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Activation of AK005401 aggravates acute ischemia/reperfusion mediated hippocampal injury by directly targeting YY1/FGF21. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 11:5108-5123. [PMID: 31336365 PMCID: PMC6682521 DOI: 10.18632/aging.102106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Ischemia exerts a negative impact on mitochondrial function, which ultimately results in neuronal damage via alterations in gene transcription and protein expression. Long non- coding RNAs (LncRNAs) play pivotal roles in the regulation of target protein expression and gene transcription. In the present study, we observed the effect of an unclassical LncRNA AK005401on ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) ischemia-mediated hippocampal injury and investigated the regulatory role of fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) and Yin Yang 1 (YY1). C57Black/6 mice were subjected to I/R using the bilateral common carotid clip reperfusion method, and AK005401 siRNA oligos were administered via intracerebroventricular injection. HT22 cells were used to establish a model of oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R). We observed pathological morphology and mitochondrial structure. Neuronal apoptosis was evident. Cell activity, cell respiration, FGF21, YY1, and antioxidant capacity were evaluated. I/R or OGD/R significantly increased the expressions of AK005401and YY1 and decreased FGF21expression, which further attenuated the activation of PI3K/Akt, promoted reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, and then caused mitochondria dysfunction and cell apoptosis, which were reversed by AK005401 siRNA oligos and were aggravated by overexpression of AK005401 and YY1. We conclude that AK005401/YY1/FGF21 signaling pathway has an important role in I/R-mediated hippocampal injury.
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Safflor Yellow B Attenuates Ischemic Brain Injury via Downregulation of Long Noncoding AK046177 and Inhibition of MicroRNA-134 Expression in Rats. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2020; 2020:4586839. [PMID: 32566081 PMCID: PMC7292966 DOI: 10.1155/2020/4586839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Revised: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Stroke breaks the oxidative balance in the body and causes extra reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, leading to oxidative stress damage. Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) and microRNAs play pivotal roles in oxidative stress-mediated brain injury. Safflor yellow B (SYB) was able to effectively reduce ischemia-mediated brain damage by increasing antioxidant capacity and inhibiting cell apoptosis. In this study, we investigated the putative involvement of lncRNA AK046177 and microRNA-134 (miR-134) regulation in SYB against ischemia/reperfusion- (I/R-) induced neuronal injury. I/R and oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R) were established in vivo and in vitro. Cerebral infarct volume, neuronal apoptosis, and protein expression were detected. The effects of SYB on cell activity, cell respiration, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), antioxidant enzymes, and ROS were evaluated. I/R or OGD/R upregulated the expression of AK046177 and miR-134 and subsequently inhibited the activation and expression of CREB, which caused ROS generation and brain/cell injury. SYB attenuated the effects of AK046177, inhibited miR-134 expression, and promoted CREB activation, which in turn promoted Nrf2 expression, and then increased antioxidant capacities, improved cell respiration, and reduced apoptosis. We suggested that the antioxidant effects of SYB were driven by an AK046177/miR-134/CREB-dependent mechanism that inhibited this pathway, and that SYB has potential use in reducing or possibly preventing I/R-induced neuronal injury.
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Mohsin Alvi A, Tariq Al Kury L, Umar Ijaz M, Ali Shah F, Tariq Khan M, Sadiq Sheikh A, Nadeem H, Khan AU, Zeb A, Li S. Post-Treatment of Synthetic Polyphenolic 1,3,4 Oxadiazole Compound A3, Attenuated Ischemic Stroke-Induced Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10060816. [PMID: 32466476 PMCID: PMC7355474 DOI: 10.3390/biom10060816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is categorized by either permanent or transient blood flow obstruction, impeding the distribution of oxygen and essential nutrients to the brain. In this study, we examined the neuroprotective effects of compound A3, a synthetic polyphenolic drug product, against ischemic brain injury by employing an animal model of permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion (p-MCAO). Ischemic stroke induced significant elevation in the levels of reactive oxygen species and, ultimately, provoked inflammatory cascade. Here, we demonstrated that A3 upregulated the endogenous antioxidant enzymes, such as glutathione s-transferase (GST), glutathione (GSH), and reversed the ischemic-stroke-induced nitric oxide (NO) and lipid peroxidation (LPO) elevation in the peri-infarct cortical and striatal tissue, through the activation of endogenous antioxidant nuclear factor E2-related factor or nuclear factor erythroid 2 (Nrf2). In addition, A3 attenuated neuroinflammatory markers such as ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule-1 (Iba-1), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), tumor necrotic factor-α (TNF-α), toll-like receptors (TLR4), and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) by down-regulating p-JNK as evidenced by immunohistochemical results. Moreover, treatment with A3 reduced the infarction area and neurobehavioral deficits. We employed ATRA to antagonize Nrf2, which abrogated the neuroprotective effects of A3 to further assess the possible involvement of the Nrf2 pathway, as demonstrated by increased infarction and hyperexpression of inflammatory markers. Together, our findings suggested that A3 could activate Nrf2, which in turn regulates the downstream antioxidants, eventually mitigating MCAO-induced neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arooj Mohsin Alvi
- Riphah Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Riphah International University, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan; (A.M.A.); (M.T.K.); (A.S.S.); (H.N.); (A.-u.K.); (A.Z.)
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Graduate School, Peking University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Lina Tariq Al Kury
- College of Natural and Health Sciences, Zayed University, Abu Dhabi 144534, UAE;
| | - Muhammad Umar Ijaz
- Department of Zoology, Wildlife, and Fisheries, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan;
| | - Fawad Ali Shah
- Riphah Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Riphah International University, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan; (A.M.A.); (M.T.K.); (A.S.S.); (H.N.); (A.-u.K.); (A.Z.)
- Correspondence: (F.A.S.); (S.L.)
| | - Muhammad Tariq Khan
- Riphah Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Riphah International University, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan; (A.M.A.); (M.T.K.); (A.S.S.); (H.N.); (A.-u.K.); (A.Z.)
- Department of Pharmacy, Capital University of Science and Technology, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
| | - Ahmed Sadiq Sheikh
- Riphah Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Riphah International University, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan; (A.M.A.); (M.T.K.); (A.S.S.); (H.N.); (A.-u.K.); (A.Z.)
| | - Humaira Nadeem
- Riphah Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Riphah International University, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan; (A.M.A.); (M.T.K.); (A.S.S.); (H.N.); (A.-u.K.); (A.Z.)
| | - Arif-ullah Khan
- Riphah Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Riphah International University, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan; (A.M.A.); (M.T.K.); (A.S.S.); (H.N.); (A.-u.K.); (A.Z.)
| | - Alam Zeb
- Riphah Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Riphah International University, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan; (A.M.A.); (M.T.K.); (A.S.S.); (H.N.); (A.-u.K.); (A.Z.)
| | - Shupeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Graduate School, Peking University, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Correspondence: (F.A.S.); (S.L.)
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Effects of Protocatechuic Acid (PCA) on Global Cerebral Ischemia-Induced Hippocampal Neuronal Death. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19051420. [PMID: 29747437 PMCID: PMC5983751 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19051420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Revised: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Global cerebral ischemia (GCI) is one of the main causes of hippocampal neuronal death. Ischemic damage can be rescued by early blood reperfusion. However, under some circumstances reperfusion itself can trigger a cell death process that is initiated by the reintroduction of blood, followed by the production of superoxide, a blood⁻brain barrier (BBB) disruption and microglial activation. Protocatechuic acid (PCA) is a major metabolite of the antioxidant polyphenols, which have been discovered in green tea. PCA has been shown to have antioxidant effects on healthy cells and anti-proliferative effects on tumor cells. To test whether PCA can prevent ischemia-induced hippocampal neuronal death, rats were injected with PCA (30 mg/kg/day) per oral (p.o) for one week after global ischemia. To evaluate degenerating neurons, oxidative stress, microglial activation and BBB disruption, we performed Fluoro-Jade B (FJB), 4-hydroxynonenal (4HNE), CD11b, GFAP and IgG staining. In the present study, we found that PCA significantly decreased degenerating neuronal cell death, oxidative stress, microglial activation, astrocyte activation and BBB disruption compared with the vehicle-treated group after ischemia. In addition, an ischemia-induced reduction in glutathione (GSH) concentration in hippocampal neurons was recovered by PCA administration. Therefore, the administration of PCA may be further investigated as a promising tool for decreasing hippocampal neuronal death after global cerebral ischemia.
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Novgorodov SA, Riley CL, Keffler JA, Yu J, Kindy MS, Macklin WB, Lombard DB, Gudz TI. SIRT3 Deacetylates Ceramide Synthases: IMPLICATIONS FOR MITOCHONDRIAL DYSFUNCTION AND BRAIN INJURY. J Biol Chem 2015; 291:1957-1973. [PMID: 26620563 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.668228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Experimental evidence supports the role of mitochondrial ceramide accumulation as a cause of mitochondrial dysfunction and brain injury after stroke. Herein, we report that SIRT3 regulates mitochondrial ceramide biosynthesis via deacetylation of ceramide synthase (CerS) 1, 2, and 6. Reciprocal immunoprecipitation experiments revealed that CerS1, CerS2, and CerS6, but not CerS4, are associated with SIRT3 in cerebral mitochondria. Furthermore, CerS1, -2, and -6 are hyperacetylated in the mitochondria of SIRT3-null mice, and SIRT3 directly deacetylates the ceramide synthases in a NAD(+)-dependent manner that increases enzyme activity. Investigation of the SIRT3 role in mitochondrial response to brain ischemia/reperfusion (IR) showed that SIRT3-mediated deacetylation of ceramide synthases increased enzyme activity and ceramide accumulation after IR. Functional studies demonstrated that absence of SIRT3 rescued the IR-induced blockade of the electron transport chain at the level of complex III, attenuated mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization, and decreased reactive oxygen species generation and protein carbonyls in mitochondria. Importantly, Sirt3 gene ablation reduced the brain injury after IR. These data support the hypothesis that IR triggers SIRT3-dependent deacetylation of ceramide synthases and the elevation of ceramide, which could inhibit complex III, leading to increased reactive oxygen species generation and brain injury. The results of these studies highlight a novel mechanism of SIRT3 involvement in modulating mitochondrial ceramide biosynthesis and suggest an important role of SIRT3 in mitochondrial dysfunction and brain injury after experimental stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergei A Novgorodov
- the Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425
| | - Christopher L Riley
- From the Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Charleston, South Carolina 29401
| | - Jarryd A Keffler
- the Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425
| | - Jin Yu
- the Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425
| | - Mark S Kindy
- From the Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Charleston, South Carolina 29401
| | - Wendy B Macklin
- the Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado 80045, and
| | - David B Lombard
- the Department of Pathology and Institute of Gerontology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Tatyana I Gudz
- the Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425,; From the Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Charleston, South Carolina 29401,.
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Carbone F, Teixeira PC, Braunersreuther V, Mach F, Vuilleumier N, Montecucco F. Pathophysiology and Treatments of Oxidative Injury in Ischemic Stroke: Focus on the Phagocytic NADPH Oxidase 2. Antioxid Redox Signal 2015; 23:460-89. [PMID: 24635113 PMCID: PMC4545676 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2013.5778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Phagocytes play a key role in promoting the oxidative stress after ischemic stroke occurrence. The phagocytic NADPH oxidase (NOX) 2 is a membrane-bound enzyme complex involved in the antimicrobial respiratory burst and free radical production in these cells. RECENT ADVANCES Different oxidants have been shown to induce opposite effects on neuronal homeostasis after a stroke. However, several experimental models support the detrimental effects of NOX activity (especially the phagocytic isoform) on brain recovery after stroke. Therapeutic strategies selectively targeting the neurotoxic ROS and increasing neuroprotective oxidants have recently produced promising results. CRITICAL ISSUES NOX2 might promote carotid plaque rupture and stroke occurrence. In addition, NOX2-derived reactive oxygen species (ROS) released by resident and recruited phagocytes enhance cerebral ischemic injury, activating the inflammatory apoptotic pathways. The aim of this review is to update evidence on phagocyte-related oxidative stress, focusing on the role of NOX2 as a potential therapeutic target to reduce ROS-related cerebral injury after stroke. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Radical scavenger compounds (such as Ebselen and Edaravone) are under clinical investigation as a therapeutic approach against stroke. On the other hand, NOX inhibition might represent a promising strategy to prevent the stroke-related injury. Although selective NOX inhibitors are not yet available, nonselective compounds (such as apocynin and fasudil) provided encouraging results in preclinical studies. Whereas additional studies are needed to better evaluate this therapeutic potential in human beings, the development of specific NOX inhibitors (such as monoclonal antibodies, small-molecule inhibitors, or aptamers) might further improve brain recovery after stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Carbone
- 1 Division of Cardiology, Foundation for Medical Researches, Department of Medical Specialties, University of Geneva , Geneva, Switzerland .,2 Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa School of Medicine , IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria San Martino-IST Istituto Nazionale per la Ricerca sul Cancro, Genoa, Italy
| | - Priscila Camillo Teixeira
- 3 Division of Laboratory Medicine, Department of Genetics and Laboratory Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals , Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Vincent Braunersreuther
- 1 Division of Cardiology, Foundation for Medical Researches, Department of Medical Specialties, University of Geneva , Geneva, Switzerland
| | - François Mach
- 1 Division of Cardiology, Foundation for Medical Researches, Department of Medical Specialties, University of Geneva , Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Vuilleumier
- 3 Division of Laboratory Medicine, Department of Genetics and Laboratory Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals , Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Fabrizio Montecucco
- 1 Division of Cardiology, Foundation for Medical Researches, Department of Medical Specialties, University of Geneva , Geneva, Switzerland .,2 Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa School of Medicine , IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria San Martino-IST Istituto Nazionale per la Ricerca sul Cancro, Genoa, Italy .,3 Division of Laboratory Medicine, Department of Genetics and Laboratory Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals , Geneva, Switzerland
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Kelley MA, Hebert VY, Thibeaux TM, Orchard MA, Hasan F, Cormier SA, Thevenot PT, Lomnicki SM, Varner KJ, Dellinger B, Latimer BM, Dugas TR. Model combustion-generated particulate matter containing persistent free radicals redox cycle to produce reactive oxygen species. Chem Res Toxicol 2013; 26:1862-71. [PMID: 24224526 DOI: 10.1021/tx400227s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Particulate matter (PM) is emitted during thermal decomposition of waste. During this process, aromatic compounds chemisorb to the surface of metal-oxide-containing PM, forming a surface-stabilized environmentally persistent free radical (EPFR). We hypothesized that EPFR-containing PM redox cycle to produce ROS and that this redox cycle is maintained in biological environments. To test our hypothesis, we incubated model EPFRs with the fluorescent probe dihydrorhodamine (DHR). Marked increases in DHR fluorescence were observed. Using a more specific assay, hydroxyl radicals ((•)OH) were also detected, and their level was further increased by cotreatment with thiols or ascorbic acid (AA), known components of epithelial lining fluid. Next, we incubated our model EPFR in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) or serum. Detection of EPFRs and (•)OH verified that PM generate ROS in biological fluids. Moreover, incubation of pulmonary epithelial cells with EPFR-containing PM increased (•)OH levels compared to those in PM lacking EPFRs. Finally, measurements of oxidant injury in neonatal rats exposed to EPFRs by inhalation suggested that EPFRs induce an oxidant injury within the lung lining fluid and that the lung responds by increasing antioxidant levels. In summary, our EPFR-containing PM redox cycle to produce ROS, and these ROS are maintained in biological fluids and environments. