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Sara G, Gould P, Curtis J, Chen W, Lau M, Ramanuj P, Currow D, Burgess P. Vaccine-preventable hospitalisations in adult mental health service users: a population study. Psychol Med 2023; 53:7232-7241. [PMID: 37016779 PMCID: PMC10719683 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291723000776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 04/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vaccine-preventable conditions cause preventable illness and may increase mortality in people living with mental illness. We examined how risks of hospitalisation for a wide range of vaccine-preventable conditions varied by age and sex among mental health (MH) service users. METHODS Linked population data from New South Wales (NSW), Australia were used to identify vaccine-preventable hospitalisations (VPH) for 19 conditions from 2015 to 2020. Adult MH service users (n = 418 915) were compared to other NSW residents using incidence rates standardised for age, sex and socioeconomic status. Secondary analyses examined admissions for COVID-19 to September 2021. RESULTS We identified 94 180 VPH of which 41% were influenza, 33% hepatitis B and 10% herpes zoster. MH service users had more VPH admissions [adjusted incidence rate ratio (aIRR) 3.2, 95% CI 3.1-3.3]. Relative risks were highest for hepatitis (aIRR 4.4, 95% CI 4.3-4.6), but elevated for all conditions including COVID-19 (aIRR 2.0, 95% CI 1.9-2.2). MH service users had a mean age of 9 years younger than other NSW residents at first VPH admission, with the largest age gap for vaccine-preventable pneumonias (11-13 years younger). The highest relative risk of VPH was among MH service users aged 45-65. CONCLUSIONS MH service users have increased risk of hospitalisation for many vaccine-preventable conditions. This may be due to reduced vaccination rates, more severe illness requiring hospitalisation, greater exposure to infectious conditions or other factors. People living with mental illness should be prioritised in vaccination strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grant Sara
- Northern Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- School of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of NSW, Randwick, Australia
- System Information and Analytics Branch, NSW Ministry of Health, St Leonards, Australia
| | - Patrick Gould
- School of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of NSW, Randwick, Australia
| | - Jackie Curtis
- School of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of NSW, Randwick, Australia
| | - Wendy Chen
- System Information and Analytics Branch, NSW Ministry of Health, St Leonards, Australia
| | | | | | - David Currow
- Faculty of Health and Behavioural Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
| | - Philip Burgess
- School of Population Health, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
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Abstract
There is increasingly compelling evidence that microorganisms may play an etiological role in the emergence of mental illness in a subset of the population. Historically, most work has focused on the neurotrophic herpesviruses, herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1), cytomegalovirus (CMV), and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) as well as the protozoan, Toxoplasma gondii. In this chapter, we provide an umbrella review of this literature and additionally highlight prospective studies that allow more mechanistic conclusions to be drawn. Next, we focus on clinical trials of anti-microbial medications for the treatment of psychiatric disorders. We critically evaluate six trials that tested the impact of anti-herpes medications on inflammatory outcomes in the context of a medical disorder, nine clinical trials utilizing anti-herpetic medications for the treatment of myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) or schizophrenia, and four clinical trials utilizing anti-parasitic medications for the treatment of schizophrenia. We then turn our attention to evidence for a gut dysbiosis and altered microbiome in psychiatric disorders, and the potential therapeutic effects of probiotics, including an analysis of more than 10 randomized controlled trials of probiotics in the context of schizophrenia, bipolar disorder (BD), and major depressive disorder (MDD).
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Depression, aging, and immunity: implications for COVID-19 vaccine immunogenicity. Immun Ageing 2022; 19:32. [PMID: 35836263 PMCID: PMC9281075 DOI: 10.1186/s12979-022-00288-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The aging process can have detrimental effects on the immune system rendering the elderly more susceptible to infectious disease and less responsive to vaccination. Major depressive disorder (MDD) has been hypothesized to show characteristics of accelerated biological aging. This raises the possibility that depressed individuals will show some overlap with elderly populations with respect to their immune response to infection and vaccination. Here we provide an umbrella review of this literature in the context of the SARS CoV-2 pandemic. On balance, the available data do indeed suggest that depression is a risk factor for both adverse outcomes following COVID-19 infection and for reduced COVID-19 vaccine immunogenicity. We conclude that MDD (and other major psychiatric disorders) should be recognized as vulnerable populations that receive priority for vaccination along with other at-risk groups.
