An adaptive randomized trial of dialectical behavior therapy and cognitive behavior therapy for binge-eating

The State of the Science: Dialectical Behavior Therapy

The first randomized clinical trial of dialectical behavior therapy (DBT) for women with borderline personality disorder was published in 1991. Over the past 30 years, research on DBT has proliferated along with interest by clinicians and the public. In this State of the Science review, we provide a brief description of the treatment paradigm and its conceptual and theoretical underpinnings. We also briefly review the research conducted to date on DBT across populations and settings, the vast majority of which demonstrates that it is effective at treating the behaviors that it targets. We also argue that, although DBT has been established as a "gold-standard" treatment for certain populations and behaviors, there is much more research needed to answer critical questions and improve its efficacy.

Acute Augmentations to Psychological Therapies in Eating Disorders: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

PURPOSE OF REVIEW

The purpose of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to examine the use and efficacy of acute augmentation therapies in eating disorders.

RECENT FINDINGS

A meta-analysis addressing this topic across psychological disorders found augmentation significantly improved therapy outcome with strongest findings for augmentations targeting biological mechanisms; however, only one study examined eating disorders. Our systematic review identified 29 studies examining people with eating disorders (N = 1831 participants, 93.7% female), of which 17 RCTs (n = 1162 participants) were included in the meta-analysis. Small subgroups of acute augmentations were identified. Adding acute augmentations to an intervention was effective in 72.4% of studies, with a significant effect on eating disorder outcomes (Hedges' g = 0.14, 95% CI: [0.02, 0.26]). Acute augmentation looks to be a promising approach regardless of weight status or whether it is added to treatment as usual or a single therapy approach.

Bulimia nervosa and treatment-related disparities: a review

Introduction

Bulimia nervosa (BN) is a type of eating disorder disease usually manifesting between adolescence and early adulthood with 12 as median age of onset. BN is characterized by individuals' episodes of excessive eating of food followed by engaging in unusual compensatory behaviors to control weight gain in BN. Approximately 94% of those with BN never seek or delay treatment. While there are available treatments, some populations do not have access. Left untreated, BN can become severe and lead to other serious comorbidities. This study is a review of randomized controlled trials to explore available treatments and related treatment disparities. The objective of this review was to identify differences among treatment modalities of BN and aide in the further treatment and research of bulimia nervosa.

Methods

This study followed narrative overview guidelines to review BN treatment studies published between 2010 and 2021. The authors used PubMed and PsychInfo databases to search for articles meeting the inclusion criteria. Search terms included phrases such as, BN treatment, BN and clinical trials, and BN and randomized clinical trials.

Results

Most of the reviewed studies had their sample sizes between 80 and 100% female with age range between 18 and 60 years old. Sample sizes were mostly between 80 and 100% white. Treatment practices included both pharmacological and psychosocial interventions, such as cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and limited motivational interviewing (MI). Most studies were in outpatient settings.

Conclusion

Reviewed research shows that certain populations face disparities in BN treatment. Generally, individuals older than 60, males and racial minorities are excluded from research. Researchers and practitioners need to include these vulnerable groups to improve BN treatment-related disparities.

General Psychiatric Management for Adolescents With Borderline Personality Disorder and Eating Disorders

Borderline personality disorder and eating disorders frequently co-occur among youths. These disorders emerge in adolescence, during the critical developmental period of building an independent sense of self and the capacity to relate to one's community. Because of core differences in the development and psychopathology of borderline personality disorder and eating disorders, adjustments are required when treating these disorders when they co-occur. Few established treatment approaches can address these disorders simultaneously. Evidence-based psychotherapies for borderline personality disorder, such as dialectical behavior therapy and mentalization-based treatment, have been adapted to accommodate the shared vulnerabilities and features of the two disorders. However, these approaches are specialized, intensive, and lengthy and are therefore poorly suited to implementation in general psychiatric or primary health care, where most frontline mental health care is provided. Generalist approaches can fill this public health gap, guiding nonspecialists in structuring informed clinical management for these impairing and sometimes fatal disorders. In this overview, the authors describe the adjustment of good (or general) psychiatric management (GPM) for adolescents with borderline personality disorder to incorporate the prevailing best practices for eating disorder treatment. The adjusted treatment relies on interventions most clinicians already use (diagnostic disclosure, psychoeducation, focusing on life outside treatment, managing patients' self-destructive behaviors, and conservative psychopharmacology with active management of comorbid conditions). Limitations of the adjusted treatment, as well as guidelines for referring patients to specialized and general medical treatments and for returning them to primary generalist psychiatric care, are discussed.

Resilience eDBT: Development and Usability Evaluation of a Dialectical Behavior Therapy Skills Training App for Eating Disorders

OBJECTIVE

Dialectical behavior therapy (DBT) is an evidence-based treatment for disorders characterized by recurrent binge eating. Yet, access to specialized treatment like DBT remains limited. To increase the accessibility of DBT, we developed a DBT skills training app (Resilience: eDBT) for the management of eating disorder (ED) symptoms. This paper delineates the developmental process of Resilience and tests its usability.

METHODS

Descriptive information on the development and features of Resilience is provided, including its framework, content structure and delivery formats, functionality, data storage procedure, and privacy protocols. Usability was assessed via a mixed methods approach in 10 symptomatic individuals. Qualitative data were organized based on an existing framework, which included six themes: usability, visual design, user engagement, content, therapeutic persuasiveness, and therapeutic alliance.

RESULTS

Resilience demonstrated good usability via a Systems Usability Scale score of 85.5, which exceeded the recommended cutoff of 68. Positive aspects of the app, according to interview data, were the ease of use and the visual design, while the addition of peer support was suggested as an opportunity for improvement.

DISCUSSION

A novel DBT-based app may serve as an acceptable, low-intensity option or adjunct to traditional treatment for targeting ED symptoms that emerge in daily life. However, notable limitations include the small sample size and the single time point at which the usability assessment was conducted.

Adaptive design trials in eating disorder research: A scoping review

OBJECTIVE

This scoping review sought to map the breadth of literature on the use of adaptive design trials in eating disorder research.

METHOD

A systematic literature search was conducted in Medline, Scopus, PsycInfo, Emcare, Econlit, CINAHL and ProQuest Dissertations and Theses. Articles were included if they reported on an intervention targeting any type of eating disorder (including anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, binge-eating disorder, and other specified feeding or eating disorders), and employed the use of an adaptive design trial to evaluate the intervention. Two independent reviewers screened citations for inclusion, and data abstraction was performed by one reviewer and verified by a second.

RESULTS

We identified five adaptive design trials targeting anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa and binge-eating disorder conducted in the USA and Australia. All employed adaptive treatment arm switching based on early response to treatment and identified a priori stopping rules. None of the studies included value of information analysis to guide adaptive design decisions and none included lived experience perspectives.

