occipital, temporal, limbic) sources were stronger in MCI Converted than stable subjects (P<0.05). Cox regression modeling showed low midline coherence and weak temporal source associated with 10% annual rate AD conversion, while this rate increased up to 40% and 60% when strong temporal delta source and high midline gamma coherence were observed respectively. Interpretation. Low-cost and diffuse computerized EEG techniques are able to statistically predict MCI to AD conversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- P M Rossini
- IRCCS "Centro S. Giovanni di Dio-F.B.F.," Brescia, Italy.
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30
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Babiloni C, Cassetta E, Dal Forno G, Del Percio C, Ferreri F, Ferri R, Lanuzza B, Miniussi C, Moretti DV, Nobili F, Pascual-Marqui RD, Rodriguez G, Luca Romani G, Salinari S, Zanetti O, Rossini PM. Donepezil effects on sources of cortical rhythms in mild Alzheimer's disease: Responders vs. Non-Responders. Neuroimage 2006; 31:1650-65. [PMID: 16600641 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2006.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2005] [Revised: 02/01/2006] [Accepted: 02/03/2006] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (AChEI) such as donepezil act in mild Alzheimer's disease (AD) by increasing cholinergic tone. Differences in the clinical response in patients who do or do not benefit from therapy may be due to different functional features of the central neural systems. We tested this hypothesis using cortical electroencephalographic (EEG) rhythmicity. Resting eyes-closed EEG data were recorded in 58 mild AD patients (Mini Mental State Examination [MMSE] range 17-24) before and approximately 1 year after standard donepezil treatment. Based on changes of MMSE scores between baseline and follow-up, 28 patients were classified as "Responders" (MMSEvar >or=0) and 30 patients as "Non-Responders" (MMSEvar <0). EEG rhythms of interest were delta (2-4 Hz), theta (4-8 Hz), alpha 1 (8-10.5 Hz), alpha 2 (10.5-13 Hz), beta 1 (13-20 Hz), and beta 2 (20-30 Hz). Cortical EEG sources were studied with low-resolution brain electromagnetic tomography (LORETA). Before treatment, posterior sources of delta, alpha 1 and alpha 2 frequencies were greater in amplitude in Non-Responders. After treatment, a lesser magnitude reduction of occipital and temporal alpha 1 sources characterized Responders. These results suggest that Responders and Non-Responders had different EEG cortical rhythms. Donepezil could act by reactivating existing yet functionally silent cortical synapses in Responders, restoring temporal and occipital alpha rhythms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Babiloni
- Dip. Fisiologia Umana e Farmacologia, Univ. La Sapienza, Rome, Italy.
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Spiegel A, Tonner PH, Renna M. Altered states of consciousness: Processed EEG in mental disease. Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol 2006; 20:57-67. [PMID: 16634414 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpa.2005.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Due to increasing life expectancy and a rising elderly population in Europe, the incidence of mild cognitive impairment which may predict diseases like Alzheimer's Disease or Vascular Dementia, is rising. Neurophysiological techniques are simple and inexpensive tools for early diagnosis and provide useful and objective correlates of cognitive activity both in normal subjects and patients suffering from the above conditions. Cognitive impairment due to different mental disease is characterized by decreased power and coherence in the alpha/beta band, which suggests functional disconnection among cortical areas, whereas both power and coherence in the delta and theta bands increase as a sign of cortical deafferentation from subcortical structures. Quantification of power and phase relationship by bispectral analysis suggests the Bispectral Index could be a useful but simple tool for early diagnosis of mental disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Spiegel
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Schwanenweg 21, D-24105 Kiel, Germany.
