2
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Mataix-Cols D, Hansen B, Mattheisen M, Karlsson EK, Addington AM, Boberg J, Djurfeldt DR, Halvorsen M, Lichtenstein P, Solem S, Lindblad-Toh K, Haavik J, Kvale G, Rück C, Crowley JJ. Nordic OCD & Related Disorders Consortium: Rationale, design, and methods. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2020; 183:38-50. [PMID: 31424634 PMCID: PMC6898732 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.32756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2019] [Revised: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a debilitating psychiatric disorder, yet its etiology is unknown and treatment outcomes could be improved if biological targets could be identified. Unfortunately, genetic findings for OCD are lagging behind other psychiatric disorders. Thus, there is a pressing need to understand the causal mechanisms implicated in OCD in order to improve clinical outcomes and to reduce morbidity and societal costs. Specifically, there is a need for a large-scale, etiologically informative genetic study integrating genetic and environmental factors that presumably interact to cause the condition. The Nordic countries provide fertile ground for such a study, given their detailed population registers, national healthcare systems and active specialist clinics for OCD. We thus formed the Nordic OCD and Related Disorders Consortium (NORDiC, www.crowleylab.org/nordic), and with the support of NIMH and the Swedish Research Council, have begun to collect a large, richly phenotyped and genotyped sample of OCD cases. Our specific aims are geared toward answering a number of key questions regarding the biology, etiology, and treatment of OCD. This article describes and discusses the rationale, design, and methodology of NORDiC, including details on clinical measures and planned genomic analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Mataix-Cols
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden,Stockholm Health Care Services, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Bjarne Hansen
- Haukeland University Hospital, OCD-team, Bergen, Norway,Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Manuel Mattheisen
- Department of Genomics, Life & Brain Center, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany,Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany,Center for Integrative Sequencing, iSEQ, Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Denmark,Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, University of Würzburg, Germany
| | - Elinor K. Karlsson
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA,Program in Bioinformatics & Integrative Biology and Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Anjené M. Addington
- Genomics Research Branch, National Institute of Mental Health in Bethesda, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Julia Boberg
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden,Stockholm Health Care Services, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Diana R. Djurfeldt
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden,Stockholm Health Care Services, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Matthew Halvorsen
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Paul Lichtenstein
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Stian Solem
- Haukeland University Hospital, OCD-team, Bergen, Norway,Department of Psychology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Kerstin Lindblad-Toh
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA,Science for Life Laboratory, IMBIM, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Jan Haavik
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway,Division of Psychiatry, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Gerd Kvale
- Haukeland University Hospital, OCD-team, Bergen, Norway,Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Christian Rück
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden,Stockholm Health Care Services, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - James J. Crowley
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden,Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, USA,Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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11
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Stewart SE, Yu D, Scharf JM, Neale BM, Fagerness JA, Mathews CA, Arnold PD, Evans PD, Gamazon ER, Osiecki L, McGrath L, Haddad S, Crane J, Hezel D, Illman C, Mayerfeld C, Konkashbaev A, Liu C, Pluzhnikov A, Tikhomirov A, Edlund CK, Rauch SL, Moessner R, Falkai P, Maier W, Ruhrmann S, Grabe HJ, Lennertz L, Wagner M, Bellodi L, Cavallini MC, Richter MA, Cook EH, Kennedy JL, Rosenberg D, Stein DJ, Hemmings SMJ, Lochner C, Azzam A, Chavira DA, Fournier E, Garrido H, Sheppard B, Umaña P, Murphy DL, Wendland JR, Veenstra-VanderWeele J, Denys D, Blom R, Deforce D, Van Nieuwerburgh F, Westenberg HGM, Walitza S, Egberts K, Renner T, Miguel EC, Cappi C, Hounie AG, Conceição do Rosário M, Sampaio AS, Vallada H, Nicolini H, Lanzagorta N, Camarena B, Delorme R, Leboyer M, Pato CN, Pato MT, Voyiaziakis E, Heutink P, Cath DC, Posthuma D, Smit JH, Samuels J, Bienvenu OJ, Cullen B, Fyer AJ, Grados MA, Greenberg BD, McCracken JT, Riddle MA, Wang Y, Coric V, Leckman JF, Bloch M, Pittenger C, Eapen V, Black DW, Ophoff RA, Strengman E, Cusi D, Turiel M, Frau F, Macciardi F, Gibbs JR, Cookson MR, Singleton A, Hardy J, Crenshaw AT, Parkin MA, Mirel DB, Conti DV, Purcell S, Nestadt G, Hanna GL, Jenike MA, Knowles JA, Cox N, Pauls DL, Pauls DL. Genome-wide association study of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Mol Psychiatry 2013; 18:788-98. [PMID: 22889921 PMCID: PMC4218751 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2012.85] [Citation(s) in RCA: 217] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2012] [Revised: 05/03/2012] [Accepted: 05/07/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a common, debilitating neuropsychiatric illness with complex genetic etiology. The International OCD Foundation Genetics Collaborative (IOCDF-GC) is a multi-national collaboration established to discover the genetic variation predisposing to OCD. A set of individuals affected with DSM-IV OCD, a subset of their parents, and unselected controls, were genotyped with several different Illumina SNP microarrays. After extensive data cleaning, 1465 cases, 5557 ancestry-matched controls and 400 complete trios remained, with a common set of 469,410 autosomal and 9657 X-chromosome single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Ancestry-stratified case-control association analyses were conducted for three genetically-defined subpopulations and combined in two meta-analyses, with and without the trio-based analysis. In the case-control analysis, the lowest two P-values were located within DLGAP1 (P=2.49 × 10(-6) and P=3.44 × 10(-6)), a member of the neuronal postsynaptic density complex. In the trio analysis, rs6131295, near BTBD3, exceeded the genome-wide significance threshold with a P-value=3.84 × 10(-8). However, when trios were meta-analyzed with the case-control samples, the P-value for this variant was 3.62 × 10(-5), losing genome-wide significance. Although no SNPs were identified to be associated with OCD at a genome-wide significant level in the combined trio-case-control sample, a significant enrichment of methylation QTLs (P<0.001) and frontal lobe expression quantitative trait loci (eQTLs) (P=0.001) was observed within the top-ranked SNPs (P<0.01) from the trio-case-control analysis, suggesting these top signals may have a broad role in gene expression in the brain, and possibly in the etiology of OCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Evelyn Stewart
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Human Genetics
Research, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA,Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston,
Massachusetts, USA,British Columbia Mental Health and Addictions Research Institute, University
of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Dongmei Yu
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Human Genetics
Research, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA,Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston,
Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jeremiah M Scharf
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Human Genetics
Research, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA,Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston,
Massachusetts, USA,Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston,
Massachusetts, USA,Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston,
Massachusetts,, USA,Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and
MIT, Cambridge MA
| | - Benjamin M Neale
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Human Genetics
Research, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA,Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital,
Boston Massachusetts, USA,Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and
MIT, Cambridge MA
| | - Jesen A Fagerness
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Human Genetics
Research, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA,Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston,
Massachusetts, USA
| | - Carol A Mathews
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | - Paul D Arnold
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children,
Toronto, Ontario, Canada,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario,
Canada
| | - Patrick D Evans
- Section of Genetic Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago,
Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Eric R Gamazon
- Section of Genetic Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago,
Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Lisa Osiecki
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Human Genetics
Research, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA,Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston,
Massachusetts, USA
| | - Lauren McGrath
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Human Genetics
Research, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA,Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston,
Massachusetts, USA
| | - Stephen Haddad
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Human Genetics
Research, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA,Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston,
Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jacquelyn Crane
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Human Genetics
Research, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA,Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston,
Massachusetts, USA
| | - Dianne Hezel
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Human Genetics
Research, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA,Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston,
Massachusetts, USA
| | - Cornelia Illman
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Human Genetics
Research, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA,Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston,
Massachusetts, USA
| | - Catherine Mayerfeld
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Human Genetics
Research, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA,Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston,
Massachusetts, USA
| | - Anuar Konkashbaev
- Section of Genetic Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago,
Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Chunyu Liu
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Anna Pluzhnikov
- Section of Genetic Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago,
Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Anna Tikhomirov
- Section of Genetic Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago,
Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Christopher K Edlund
- Department of Preventative Medicine, Division of Biostatistics, Keck School
of Medicine, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles,