DISCUSSION

The limited use of adaptive designs in eating disorder trials represents a missed opportunity to improve enrolment targets, attrition rates, treatment outcomes and trial efficiency. We outline the range of adaptive methodologies, how they could be applied to eating disorder research, and the specific operational and statistical considerations relevant to adaptive design trials.

PUBLIC SIGNIFICANCE

Adaptive design trials are increasingly employed as flexible, efficient alternatives to fixed trial designs, but they are not often used in eating disorder research. This first scoping review identified five adaptive design trials targeting anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa and binge-eating disorder that employed treatment arm switching adaptive methodology. We make recommendations on the use of adaptive design trials for future eating disorder trials.

Developing a protocol to address co-occurring mental health conditions in the treatment of eating disorders

OBJECTIVE

While co-occurring mental health conditions are the norm in eating disorders, no testable protocol addresses management of these in psychotherapy.

METHOD

The literature on managing mental health conditions that co-occur with eating disorders is outlined and reviewed.

RESULTS

In the absence of clear evidence to inform managing co-occurring mental health conditions, we advocate for use of an iterative, session-by-session measurement to guide practice and research. We identify three data-driven treatment approaches (focus solely on the eating disorder; multiple sequential interventions either before or after the eating disorder is addressed; integrated interventions), and the indications for their use. Where a co-occurring mental health condition/s impede effective treatment of the eating disorder, and an integrated intervention is required, we outline a four-step protocol for three broad intervention approaches (alternate, modular, transdiagnostic). A research program is suggested to test the usefulness of the protocol.

DISCUSSION

Guidelines that provide a starting point to improving outcomes for people with eating disorders that can be evaluated/researched are offered in the current paper. These guidelines require further elaboration with reference to: (1) whether any difference in approach is required where the co-occurring mental health condition is a comorbid symptom or condition; (2) the place of biological treatments within these guidelines; (3) precise guidelines for selecting among the three broad intervention approaches when adapting care for co-occurring conditions; (4) optimal approaches to involving consumer input into identifying the most relevant co-occurring conditions; (5) detailed specification on how to determine which adjuncts to add.

PUBLIC SIGNIFICANCE

Most people with an eating disorder also have another diagnosis or an underlying trait (e.g., perfectionism). Currently no clear guidelines exist to guide treatment in this situation, which often results in a drift away from evidence-based techniques. This paper outlines data-driven strategies for treating eating disorders and the accompanying comorbid conditions and a research program that can test the usefulness of the different approaches suggested.

Lived experience perspectives on eating disorder research: The use of adaptive trials and research priorities

OBJECTIVE

This novel study sought to understand lived experience and carer perspectives on the use of adaptive trials to evaluate interventions for eating disorders, in addition to understanding the factors and outcomes of most importance in eating disorder research and treatments from a lived experience perspective.

METHOD

A total of 73 people with either lived or carer experience consented, 70 started the questionnaire, and 36 (51%) completed all questions. Participants were asked Likert scale and open-ended questions to understand what factors and outcomes of eating disorder interventions were most important to them and understand their pre-existing knowledge of clinical trials. Two videos were then used to explain randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and adaptive trials and participants were asked their opinions, including perceived benefits and concerns, of each trial type.

RESULTS

The thematic analysis found two key themes regarding factors important in eating disorder treatment: Person-centred care and Evidence-based and effective treatment; and two key themes regarding outcomes of treatment: Sustained, full recovery and The bigger picture. Both RCTs and adaptive trials were viewed favorably, however, there was a slight preference for adaptive trials. Key themes for both demonstrated perceived benefits and ethical, practical, and scientific considerations unique to each.

DISCUSSION

Findings demonstrate the support of adaptive trials in eating disorder interventions from people with lived experience and their carers. It is recommended that researchers consider the use of adaptive designs and the incorporation of lived experience perspectives when designing future intervention trials.

PUBLIC SIGNIFICANCE

This novel study found that the use of adaptive trials in eating disorder intervention research is supported by people with lived experience and carers. Furthermore, the factors and outcomes of most importance to participants in this study are comparable to those previously identified in the emerging literature. The use of adaptive designs and the incorporation of lived experience are recommended in further clinical trials.

Target-user preferences, motivations, and acceptance for a dialectical behaviour therapy smartphone application for eating disorders

PURPOSE

Evidence shows that dialectical behavioural therapy (DBT) is efficacious for eating disorders (ED), yet few people have access to specialized treatments like DBT. Translating key DBT skills for delivery via a smartphone application may broaden the dissemination of evidence-based interventions. However, prior to developing a DBT-based app, it is crucial to gather information on target-user needs and preferences. Assessing overall acceptance and identifying predictors of acceptance, informed by the UTAUT framework, is also important. This process ensures not only a demand for such an app, but also that users receive content and features tailored to their needs.

METHOD

This study aimed to understand target-user preferences of DBT-based apps for EDs by assessing willingness to engage, overall acceptance levels, and preferred functionality/content delivery modes (n = 326 symptomatic participants).

RESULTS

Eighty-eight percent indicated they would be willing to use a DBT-based ED app if it were available. Acceptance levels of a DBT app were high (64%), which was uniquely predicted by performance expectancy (perceptions of how beneficial an intervention is) and facilitating conditions (expectations of technological infrastructure and support in interventions) in path analysis. Content perceived as important to contain were emotion regulation techniques, tailored intervention strategies, and psychoeducation.

CONCLUSION

Findings generate important information about target-user preferences of a DBT-based app for EDs, highlighting necessary design principles for apps of this kind. Level of evidence Level V, cross-sectional descriptive study.

Psychotherapies for eating disorders: findings from a rapid review

BACKGROUND

Psychotherapy is considered central to the effective treatment of eating disorders-focusing on behavioural, psychological, and social factors that contribute to the illness. Research indicates psychotherapeutic interventions out-perform placebo, waitlist, and/or other treatments; but, outcomes vary with room for major improvement. Thus, this review aims to (1) establish and consolidate knowledge on efficacious eating disorder psychotherapies; (2) highlight select emerging psychotherapeutic interventions; and (3) identify knowledge gaps to better inform future treatment research and development.

METHODS

The current review forms part of a series of Rapid Reviews published in a special issue in the Journal of Eating Disorders to inform the development of the Australian-government-funded National Eating Disorder Research and Translation Strategy 2021-2031. Three databases were searched for studies published between 2009 and 2023, published in English, and comprising high-level evidence studies (meta-analyses, systematic reviews, moderately sized randomised controlled studies, moderately sized controlled-cohort studies, and population studies). Data pertaining to psychotherapies for eating disorders were synthesised and outlined in the current paper.

RESULTS

281 studies met inclusion criteria. Behavioural therapies were most commonly studied, with cognitive-behavioural and family-based therapies being the most researched; and thus, having the largest evidence-base for treating anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and binge eating disorder. Other therapies, such as interpersonal and dialectical behaviour therapies also demonstrated positive treatment outcomes. Emerging evidence supports specific use of Acceptance and Commitment; Integrative Cognitive Affective; Exposure; Mindfulness; and Emotionally-Focused therapies; however further research is needed to determine their efficacy. Similarly, growing support for self-help, group, and computer/internet-based therapeutic modalities was noted. Psychotherapies for avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder; other, and unspecified feeding and eating disorders were lacking evidence.