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Babiloni C, Benussi L, Binetti G, Bosco P, Busonero G, Cesaretti S, Dal Forno G, Del Percio C, Ferri R, Frisoni G, Ghidoni R, Rodriguez G, Squitti R, Rossini PM. Genotype (cystatin C) and EEG phenotype in Alzheimer disease and mild cognitive impairment: A multicentric study. Neuroimage 2006; 29:948-64. [PMID: 16213753 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2005.08.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2005] [Revised: 07/22/2005] [Accepted: 08/25/2005] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous findings demonstrated that haplotype B of CST3, the gene coding for cystatin C, is a recessive risk factor for late-onset Alzheimer's disease (AD; Finckh, U., von der Kammer, H., Velden, J., Michel, T., Andresen, B., Deng, A., Zhang, J., Muller-Thomsen, T., Zuchowski, K., Menzer, G., Mann, U., Papassotiropoulos, A., Heun, R., Zurdel, J., Holst, F., Benussi, L., Stoppe, G., Reiss, J., Miserez, A.R., Staehelin, H.B., Rebeck, G.W., Hyman, B.T., Binetti, G., Hock, C., Growdon, J.H., Nitsch, R.M., 2000. Genetic association of the cystatin C gene with late-onset Alzheimer disease. Arch. Neurol. 57, 1579-1583). In the present multicentric electroencephalographic (EEG) study, we analyzed the effects of CST3 haplotypes on resting cortical rhythmicity in subjects with AD and mild cognitive impairment (MCI) with the hypothesis that sources of resting EEG rhythms are more impaired in carriers of the CST3 B haplotype than non-carriers. We enrolled a population of 84 MCI subjects (42% with the B haplotype) and 65 AD patients (40% with the B haplotype). Resting eyes-closed EEG data were recorded in all subjects. EEG rhythms of interest were delta (2-4 Hz), theta (4-8 Hz), alpha 1 (8-10.5 Hz), alpha 2 (10.5-13 Hz), beta 1 (13-20 Hz), and beta 2 (20-30 Hz). EEG cortical sources were estimated by low-resolution brain electromagnetic tomography (LORETA). Results showed that the amplitude of alpha 1 (parietal, occipital, temporal areas) and alpha 2 (occipital area) was statistically lower in CST3 B carriers than non-carriers (P < 0.01). Whereas there was a trend towards statistical significance that amplitude of occipital delta sources was stronger in CST3 B carriers than in non-carriers. This was true for both MCI and AD subjects. The present findings represent the first demonstration of relationships between the AD genetic risk factor CST3 B and global neurophysiological phenotype (i.e., cortical delta and alpha rhythmicity) in MCI and AD subjects, prompting future genotype-EEG phenotype studies for the early prediction of AD conversion in individual MCI subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Babiloni
- Dip. Fisiologia Umana e Farmacologia, Univ. La Sapienza Rome, Italy.
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Babiloni C, Binetti G, Cassetta E, Dal Forno G, Del Percio C, Ferreri F, Ferri R, Frisoni G, Hirata K, Lanuzza B, Miniussi C, Moretti DV, Nobili F, Rodriguez G, Romani GL, Salinari S, Rossini PM. Sources of cortical rhythms change as a function of cognitive impairment in pathological aging: a multicenter study. Clin Neurophysiol 2005; 117:252-68. [PMID: 16377238 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2005.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2005] [Revised: 07/29/2005] [Accepted: 09/23/2005] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The present study tested the hypothesis that cortical electroencephalographic (EEG) rhythms. change across normal elderly (Nold), mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and Alzheimer's disease (AD) subjects as a function of the global cognitive level. METHODS Resting eyes-closed EEG data were recorded in 155 MCI, 193 mild AD, and 126 age-matched Nold subjects. EEG rhythms of interest were delta (2-4 Hz), theta (4-8 Hz), alpha 1 (8-10.5 Hz), alpha 2 (10.5-13 Hz), beta 1 (13-20 Hz), and beta 2 (20-30 Hz). EEG cortical sources were estimated by LORETA. RESULTS Occipital delta and alpha 1 sources in parietal, occipital, temporal, and 'limbic' areas had an intermediate magnitude in MCI subjects compared to mild AD and Nold subjects. These five EEG sources presented both linear and nonlinear (linear, exponential, logarithmic, and power) correlations with the global cognitive level (as revealed by mini mental state examination score) across all subjects. CONCLUSIONS Cortical EEG rhythms change in pathological aging as a function of the global cognitive level. SIGNIFICANCE The present functional data on large populations support the 'transitional hypothesis' of a shadow zone across normality, pre-clinical stage of dementia (MCI), and AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Babiloni
- Dip. Fisiologia Umana e Farmacologia, Univ. La Sapienza Rome, Italy.