California, USA,Epigenome Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern
California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Scott L Rauch
- Partners Psychiatry and McLean Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Rainald Moessner
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bonn, Bonn,
Germany
| | - Peter Falkai
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of
Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Maier
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bonn, Bonn,
Germany
| | - Stephan Ruhrmann
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Cologne, Cologne,
Germany
| | - Hans-Jörgen Grabe
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Helios-Hospital Stralsund,
University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Leonard Lennertz
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bonn, Bonn,
Germany
| | - Michael Wagner
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bonn, Bonn,
Germany
| | - Laura Bellodi
- Psychiatry Universita Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milano Italy
| | | | - Margaret A Richter
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario,
Canada,Department of Psychiatry, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto,
Ontario
| | - Edwin H Cook
- Institute for Juvenile Research, Department of Psychiatry, University of
Illinois at Chicago, USA
| | - James L Kennedy
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario,
Canada,Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - David Rosenberg
- Child Psychiatry and Psychology, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan,
USA,Children's Hospital of Michigan, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Dan J Stein
- University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | | | | | - Amin Azzam
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | - Denise A Chavira
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla,
California, USA
| | | | | | - Brooke Sheppard
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | - Paul Umaña
- Hospital Nacional de Niños, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Dennis L Murphy
- Laboratory of Clinical Science, NIMH Intramural Research Program, Bethesda,
MD, USA
| | - Jens R Wendland
- Laboratory of Clinical Science, NIMH Intramural Research Program, Bethesda,
MD, USA,CNS Clinical Biomarker Group, Pharma Research and Early Development, F.
Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jeremy Veenstra-VanderWeele
- Departments of Psychiatry, Pediatrics, and Pharmacology, Kennedy Center for
Research on Human Development, and Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, Nashville,
Tennessee, USA
| | - Damiaan Denys
- Department of Psychiatry, Academic Medical Center and Netherlands Institute
for Neuroscience, an Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences
(NIN-KNAW), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rianne Blom
- Department of Psychiatry, Academic Medical Center and Netherlands Institute
for Neuroscience, an Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences
(NIN-KNAW), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dieter Deforce
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Ghent University, Ghent,
Belgium
| | | | - Herman GM Westenberg
- Department of Psychiatry, Academic Medical Center and Netherlands Institute
for Neuroscience, an Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences
(NIN-KNAW), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Susanne Walitza
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Zurich,
Switzerland
| | - Karin Egberts
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and
Psychotherapy, University of Würzburg, Germany
| | - Tobias Renner
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and
Psychotherapy, University of Würzburg, Germany
| | | | - Carolina Cappi
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao
Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana G Hounie
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao
Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Aline S Sampaio
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao
Paulo, Brazil,University Health Care Services - SMURB, Federal University of Bahia,
Salvador, State of Bahia, Brazil
| | - Homero Vallada
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao
Paulo, Brazil
| | - Humberto Nicolini
- Centre for Genomic Sciences, University of Mexico City, Mexico,Carracci Medical Group, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Beatriz Camarena
- Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente
Muñiz, Depto. de Genética Psiquiátrica, México, D. F.,
México
| | - Richard Delorme
- AP-HP, Robert Debré Hospital, Department of Child and Adolescent
Psychiatry, Paris, France, INSERM U955,Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale, Psychiatric Genetics,
Créteil, F 94000, France, Foundation Fondamental, French National Science
Foundation, France
| | - Marion Leboyer
- AP-HP, Robert Debré Hospital, Department of Child and Adolescent
Psychiatry, Paris, France, INSERM U955,Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale, Psychiatric Genetics,
Créteil, F 94000, France, Foundation Fondamental, French National Science
Foundation, France
| | - Carlos N Pato
- Department of Psychiatry and The Behavioral Sciences, Zilkha Neurogenetic
Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles,
USA
| | - Michele T Pato
- Department of Psychiatry and The Behavioral Sciences, Zilkha Neurogenetic
Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles,
USA
| | - Emanuel Voyiaziakis
- Department of Psychiatry and The Behavioral Sciences, Zilkha Neurogenetic
Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles,
USA
| | - Peter Heutink
- Section of Medical Genomics, Department of Clinical Genetics, VU University
Medical Center Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Danielle C Cath
- Department of Psychiatry, VU University Medical Center and Department of
Clinical and Health Psychology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands,Department of Psychiatry, EMGO Institute, VU University Medical Center,
Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Danielle Posthuma
- Section of Medical Genomics, Department of Clinical Genetics, VU University
Medical Center Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jan H Smit
- Department of Psychiatry, EMGO Institute, VU University Medical Center,
Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jack Samuels
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University
School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - O Joseph Bienvenu
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University
School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Bernadette Cullen
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University
School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Abby J Fyer
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Physicians and Surgeons at Columbia
University, New York City, New York, USA,New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York City, New York, USA
| | - Marco A Grados
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University
School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Benjamin D Greenberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Brown Medical School, Butler
Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - James T McCracken
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of
California, Los Angeles, School of Medicine, California, USA
| | - Mark A Riddle
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University
School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University
School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Vladimir Coric
- Child Study Centre and Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New
Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - James F Leckman
- Child Study Centre, Pediatrics and Psychology, Yale University, New Haven,
Connecticut, USA
| | - Michael Bloch
- Child Study Centre and Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New
Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Christopher Pittenger
- Child Study Centre and Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New
Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Valsamma Eapen
- Infant, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of New South Wales,
Academic Unit of Child Psychiatry, Sydney, Australia
| | - Donald W Black
- University of Iowa, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, Iowa
City, Iowa, USA
| | - Roel A Ophoff
- UCLA Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Los Angeles, California, USA and
University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Eric Strengman
- UCLA Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Los Angeles, California, USA and
University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Daniele Cusi
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, Graduate School of
Nephrology, University of Milano, Italy,Division of Nephrology, San Paolo Hospital, Milano, Italy
| | - Maurizio Turiel
- Department of Health Technologies, University of Milano, Italy
| | - Francesca Frau
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, Graduate School of
Nephrology, University of Milano, Italy,Filarete Foundation, Milano, Italy
| | - Fabio Macciardi
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, School of Medicine, University
of California Irvine (UCI), California, USA
| | - J Raphael Gibbs
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National
Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Mark R Cookson
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National
Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Andrew Singleton
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National
Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | | | - John Hardy
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, University College of London,
Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK
| | | | | | | | | | - David V Conti
- Department of Preventative Medicine, Division of Biostatistics, Keck School
of Medicine, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles,
California, USA,Epigenome Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern
California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Shaun Purcell
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Human Genetics
Research, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA,Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston,
Massachusetts, USA,Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston,
Massachusetts,, USA,The Broad Institute of Harvard-MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Gerald Nestadt
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University
School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Gregory L Hanna
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Michael A Jenike
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Human Genetics
Research, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA,Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston,
Massachusetts, USA
| | - James A Knowles
- Department of Psychiatry and The Behavioral Sciences, Zilkha Neurogenetic
Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles,
USA
| | - Nancy Cox
- Section of Genetic Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago,
Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - David L Pauls
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Human Genetics
Research, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA,Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston,
Massachusetts, USA,Corresponding Authors: Dr. S. Evelyn Stewart, Department of
Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada, V5Z 4H4, Tel: (604)
875-2000 ext. 4725; Fax: (604) 875-3871; ; Dr. David
L. Pauls, Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Human Genetics
Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114. Tel: (617) 726-0793; Fax:
(617) 726-0830;
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