CONCLUSIONS

Currently, clinical practice is largely supported by research indicating that behavioural and cognitive-behavioural psychotherapies are most effective for the treatment of eating disorders. However, the efficacy of psychotherapeutic interventions varies across studies, highlighting the need for investment and expansion of research into enhanced variants and novel psychotherapies to improve illness outcomes. There is also a pressing need for investigation into the whole range of eating disorder presentations and populations, to determine the most effective interventions.

Application of Dialectical Behaviour Therapy in treating common psychiatric disorders: study protocol for a scoping review

INTRODUCTION

Dialectical behaviour therapy (DBT) is a well-known intervention for treating borderline personality disorder, and has been increasingly adapted for other disorders. Standard DBT consists of four treatment modes, delivered over a year. Adaptations to DBT include changes to modes of delivery, treatment length, and skills modules taught to clients, or incorporating interventions from other evidence-based therapies. There is a need to synthesise existing evidence on DBT so that stakeholders-clinicians, researchers and policymakers-can understand how it has been provided for various psychiatric conditions, and whether it has been effective.

METHODS AND ANALYSIS

This study proposes a scoping review conducted according to Arksey and O'Malley's (2005) procedures, to map and summarise the literature on DBT interventions for treating a range of psychiatric concerns. Electronic databases (ie, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, PubMed, PsycINFO, SCOPUS, EBSCOhost and ProQuest Dissertations and Theses), conference proceedings and the US National Institutes of Health Ongoing Trial Register will be searched for intervention studies that involve a control or comparison group, and that report quantitative data on pre/post-measures for psychiatric symptom severity. The initial search was conducted on 18 September 2020, and data charting has not commenced. An update will be performed in September 2022, pending this protocol's publication. Data charting will collect individual studies' characteristics, methodology and reported findings. Outcomes will be reported by following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines for Scoping Reviews.

ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION

No ethical approval is required for this study. The goal of dissemination is to keep DBT stakeholders abreast on latest updates in clinical applications of DBT. Findings from this research are intended to inform a more specific topic of study (eg, a meta-analysis), to further aid in the development of DBT interventions for psychiatric populations.

REGISTRATION DETAILS

The study protocol was pre-registered with the Open Science Framework on 24 August 2021 (https://osf.io/vx6gw).

Dialectical behavior therapy compared to cognitive behavior therapy in binge-eating disorder: An effectiveness study with 6-month follow-up

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate whether the results of a quasi-randomized study, comparing dialectical behavior therapy for binge-eating disorder (DBT-BED) and an intensive, outpatient cognitive behavior therapy (CBT+) in individuals with BED, would be replicated in a nonrandomized study with patients who more closely resemble everyday clinical practice.

METHOD

Patients with (subthreshold) BED (N = 175) started one of two group treatments: DBT-BED (n = 42) or CBT+ (n = 133), at a community eating disorder service. Measures of eating disorder pathology, emotion regulation, and general psychopathology were examined at end of treatment (EOT) and at 6-month follow-up using generalized linear models with multiple imputation.

RESULTS

Both treatments lead to substantial decreases on primary and secondary measures. Statistically significant, medium-size differences between groups were limited to global eating disorder psychopathology (d = -.62; 95% CI = .231, .949) at EOT and depressive symptoms at follow-up (d = -.45; 95% CI = .149, 6.965), favoring CBT+. Dropout of treatment included 15.0% from CBT+ and 19.0% from DBT-BED (difference nonsignificant).

DISCUSSION

Decreases in global eating disorder psychopathology were achieved faster with CBT+. Overall, improvements in DBT-BED were comparable to those observed in CBT+. Findings of the original trial, favoring CBT+ on the number of OBE episodes, emotional dysregulation and self-esteem at EOT, and on eating disorder psychopathology and self-esteem at follow-up, were not replicated. With similar rates of treatment dropout and about half of the therapy time used in CBT+, DBT-BED can be considered a relevant treatment for BED in everyday clinical practice.

PUBLIC SIGNIFICANCE

In this effectiveness study, dialectical behavior therapy (DBT) resulted in clinically relevant improvements in individuals with binge eating disorder. Changes were broadly comparable to those of cognitive behavior therapy (CBT), the current treatment of choice. Although CBT resulted in decreases in eating disorder psychopathology faster, there was a trend toward relapse in CBT at 6-month follow-up. Therefore, the less costly DBT-program can be considered a relevant treatment in clinical practice.

Efficacy of a transdiagnostic cognitive-behavioral intervention for eating disorder psychopathology delivered through a smartphone app: a randomized controlled trial

BACKGROUND

Although effective treatments exist for diagnostic and subthreshold-level eating disorders (EDs), a significant proportion of affected individuals do not receive help. Interventions translated for delivery through smartphone apps may be one solution towards reducing this treatment gap. However, evidence for the efficacy of smartphones apps for EDs is lacking. We developed a smartphone app based on the principles and techniques of transdiagnostic cognitive-behavioral therapy for EDs and evaluated it through a pre-registered randomized controlled trial.

METHODS

Symptomatic individuals (those who reported the presence of binge eating) were randomly assigned to the app (n = 197) or waiting list (n = 195). Of the total sample, 42 and 31% exhibited diagnostic-level bulimia nervosa and binge-eating disorder symptoms, respectively. Assessments took place at baseline, 4 weeks, and 8 weeks post-randomization. Analyses were intention-to-treat. The primary outcome was global levels of ED psychopathology. Secondary outcomes were other ED symptoms, impairment, and distress.

RESULTS

Intervention participants reported greater reductions in global ED psychopathology than the control group at post-test (d = -0.80). Significant effects were also observed for secondary outcomes (d's = -0.30 to -0.74), except compensatory behavior frequency. Symptom levels remained stable at follow-up. Participants were largely satisfied with the app, although the overall post-test attrition rate was 35%.

CONCLUSION

Findings highlight the potential for this app to serve as a cost-effective and easily accessible intervention for those who cannot receive standard treatment. The capacity for apps to be flexibly integrated within current models of mental health care delivery may prove vital for addressing the unmet needs of people with EDs.

A systematic review of sociodemographic reporting and representation in eating disorder psychotherapy treatment trials in the United States

OBJECTIVE

Eating disorders (EDs) were once conceptualized as primarily affecting affluent, White women, a misconception that informed research and practice for many years. Abundant evidence now discredits this stereotype, but it is unclear if prevailing "evidence-based" treatments have been evaluated in samples representative of the diversity of individuals affected by EDs. Our goal was to evaluate the reporting, inclusion, and analysis of sociodemographic variables in ED psychotherapeutic treatment randomized controlled trials (RCTs) in the US through 2020.