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Babiloni C, Ferri R, Binetti G, Cassarino A, Dal Forno G, Ercolani M, Ferreri F, Frisoni GB, Lanuzza B, Miniussi C, Nobili F, Rodriguez G, Rundo F, Stam CJ, Musha T, Vecchio F, Rossini PM. Fronto-parietal coupling of brain rhythms in mild cognitive impairment: a multicentric EEG study. Brain Res Bull 2005; 69:63-73. [PMID: 16464686 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2005.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2005] [Revised: 10/21/2005] [Accepted: 10/24/2005] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Electroencephalographic (EEG) data were recorded in 69 normal elderly (Nold), 88 mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and 109 mild Alzheimer's disease (AD) subjects at rest condition, to test whether the fronto-parietal coupling of EEG rhythms is in line with the hypothesis that MCI can be considered as a pre-clinical stage of the disease at group level. Functional coupling was estimated by synchronization likelihood of Laplacian-transformed EEG data at electrode pairs, which accounts for linear and non-linear components of that coupling. Cortical rhythms of interest were delta (2-4Hz), theta (4-8Hz), alpha 1 (8-10.5Hz), alpha 2 (10.5-13Hz), beta 1 (13-20Hz), beta 2 (20-30Hz), and gamma (30-40Hz). Compared to the Nold subjects, the AD patients presented a marked reduction of the synchronization likelihood (delta to gamma) at both fronto-parietal and inter-hemispherical (delta to beta 2) electrodes. As a main result, alpha 1 synchronization likelihood progressively decreased across Nold, MCI, and mild AD subjects at midline (Fz-Pz) and right (F4-P4) fronto-parietal electrodes. The same was true for the delta synchronization likelihood at right fronto-parietal electrodes (F4-P4). For these EEG bands, the synchronization likelihood correlated with global cognitive status as measured by the Mini Mental State Evaluation. The present results suggest that at group level, fronto-parietal coupling of the delta and alpha rhythms progressively becomes abnormal though MCI and mild AD. Future longitudinal research should evaluate whether the present EEG approach is able to predict the cognitive decline in individual MCI subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Babiloni
- Dipartimento di Fisiologia Umana e Farmacologia, Università degli Studi di Roma La Sapienza, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy.
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Babiloni C, Binetti G, Cassetta E, Cerboneschi D, Dal Forno G, Del Percio C, Ferreri F, Ferri R, Lanuzza B, Miniussi C, Moretti DV, Nobili F, Pascual-Marqui RD, Rodriguez G, Romani GL, Salinari S, Tecchio F, Vitali P, Zanetti O, Zappasodi F, Rossini PM. Mapping distributed sources of cortical rhythms in mild Alzheimer's disease. A multicentric EEG study. Neuroimage 2004; 22:57-67. [PMID: 15109997 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2003.09.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2003] [Revised: 09/10/2003] [Accepted: 09/10/2003] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The study aimed at mapping (i) the distributed electroencephalographic (EEG) sources specific for mild Alzheimer's disease (AD) compared to vascular dementia (VaD) or normal elderly people (Nold) and (ii) the distributed EEG sources sensitive to the mild AD at different stages of severity. Resting EEG (10-20 electrode montage) was recorded from 48 mild AD, 20 VaD, and 38 Nold subjects. Both AD and VaD patients had 24-17 of mini mental state examination (MMSE). EEG rhythms were delta (2-4 Hz), theta (4-8 Hz), alpha 1 (8-10.5 Hz), alpha 2 (10.5-13 Hz), beta 1 (13-20 Hz), and beta 2 (20-30 Hz). Cortical EEG sources were modeled by low resolution brain electromagnetic tomography (LORETA). Regarding issue i, there was a decline of central, parietal, temporal, and limbic alpha 1 (low alpha) sources specific for mild AD group with respect to Nold and VaD groups. Furthermore, occipital alpha 1 sources showed a strong decline in mild AD compared to VaD group. Finally, distributed theta sources were largely abnormal in VaD but not in mild AD group. Regarding issue ii, there was a lower power of occipital alpha 1 sources in mild AD subgroup having more severe disease. Compared to previous field studies, this was the first investigation that illustrated the power spectrum profiles at the level of cortical (macroregions) EEG sources in mild AD patients having different severity of the disease with respect to VaD and normal subjects. Future studies should evaluate the clinical usefulness of this approach in early differential diagnosis, disease staging, and therapy monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Babiloni
- Dipartimento di Fisiologia Umana e Farmacologia, Sezione di EEG ad Alta Risoluzione, Universita degli Studi di Roma La Sapienza, Rome, Italy.
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Rodriguez G, Copello F, Vitali P, Perego G, Nobili F. EEG spectral profile to stage Alzheimer's disease. Clin Neurophysiol 1999; 110:1831-7. [PMID: 10574298 DOI: 10.1016/s1388-2457(99)00123-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The present study was undertaken to investigate whether a synoptic parameter of quantitative EEG (qEEG), such as the power spectral profile, may be used as a simple marker to stage Alzheimer's disease (AD) in the clinical setting. METHODS To this purpose, the qEEG spectral profile was examined in 48 patients (mean age: 73 years) with probable (NINCDS-ADRDA criteria) AD, who were divided into 4 groups, according to the Global Deterioration Scale (GDS; score: 3-6). The spectral profile of each patient was expressed by the relative power of seven frequency bands (2-3.5, 4-5.5, 6-7.5, 8-9.5, 10-11.5, 12-13.5, 14-22.5 Hz). Mean values in each of the four GDS groups as well as in a control group of 18 healthy elderly subjects underwent multivariate analysis of variance. RESULTS A normally shaped but shifted-to-the left spectral profile was found in GDS 3 group, whereas a reduced background rhythm with various increase in slow activity power characterized both GDS 4 and 5 groups. Finally, an 'exponential asymptotic' profile with the highest power in the lowest frequencies was the hallmark of GDS 6 group. Overall, the 4-5.5 Hz and the 10-11.5 Hz band powers showed the highest statistical significance in differentiating the patient groups between one another and from controls (P < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS These data show that spectral profile is a very simple parameter which can be used to stage the disease on a pathophysiological basis.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Rodriguez
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genova, Italy.
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Cook IA, O'Hara R, Uijtdehaage SH, Mandelkern M, Leuchter AF. Assessing the accuracy of topographic EEG mapping for determining local brain function. ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY AND CLINICAL NEUROPHYSIOLOGY 1998; 107:408-14. [PMID: 9922086 DOI: 10.1016/s0013-4694(98)00092-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE There has been considerable discussion regarding the accuracy of topographic electroencephalographic (EEG) maps for assessing local cerebral function. We performed this study to test the accuracy of EEG mapping by examining the association between electrical activity and the perfusion under each electrode as another measure of local cerebral function. METHODS EEG mapping was performed simultaneously with (H15)2O positron emission tomography (PET) scanning in 6 normal adult subjects, both at rest and during a simple motor task. EEG data were processed using 3 different montages; two EEG power measures (absolute and relative power) were examined. RESULTS Relative power had much stronger associations with perfusion than did absolute power. In addition, calculating power for bipolar electrode pairs and averaging power over electrode pairs sharing a common electrode yielded stronger associations with perfusion than data from referential or single source montages. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate (1) that topographic EEG mapping can accurately reflect local brain function in a way that is comparable to other methods, and (2) that the choice of EEG measure and montage have a significant influence on the degree with which maps reflect this local activity and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- I A Cook
- Neuropsychiatric Institute and Hospital and Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, UCLA School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, USA.
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Nobili F, Taddei G, Vitali P, Bazzano L, Catsafados E, Mariani G, Rodriguez G. Relationships between s99mTc-HMPAO ceraspect and quantitative EEG observations in Alzheimer's disease. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0167-4943(98)80052-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Buchan RJ, Nagata K, Yokoyama E, Langman P, Yuya H, Hirata Y, Hatazawa J, Kanno I. Regional correlations between the EEG and oxygen metabolism in dementia of Alzheimer's type. ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY AND CLINICAL NEUROPHYSIOLOGY 1997; 103:409-17. [PMID: 9305290 DOI: 10.1016/s0013-4694(97)00015-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
To determine the relationship between EEG slowing and cerebral hypometabolism in dementia, 10 patients with dementia of Alzheimer's type (DAT) were evaluated with quantitative topographic EEG and positron emission tomography (PET). Power in each 1-Hz frequency band from 2-20 Hz, power ratio index, and normalised PET data from corresponding cortical sites were compared to data obtained from 20 normal volunteers. PET revealed significant parieto-temporal hypometabolism, and topographic EEG mapping and power spectrum analysis revealed a slowing of the background EEG that was most pronounced in the parietal-temporal areas. Correlation analysis between EEG power spectrum data and CMRO2 revealed significant negative correlations for frequencies below 8 Hz and significant positive correlations above 8 Hz in the parieto-temporal regions, which have previously been identified as the areas most severely affected by pathological changes associated with DAT. Correlation coefficients plotted as functions of frequency illustrated the relationships between EEG changes and reduced CMRO2, supporting previous views that EEG slowing in DAT may be related to hypometabolism in cortical regions most affected by the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Buchan
- Brain Sciences Institute, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, Australia
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