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Bonkat N, Fellendorf FT, Dalkner N, Reininghaus EZ. Severe mental disorders and vaccinations - a systematic review. World J Biol Psychiatry 2022; 23:501-516. [PMID: 35014937 DOI: 10.1080/15622975.2021.2013095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES People with severe mental illnesses (SMI: schizophrenia, depressive disorder, bipolar disorder) have a high risk of being infected by viruses and suffer a more severe infection illness course than the general population. The aim of this literature review was to elucidate rates as well as immunogenicity and side effects of vaccinations in SMI. METHODS All studies in the English or German language, which investigated either prevalence rates or effects of vaccinations in the target groups, were systematically searched in the databank PubMed by three independent authors using the PRISMA guidelines and discussed in more detail. RESULTS The search found 24 studies reporting epidemiological data and 16 investigating immunogenicity of vaccinations. The results on prevalence rates, antibody production, inflammation response and side effects were inconsistent. About interactions with psychotropic medication, only two studies on clozapine were found. CONCLUSIONS Only a few trials with heterogeneous samples have investigated prevalence and effects of vaccinations in SMI. Sex, age and other factors such as somatic comorbidities and special vaccination programmes have not been considered continuously and may influence rates as well. As individuals with SMI might be at special risk, further research on the willingness to be vaccinated as well as efficacy of vaccinations is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Bonkat
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapeutic Medicine, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Frederike T Fellendorf
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapeutic Medicine, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Nina Dalkner
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapeutic Medicine, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Eva Z Reininghaus
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapeutic Medicine, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria
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5
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Non-SARS Coronaviruses in Individuals with Psychiatric Disorders. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2022; 61:265-278. [PMID: 35947355 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2022_386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome-Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) has highlighted the importance of coronaviruses in human health. Several seasonal, non-SARS Coronaviruses are endemic in most areas of the world. In a previous study, we found that the level of antibodies to these seasonal Coronaviruses was elevated in persons with a recent onset of psychosis. In the current study, the level of antibodies to seasonal Coronaviruses was compared between individuals with psychiatric disorders and a non-psychiatric comparison group. METHODS Participants (N = 195) were persons with a diagnosis of schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, major depressive disorder, or without a psychiatric disorder. Each participant had a blood sample drawn from which were measured IgG antibodies to the spike proteins in four non-SARS Coronaviruses, 229E, HKU1, NL63, and OC43, using a multiplex electrochemiluminescence assay. Linear regression models were employed to compare the levels of antibodies between each psychiatric group and the comparison group adjusting for demographic variables. Logistic regression models were employed to calculate the odds ratios associated with increased levels of antibodies to each seasonal Coronavirus based on the 50th percentile level of the comparison group. RESULTS The schizophrenia group had significantly increased levels of antibodies to the seasonal Coronaviruses OC43 and NL63. This group also had increased odds of having elevated antibody levels to OC43. The major depression group showed a significantly lower level of antibodies to Coronavirus 229E. There were no significant differences between any of the psychiatric groups and the comparison group in the levels of antibodies to seasonal Coronaviruses 229E or HKU1. CONCLUSIONS The elevated level of antibodies to OC43 and NL63 in the schizophrenia group indicates increased exposure to these agents and raises the possibility that Coronaviruses may contribute to the etiopathology of this disorder. The cause-and-effect relationship between seasonal Coronaviruses and psychiatric disorders should be the subject of additional investigations focusing on longitudinal cohort studies.
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6
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Markiewicz-Gospodarek A, Górska A, Markiewicz R, Chilimoniuk Z, Czeczelewski M, Baj J, Maciejewski R, Masiak J. The Relationship between Mental Disorders and the COVID-19 Pandemic—Course, Risk Factors, and Potential Consequences. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19159573. [PMID: 35954930 PMCID: PMC9368061 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19159573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
In this review the authors discuss that COVID-19 has already had a direct impact on the physical health of many people and that it appears to have put at risk the mental health of large populations. In this review, we also discuss the relationship between mental disorders and the SARS-CoV-2 infection. We convey the disorders’ risk factors and the more serious mental disorder consequences of COVID-19. People with mental health disorders could be more susceptible to the emotional responses brought on by the COVID-19 epidemic. The COVID-19 pandemic may adversely influence the mental health of patients with already diagnosed mental disorders. For the aim of dealing better with the psychological problems of people afflicted by the COVID-19 pandemic, new psychological procedures are required.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aleksandra Górska
- Department of Human Anatomy, Medical University of Lublin, 4 Jaczewskiego St., 20-090 Lublin, Poland
| | - Renata Markiewicz
- Department of Psychiatric Nursing, Medical University of Lublin, 18 Szkolna St., 20-124 Lublin, Poland
| | - Zuzanna Chilimoniuk
- Student Scientific Group, Department of Family Medicine, Medical University of Lublin, 6a (SPSK1) Langiewicza St., 20-032 Lublin, Poland
| | - Marcin Czeczelewski
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical University of Lublin, 8b Jaczewskiego St., 20-090 Lublin, Poland
| | - Jacek Baj
- Department of Human Anatomy, Medical University of Lublin, 4 Jaczewskiego St., 20-090 Lublin, Poland
| | - Ryszard Maciejewski
- Department of Human Anatomy, Medical University of Lublin, 4 Jaczewskiego St., 20-090 Lublin, Poland
| | - Jolanta Masiak
- II Department of Psychiatry and Psychiatric Rehabilitation, Medical University of Lublin, 1 Głuska (SPSK Nr 1) St., 20-059 Lublin, Poland
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7
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Zheng H, Savitz J. Effect of Cytomegalovirus Infection on the Central Nervous System: Implications for Psychiatric Disorders. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2022; 61:215-241. [PMID: 35505056 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2022_361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a common herpesvirus that establishes lifelong latent infections and interacts extensively with the host immune system, potentially contributing to immune activation and inflammation. Given its proclivity for infecting the brain and its reactivation by inflammatory stimuli, CMV is well known for causing central nervous system complications in the immune-naïve (e.g., in utero) and in the immunocompromised (e.g., in neonates, individuals receiving transplants or cancer chemotherapy, or people living with HIV). However, its potentially pathogenic role in diseases that are characterized by more subtle immune dysregulation and inflammation such as psychiatric disorders is still a matter of debate. In this chapter, we briefly summarize the pathogenic role of CMV in immune-naïve and immunocompromised populations and then review the evidence (i.e., epidemiological studies, serological studies, postmortem studies, and recent neuroimaging studies) for a link between CMV infection and psychiatric disorders with a focus on mood disorders and schizophrenia. Finally, we discuss the potential mechanisms through which CMV may cause CNS dysfunction in the context of mental disorders and conclude with a summary of the current state of play as well as potential future research directions in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haixia Zheng
- Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, OK, USA.