METHODS

We conducted a systematic review of ED psychotherapeutic treatment RCTs in the US and examined the reporting and inclusion of gender identity, age, race/ethnicity, sexual orientation, and socioeconomic status (SES) of enrolled participants, as well as recruitment methods, power analyses, and discussion of limitations and generalizability.

RESULTS

Our search yielded 58 studies meeting inclusion criteria dating back to 1985. Reporting was at times incomplete, absent, or centered on the racial/gender majority group. No studies reported gender diverse participants, and men and people of color were underrepresented generally, with differences noted across diagnoses. A minority of papers considered sociodemographic variables in analyses or acknowledged limitations related to sample characteristics. Some progress was made across the decades, with studies increasingly providing full racial and ethnic data, and more men included over time. Although racial and ethnic diversity improved somewhat, progress appeared to stall in the last decade.

DISCUSSION

We summarize findings, consider context and challenges for RCT researchers, and offer suggestions for researchers, journal editors, and reviewers on improving representation, reporting, and analytic practices.

PUBLIC SIGNIFICANCE

Randomized controlled trials of eating disorder psychotherapeutic treatment in the US are increasingly reporting full race/ethnicity data, but information on SES is inconsistent and sexual orientation absent. White women still comprise the overwhelming majority of participants, with few men and people of color, and no gender-diverse individuals. Findings underscore the need to improve reporting and increase representation to ensure evidence-based treatments are effective across and within diverse groups.

Emotional Regulation in Teens and Improvement of Constructive Skills (EmoTIConS): study protocol for a randomized controlled trial

BACKGROUND

Emotional dysregulation (ED) constitutes a relevant factor involved in the onset and maintenance of many mental disorders. Targeting ED during adolescence could be a determinant both to identify high-risk individuals and to promote preventive interventions. This study will aim to evaluate the impact of a brief Dialectical Behavioral Therapy (DBT)-based intervention for adolescent students by measuring changes in emotional regulation skills and impulsive behaviors. Moreover, alterations in biological features related to stress response and inflammation will be assessed as potential biological variables associated with ED.

METHODS

This is a randomized trial. A total of 20 classes of adolescent students will be recruited among high schools in Brescia, a city in northern Italy. They will be randomized to the psychoeducational intervention (experimental group) or to a control condition (control group). The intervention will be based on DBT Skills Training for Emotional Problem Solving for Adolescents, and will consist of four monthly, 2-h sessions (for a total of 8 h) scheduled during regular school time. Participants will be assessed at baseline, post-intervention, and at 3 and 6 months of follow-up. The primary outcome measures will be represented by changes in the use of emotional regulation skills and by changes in the frequency of impulsive behaviors. Salivary samples will be collected at baseline and post-intervention to explore possible biological features underlying ED.

DISCUSSION

Data from the present project will offer the opportunity to better understand the complex phenomenon of ED. Repeated assessment will cover several domains (emotional, behavioral, social, biological) as potential factors associated with ED. Moreover, it will be possible to establish the effect of the proposed intervention, thus helping to improve knowledge on the impact of school-based universal preventive programs. Finally, the current trial will propose an integrated screening and intervention-based model. Ultimately, this could reduce barriers to youths' mental health care by fostering collaboration between schools and mental health services.

TRIAL REGISTRATION

ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04349709 . Registered on April 16, 2020.

Two decades of mindfulness-based interventions for binge eating: A systematic review and meta-analysis

OBJECTIVE

Mindfulness-based interventions (MBIs) are being increasingly used as interventions for eating disorders including binge eating. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to assess two decades of research on the efficacy of MBIs in reducing binge eating severity.

METHODS

We searched PubMed, Scopus and Cochrane Library for trials assessing the use of MBIs to treat binge eating severity in both clinical and non-clinical samples. The systematic review and meta-analysis was pre-registered at PROSPERO (CRD42020182395).

RESULTS

Twenty studies involving 21 samples (11 RCT and 10 uncontrolled samples) met inclusion criteria. Random effects meta-analyses on the 11 RCT samples (n = 618: MBIs n = 335, controls n = 283) showed that MBIs significantly reduced binge eating severity (g = -0.39, 95% CI -0.68, -0.11) at end of trial, but was not maintained at follow-up (g = -0.06, 95% CI, -0.31, 0.20, k = 5). No evidence of publication bias was detected. On the Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool 2, trials were rarely rated at high risk of bias and drop-out rates did not differ between MBIs and control groups. MBIs also significantly reduced depression, and improved both emotion regulation and mindfulness ability.

CONCLUSION

MBIs reduce binge eating severity at the end of trials. Benefits were not maintained at follow-up; however, only five studies were assessed. Future well-powered trials should focus on assessing diversity better, including more men and people from ethnic minority backgrounds.

Outcomes for adults with anorexia nervosa who do not respond early to outpatient treatment

OBJECTIVE

To better understand those patients with anorexia nervosa who do not show early response to treatment and are likely to have poorer outcome.

METHOD

From an existing data set of 187 patients with anorexia nervosa across 22 eating disorder outpatient services in the United Kingdom, participants who had started treatment and had at least one body mass index (BMI) observation in the first 6 weeks of treatment were eligible for these secondary analyses (N = 65), a latent class analysis of BMI change over the first 6 weeks of treatment. Fifty-six patients showed no early change in BMI. We used logistic regression to examine predictors of good outcome in the 40 participants who had 12-month follow-up data. Predictors included global EDE-Q, negative affect (Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scales) and functional impairment (Work and Social Adjustment Scale).

RESULTS

Good outcome was achieved by 23% of patients and remission by 15%. Good outcome was predicted by less functional impairment at baseline.

DISCUSSION

Further work that can identify sub-groups of patients with anorexia nervosa who do not achieve good outcome after treatment will inform the development of targeted engagement approaches.

Implementing evidence-based individual psychotherapies for adults with eating disorders in a real world clinical setting

OBJECTIVE

This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of evidenced-based psychological treatments (specifically, Cognitive-Behaviour Therapy for Eating Disorders [CBT-ED] and Maudsley Anorexia Nervosa Treatment for Adults [MANTRA]) for a transdiagnostic eating disorder population in a routine clinical setting. In particular, it aimed to determine the extent to which treatment was provided in line with current clinical guidelines (NICE, 2017) and how effective treatment was in improving eating disorder and general psychopathology.

METHOD

Three hundred and seventy-nine participants meeting criteria for DSM-5 anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, binge-eating disorder or other specified feeding or eating disorder completed pre- and posttreatment measures of eating disorder pathology and general distress. Clinicians recorded weight and episodes of bingeing and purging.

RESULTS

Ninety seven percent of participants received treatment in line with evidence-based psychotherapies. Treatment was completed by 59.9% of the whole sample. Using stringent criteria and ITT analysis 21.4% met criteria for remission at end of treatment. In the underweight sample, there was a significant increase in BMI, averaging 1.38 kg/m² over treatment, with similar outcomes for MANTRA and CBT-ED.

