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de Montgomery CJ, Cullen AE, Taipale H, Krasnik A, Norredam M, Mittendorfer-Rutz E. Incidence of non-affective psychotic disorders in refugees and peers growing up in Denmark and Sweden: a registry linkage study. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2024; 59:1153-1165. [PMID: 37919440 PMCID: PMC11178564 DOI: 10.1007/s00127-023-02578-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Higher rates of non-affective psychotic disorders (NAPD) in minority groups have been reported in many countries. However, few studies have explored how rates differ between refugees and other minority groups and none with an international comparative angle. A comparative perspective makes it possible to relate group differences to aspects national context that underpin the social determinants of disease. METHODS We compared the incidence of treated NAPD among youth born in or who immigrated to Denmark/Sweden before turning 18. Youth aged 18-35 during 2006-2018 were included (NDenmark/NSweden = 1,606,423/2,614,721) and were followed until first NAPD treatment (cases [Denmark/Sweden] = 12,193/9,641), 36th birthday, emigration or death. Incidence rates (IR) and ratios (IRR) comparing refugees, non-refugee migrants, descendants of non-refugee migrants and majority youth were obtained through Poisson regression on data aggregated by country, sex and age, contrasted by sex and country. Complementary analyses on individual-level data adjusting for further socio-demographic factors were conducted in each country separately. RESULTS Incidence rates were higher in all groups compared with the majority group (IRRrange = 1.4-2.9, 95% CI[min, max] = 1.2-3.1). Relative differences between the three minority groups were smaller (IRRrange = 0.7-1.0, 95% CI[min, max] = 0.5-1.2). Although incidence rates were higher in Denmark than Sweden, relative group differences were similar. CONCLUSION Exposures shared between young refugees and other minority groups growing up in Denmark and Sweden may be especially important for their excess risk of NAPD. Further studies should investigate the mechanisms behind the elevated rates in minority groups with special paid attention to factors such as discrimination, social exclusion and acculturation stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J de Montgomery
- Department of Public Health, Danish Research Centre for Migration, Ethnicity and Health (MESU), University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 5, 1014, Copenhagen, Denmark.
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Division of Insurance Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Alexis E Cullen
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Division of Insurance Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Heidi Taipale
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Division of Insurance Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Niuvanniemi Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Allan Krasnik
- Department of Public Health, Danish Research Centre for Migration, Ethnicity and Health (MESU), University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 5, 1014, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Marie Norredam
- Department of Public Health, Danish Research Centre for Migration, Ethnicity and Health (MESU), University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 5, 1014, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Section of Immigrant Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Hvidovre, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ellenor Mittendorfer-Rutz
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Division of Insurance Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Section for Science of Complex Systems, CeMSIIS, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Grover S, Varadharajan N, Venu S. Urbanization and psychosis: an update of recent evidence. Curr Opin Psychiatry 2024; 37:191-201. [PMID: 38441163 DOI: 10.1097/yco.0000000000000931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Urbanization, a complex global phenomenon, has a significant bearing on schizophrenia/psychosis burden through various socioeconomic and environmental factors. This review focuses on recent evidence (2019-2023) linking urbanization, schizophrenia, and the role of green space. RECENT FINDINGS This review analyzed 43 articles that examined the correlation between urban birth or upbringing, urban living (urbanicity), and various schizophrenia/psychosis-related outcomes such as incidence, psychotic experiences, etc. The studies showed differing results across geographical locations. Socioeconomic factors like area deprivation, migrant status (ethnic density) and social fragmentation were independently associated with the risk of schizophrenia/psychosis irrespective of urbanicity. More recently, environmental factors such as green space reduction and air pollution have been explored in urban living conditions and were positively associated with an increased risk of schizophrenia/psychosis. SUMMARY There is a need for further investigation in low and middle-income countries. The impact of urbanization-related factors and green space on the risk of schizophrenia/psychosis calls for appropriate governmental commitments toward structured and healthy urban planning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Grover
- Department of Psychiatry, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education & Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, Punjab
| | - Natarajan Varadharajan
- Department of Psychiatry, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research (JIPMER)
| | - Sandesh Venu
- Department of Psychiatry, Pondicherry Institute of Medical Sciences (PIMS), Kalapet, Puducherry, India
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Logeswaran Y, Dykxhoorn J, Dalman C, Kirkbride JB. Social Deprivation and Population Density Trajectories Before and After Psychotic Disorder Diagnosis. JAMA Psychiatry 2023; 80:1258-1268. [PMID: 37672257 PMCID: PMC10483380 DOI: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2023.3220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023]
Abstract
Importance People with psychosis are more likely to be born and live in densely populated and socioeconomically deprived environments, but it is unclear whether these associations are a cause or consequence of disorder. Objective To investigate whether trajectories of exposure to deprivation and population density before and after diagnosis are associated with psychotic disorders or nonpsychotic bipolar disorder. Design, Setting, and Participants This nested case-control study included all individuals born in Sweden between January 1, 1982, and December 31, 2001, diagnosed for the first time with an International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, Tenth Revision (ICD-10) psychotic disorder or nonpsychotic bipolar disorder between their 15th birthday and cohort exit (December 31, 2016). One sex- and birth year-matched control participant per case was selected. Data analysis was performed from July 2021 to June 2023. Exposures The main exposures were quintiles of neighborhood-level deprivation and population density each year from birth to age 14 years and from first diagnosis until cohort exit. Main Outcomes and Measures The main outcomes were the odds of a serious mental illness outcome associated with trajectories of deprivation and population density, before and after diagnosis in cases. Group-based trajectory modeling was used to derive trajectories of each exposure in each period. Logistic regression was used to examine associations with outcomes. Results A total of 53 458 individuals (median [IQR] age at diagnosis in case patients, 23.2 [15.0-34.8] years; 30 746 [57.5%] female), including 26 729 case patients and 26 729 control participants, were studied. From birth to early adolescence, gradients were observed in exposure to deprivation and population density trajectories during upbringing and psychotic disorder, with those in the most vs least deprived (adjusted odds ratio [AOR], 1.17; 95% CI, 1.08-1.28) and most vs least densely populated (AOR, 1.49; 95% CI, 1.34-1.66) trajectories at greatest risk. A strong upward mobility trajectory to less deprived neighborhoods was associated with similar risk to living in the least deprived trajectory (AOR, 1.01; 95% CI, 0.91-1.12). Only 543 case patients (2.0%) drifted into more deprived areas after diagnosis; people with psychotic disorder were more likely to belong to this trajectory (AOR, 1.38; 95% CI, 1.16-1.65) or remain in the most deprived trajectory (AOR, 1.36; 95% CI, 1.24-1.48) relative to controls. Patterns were similar for nonpsychotic bipolar disorder and deprivation but weaker for population density. Conclusions and Relevance In this case-control study, greater exposure to deprivation during upbringing was associated with increased risk of serious mental illness, but upward mobility mitigated this association. People with serious mental illness disproportionately remained living in more deprived areas after diagnosis, highlighting issues of social immobility. Prevention and treatment should be proportionately located in deprived areas according to need.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanakan Logeswaran
- PsyLife Group, Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jennifer Dykxhoorn
- PsyLife Group, Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Primary Care and Population Health, UCL, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Christina Dalman
- Department of Global Public Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Centre for Epidemiology and Community Medicine, Stockholm County Council, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - James B. Kirkbride
- PsyLife Group, Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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Strand M, Bäärnhielm S, Fredlund P, Brynedal B, Welch E. Migration background, eating disorder symptoms and healthcare service utilisation: findings from the Stockholm Public Health Cohort. BJPsych Open 2023; 9:e205. [PMID: 38299620 PMCID: PMC10753962 DOI: 10.1192/bjo.2023.599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 09/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND From a global perspective, eating disorders are increasingly common, probably because of societal transformation and improved detection. However, research on the impact of migration on the development of eating disorders is scarce, and previously reported results are conflicting. AIMS To explore if eating disorder symptom prevalence varies according to birth region, parents' birth region and neighbourhood characteristics, and analyse if the observed patterns match the likelihood of being in specialist treatment. METHOD This study uses data from a large population-based health survey (N = 47 662) among adults in Stockholm, Sweden. A general linear model for complex samples, including adjustment for gender and age, was used to explore self-reported eating disorder symptoms. Odds ratios were calculated for individual symptoms. RESULTS Eating disorder symptoms are substantially more common in individuals born abroad, especially for migrants from a non-European country. This holds true for all surveyed symptoms, including restrictive eating (odds ratio 5.5, 95% CI 4.5-6.7), compensatory vomiting (odds ratio 6.1, 95% CI 4.6-8.0), loss-of-control eating (odds ratio 2.6, 95% CI 2.3-3.1) and preoccupation with food (odds ratio 2.3, 95% CI 1.9-2.8). Likewise, symptoms are more common in individuals with both parents born abroad and individuals living in districts with a high percentage of migrant residents. A gap exists between district-level symptom scores and the likelihood of being in specialist eating disorder treatment. CONCLUSIONS These findings call for oversight of current outreach strategies, and highlight the need for efforts to reduce stigma and increase eating disorder symptom recognition in broader groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattias Strand
- Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden; and Transcultural Centre, Northern Stockholm Psychiatry, Stockholm Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sofie Bäärnhielm
- Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden; and Transcultural Centre, Northern Stockholm Psychiatry, Stockholm Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Peeter Fredlund
- Centre for Epidemiology and Community Medicine, Region Stockholm, Sweden; and Department of Global Public Health, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden
| | - Boel Brynedal
- Centre for Epidemiology and Community Medicine, Region Stockholm, Sweden; and Department of Global Public Health, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden
| | - Elisabeth Welch
- Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden; and Department of Women's and Children's Health, Uppsala University, Sweden
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O’Donoghue B, Roche E, Lyne J, Renwick L, Clarke M. Outcomes 1 year after a first episode of psychosis in migrants to the Republic of Ireland. Int J Soc Psychiatry 2023; 69:1617-1625. [PMID: 37211684 PMCID: PMC10657506 DOI: 10.1177/00207640231174360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Migration is a robust risk factor for developing a psychotic disorder, yet there is a paucity of research on the outcomes of migrants who develop a psychotic disorder. Identifying sub-groups within FEP cohorts who have a poorer outcome, could assist in the development and delivery of more targeted interventions. AIMS There is a paucity of research on the outcomes of migrants who develop a psychotic disorder. This study aimed to evaluate a broad range of outcomes for those with a FEP who migrated to the Republic of Ireland, including: (i) symptomatic; (ii) functional; (iii) hospitalisation and (iv) engagement with psychosocial services. METHODS All individuals with a FEP aged 18 to 65 who presented between 01.02.2006 and 01.07.2014 were included. Structured and validated instruments were used to measure positive, negative, depressive symptoms and insight. RESULTS Of the 573 individuals with a FEP, 22.3% were first-generation migrants and 63.4% (n = 363) were followed up at 1 year. At this time, 72.4% of migrants were in remission of positive psychotic symptoms compared to 78.5% of the Irish born (OR = 0.84, 95% CI [0.50-1.41], p = .51). In relation to negative symptoms, 60.5% of migrants were in remission compared to 67.2% of the Irish born (OR = 0.75, 95% CI [0.44-1.27], p = .283). There was no difference in the severity of positive, negative or depressive symptoms between groups and there was a trend for the Irish born to have better insight (p = .056). The functional outcomes were similar across groups. One third of migrants were admitted to hospital compared to 28.7% of the Irish born (OR = 1.24, 95% CI [0.73-2.13], p = .426). Just over half of both groups attended CBT and 46.2% of caregivers for migrants attended the psychoeducation programme, compared to 39.7% for the Irish born (OR = 1.30, 95% CI [0.79-2.16], p = .306). CONCLUSIONS These findings demonstrate that migrants have broadly similar outcomes to the native-born populations, however there is still considerable scope for the outcomes for all individuals affected by psychotic disorders to be improved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian O’Donoghue
- Department of Psychiatry, University College Dublin, Ireland
- Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
- Centre for Youth Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville VIC, Australia
| | - Eric Roche
- Cluain Mhuire Mental Health Services, Newtownpark Avenue, Blackrock, Co. Dublin, Ireland
| | - John Lyne
- Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
- Wicklow Mental Health Services, Newcastle Hospital, Greystones, Co. Wicklow, Ireland
| | - Laoise Renwick
- Division of Nursing, Midwifery and Social Work, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, UK
| | - Mary Clarke
- Department of Psychiatry, University College Dublin, Ireland
- DETECT Early Intervention for Psychosis Service, Blackrock, Co. Dublin, Ireland
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Păun RM, Pavel AN, Matei VP, Tudose C. Risk factors for involuntary admission in a Romanian patient sample. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LAW AND PSYCHIATRY 2023; 91:101938. [PMID: 37956559 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijlp.2023.101938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Involuntary admission is widely used in psychiatry, usually requiring that the patient present an imminent danger to himself or others. Previous studies have established several predictors for involuntary admission, but they have been almost exclusively conducted in Western European or North American countries. By contrast, data on this topic from Eastern European countries is virtually absent. Historically, involuntary admission has been often used as a tool for political repression in Romania before the fall of the communist regime. While there have been significant changes in the legal framework in the last 30 years, there is still no real-world data to build upon. METHODS We analyzed a sample of 177 patients admitted to the "Alexandru Obregia" psychiatric hospital in Bucharest between November 2022 and January 2023, of which 49.7% (88) were involuntary hospitalizations. We collected socio-demographic and clinical data by both by direct interview, and by consulting patient records, attending physicians and relatives. RESULTS Socio-demographic factors predictive for involuntary admission were unemployment, lower income, and urban living. Of the clinical variables analyzed, diagnosis of psychosis or mania on admission carried increased risk of involuntary hospitalization, as did nonadherence to treatment, higher disease severity and aggression. Hospital presentation by police or ambulance carried significant additional risk compared to self-referral. CONCLUSION Certain categories of patients are considerably more likely to be involuntarily hospitalized and there appears to be considerable interrelatedness between the identified risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radu-Mihai Păun
- Department of Psychiatry, "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 8 Eroii Sanitari Bvd, Bucharest, Romania; "Prof. Dr. Alexandru Obregia" Clinical Psychiatric Hospital, 10-12 Berceni Str, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Alexandru Neculai Pavel
- Department of Psychiatry, "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 8 Eroii Sanitari Bvd, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Valentin Petre Matei
- Department of Psychiatry, "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 8 Eroii Sanitari Bvd, Bucharest, Romania; "Prof. Dr. Alexandru Obregia" Clinical Psychiatric Hospital, 10-12 Berceni Str, Bucharest, Romania.
| | - Cătălina Tudose
- Department of Psychiatry, "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 8 Eroii Sanitari Bvd, Bucharest, Romania
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Florentin S, Rosca P, Reuveni I, Haled R, Neumark Y. Patterns of psychiatric hospitalizations of Arab and Jewish adults with chronic psychotic disorders, before and after national mental health reforms, Israel, 1991-2016. BMC Psychiatry 2023; 23:653. [PMID: 37670229 PMCID: PMC10478495 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-023-05132-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Members of the Arab minority in Israel are at increased risk of developing mental illness, although less likely to seek care and have accessible treatment. This study compares trends in psychiatric hospitalizations between Arabs and Jews with chronic psychotic disorders, before and after introduction of the Community Rehabilitation of Persons with Mental Disability Law in 2000, and governmental recognition of the need to allocate resources for patients with co-occurring substance use disorder and mental illness in 2010. METHODS The National Psychiatric Case Registry provided data on 18,684 adults with schizophrenia/schizoaffective disorder, hospitalized in 1991-2016 (at least once in 2010-2015). Repeated-measures ANOVA was used to measure the effect (and interactions) of population-group (Arabs and Jews), time-period (Period1: 1991-2000, Period2: 2001-2009, Period3: 2010-2016) and sex, on average length of stay (LOS), annual number of hospitalizations and hospitalization days. RESULTS The proportion of Arab patients hospitalized with a diagnosis of chronic psychotic disorder (14.4%) was significantly lower than their proportion in the general population (21%), and their average age at first hospitalization (28.4 years) was older than that of Jewish inpatients (27.0 years). The average number of hospitalization days and LOS of Jewish patients were double that of Arab patients in Period1. Following implementation of the Rehabilitation Law, hospitalization days increased among Arab patients and decreased slightly among Jewish patients, such that by Period3 the average number of hospitalization days was similar among Jewish (41) and Arab (37) patients. The increase in hospitalization days among Arab patients was limited to men with no change noted among women. The number of hospitalization days among Arab women was about half that of Jewish women (p < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS The findings reveal a narrowing of disparities in psychiatric hospitalizations between Arab and Jewish patients in Israel over time. However, among Arab women the number of hospitalization days remains considerably lower than that of Jewish women, raising concerns that Arab women may be receiving insufficient care. Further study is needed to fully understand the underpinnings of these disparities, although increasing the number of Arabic-language mental health services and providing psycho-education, will help further close the gap.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon Florentin
- Department of Psychiatry, Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
- Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Paola Rosca
- Department for the Treatment of Substance Abuse, Ministry of Health; The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Inbal Reuveni
- Department of Psychiatry, Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
- Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Razek Haled
- Department of Psychiatry, Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
- Braun School of Public Health & Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Yehuda Neumark
- Braun School of Public Health & Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel.
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O'Donoghue B, Sexton S, Lyne JP, Roche E, Mifsud N, Brown E, Renwick L, Behan C, Clarke M. Socio-demographic and clinical characteristics of migrants to Ireland presenting with a first episode of psychosis. Ir J Psychol Med 2023; 40:336-342. [PMID: 33632349 DOI: 10.1017/ipm.2020.132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES When presenting with a first episode of psychosis (FEP), migrants can have different demographic and clinical characteristics to the native-born population and this was examined in an Irish Early Intervention for Psychosis service. METHODS All cases of treated FEP from three local mental health services within a defined catchment area were included. Psychotic disorder diagnoses were determined using the SCID and symptom and functioning domains were measured using validated and reliable measures. RESULTS From a cohort of 612 people, 21.1% were first-generation migrants and there was no difference in the demographic characteristics, diagnoses, symptoms or functioning between migrants and those born in the Republic of Ireland, except that migrants from Africa presented with less insight. Of those admitted, 48.6% of admissions for migrants were involuntary compared to 37.7% for the native-born population (p = 0.09). CONCLUSIONS First-generation migrants now make up a significant proportion of people presenting with a FEP to an Irish EI for psychosis service. Broadly the demographic and clinical characteristics of migrants and those born in the Republic of Ireland are similar, except for less insight in migrants from Africa and a trend for a higher proportion of involuntary admissions in the total migrant group.
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Affiliation(s)
- B O'Donoghue
- Orygen, Melbourne, Australia
- Centre for Youth Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - S Sexton
- Linndara, Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services, Health Service Executive, Kildare, Ireland
| | - J P Lyne
- Wicklow Mental Health Services, Newcastle Hospital, Greystones, Co. Wicklow, Ireland
- Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, 123 St Stephens Green, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - E Roche
- Cluain Mhuire Mental Health Services, Newtownpark Avenue, Blackrock, Co Dublin, Ireland
| | - N Mifsud
- Orygen, Melbourne, Australia
- Centre for Youth Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - E Brown
- Orygen, Melbourne, Australia
- Centre for Youth Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - L Renwick
- Division of Nursing, Midwifery and Social Work, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, England, UK
| | - C Behan
- DETECT Early Intervention for Psychosis Service, Blackrock, Co Dublin, Ireland
| | - M Clarke
- DETECT Early Intervention for Psychosis Service, Blackrock, Co Dublin, Ireland
- Department of Psychiatry, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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Tarricone I, D'Andrea G, Galatolo M, Carloni AL, Descovich C, Muratori R. Psychiatric Admission Among Migrants Before and During Pandemic: a Retrospective Study in Acute Psychiatric Ward in Bologna, Italy. J Immigr Minor Health 2023; 25:507-521. [PMID: 36952152 PMCID: PMC10034892 DOI: 10.1007/s10903-023-01464-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/24/2023]
Abstract
Previous evidence showed significant discrepancies in psychiatric services utilization between migrants and reference populations. Our study aims were to evaluate incidence and characteristics of psychiatric hospitalizations of migrant patients compared with reference populations and to assess how the COVID-19 pandemic affected admissions. All patients admitted to the psychiatric ward "SPDC-Malpighi" of the Bologna Mental Health Department from 01/01/2018 to 31/12/2020 were included. Differences in sociodemographic and clinical characteristics were tested by migrant status. Incidence rate ratios of hospital admissions by migrant status were estimated via Poisson regression considering population-at-risk, gender, and age-group. Migrants had higher hospitalization rates due to any psychiatric disorder (IRR = 1.16). The risk was especially pronounced among women (IRR = 1.25) and within the youngest age-group (IRR = 3.24). Young migrants had also a greater risk of compulsory admission (IRR = 3.77). Regarding admissions due to a specific diagnosis, we found relevant differences in hospitalization rates for psychosis, mood disorders, and personality disorders. Finally, migrants were more likely to be admitted via Emergency Department and less likely to be referred from a specialist. During the year of pandemic (2020) we observed an increase in the proportion of migrants admitted voluntarily or compulsorily. Migrants, especially those from the youngest age-group, had higher hospitalization rates for any disorder. Younger migrants were also at higher risk of compulsory treatment. The distribution of psychiatric admissions during the pandemic period seemed to have further increased discrepancies in mental healthcare needs and provision between migrants and the reference population. Tailored interventions and policies are urgently needed to address this issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Tarricone
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- Department of Mental Health and Pathological Addictions, Bologna Local Health Authority, Bologna, Italy
| | - G D'Andrea
- Department of BioMedical and NeuroMotor Sciences (DIBINEM), Section of Psychiatry, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - M Galatolo
- Department of BioMedical and NeuroMotor Sciences (DIBINEM), Section of Psychiatry, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
- Institute of Psychiatry, Bologna University, Viale Pepoli 5, 40123, Bologna, Italy.
| | - A L Carloni
- Department of BioMedical and NeuroMotor Sciences (DIBINEM), Section of Psychiatry, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - C Descovich
- Clinical Governance and Quality Unit, Bologna Local Healthcare Authority Staff, Bologna, Italy
| | - R Muratori
- Department of Mental Health and Pathological Addictions, Bologna Local Health Authority, Bologna, Italy
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Lehti V, Taipale H, Gissler M, Tanskanen A, Elonheimo M, Tiihonen J, Suvisaari J. Continuity of antipsychotic medication use among migrant and Finnish-born populations with a psychotic disorder: a register-based study. Psychol Med 2023; 53:833-843. [PMID: 34074352 DOI: 10.1017/s003329172100218x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Higher incidence of psychotic disorders and underuse of mental health services have been reported among many migrant populations. This study examines the initiation and continuity of antipsychotic treatment among migrants and non-migrants with a non-affective psychosis during a new treatment episode. METHODS This study is based on a nationwide sample of migrants and Finnish-born controls. Participants who were diagnosed with a psychotic disorder in 2011-2014 were identified from the Care Register for Health Care (n = 1693). Information on purchases of antipsychotic drugs in 2011-2015 was collected from the National Prescription Register. The duration of antipsychotic treatment since diagnosis was estimated using the PRE2DUP model. Cox regression analysis was used to study factors that are associated with discontinuing the use of medication. RESULTS There were fewer initiators of antipsychotic treatment after being diagnosed with psychosis among migrants (68.1%) than among Finnish-born patients (73.6%). After controlling for sociodemographic background and factors related to the type of disorder and treatment, migrants were more likely to discontinue medication (adjusted hazard ratio 1.28, 95% confidence interval 1.08-1.52). The risk of discontinuation was highest among migrants from North Africa and the Middle East and Sub-Saharan Africa and among recent migrants. Non-use of antipsychotic treatment before being diagnosed with psychosis, involuntary hospitalization and diagnosis other than schizophrenia were associated with earlier discontinuation both among migrants and non-migrants. CONCLUSIONS Migrants with a psychotic disorder are less likely to continue antipsychotic treatment than non-migrants. The needs of migrant patients have to be addressed to improve adherence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venla Lehti
- Equality Unit, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Heidi Taipale
- Department of Forensic Psychiatry, University of Eastern Finland, Niuvanniemi Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Mika Gissler
- Research Centre for Child Psychiatry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Information Services Department, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Antti Tanskanen
- Department of Forensic Psychiatry, University of Eastern Finland, Niuvanniemi Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Impact Assessment Unit, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Martta Elonheimo
- Equality Unit, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
- Specialized Psychiatric Services, Helsinki, Finland
- Doctoral Programme in Clinical Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jari Tiihonen
- Department of Forensic Psychiatry, University of Eastern Finland, Niuvanniemi Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Center for Psychiatry Research, Stockholm City Council, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jaana Suvisaari
- Equality Unit, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
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11
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McBride O, Duncan C, Twigg L, Keown P, Bhui K, Scott J, Parsons H, Crepaz-Keay D, Cyhlarova E, Weich S. Effects of ethnic density on the risk of compulsory psychiatric admission for individuals attending secondary care mental health services: evidence from a large-scale study in England. Psychol Med 2023; 53:458-467. [PMID: 34011424 PMCID: PMC9899561 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291721001768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 04/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Black, Asian and minority ethnicity groups may experience better health outcomes when living in areas of high own-group ethnic density - the so-called 'ethnic density' hypothesis. We tested this hypothesis for the treatment outcome of compulsory admission. METHODS Data from the 2010-2011 Mental Health Minimum Dataset (N = 1 053 617) was linked to the 2011 Census and 2010 Index of Multiple Deprivation. Own-group ethnic density was calculated by dividing the number of residents per ethnic group for each lower layer super output area (LSOA) in the Census by the LSOA total population. Multilevel modelling estimated the effect of own-group ethnic density on the risk of compulsory admission by ethnic group (White British, White other, Black, Asian and mixed), accounting for patient characteristics (age and gender), area-level deprivation and population density. RESULTS Asian and White British patients experienced a reduced risk of compulsory admission when living in the areas of high own-group ethnic density [odds ratios (OR) 0.97, 95% credible interval (CI) 0.95-0.99 and 0.94, 95% CI 0.93-0.95, respectively], whereas White minority patients were at increased risk when living in neighbourhoods of higher own-group ethnic concentration (OR 1.18, 95% CI 1.11-1.26). Higher levels of own-group ethnic density were associated with an increased risk of compulsory admission for mixed-ethnicity patients, but only when deprivation and population density were excluded from the model. Neighbourhood-level concentration of own-group ethnicity for Black patients did not influence the risk of compulsory admission. CONCLUSIONS We found only minimal support for the ethnic density hypothesis for the treatment outcome of compulsory admission to under the Mental Health Act.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Liz Twigg
- University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK
| | - Patrick Keown
- Academic Psychiatry Campus for Ageing & Vitality, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Kamaldeep Bhui
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- The World Psychiatric Associations UK Collaborating Centre, London, UK
| | - Jan Scott
- Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Helen Parsons
- Warwick Medical School Clinical Trials Unit, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | | | - Eva Cyhlarova
- London School of Economics and Political Science, London, UK
| | - Scott Weich
- School of Health and Related Research, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
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12
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Schneider M, Back M, Krückl JS, Moeller J, Lang UE, Huber CG. Compulsory psychiatric admissions in the canton of Basel-Stadt between September 2013 and April 2022: Analysis of the cantonal database of the Health Department of Basel-Stadt. Int J Soc Psychiatry 2022:207640221141020. [PMID: 36453089 DOI: 10.1177/00207640221141020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND According to federal and cantonal law, persons with an acute mental illness can be admitted to a psychiatric hospital or another suitable institution against their will, when other therapeutic options are not available or have been exhausted. In the canton of Basel-Stadt, this is the responsibility of public health officers employed by the division of Social Medicine of the cantonal Health Department. AIMS This study aims to elucidate which factors influence the decision-making of public health officers regarding compulsory admissions over the period from September 2013 to April 2022 in the canton of Basel-Stadt. METHOD Leveraging comprehensive clinical data from the health department of the canton Basel-Stadt (N = 5,'550), we estimated a mixed effects logistic regression model to identify factors contributing to the decision of public-health officers to compulsorily admit patients, while controlling for potential clustering effects among public health officers. RESULTS The risk for compulsory admissions was most strongly predicted by the presence of potential self-harm. In comparison, while being a strong predictor, potential harm to others played a considerably lesser role. Furthermore, psychiatric syndrome, previous compulsory admissions, and the specific context of evaluation were significant predictors. Finally, we found no meaningful personal bias among public health officers. CONCLUSION The results suggest that public health officers' decision-making regarding compulsory admissions focuses on preventing self-harm and, to a lesser degree, harm to others. This indicates that such measures are only used as a measure of last resort, which is in line with current evidence regarding the detrimental effects of compulsory measures on treatment outcomes in psychiatry. Our findings suggest that all relevant stakeholders, including the police, share this perspective. Decision-making regarding compulsory admissions was mostly free of personal biases, suggesting adherence to shared professional standards by public health officers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Schneider
- University Psychiatric Clinics Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Moritz Back
- Health Department of Basel-Stadt, Cantonal Medical Service, Social Medicine, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jana S Krückl
- University Psychiatric Clinics Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Division of Clinical Psychology and Epidemiology, Department of Psychology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Julian Moeller
- University Psychiatric Clinics Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Division of Clinical Psychology and Epidemiology, Department of Psychology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Undine E Lang
- University Psychiatric Clinics Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Christian G Huber
- University Psychiatric Clinics Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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13
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Draghetti S, Alberti S, Borgiani G, Panariello F, De Ronchi D, Atti AR. Compulsory and voluntary admissions in comparison: A 9-year long observational study. Int J Soc Psychiatry 2022; 68:1716-1726. [PMID: 34927496 DOI: 10.1177/00207640211057731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Few studies, so far, have been specifically designed to highlight the features related to Compulsory Admissions (CA) and Voluntary Admissions (VA) in Italian psychiatric emergency wards. AIMS The main purpose of this observational study was to compare the sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of VA and CA and to explore possible predictors of re-admissions. METHODS During a 6-month Index Period (February, the 1st-July, the 31st 2008) all psychiatric admissions were documented and then followed-up through all available informatic systems for the next 9 years. RESULTS Out of 390 hospitalizations, 101 (25.9%) were compulsory (CA rate was 2.79 per 10,000 inhabitants per year, mean duration of hospitalizations of 7.33 ± 7.84 days). Diagnoses were recorded for the 325 patients who had been hospitalized during index period: schizophrenic psychoses ([p = .042], in particular schizophrenia [p = .027]), manic episode (p = .044), and delusional disorders (p = .009) were associated with CA; conversely, the diagnosis of unipolar major depression (p = .005) and personality disorders (p = .048) were significantly more frequent in VA. The 325 admitted patients were followed up for 1,801 person-years. No significant differences were found in terms of drop-outs, transferring, and discharge rates, and mortality rates due to both natural causes and suicides. Factors associated with at least one compulsory readmission were younger age and having had a previous CA (p = .011); conversely having been engaged with psychiatric services for over 1 year prior to index hospitalization was protective for a subsequent CA (p = .013). CONCLUSIONS After a 40-year old political reform, the current study shows that, in a context of integrated outpatient and inpatient services, engagement with outpatient care may be protective for compulsory rehospitalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Draghetti
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Italy
| | - Siegfried Alberti
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Italy
| | - Gianluca Borgiani
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Italy
| | - Fabio Panariello
- Servizio Psichiatrico di Diagnosi e Cura "P. Ottonello" - Azienda Sanitaria Locale di Bologna, Italy
| | - Diana De Ronchi
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Italy
| | - Anna Rita Atti
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Italy
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14
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Bäärnhielm S, Schouler-Ocak M. Training in cultural psychiatry: Translating research into improvements in mental health care for migrants. Transcult Psychiatry 2022; 59:111-115. [PMID: 35442116 DOI: 10.1177/13634615221089384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This special issue of Transcultural Psychiatry on training in cultural psychiatry discusses translating research into improvements in mental health care for refugees and migrants. This topic is timely because, in addition to a global increase in migration, the number of forcibly displaced people is growing rapidly due to war and conflicts. We know that migrants, particularly refugees, are at increased risk of psychiatric disorders, including psychotic disorders and post-traumatic stress. Despite this, there is evidence of major disparities in care for minorities, migrants, and refugees. The gap between needs related to mental health care for migrants, refugees, and minority groups and available services points to the need to improve accessibility and adapt systems, services, and interventions. Health professionals have a key role in ensuring the quality of care. Their capacity to cope with new challenges depends on their competence, knowledge, skills, and attitudes toward their patients' needs. Mental health professionals need training in working with cultural diversity and structural competence to understand, treat, and support migrant and refugee patients-and to respond to racial discrimination. Mental health care services need to reduce barriers to providing adequate resources, including supporting skills training for mental health professionals. Hopefully, this thematic special issue will motivate further research, discussion, and sharing of local experience and pedagogical methods in this vital field.
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15
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Baker SJ, Jackson M, Jongsma H, Saville CWN. The ethnic density effect in psychosis: a systematic review and multilevel meta-analysis. Br J Psychiatry 2021; 219:632-643. [PMID: 35048877 PMCID: PMC8636614 DOI: 10.1192/bjp.2021.96] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND An 'ethnic' or 'group' density effect in psychosis has been observed, whereby the risk of psychosis in minority group individuals is inversely related to neighbourhood-level proportions of others belonging to the same group. However, there is conflicting evidence over whether this effect differs between minority groups and limited investigation into other moderators. AIMS To conduct a comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis of the group density effect in psychosis and examine moderators. METHOD Four databases were systematically searched. A narrative review was conducted and a three-level meta-analysis was performed. The potential moderating effect of crudely and specifically defined minority groups was assessed. Country, time, area size and whether studies used clinical or non-clinical outcomes were also tested as moderators. RESULTS Thirty-two studies were included in the narrative review and ten in the meta-analysis. A 10 percentage-point decrease in own-group density was associated with a 20% increase in psychosis risk (OR = 1.20, 95% CI 1.09-1.32, P < 0.001). This was moderated by crudely defined minority groups (F6,68 = 6.86, P < 0.001), with the strongest associations observed in Black populations, followed by a White Other sample. Greater heterogeneity was observed when specific minority groups were assessed (F25,49 = 7.26, P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS This is the first review to provide meta-analytic evidence that the risk of psychosis posed by lower own-group density varies across minority groups, with the strongest associations observed in Black individuals. Heterogeneity in effect sizes may reflect distinctive social experiences of specific minority groups. Potential mechanisms are discussed, along with the implications of findings and suggestions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie J. Baker
- School of Psychology, Bangor University, UK,Correspondence: Sophie J. Baker.
| | - Mike Jackson
- North Wales Clinical Psychology Programme, School of Psychology, Bangor University; and Betsi Cadwaladr University Health Board, Bangor, UK
| | - Hannah Jongsma
- Centre for Transcultural Psychiatry Veldzicht, Balkbrug; and Department of Psychiatry, University of Groningen; and University Medical Centre Groningen, The Netherlands
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16
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McDonald JT, Dahlin M, Bäärnhielm S. Cross-cultural training program on mental health care for refugees - a mixed method evaluation. BMC MEDICAL EDUCATION 2021; 21:533. [PMID: 34654412 PMCID: PMC8520228 DOI: 10.1186/s12909-021-02965-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Refugees tend to have a higher risk of mental ill-health and use mental health services less than the native-born population during their first 10 years in Sweden. Intercultural interactions between refugees and mental health professionals have been described as challenging. Cross-cultural training is proposed as one way to improve care for refugees. Evaluations of such training outcomes are sparse. The overall aim of this study was to evaluate Comprehensive Cross-Cultural Training for mental health care professionals in Stockholm, and to assess training outcomes for participants' perceived knowledge regarding mental health and care for newly arrived refugee patients, asylum seekers and undocumented refugees. In addition, we analysed the dimensionality of the pre- and post-training questionnaires used. METHODS An embedded mixed-method design was applied. We used pre-and post-training questionnaires (n = 248) and conducted six focus group discussions (FGDs) with mental health professionals after training. Quantitative data was analysed by t-tests and factor analysis, qualitative data was analysed using thematic content analysis. RESULTS Participants experienced gained knowledge and new perspectives in all aspects covered in the training. Training led to participants restructuring their existing knowledge. Those who had reported experience of refugee patients and working with interpreters pre-training in the past month, had higher ratings of perceived knowledge. Post-training, there were no significant changes in perceived knowledge between those with, and those without, experience of refugee patients and working with interpreters. Factor analysis resulted in 3 factors for the pre-training questionnaire, explaining 71% of the covariance, and 4 factors for the post-training questionnaire, explaining 78% of the covariance. Findings from the post-training FGDs, revealed that refugee patients were described as challenging. Also, that training promoted empathy towards refugees and strengthened participants' professional role. CONCLUSIONS This cross-cultural training contributed to knowledge development and attitude changes. It was valuable regarding care providers' professional role. Additional outcomes of the training were that participants not only gained knowledge about refugee mental health care but also restructured their existing knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordanos Tewelde McDonald
- Department of Global Public Health, Karolinska Institute & Transcultural Centre, Region Stockholm, Solnavägen 4, 11365, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Marie Dahlin
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Centre for Psychiatry Research, Karolinska Institutet & Stockholm Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, Norra Stockholms psykiatri, Vårdvägen 1, 11281, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sofie Bäärnhielm
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Centre for Psychiatry Research, Karolinska Institutet, & Stockholm Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, Transcultural Centre, Region Stockholm, Solnavägen 4, 11365, Stockholm, Sweden
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17
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Walker S, Barnett P, Srinivasan R, Abrol E, Johnson S. Clinical and social factors associated with involuntary psychiatric hospitalisation in children and adolescents: a systematic review, meta-analysis, and narrative synthesis. THE LANCET. CHILD & ADOLESCENT HEALTH 2021; 5:501-512. [PMID: 33930330 PMCID: PMC8205858 DOI: 10.1016/s2352-4642(21)00089-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Disparities in involuntary psychiatric hospitalisation between population subgroups have been identified in adults, but little is known about the factors associated with involuntary hospitalisation in children or adolescents. We did a systematic review, meta-analysis, and narrative synthesis to investigate the social and clinical factors associated with involuntary psychiatric hospitalisation among children and adolescents. METHODS We searched MEDLINE, PsycINFO, Embase, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials for studies of any type up to July 22, 2020, that compared the characteristics of voluntary and involuntary psychiatric inpatients (mean age of sample ≤18 years). We synthesised results using random effects meta-analysis on unadjusted data and by narrative synthesis. Heterogeneity between studies was calculated using I2. This study is registered on PROSPERO, CRD42020099892. FINDINGS 23 studies from 11 countries were included in the systematic review and narrative synthesis, of which 19 studies (n=31 212) were included in the meta-analysis. On meta-analysis, involuntary rather than voluntary hospitalisation of minors was associated with a diagnosis of psychosis (eight studies; odds ratio 3·63, 95% CI 2·43-5·44, p<0·0001), substance misuse (five studies; 1·87, 1·05-3·30, p=0·032), or intellectual disability (four studies; 3·33, 1·33-8·34, p=0·010), as well as presenting with a perceived risk of harm to self (eight studies; 2·05, 1·15-3·64, p=0·015) or to others (five studies; 2·37, 1·39-4·03, p=0·0015). Involuntary hospitalisation was also found to be associated with being aged 12 years or older (three studies; 3·57, 1·46-8·73, p=0·0052) and being from a Black rather than a White ethnic group (three studies; 2·72, 1·88-3·95, p<0·0001). There was substantial between-study heterogeneity for most factors included in the meta-analysis (I2 from 51·3% to 92·3%). Narrative synthesis found that more severe illness and poorer global functioning was associated with involuntary hospitalisation. INTERPRETATION Over-representation of involuntary psychiatric hospitalisation in certain groups might begin in childhood, potentially establishing a cycle of inequality that continues into adulthood. Further research into the systemic factors underlying these health-care inequalities and the barriers to accessing less coercive psychiatric treatment is urgently required, with specific consideration of racial and ethnic factors. FUNDING UK National Institute for Health Research and Wellcome Trust.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Walker
- Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, UK; Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK.
| | - Phoebe Barnett
- Department of Clinical Educational and Health Psychology, Centre for Outcomes Research and Effectiveness, University College London, London, UK; National Institute of Health Research Mental Health Policy Research Unit, University College London, London, UK
| | | | - Esha Abrol
- Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, UK
| | - Sonia Johnson
- Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, UK; National Institute of Health Research Mental Health Policy Research Unit, University College London, London, UK; Camden and Islington NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
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18
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Katsampa D, Akther SF, Hollander AC, Dal H, Dalman C, Kirkbride JB. Inequalities in Psychiatric Service Use and Mortality by Migrant Status Following a First Diagnosis of Psychotic Disorder: A Swedish Cohort Study of 1.3M People. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 2:sgab009. [PMID: 33898991 PMCID: PMC8052494 DOI: 10.1093/schizbullopen/sgab009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
It is unclear whether inequalities in mental healthcare and mortality following the onset of psychosis exist by migrant status and region-of-origin. We investigated whether (1) mortality (including by major causes of death); (2) first admission type (inpatient or outpatient); (3) in-patient length of stay (LOS) at first diagnosis for psychotic disorder presentation, and; (4) time-to-readmission for psychotic disorder differed for refugees, non-refugee migrants, and by region-of-origin. We established a cohort of 1 335 192 people born 1984–1997 and living in Sweden from January 1, 1998, followed from their 14th birthday or arrival to Sweden, until death, emigration, or December 31, 2016. People with ICD-10 psychotic disorder (F20–33; N = 9399) were 6.7 (95% confidence interval [95%CI]: 5.9–7.6) times more likely to die than the general population, but this did not vary by migrant status (P = .15) or region-of-origin (P = .31). This mortality gap was most pronounced for suicide (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR]: 12.2; 95% CI: 10.4–14.4), but persisted for deaths from other external (aHR: 5.1; 95%CI: 4.0–6.4) and natural causes (aHR: 2.3; 95%CI: 1.6–3.3). Non-refugee (adjusted odds ratio [aOR]: 1.4, 95%CI: 1.2–1.6) and refugee migrants (aOR: 1.4, 95%CI: 1.1–1.8) were more likely to receive inpatient care at first diagnosis. No differences in in-patient LOS at first diagnosis were observed by migrant status. Sub-Saharan African migrants with psychotic disorder were readmitted more quickly than their Swedish-born counterparts (adjusted sub-hazard ratio [sHR]: 1.2; 95%CI: 1.1–1.4). Our findings highlight the need to understand the drivers of disparities in psychosis treatment and the mortality gap experienced by all people with disorder, irrespective of migrant status or region-of-origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dafni Katsampa
- PsyLife group, Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, UK
| | - Syeda F Akther
- PsyLife group, Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, UK
| | - Anna-Clara Hollander
- EPICSS, Department of Global Mental Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Henrik Dal
- EPICSS, Department of Global Mental Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Christina Dalman
- EPICSS, Department of Global Mental Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - James B Kirkbride
- PsyLife group, Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, UK
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19
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Holmberg C, Gremyr A, Torgerson J, Mehlig K. Clinical validity of the 12-item WHODAS-2.0 in a naturalistic sample of outpatients with psychotic disorders. BMC Psychiatry 2021; 21:147. [PMID: 33691655 PMCID: PMC7945302 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-021-03101-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule 2.0 (WHODAS-2.0) is a self-administered instrument to assess functional impairment. It is used in the general population as well as different patient groups. However, its application to patients with psychotic disorders may be hampered by disease-specific difficulties of self-estimation. This study aimed to examine the psychometric properties of the short (12-item) WHODAS-2.0 in a naturalistic sample of outpatients attending a psychosis clinic in Gothenburg, Sweden. METHODS Annual data from two outpatient clinics registered 2016-2019 were analyzed retrospectively. The assessment of the short WHODAS-2.0 was based on the first questionnaire completed by 881 patients. Confirmatory factor analysis evaluated previously validated models. Item convergent and discriminant validity as well as internal reliability were computed. Construct validity was assessed by comparing mean differences in accord with previous research regarding patients' characteristics associated with functioning such as advanced age, diagnosed comorbidities, antipsychotic treatment status, and symptom severity measured with PANSS-8 remission items. RESULTS A heterogeneous sample was obtained in terms of age (range: 20-92), various living situations, and different geographic areas of birth. Most patients (75%) had been diagnosed with psychotic disorders more than 10 years ago and the majority (89%) were on antipsychotic medication. We confirmed an adjusted two-level factor model with a single second-order disability factor and six first-order factors representing the six IFC dimensions. The WHODAS-2.0 sum score measuring general disability showed good reliability (Cronbach's alpha = 0.89). Construct validity was confirmed as older patients, patients with comorbidities, and patients in assisted living had higher WHODAS-2.0 scores. Patients with no or mild psychotic symptoms had significantly lower WHODAS-2.0 sum scores than patients with more severe symptoms. CONCLUSIONS The findings further validate the 12-item WHODAS-2.0 in a naturalistic sample of outpatients with psychotic disorders. This study corroborates the clinical significance of the short, 12-item WHODAS-2.0 by demonstrating consistent associations between patients' age, medical comorbidities, living situation, antipsychotic treatment status, and psychotic symptom severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Holmberg
- Institute of Health and Care Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Arvid Wallgrens Backe, Box 457, 405 30 Göteborg, Sweden
- Department of Psychotic Disorders, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Andreas Gremyr
- Department of Psychotic Disorders, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Jönköping Academy for Improvement of Health and Welfare, Jönköping University, Jönköping, Sweden
| | - Jarl Torgerson
- Department of Psychotic Disorders, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Kirsten Mehlig
- School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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