| | - Jonathan Savitz
- Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, OK, USA.,Oxley College of Health Sciences, The University of Tulsa, Tulsa, OK, USA
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Xiao K, Gillissie ES, Lui LM, Ceban F, Teopiz KM, Gill H, Cao B, Ho R, Rosenblat JD, McIntyre RS. Immune response to vaccination in adults with mental disorders: A systematic review. J Affect Disord 2022; 304:66-77. [PMID: 35167926 PMCID: PMC8837484 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2022.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mental disorders are associated with immune dysregulation as measured by serum levels of biological markers of immunity. Adults with mental disorders have also been reported to have attenuated post vaccine immune response. The COVID-19 pandemic has invited the need to determine whether individuals with mental disorders exhibit differential immune response following the administration of vaccines for other infections. METHODS A systematic search of MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane, and PsycInfo was conducted from inception to May 2021 investigating vaccine response in persons with mental disorders, as measured by biological markers of immunity (i.e., antibodies, cytokines). RESULTS Thirteen articles were identified which evaluated vaccine efficacy in persons with mental disorders. Individuals with major depressive disorder (MDD) or schizophrenia revealed attenuated immune response to vaccination, or no statistical difference compared to control subjects. Individuals with anorexia nervosa or post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) displayed no attenuated post-vaccination antibody level. Individuals with insomnia displayed lower levels of antibodies after vaccination, whereas individuals with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) displayed no difference in vaccine response compared to control subjects. LIMITATIONS The limitations of this review include the relatively few articles included (n = 13) and small sample sizes (less than thirty subjects) in the majority of articles. CONCLUSION Vaccine response in adults with a mental disorder remains inconclusive. Notwithstanding the heterogeneity and relatively small number of studies, available evidence does suggest attenuated immune response across disparate vaccinations. Future research is required to confirm vaccine efficacy in persons with mental disorders, especially regarding immune responses to COVID-19 vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karren Xiao
- Mood Disorders Psychopharmacology Unit, University Health Network, 399 Bathurst Street, MP 9-325,Toronto, ON M5T 2S8, Canada
| | - Emily S. Gillissie
- Mood Disorders Psychopharmacology Unit, University Health Network, 399 Bathurst Street, MP 9-325,Toronto, ON M5T 2S8, Canada
| | - Leanna M.W. Lui
- Mood Disorders Psychopharmacology Unit, University Health Network, 399 Bathurst Street, MP 9-325,Toronto, ON M5T 2S8, Canada,Brain and Cognition Discovery Foundation, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Felicia Ceban
- Mood Disorders Psychopharmacology Unit, University Health Network, 399 Bathurst Street, MP 9-325,Toronto, ON M5T 2S8, Canada,Brain and Cognition Discovery Foundation, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Kayla M. Teopiz
- Mood Disorders Psychopharmacology Unit, University Health Network, 399 Bathurst Street, MP 9-325,Toronto, ON M5T 2S8, Canada
| | - Hartej Gill
- Mood Disorders Psychopharmacology Unit, University Health Network, 399 Bathurst Street, MP 9-325,Toronto, ON M5T 2S8, Canada,Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Bing Cao
- School of Psychology and Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (Ministry of Education), Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China
| | - Roger Ho
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore,Institute of Health Innovation and Technology (iHealthtech), National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Joshua D. Rosenblat
- Mood Disorders Psychopharmacology Unit, University Health Network, 399 Bathurst Street, MP 9-325,Toronto, ON M5T 2S8, Canada,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Canada
| | - Roger S. McIntyre
- Mood Disorders Psychopharmacology Unit, University Health Network, 399 Bathurst Street, MP 9-325,Toronto, ON M5T 2S8, Canada,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Canada,Department of Pharmacology, University of Toronto, Canada,Brain and Cognition Discovery Foundation, Toronto, ON, Canada,Corresponding author at: Mood Disorders Psychopharmacology Unit, University Health Network, 399 Bathurst Street, MP 9-325,Toronto, ON M5T 2S8, Canada
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9
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Rania N, Coppola I. The Fear of Contagion and the Attitude Toward the Restrictive Measures Imposed to Face COVID-19 in Italy: The Psychological Consequences Caused by the Pandemic One Year After It Began. Front Psychol 2022; 13:805706. [PMID: 35282266 PMCID: PMC8907923 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.805706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The pandemic nature of COVID-19 has caused major changes in health, economy, and society globally. Albeit to a lesser extent, contingent access to shops and places to socialize the imposition of social distancing and the use of indoor masks is measures still in force today (more than a year after the start of the pandemic), with repercussions on economic, social, and psychological levels. The fear of contagion, in fact, has led us to be increasingly suspicious and to isolate ourselves from the remainder of the community. This has had repercussions on the perception of loneliness, with significant psychological consequences, such as the development of stress, anxiety, and, in extreme cases, depressive symptoms. Starting from these assumptions, this research was developed with the aim of deepening the perceptions that the participants have of their own mental health, loneliness, fear linked to contagion, and attitudes toward imposed social distancing. In particular, we wanted to analyze whether there is a relationship between perceived fear and the perceived level of mental health, loneliness, and attitude toward social distancing. Finally, we wanted to analyze whether there are differences related to gender, age, marital status, current working mode, and educational qualifications. The research, performed after the diffusion of the vaccination in Italy, lasted 14 days. The participants were 500 Italians who voluntarily joined the study and were recruited with random cascade sampling. The research followed a quantitative approach. The analyzed data, from participants residing throughout the national territory, allow us to return the picture of the perceptions that Italians have of the fear of contagion, of their level of mental health, of loneliness and of their attitude toward social distancing. In particular, the data show that fear of COVID-19 is an emotional state experienced by the entire population and that young people have suffered more from loneliness and have been less inclined to accept the imposed social distancing. The data that emerged should make policymakers reflect on the need to find functional strategies to combat COVID-19 or other health emergency crises whose effects do not affect the psychological wellbeing of the population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Rania