DISCUSSION

These findings, in a large transdiagnostic population, add to emerging literature on the translation of evidence-based psychotherapies to real-world clinical settings. Our results converge well with prior similar studies. Findings highlight the need for routine data collection in services and for the ongoing improvement of treatments for the eating disorders.

Mindfulness and acceptance-based behavioral treatment for bulimia-spectrum disorders: A pilot feasibility randomized trial

OBJECTIVE

Although existing research supports the efficacy of mindfulness- and acceptance-based treatments (MABTs) for eating disorders (EDs), few studies have directly compared outcomes from MABTs to standard CBT.

METHOD

Participants (N = 44), treatment-seeking adults with bulimia-spectrum EDs, were screened for eligibility, consented, and randomized to receive 20 sessions of outpatient, individual CBT or MABT treatment. Treatment outcomes (binge eating and compensatory behavior episodes, global ED severity, depressive symptoms, quality of life, emotional awareness/clarity, distress tolerance, values-based decision-making, and emotion modulation) were measured at pre-treatment, post-treatment, and 6-month follow up. Data on feasibility and acceptability are also presented.

RESULTS

Treatment and assessment retention rates were comparable between MABT and CBT (p range = .51-.73) and between-group differences on acceptability measures were very small (d range = 0.03-0.19). Both conditions produced notable and generally comparable changes in most treatment outcomes at post-treatment (within group d range = 0.06-1.77).

DISCUSSION

The MABT and CBT conditions demonstrated comparable degrees of feasibility, acceptability, and symptom improvement, suggesting that MABTs warrant further evaluation as ED treatments.

Is personality the key in cognitive-behavioural therapy for eating disorders? A review

The efficacy of individual cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT) for eating disorders can be assessed by investigating the potential predictors, mediators and moderators of treatment. The present review focused on personality since its crucial role has been emphasized both by research and practice. Sixteen studies were collected, and data were extracted through a highly operationalized coding system. Overall, personality disorders were the most investigated construct; however, their influence was somewhat contradictory. A more cogent result occurred for borderline personality disorder (BPD) when considered as a moderator (not a predictor nor a mediator). Patients with a more disturbed borderline personality benefited to a greater extent from treatments including booster modules on affects, interpersonal relationships and mood intolerance, rather than symptoms exclusively. Nine additional personality dimensions, beyond BPD, were investigated sparsely, and results regarding them were barely indicative in this review. However, some of these dimensions (e.g., affective lability and stimulus-seeking behaviours) could be traced back to BPD, thereby strengthening evidence of the role of borderline disorder as a moderator. Although research on the relationship between personality and eating disorders needs to be increased and methodologically improved, personality, taken as a whole, emerged as a promising variable for enhancing the efficacy of CBT.

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for the Eating Disorders

Research findings strongly suggest that cognitive behavioral therapy for the eating disorders (CBT-ED) is more effective than other treatments for bulimia nervosa (BN) and for binge eating disorder (BED), although interpersonal psychotherapy appears to be equally effective for BED. Evidence for the effectiveness of CBT-ED for the persistent (adult) form of anorexia nervosa (AN) is insufficient at present and is essentially absent for AN in adolescents except for some evidence from uncontrolled trials. This article begins with an overview of the early studies in the development of CBT-ED that showed a similar effectiveness of other symptom-focused psychotherapies-a finding that was neglected at the time. Later developments are then considered, including comparisons of CBT-ED with other psychotherapies, efforts to develop Internet-based training and treatment, and electronic applications for treatment. Finally, implications of the findings for future short- and long-term research and for clinical practice are considered.

Metacognition and emotion regulation as treatment targets in binge eating disorder: a network analysis study

BACKGROUND

This study aims to examine the underlying associations between eating, affective and metacognitive symptoms in patients with binge eating disorder (BED) through network analysis (NA) in order to identify key variables that may be considered the target for psychotherapeutic interventions.

METHODS

A total of 155 patients with BED completed measures of eating psychopathology, affective symptoms, emotion regulation and metacognition. A cross-sectional network was inferred by means of Gaussian Markov random field estimation using graphical LASSO and the extended Bayesian information criterion (EBIC-LASSO), and central symptoms of BED were identified by means of the strength centrality index.

RESULTS

Impaired self-monitoring metacognition and difficulties in impulse control emerged as the symptoms with the highest centrality. Conversely, eating and affective features were less central. The centrality stability coefficient of strength was above the recommended cut-off, thus indicating the stability of the network.

CONCLUSIONS

According to the present NA findings, impaired self-monitoring metacognition and difficulties in impulse control are the central nodes in the psychopathological network of BED whereas eating symptoms appear marginal. If further studies with larger samples replicate these results, metacognition and impulse control could represent new targets of psychotherapeutic interventions in the treatment of BED. In light of this, metacognitive interpersonal therapy could be a promising aid in clinical practice to develop an effective treatment for BED.

ANZAED eating disorder treatment principles and general clinical practice and training standards

INTRODUCTION

Eating disorders are complex to manage, and there is limited guidance around the depth and breadth of knowledge, skills and experience required by treatment providers. The Australia & New Zealand Academy for Eating Disorders (ANZAED) convened an expert group of eating disorder researchers and clinicians to define the clinical practice and training standards recommended for mental health professionals and dietitians providing treatment for individuals with an eating disorder. General principles and clinical practice standards were first developed, after which separate mental health professional and dietitian standards were drafted and collated by the appropriate members of the expert group. The subsequent review process included four stages of consultation and document revision: (1) expert reviewers; (2) a face-to-face consultation workshop attended by approximately 100 health professionals working within the sector; (3) an extensive open access online consultation process; and (4) consultation with key professional and consumer/carer stakeholder organisations.

RECOMMENDATIONS

The resulting paper outlines and describes the following eight eating disorder treatment principles: (1) early intervention is essential; (2) co-ordination of services is fundamental to all service models; (3) services must be evidence-based; (4) involvement of significant others in service provision is highly desirable; (5) a personalised treatment approach is required for all patients; (6) education and/or psychoeducation is included in all interventions; (7) multidisciplinary care is required and (8) a skilled workforce is necessary. Seven general clinical practice standards are also discussed, including: (1) diagnosis and assessment; (2) the multidisciplinary care team; (3) a positive therapeutic alliance; (4) knowledge of evidence-based treatment; (5) knowledge of levels of care; (6) relapse prevention; and (7) professional responsibility.

CONCLUSIONS

These principles and standards provide guidance to professional training programs and service providers on the development of knowledge required as a foundation on which to build competent practice in the eating disorder field. Implementing these standards aims to bring treatment closer to best practice, and consequently improve treatment outcomes, reduce financial cost to patients and services and improve patient quality of life.

Outpatient therapy for adult anorexia nervosa: Early weight gain trajectories and outcome

OBJECTIVE

The purpose of the study was to identify latent classes of trajectory of change in body mass index (BMI) between the initial and thirteenth session of outpatient treatment for adult anorexia nervosa and identify the association with outcome.

METHOD

Participants (n = 120) were randomised to one of three outpatient therapies.

RESULTS

Four latent classes were identified; two classes (higher, rapid and higher, moderate) had BMI > 17 kg/m² at initial assessment, and both gained significantly more weight over the 13 sessions compared to the other two classes. The third and fourth classes (middle, stable and low, stable) had an initial BMI of 16.44 and 15.31, respectively, and neither gained weight over the first 13 sessions. Compared to the other three classes, the higher, rapid class (N = 19, 16%) showed a significantly greater BMI increase over the first 13 sessions of therapy and a significantly higher rate of remission at end of treatment and 12-month follow-up (18-22 months post-randomisation).

CONCLUSIONS

The group with the greatest early weight gain had significantly higher levels of remission. Higher BMI at baseline without substantial early weight gain was insufficient to produce higher levels of remission than those with lower weight at baseline.

Publication Trends in Psychotherapy: Bibliometric Analysis of the Past 5 Decades

OBJECTIVE

Bibliometric analyses are commonly used to document publication trends over time; however, this methodology has not been used to investigate possible trends concerning publishing about psychotherapy brands. In this study, the authors sought to identify the publication trends of peer-reviewed articles about 30 psychotherapy brands.

METHODS

Analyses were focused on the past 50 years and on each decade from 1970 to 2019. All searches were performed between October 2018 and January 2019 on the EbscoHost platform. Two databases were selected for the searches: PsycINFO and PubMed.

RESULTS

In the 28,594 articles reviewed, most published articles concerned cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), and five brands accounted for almost 78% of all publications: CBT, psychoanalysis, family systems therapy, behavioral therapy, and cognitive therapy. Three trends were identified across decades: five therapies consistently yielded the largest number of publications, the number of publications focused on therapies with less research support declined from the 1970s to the 1990s, and publications about therapies with more of a research basis increased in the 1990s through the 2010s. Publications on meditation and mindfulness presented the most salient growth area for all psychotherapies across the 5 decades. A few psychotherapy brands have dominated the publishing realm during the past 50 years and across each decade.

CONCLUSIONS

Possible explanations for these publication trends were considered, including the emergence of the evidence-based therapy movement and various sociohistorical changes. Potential psychotherapy publications trends in the future are discussed.

The role of self-monitoring metacognition sub-function and negative urgency related to binge severity

OBJECTIVE

This study aims to test a model where low self-monitoring (a sub-function of first-person domain of metacognition) and high negative urgency lead to a worsening of binge severity through the mediation of emotional dysregulation in patients with binge eating disorder (BED).

METHOD

Forty non-BED-obese and 46 BED-obese patients completed a battery of tests assessing metacognition and psychopathology. To test our hypothesized model, a structural equation model (SEM) using maximum likelihood estimation was conducted.

RESULTS

BED-obese patients had significantly higher scores in BES, UPPS-P Negative urgency, and DERS total score, and lower MSAS self-monitoring than non-BED-obese, while no differences emerged in the MSAS others-monitoring subscale. The structural model demonstrated very good fit indexes (χ² = 1.377, df = 2; p = .502, CMIN/DF = 0.688, CFI = 1.000, RMSEA = 0.000, TLI = 1.047) and all paths were significant in the predicted directions.

CONCLUSIONS

These preliminary findings show that, low self-monitoring and high negative urgency lead BED-obese patients to express the worsening of binge severity through the mediation of emotional dysregulation. This knowledge may be helpful in the clinical practice to develop a tailor-made treatment. Accordingly, an approach through Metacognitive Interpersonal Therapy could be attempted in BED-obese patients with these characteristics. Highlights Patients with BED exhibited low self-monitoring and high negative urgency. Binge severity was mediated by high level of emotional dysregulation. Metacognitive Interpersonal Therapy may be useful for BED patients.

Emotion Regulation Difficulties During and After Partial Hospitalization Treatment Across Eating Disorders

Emotion regulation deficits are associated with eating disorder (ED) symptoms, regardless of eating disorder diagnosis. Thus, recent treatment approaches for EDs, such as dialectical behavior therapy (DBT), have focused on teaching patients skills to better regulate emotions. The present study examined changes in emotion regulation among adult patients with EDs during DBT-oriented partial hospital treatment, and at follow-up (M[SD] = 309.58[144.59] days from discharge). Exploratory analyses examined associations between changes in emotion regulation and ED symptoms. Patients with anorexia nervosa, restricting (AN-R, n = 77), and binge-eating/purging subtype (AN-BP, n = 46), or bulimia nervosa (BN, n = 118) completed the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS) at admission, discharge, and follow-up. Patients with BN demonstrated significant improvements across all facets of emotion dysregulation from admission to discharge and maintained improvements at follow-up. Although patients with AN-BP demonstrated statistically significant improvements on overall emotion regulation, impulsivity, and acceptance, awareness, and clarity of emotions, from admission to discharge, these improvements were not significant at follow-up. Patients with AN-R demonstrated statistically significant improvements on overall emotion dysregulation from treatment admission to discharge. Changes in emotion regulation were moderately correlated with changes in ED symptoms over time. Results support different trajectories of emotion regulation symptom change in DBT-oriented partial hospital treatment across ED diagnoses, with patients with BN demonstrating the most consistent significant improvements.

Dialectical behavioral therapy: an update and review of the existing treatment models adapted for adults with eating disorders

Despite the effectiveness of CBT in reducing shape/weight concerns and dietary restraint, research suggests that patients considered recovered may still exhibit emotional difficulties related to eating disorders (EDs). Dialectical behavior therapy (DBT) has been adapted for a variety of mental disorders characterized by emotion dysregulation and, more recently, for EDs specifically. The current review found that the majority of the research studies employed one of the following three adaptations of DBT for EDs: The Stanford Model, Radically Open-DBT (RO-DBT), or Multidiagnostic ED-DBT (MED-DBT). Therefore, this review sought to review and update the empirical research on each adaptation and (2) offer preliminary recommendations for when and which adaptation of DBT to use when treating adults with EDs. Findings from the empirical literature on DBT and EDs indicate that the Stanford Model has the most rigorous and numerous studies demonstrating efficacy and effectiveness in those diagnosed with binge eating disorder. Fewer studies have been conducted using the Stanford Model with bulimia nervosa; therefore, less strong assertions can be made about DBT with those diagnosed with bulimia. The MED-DBT model has been evaluated in several open trials within higher levels of care with promising results, but the lack of randomized clinically-controlled trials prevents a definitive statement about its efficacy. Finally, research on applying the RO-DBT model to anorexia-nervosa, restricting subtype is in its infancy, prohibiting solid conclusions or recommendations regarding its efficacy or effectiveness.

Outpatient treatment for adults with complex eating disorders and co-morbid conditions: a decision making model and case example

Although Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT-E) for eating disorders has the most empirical support for the outpatient treatment of adult eating disorders (EDs), this model does not include a focus on intense emotion dysregulation, suicidality, and non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI). Furthermore, a subset of patients do not achieve sustained remission with CBT-E. Given that Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT) was designed for treatment refractory, complex patients, clinicians must be able to use assessment information to determine which type of treatment to use. The aims of this manuscript are to 1) describe a DBT-based and research-informed conceptual model for treatment decision making for an outpatient non-academic setting, 2) present a case example of a client with significant ED symptoms and complex medical and psychiatric comorbidities, using this decision making model and 3) present descriptive data from a private practice setting in which patients are referred to DBT vs. CBT-E according to this decision making model.

Dialectical behavior therapy guided self-help for binge-eating disorder

Binge-eating disorder (BED) is a prevalent and serious public health issue. BED is characterized by recurrent out-of-control binge eating episodes in the absence of extreme weight control behavior and is associated with significant psychosocial and physiological impairment. Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT), based on the affect regulation model of binge eating, is an evidence-based treatment (EBT) approach for BED. Unfortunately, access to EBTs is often limited due to geographical barriers (i.e., lack of local providers with specialized training in EBTs), lack of financial resources, and/or time constraints. Self-help approaches (via guided and unguided versions) to delivering DBT for BED offer a potentially effective means of more widely disseminating this treatment. Compared to traditional, higher intensity approaches, self-help DBT for BED is less time-consuming, less financially costly, and requires less need for specialized therapist-training. This paper will present how DBT for BED has been adapted for self-help delivery, review the limited but promising research on DBT self-help available to date, and provide directions for future research.

Randomized controlled trial testing the effectiveness of adaptive "SMART" stepped-care treatment for adults with binge-eating disorder comorbid with obesity

This randomized controlled trial (RCT) tested effectiveness of adaptive SMART stepped-care treatment to "standard" behavioral weight loss (BWL [standard]) for patients with binge-eating disorder (BED) and obesity. One hundred ninety-one patients were randomly assigned to 6 months of BWL (standard; n = 39) or stepped care (n = 152). Within stepped care, patients started with BWL for 1 month; treatment responders continued BWL, whereas nonresponders switched to cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), and patients receiving stepped care were additionally randomized to weight-loss medication or placebo (double-blind) for the remaining 5 months. Independent assessments were performed reliably at baseline, throughout treatment, and posttreatment. Intent-to-treat (ITT) analyses of remission rates (zero binges/month) revealed that BWL (standard) and stepped care did not differ (74.4% vs. 66.5%); within stepped care, remission rates ranged 40.0% to 83.3%, with medication significantly superior to placebo (overall) and among nonresponders switched to CBT. Mixed-models analyses of binge-eating frequency revealed significant time effects, but BWL (standard) and stepped care did not differ; within stepped care, medication was significantly superior to placebo and among nonresponders switched to CBT. Mixed models revealed significant weight loss, but BWL (standard; 5.1% weight-loss) and stepped care (5.8% weight-loss) did not differ; within stepped care (range = 0.4% to 8.8% weight-loss), medication was significantly superior to placebo and among both responders continued on BWL and nonresponders switched to CBT. In summary, BWL (standard) and adaptive stepped-care treatments produced robust improvements in binge eating and weight loss in patients with BED/obesity. Within adaptive stepped care, weight-loss medication enhanced outcomes for BED/obesity. Implications for clinical practice and future adaptive designs are offered. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).

Dialectical behavior therapy adapted for binge eating compared to cognitive behavior therapy in obese adults with binge eating disorder: a controlled study

BACKGROUND

Current guidelines recommend cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) as the treatment of choice for binge eating disorder (BED). Although CBT is quite effective, a substantial number of patients do not reach abstinence from binge eating. To tackle this problem, various theoretical conceptualizations and treatment models have been proposed. Dialectical behavior therapy (DBT), focusing on emotion regulation, is one such model. Preliminary evidence comparing DBT adapted for BED (DBT-BED) to CBT is promising but the available data do not favor one treatment over the other. The aim of this study is to evaluate outcome of DBT-BED, compared to a more intensive eating disorders-focused form of cognitive behavior therapy (CBT+), in individuals with BED who are overweight and engage in emotional eating.

METHODS

Seventy-four obese patients with BED who reported above average levels of emotional eating were quasi-randomly allocated to one of two manualized 20-session group treatments: DBT-BED (n = 41) or CBT+ (n = 33). Intention-to-treat outcome was examined at post-treatment and at 6-month follow-up using general or generalized linear models with multiple imputation.

RESULTS

Overall, greater improvements were observed in CBT+. Differences in number of objective binge eating episodes at end of treatment, and eating disorder psychopathology (EDE-Q Global score) and self-esteem (EDI-3 Low Self-Esteem) at follow-up reached statistical significance with medium effect sizes (Cohen's d between .46 and .59). Of the patients in the DBT group, 69.9% reached clinically significant change at end of the treatment vs 65.0% at follow-up. Although higher, this was not significantly different from the patients in the CBT+ group (52.9% vs 45.8%).

CONCLUSIONS

The results of this study show that CBT+ produces better outcomes than the less intensive DBT-BED on several measures. Yet, regardless of the dose-difference, the data suggest that DBT-BED and CBT+ lead to comparable levels of clinically meaningful change in global eating disorder psychopathology. Future recommendations include the need for dose-matched comparisons in a sufficiently powered randomized controlled trial, and the need to determine mediators and moderators of treatment outcome.

TRIAL REGISTRATION

Nederlands Trial Register: NL3982 (NTR4154). Date of registration: 2013 August 28, retrospectively registered.

How are early maladaptive schemas and DSM-5 personality traits associated with the severity of binge eating?

OBJECTIVE

The present study aimed to (a) assess and compare personological traits and early maladaptive schemas (EMSs) of obese women with and without binge eating disorder (BED) and (b) identify the variables associated with the binge severity.

METHOD

One hundred women (55 BED-obese and 45 non-BED-obese) completed psychopathological and personological self-report questionnaires. A forward stepwise linear regression analysis was performed to assess variables associated with binge eating severity.

RESULTS

Not only psychopathological but also personological differences were evident between BED and non-BED-obese women. BED severity was significantly associated with depressivity, emotional deprivation, and defectiveness.

CONCLUSIONS

Our preliminary findings suggest that BED patients exhibit some EMSs that could be linked to the construct of emotional neglect and specific personological traits closely related to depressive dimensions, emotional lability, and impulsivity. In particular, binge severity is associated with the pervasiveness of depressogenic cognitive schemas, as well as those of emotional deprivation and defectiveness.

Mechanisms and moderators in mindfulness- and acceptance-based treatments for binge eating spectrum disorders: A systematic review

OBJECTIVE

Increasing evidence suggests that mindfulness- and acceptance-based psychotherapies (MABTs) for bulimia nervosa (BN) and binge eating disorder (BED) may be efficacious; however, little is known about their active treatment components or for whom they may be most effective.

METHODS

We systematically identified clinical trials testing MABTs for BN or BED through PsychINFO and Google Scholar. Publications were categorized according to analyses of mechanisms of action and moderators of treatment outcome.

RESULTS

Thirty-nine publications met inclusion criteria. Twenty-seven included analyses of therapeutic mechanisms, and five examined moderators of treatment outcome. Changes were largely consistent with hypothesized mechanisms of MABTs, but substandard mediation analyses, inconsistent measurement tools, and infrequent use of mid-treatment assessment points limited our ability to make strong inferences.

DISCUSSION

Analyses of mechanisms of action and moderators of outcome in MABTs for BN and BED appear promising, but the use of more sophisticated statistical analyses and adequate replication is necessary.

A systematic review and meta-analysis of dropout rates from dialectical behaviour therapy in randomized controlled trials

Dropout is an important factor that may compromise the validity of findings from randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of dialectical behaviour therapy (DBT). We conducted a targeted meta-analytic review of dropout from RCTs of DBT, with the aims of (1) calculating average rates of dropout from DBT; (2) investigating factors that moderate dropout; (3) examining whether dropout rates from DBT differ to control interventions; (4) synthesising reasons for dropout. Forty RCTs of DBT met full inclusion criteria. The weighted mean dropout rate was 28.0% (95% CI = 23.6, 32.9). Dropout rates were not related to target disorder, dropout definition, delivery format, therapist experience, and therapist adherence. Unexpectedly, dropout rates were significantly higher in trials that offered telephone coaching and utilized a therapist consultation team. DBT dropout rates did not significantly differ to dropout rates from control interventions. Few trials reported reasons for dropout, and there was little consistency in the reported reasons. Findings suggest that over one in four patients drop out from DBT in RCTs. This review highlights the urgency for future trials to explicitly report detail pertaining to patient dropout, as this may assist in the development of strategies designed to prevent future dropouts in RCTs of DBT.

Implementing a condensed dialectical behavior therapy skills group for binge-eating behaviors in adolescents

PURPOSE

Subthreshold binge-eating disorder (BED) symptoms can lead to additive physical and psychological health challenges and may put youth at risk for developing BED during the early adulthood. We examined the implementation of a condensed dialectical behavior therapy (DBT) skills intervention for subthreshold binge-eating behaviors in adolescents.

METHODS

Fifteen 14-18 years old participated in a 10-week DBT skills group, which experientially introduced mindfulness, distress tolerance, emotion regulation, and interpersonal effectiveness skills in the context of emotionally driven overeating behaviors. Adolescents and caregivers completed measures of emotional eating and binge-eating behaviors at baseline and post-intervention, including the Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire and Emotional Eating Scale for Children and Adolescents. Eleven participants were retained at 3-month follow-up.

RESULTS

Descriptive statistics were compared at all three time points. Results suggested a reduction in emotional eating and binge-eating behaviors based on youth self-report and caregiver report. Acceptability ratings of the treatment were high among participants completing the intervention.

CONCLUSIONS

Using DBT skills to target emotionally driven overeating behaviors in youth may be useful in the treatment of subthreshold BED behaviors and potentially deter future development of full-criteria BED.

LEVEL OF EVIDENCE

Level IV, uncontrolled pilot trial.

Recent Research on Bulimia Nervosa

Estimates of lifetime bulimia nervosa (BN) range from 4% to 6.7% across studies. There has been a decrease in the presentation of BN in primary care but an increase in disordered eating not meeting full diagnostic criteria. Regardless of diagnostic status, disordered eating is associated with long-term significant impairment to both physical and mental quality of life, and BN is associated with a significantly higher likelihood of self-harm, suicide, and death. Assessment should adopt a motivationally enhancing stance given the high level of ambivalence associated with BN. Cognitive behavior therapy specific to eating disorders outperforms other active psychological comparisons.

Predictors of outcome in cognitive behavioural therapy for eating disorders: An exploratory study

OBJECTIVE

Early decrease in symptoms is a consistent predictor of good treatment outcome across all eating disorders. The current study explored the predictive value of novel early change variables in a transdiagnostic, non-underweight sample receiving 10-session cognitive behavioural therapy.

METHOD

Participants who reported bingeing and/or purging in the week preceding baseline assessment (N = 62) were included in analyses. Early change variables were calculated for novel (body image flexibility, body image avoidance, body checking, and fear of compassion) and established predictors (behavioural symptoms and therapeutic alliance). Outcomes were global eating disorder psychopathology and clinical impairment at posttreatment and three-month follow-up. Intent-to-treat analyses were conducted using linear regression, adjusting for baseline values of the relevant outcome and early change in behavioural symptoms.

RESULTS

Early improvement in body image flexibility was the most consistent predictor of good outcome. Early change in body image avoidance and the fear of expressing and receiving compassion to/from others were significant predictors in some analyses.

DISCUSSION

Novel early change variables were significant predictors of eating disorder outcomes in this exploratory study. Model testing is required to understand the exact mechanisms by which these variables impact on outcomes, and whether there is potential benefit of modifying existing protocols.

ANZCTR TRIAL NUMBER

ACTRN12615001098527.

Momentary predictors of binge eating: An attachment perspective

INTRODUCTION

According to attachment theory, individuals who are preoccupied with the possibility of rejection are prone to emotion dysregulation, which research has found to be related to disordered eating. The current study examined naturalistic momentary relationships between binge eating, depressive symptoms, emotion dysregulation, and attachment anxiety.

METHOD

Participants were 55 undergraduate women who owned a mobile phone and who had binge eaten at least once during the past 28 days. All participants were screened to confirm the presence of binge eating and then completed trait measures of attachment anxiety. Participants then received seven text messages per day for 14 days. Texts contained links to state measures of depressive symptoms, state emotion dysregulation, and recent binge eating.

RESULTS

Momentary depressive symptoms predicted subsequent binge eating. Aspects of emotion dysregulation (i.e., nonacceptance of emotional responses and difficulty modulating one's emotions) mediated the relationship between attachment anxiety and binge eating.

DISCUSSION

Depressed mood often triggers binge eating. Additionally, attachment anxiety seems to predict binge eating through emotion dysregulation. Interventions for binge eating should address both attachment anxiety and emotion dysregulation in order to maximize therapeutic benefit.

Randomized controlled psychotherapy trials in eating disorders: Improving their conduct, interpretation and usefulness

BACKGROUND

While randomized controlled trials (RCTs) inform the efficacy and effectiveness of treatments, we need to understand that even RCTs can be associated with sub-optimal execution. This is of special pertinence to eating disorders given the majority of treatment studies involving cognitive behaviour therapy are of poor quality with respect to managing risk of bias adequately.

METHODS

The current paper outlines the components of a good RCT for psychotherapy, and examines ways to improve the conduct, interpretation, and usefulness of RCTs.

RESULTS

This includes managing reporting bias, recognizing the limits of randomization, applicability, and ethical considerations.

CONCLUSIONS

We highlight a number of strategies for future research, including issues related to utilizing a variety of designs to examine treatment outcomes, integrity, openness and reproducibility.