- Department of Education Sciences, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Ilaria Coppola
- Department of Education Sciences, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
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10
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Reininghaus EZ, Manchia M, Dalkner N, Bonkat N, Squassina A, Hodl I, Vieta E, Reif A, Hajek T, Landén M, Correll CU, Scott J, Etain B, Rietschel M, Bergink V, Martinez-Cengotitabengoa M, Kessing LV, Fagiolini A, Bauer M, Goodwin G, Gonzalez-Pinto A, Kupka RW, Schulze TG, Lagerberg TV, Yildiz A, Henry C, Morken G, Ritter P, Nieslen RE, Licht RW, Bechdolf A, Andreassen OA, Fellendorf FT. Outcomes associated with different vaccines in individuals with bipolar disorder and impact on the current COVID-19 pandemic- a systematic review. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2022; 54:90-99. [PMID: 34607722 PMCID: PMC8429356 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2021.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Bipolar disorder (BD) might be associated with higher infection rates of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) which in turn could result in worsening the clinical course and outcome. This may be due to a high prevalence of somatic comorbidities and an increased risk of delays in and poorer treatment of somatic disease in patients with severe mental illness in general. Vaccination is the most important public health intervention to tackle the ongoing pandemic. We undertook a systematic review regarding the data on vaccinations in individuals with BD. Proportion of prevalence rates, efficacy and specific side effects of vaccinations and in individuals with BD were searched. Results show that only five studies have investigated vaccinations in individuals with BD, which substantially limits the interpretation of overall findings. Studies on antibody production after vaccinations in BD are very limited and results are inconsistent. Also, the evidence-based science on side effects of vaccinations in individuals with BD so far is poor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Z Reininghaus
- Medical University Graz, Department of Psychiatry & Psychotherapeutic Medicine
| | - Mirko Manchia
- Unit of Psychiatry, Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari,Cagliari, Italy; Unit of Clinical Psychiatry, University Hospital Agency of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy; Department of Pharmacology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Nina Dalkner
- Medical University Graz, Department of Psychiatry & Psychotherapeutic Medicine
| | - Nina Bonkat
- Medical University Graz, Department of Psychiatry & Psychotherapeutic Medicine
| | - Alessio Squassina
- Laboratory of Pharmacogenomics, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Isabel Hodl
- Medical University Graz, Klinische Abteilung für Rheumatologie und Immunologie
| | - Eduard Vieta
- Institute of Neuroscience, Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Andreas Reif
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy; University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Tomas Hajek
- Dalhousie University, Department of Psychiatry, Canada National Institute of Mental Health Klecany, Czech Republic; National Institute of Mental Health Klecany, Czech Republic
| | - Mikael Landén
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Christoph U Correll
- Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Berlin, Germany; Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Department of Psychiatry and Molecular Medicine, Hempstead, NY, USA; The Zucker Hillside Hospital, Department of Psychiatry, Northwell Health, Glen Oaks, NY, USA
| | - Jan Scott
- Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Newcastle, UK
| | - Bruno Etain
- Universite de Paris - INSERM UMRS 1144 - DMU Neurosciences, GHU Lariboisière Fernand Widal, Departement de Psychiatrie, APHP - Paris - France
| | - Marcella Rietschel
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, University Heidelberg, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Veerle Bergink
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Monica Martinez-Cengotitabengoa
- Osakidetza, Basque Health Service, Health Service, BioAraba Research Institute, University of the Basque Country, Vitoria, Spain; The Psychology Clinic of East Anglia, Norwich, England
| | - Lars Vedel Kessing
- Copenhagen Affective Disorder research Center (CADIC), Psychiatric Center Copenhagen, Copenhagen Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Michael Bauer
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Carl Gustav Carus University Hospital Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Guy Goodwin
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Ralph W Kupka
- Dept. of Psychiatry, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Thomas G Schulze
- LMU University Hospital, Institute of Psychiatric Phenomics and Genomics (IPPG), Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich,Germany
| | - Trine V Lagerberg
- NORMENT Centre, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ayşegül Yildiz
- Dokuz Eylul University Izmir, Turkey Department of Psychiatry
| | - Chantal Henry
- Departement of Psychiatry, Service Hospitalo-Universitaire, GHU Paris Psychiatrie & Neurosciences, Paris, France, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Gunnar Morken
- St Olav University Hospital and Norwegian University of Science and Technology - NTNU, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences
| | - Phillip Ritter
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Carl Gustav Carus University Hospital Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - René Ernst Nieslen
- Department of Psychiatry, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Rasmus W Licht
- Department of Psychiatry, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Andreas Bechdolf
- Department for Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatic, Vivantes Hospital am Urban and Friedrichshain; Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ole A Andreassen
- NORMENT Centre, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; NORMENT Centre, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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Nazari R, Barzegari S, Arpaci I, Hasani A, Zabihi A. Psychometric properties of the Persian COVID-19 phobia scale. JOURNAL OF NURSING AND MIDWIFERY SCIENCES 2022. [DOI: 10.4103/jnms.jnms_52_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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12
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Chi X, Chen S, Chen Y, Chen D, Yu Q, Guo T, Cao Q, Zheng X, Huang S, Hossain MM, Stubbs B, Yeung A, Zou L. Psychometric Evaluation of the Fear of COVID-19 Scale Among Chinese Population. Int J Ment Health Addict 2022; 20:1273-1288. [PMID: 33456407 PMCID: PMC7799163 DOI: 10.1007/s11469-020-00441-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Fear is a negative emotional reaction to or persistent worry over an imminent public health event like COVID-19. The COVID-Fear Scale was developed in many countries, but not in China. The current study aims to examine the psychometric properties of Chinese version of the Fear of COVID-19 Scale. Translation into Chinese and back-translation into English were conducted firstly. Item analysis and exploratory factor analysis were conducted in Sample 1, followed by validity tests in Sample 2. Likely, test-retest reliability was conducted in sample 3. A bifactor structure of Chinese version of FCV-19S with a general fear factor and two orthogonal group factors with fear thoughts and physical response was confirmed. Besides, it has good internal consistency reliability (α = .92), composite reliability (CR = .92), and validity correlation validity. The results of the present study confirmed that the Chinese version of FCV-19S has good psychometric properties in the Chinese communities. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11469-020-00441-7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinli Chi
- Institute of Mental Health, School of Psychology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Shiyun Chen
- Institute of Mental Health, School of Psychology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yuying Chen
- Institute of Mental Health, School of Psychology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Danying Chen
- Institute of Mental Health, School of Psychology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Qian Yu
- Institute of Mental Health, School of Psychology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Tianyou Guo
- Institute of Mental Health, School of Psychology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Qianyu Cao
- Institute of Mental Health, School of Psychology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiaodan Zheng
- Institute of Mental Health, School of Psychology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Shaojie Huang
- Institute of Mental Health, School of Psychology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Md Mahhub Hossain
- Department of Health Promotion and Community Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843 USA
| | - Brendon Stubbs
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Albert Yeung
- Depression Clinical and Research Program, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114 USA
| | - Liye Zou
- Institute of Mental Health, School of Psychology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
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Stankovic M, Papp L, Nyúl B, Ivánkovits L, Pető Z, Töreki A. Adaptation and psychometric evaluation of Hungarian version of the Fear of COVID-19 Scale. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0261745. [PMID: 34965255 PMCID: PMC8716026 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0261745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background COVID-19 pandemic has had a global major healthcare, social and economic impact. In present study we aim to adapt the Fear of COVID-19 Scale to Hungarian. Materials and methods Forward-backward translation method was used to translate the English version of the scale to Hungarian. Participants were a convenience sample of 2175 university students and employees. The study was conducted between January 18th and February 12th 2021. The test battery included Hungarian versions of Fear of COVID-19 scale, short Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-H) and State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI). Results The scale showed one-factor structure, the loadings on the factor were significant and strong (from .47 to .84). Internal consistency was very good (α = .84). Construct validity for the Fear of COVID-19 Scale was supported by significant and positive correlations with STAI (r = 0.402; p < 0.001) and BDI-H (r = 0.270; p < 0.001). Conclusion The Hungarian version of Fear of COVID-19 Scale is a reliable and valid tool in assessing fear of coronavirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Stankovic
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Albert Szent-Györgyi Health Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
- * E-mail:
| | - László Papp
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Albert Szent-Györgyi Health Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Boglárka Nyúl
- Department of Social Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - László Ivánkovits
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Albert Szent-Györgyi Health Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Pető
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Albert Szent-Györgyi Health Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Annamária Töreki
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Albert Szent-Györgyi Health Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
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A hidden menace? Cytomegalovirus infection is associated with reduced cortical gray matter volume in major depressive disorder. Mol Psychiatry 2021; 26:4234-4244. [PMID: 33223520 PMCID: PMC8140068 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-020-00932-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection is associated with neuropathology in patients with impaired immunity and/or inflammatory diseases. However, the association between gray matter volume (GMV) and HCMV has never been examined in major depressive disorder (MDD) despite the presence of inflammation and impaired viral immunity in a subset of patients. We tested this relationship in two independent samples consisting of 179 individuals with MDD and 41 healthy controls (HC) (sample 1) and 124 MDD participants and 148 HCs (sample 2). HCMV positive (HCMV+) and HCMV negative (HCMV-) groups within each sample were balanced on up to 11 different clinical/demographic variables using inverse probability of treatment weighting. GMV of 87 regions was measured with FreeSurfer. There was a main effect of HCMV serostatus but not diagnosis that replicated across samples. Relative to HCMV- subjects, HCMV+ subjects in sample 1 showed a significant reduction of volume in six regions (puncorrected < 0.05). The reductions in GMV of the right supramarginal gyrus (standardized beta coefficient (SBC) = -0.26) and left fusiform gyrus (SBC = -0.25) in sample 1 were replicated in sample 2: right supramarginal gyrus (puncorrected < 0.05, SBC = -0.32), left fusiform gyrus (PFDR < 0.01, SBC = -0.51). Posthoc tests revealed that the effect of HCMV was driven by differences between the HCMV+ and HCMV- MDD subgroups. HCMV IgG level, a surrogate marker of viral activity, was correlated with GMV in the left fusiform gyrus (r = -0.19, Puncorrected = 0.049) and right supramarginal gyrus (r = -0.19, puncorrected = 0.043) in the HCMV+ group of sample 1. Conceivably, HCMV infection may be a treatable source of neuropathology in vulnerable MDD patients.
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Makhubela M, Mashegoane S. Psychometric properties of the Fear of COVID-19 Scale amongst black South African university students. AFRICAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT 2021. [PMCID: PMC8335795 DOI: 10.4102/ajopa.v3i0.57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has spread widely leading to a global public health crisis of a pandemic proportion. Whilst infection rates tend to fluctuate in South Africa, COVID-19 remains a life-threatening disease with the capacity to wreak fear and concern. The present study evaluated the psychometric qualities of the Fear of COVID-19 Scale (FCV-19S) amongst black South African university students (N = 433; Female: 58%; Mage = 23.51 [SD = 4.18]). The FCV-19S demonstrated a unidimensional factor structure and acceptable internal consistency (α = 0.87), Omega (ω = 0.88) and the greatest lower bound (GLB = 0.90) reliabilities. In addition, discriminant validity was demonstrated when FCV-19S items loaded separately from ordinary fear. The FCV-19S can be used as a measure of COVID-19-related fear amongst black South African university students.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malose Makhubela
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Humanities, University of Limpopo, Polokwane, South Africa
| | - Solomon Mashegoane
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Humanities, University of Limpopo, Polokwane, South Africa
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16
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Nasir M, Adil M, Kumar M. Phobic COVID-19 Disorder Scale: Development, Dimensionality, and Item-Structure Test. Int J Ment Health Addict 2021; 20:2718-2730. [PMID: 34254004 PMCID: PMC8262588 DOI: 10.1007/s11469-021-00544-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the century, the world has witnessed a number of pandemics-such as plague, Spanish flu, smallpox, and tuberculosis. Such pandemics have not only resulted in a great loss to human lives but have also affected the economy of many countries. COVID-19, declared as global pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO), is the latest in this series which has hit the world since the last quarter of 2019. Although a number of scales exist to assess fear and distress of individuals related to COVID-19, it is well articulated in the extant literature that sometimes the proposed scales are context specific and lack applicability in multi-cultural environment as also the factors' structure of the scale are fit from the context of audience from certain geographical regions. Thus, a need was felt to evaluate the FCV-19S and propose and statistically validate a new COVID-19-based scale called Phobic COVID-19 Disorder scale (Phobic-19 scale). A structured e-questionnaire in English was used to collect the data from the respondents. A 12-item, three-dimensional (fear, anxiety, and distress) scale was developed to capture the emotions of general populations towards COVID-19. The study analyzes the dimensionality and item structure of the scale through exploratory factor analysis and further validated with the help of confirmatory factor analysis. The results show that the Phobic-19 scale has a strong internal consistency along with better psychometric characteristics. Mass replication and a large number of empirical research using the Phobic-19 scale would instill confidence amongst scholars and practitioners in the results. The findings also highlight that the results would help to advance our understanding by providing critical information related to COVID-19 and ensure that the scale provides accurate and usable data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Nasir
- Faculty of Commerce, University of Allahabad, Allahabad, India
| | - Mohd Adil
- Department of Management Studies, NIT Hamirpur, Hamirpur, India
| | - Mukesh Kumar
- Faculty of Management Studies, Gopal Narayan Singh University, Sasaram, Jamuhar India
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17
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Mazereel V, Van Assche K, Detraux J, De Hert M. COVID-19 vaccination for people with severe mental illness: why, what, and how? Lancet Psychiatry 2021; 8:444-450. [PMID: 33548184 PMCID: PMC7906686 DOI: 10.1016/s2215-0366(20)30564-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Psychiatric disorders, and especially severe mental illness, are associated with an increased risk of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection and COVID-19-related morbidity and mortality. People with severe mental illness should therefore be prioritised in vaccine allocation strategies. Here, we discuss the risk for worse COVID-19 outcomes in this vulnerable group, the effect of severe mental illness and psychotropic medications on vaccination response, the attitudes of people with severe mental illness towards vaccination, and, the potential barriers to, and possible solutions for, an efficient vaccination programme in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Mazereel
- Center for Clinical Psychiatry, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurosciences, and University Psychiatric Center, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kristof Van Assche
- Research Group Personal Rights and Property Rights, Faculty of Law, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Johan Detraux
- Public Health Psychiatry, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurosciences, and University Psychiatric Center, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Marc De Hert
- Center for Clinical Psychiatry, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurosciences, and University Psychiatric Center, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Antwerp Health Law and Ethics Chair, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
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18
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Cassiani-Miranda CA, Tirado-Otálvaro AF, Campo-Arias A. Adaptation and psychometric evaluation of the Fear of COVID-19 Scale in the general Colombian population. DEATH STUDIES 2021; 46:595-602. [PMID: 33464177 DOI: 10.1080/07481187.2021.1874572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The study aimed to adapt and explore the psychometric performance of the Fear of COVID-19 Scale (FCV-19S) in the general Colombian population. The original FCV-19S is a 7-item scale that underwent an adaptation (Item 1 and 5 were deleted). From an online sample of 1,687 adults (59% female), exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were performed for versions of the scale with 6 and 5 items. Cronbach's alpha and McDonald's omega were calculated. The confirmatory factor analysis showed that the 5-item scale (Fear of COVID-5) presented better indicators. In conclusion, the Fear of COVID-5 has acceptable performance in the Colombian population.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Adalberto Campo-Arias
- Programa de Medicina, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad del Magdalena, Santa Marta, Colombia
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Diagnosis-independent loss of T-cell costimulatory molecules in individuals with cytomegalovirus infection. Brain Behav Immun 2020; 87:795-803. [PMID: 32209361 PMCID: PMC7594105 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2020.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Revised: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is associated with physiological changes commonly observed with increasing age, such as inflammation and impaired immune function. Age-related impaired adaptive immunity is characterized by the loss of naive T-cells and the reciprocal accumulation of memory T-cells together with the loss of T-cell co-stimulatory molecules. Additionally, the presence and activity of cytomegalovirus (CMV) alters the architecture of the T-cell compartment in a manner consistent with premature aging. Because CMV is also thought to reactivate with psychological stress, this study tested whether MDD influences age-related phenotypes of T-cell populations in the context of CMV infection in young and middle-aged adults. Morning blood samples from volunteers with a DSM-IV diagnosis of MDD (n = 98, mean age(SD) = 36(10) years, 74.5% female, 57.1% CMV+) and comparison controls (n = 98, mean age(SD) = 34(10) years, 68.4% female, 51.0% CMV+) were evaluated for CMV IgG antibody status and the distribution of late differentiated (CD27-CD28-) cells within CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell subsets, i.e. naive (CCR7+CD45RA+), effector memory (EM, CCR7-CD45RA-), central memory (CM, CCR7+CD45RA-) and effector memory cells re-expressing CD45RA (EMRA, CCR7-CD45RA+). Mixed linear regression models controlling for age, sex, ethnicity and flow cytometry batch showed that CMV seropositivity was associated with a reduction in naive T-cells, expansion of EMRA T-cells, and a greater percent distribution of CD27-CD28- cells within CD4+ and CD8+ memory T-cell subsets (p's < 0.004), but there was no significant effect of MDD, nor any significant interaction between CMV and diagnosis. Unexpectedly, depressed men were less likely to be CMV+ and depressed women were more likely to be CMV+ than sex-matched controls suggesting a possible interaction between sex and MDD on CMV susceptibility, but this three-way interaction did not significantly affect the T-cell subtypes. Our findings suggest that depression in young and middle-aged adults does not prematurely advance aging of the T-cell compartment independently of CMV, but there may be significant sex-specific effects on adaptive immunity that warrant further investigation.
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20
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Feng Y, Gao X, Meng M, Xue H, Qin X. Multi-omics reveals the mechanisms of antidepressant-like effects of the low polarity fraction of Bupleuri Radix. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2020; 256:112806. [PMID: 32234596 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.112806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Revised: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Radix Bupleuri (Bupleurum chinense DC.) is a traditional Chinese medicine that has the effect of soothing the liver and relieving depression, and widely used in the field of antidepression. AIM OF THE STUDY The low polarity fraction of Bupleuri Radix (PBR) has proved to be effective for the treatment of depression based on the results of our previous study. However, mechanisms of definite antidepressant-like effects remained unclear. The purpose of this study is to reveal mechanisms of antidepressant-like effects of PBR with multi-dimensional omics. MATERIALS AND METHODS LC-MS metabolomics combined with 16S rRNA gene sequencing were used to investigate the effects of PBR on gut microbiota and metabolites in CUMS-induced depression, and Pearson correlation analysis was carried out on gut microbiota and metabolites. RESULTS PBR significantly improved depression-like behaviors in the CUMS model rats. Moreover, PBR significantly increased the levels of BDNF in the hippocampus. Cecum contents metabolomics revealed that 16 biomarkers associated with PBR antidepressant effect were screened, which were involved 3 metabolic pathways including primary bile acid biosynthesis, taurine and hypotaurine metabolism, glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism. Gut microbiota further analysis demonstrated that PBR increased the diversity of gut microbiota, and significantly inhibited the growth of [Prevotella] and Ochrobactrum. Furthermore, Pearson analysis revealed there was a strong correlation between cecum contents of metabolites and gut microbiota. CONCLUSIONS PBR improved depression-like behavior by regulating metabolic profiles and gut microbiota, and contributing to further understand the entailed antidepressant-like mechanisms of PBR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Feng
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine of Shanxi University, No.92, Wucheng Road, Taiyuan, 030006, PR China; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanxi University, No. 92, Wucheng Road, Taiyuan, 030006, PR China
| | - Xiaoxia Gao
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine of Shanxi University, No.92, Wucheng Road, Taiyuan, 030006, PR China.
| | - Meidai Meng
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine of Shanxi University, No.92, Wucheng Road, Taiyuan, 030006, PR China; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanxi University, No. 92, Wucheng Road, Taiyuan, 030006, PR China
| | - Huanhuan Xue
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine of Shanxi University, No.92, Wucheng Road, Taiyuan, 030006, PR China; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanxi University, No. 92, Wucheng Road, Taiyuan, 030006, PR China
| | - Xuemei Qin
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine of Shanxi University, No.92, Wucheng Road, Taiyuan, 030006, PR China
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Soraci P, Ferrari A, Abbiati FA, Del Fante E, De Pace R, Urso A, Griffiths MD. Validation and Psychometric Evaluation of the Italian Version of the Fear of COVID-19 Scale. Int J Ment Health Addict 2020; 20:1913-1922. [PMID: 32372892 PMCID: PMC7198091 DOI: 10.1007/s11469-020-00277-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 233] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The advent of COVID-19 worldwide has led to consequences for people’s health, both physical and psychological, such as fear and anxiety. This is the case in Italy, one of the countries most affected by the pandemic. Given the heightened fear concerning COVID-19 in Italy., the present study analyzed the psychometric properties of the Italian version of the Fear of COVID-19 Scale (FCV-19S). Methods The sample comprised 250 Italian participants who were administered Italian versions of the FCV-19S, the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), and the Severity Measure for Specific Phobia–Adult (SMSP-A). Several psychometric tests were performed to investigate the validity and reliability of the test including confirmatory factor analysis. Results Analysis of the data showed satisfactory psychometric characteristics and confirmed the scale’s unidimensional properties. The seven FCV-19S items had acceptable correlations with the test total (from .443 to .784). Furthermore, the loadings on the factor were significant and strong (from .684 to .897). The internal consistency was very good (α = .871). Construct validity for the FCV-19S was supported by significant and positive correlations with the HADS (r=.649) and SMSP-A (r=.703). Conclusions The Italian version of the Fear of COVID-19 Scale is valid and reliable in assessing fear of COVID-19 among the general Italian population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Soraci
- Group Cognitive Behavioral Psychology Association, Rome, Italy
| | - Ambra Ferrari
- 2Department of Human Science for Education 'Riccardo Massa', Università degli Studi di Milano Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesco A Abbiati
- 3Department of Psychology, Università degli Studi di Torino - UNITO, Turin, Italy
| | - Elena Del Fante
- 3Department of Psychology, Università degli Studi di Torino - UNITO, Turin, Italy
| | | | - Antonino Urso
- Facoltà di Scienze Sociali, Pontificia Università San Tommaso, Rome, Italy
| | - Mark D Griffiths
- 6International Gaming Research Unit, Psychology Department, Nottingham Trent University, 50 Shakespeare Street, Nottingham, NG1 4FQ UK
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Abstract
The kynurenine pathway (KP) plays a critical role in generating cellular energy in the form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+). Because energy requirements are substantially increased during an immune response, the KP is a key regulator of the immune system. Perhaps more importantly in the context of psychiatry, many kynurenines are neuroactive, modulating neuroplasticity and/or exerting neurotoxic effects in part through their effects on NMDA receptor signaling and glutamatergic neurotransmission. As such, it is not surprising that the kynurenines have been implicated in psychiatric illness in the context of inflammation. However, because of their neuromodulatory properties, the kynurenines are not just additional members of a list of inflammatory mediators linked with psychiatric illness, but in preclinical studies have been shown to be necessary components of the behavioral analogs of depression and schizophrenia-like cognitive deficits. Further, as the title suggests, the KP is regulated by, and in turn regulates multiple other physiological systems that are commonly disrupted in psychiatric disorders, including endocrine, metabolic, and hormonal systems. This review provides a broad overview of the mechanistic pathways through which the kynurenines interact with these systems, thus impacting emotion, cognition, pain, metabolic function, and aging, and in so doing potentially increasing the risk of developing psychiatric disorders. Novel therapeutic approaches targeting the KP are discussed. Moreover, electroconvulsive therapy, ketamine, physical exercise, and certain non-steroidal anti-inflammatories have been shown to alter kynurenine metabolism, raising the possibility that kynurenine metabolites may have utility as treatment response or therapeutic monitoring biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Savitz
- Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, OK, USA.
- Oxley College of Health Sciences, The University of Tulsa, Tulsa, OK, USA.
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Frye MA, Coombes BJ, McElroy SL, Jones-Brando L, Bond DJ, Veldic M, Romo-Nava F, Bobo WV, Singh B, Colby C, Skime MK, Biernacka JM, Yolken R. Association of Cytomegalovirus and Toxoplasma gondii Antibody Titers With Bipolar Disorder. JAMA Psychiatry 2019; 76:1285-1293. [PMID: 31532468 PMCID: PMC6751798 DOI: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2019.2499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Infection-associated immune activation and inflammation are increasingly recognized in the pathophysiology of bipolar disorder. OBJECTIVE To determine whether antibodies to common infectious agents, including cytomegalovirus (CMV), Toxoplasma gondii, and measles, as well as the inflammatory marker C-reactive protein, in serum samples differ between patients with bipolar disorder and control individuals without bipolar disorder. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS In this case-control study, antibody titers were measured in serum samples from 1207 patients with bipolar disorder and 745 controls that were obtained from biobanks with participating sites in Rochester and Minneapolis, Minnesota (n = 1537), and Cincinnati, Ohio (n = 415), from January 5, 2009, through May 12, 2014. A subset of case patients and controls from Minnesota were matched by age, sex, and educational level. Bipolar type, age at onset, and history of psychosis were assessed for case patients as well as current drug treatment at the time of blood sample obtainment from the biobank. Data were analyzed from February 5, 2018, to January 4, 2019. EXPOSURES The CMV and T gondii antibodies with IgM titers were expressed as z scores and IgG titers dichotomized into seropositive and seronegative based on expected prevalence in the US population and further classified based on the joint CMV-positive/T gondii-negative IgG status, C-reactive protein z score, and drug treatments with antitoxoplasma activity. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Patients were stratified by bipolar disorder type I or type II, nonearly (>19 years of age) and early (≤19 years of age) onset, and history of psychosis during mania or no psychosis. RESULTS Of 1207 patients with bipolar disorder (mean [SD] age, 43.2 [15.1] years; 742 [61.5%] female), the CMV-positive/T gondii-negative IgG status was significantly higher (odds ratio [OR], 1.33; 95% CI, 1.09-1.62; P = .004) compared with that in the 745 controls (mean [SD] age, 44.5 [15.5] years; 444 [59.6%] female). The CMV-positive/T gondii-negative IgG status was associated with bipolar cases type I (OR, 1.41; 95% CI, 1.14-1.75; P = .001), nonearly age at onset (OR, 1.41; 95% CI, 1.16-1.72; P = .001), and history of manic psychosis (OR, 1.46; 95% CI, 1.13-1.88; P = .004). Patients with bipolar disorder who received drug treatment with antitoxoplasma activity (n = 272) had significantly lower T gondii IgM titers (median, 1.59; interquartile range, 1.30-2.07) compared with those (n = 900) who did not receive this treatment (median, 1.69; interquartile range, 1.35-2.25) (P = .03). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE In this sample, increased long-term antibody response to CMV and decreased long-term antibody response to T gondii were associated with bipolar disorder and the subphenotypes of bipolar type I, nonearly disease onset, and manic psychosis. Further work appears to be needed to better understand genetic vs environmental disease risk and infection or immune activation contribution to overall disease pathogenesis with particular reference to disease onset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A. Frye
- Department of Psychiatry & Psychology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Brandon J. Coombes
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Susan L. McElroy
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, Lindner Center of HOPE, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Lori Jones-Brando
- Stanley Laboratory of Developmental Neurovirology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - David J. Bond
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis
| | - Marin Veldic
- Department of Psychiatry & Psychology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Francisco Romo-Nava
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, Lindner Center of HOPE, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - William V. Bobo
- Department of Psychiatry & Psychology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida
| | - Balwinder Singh
- Department of Psychiatry & Psychology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Colin Colby
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Michelle K. Skime
- Department of Psychiatry & Psychology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Joanna M. Biernacka
- Department of Psychiatry & Psychology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota,Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Robert Yolken
- Stanley Laboratory of Developmental Neurovirology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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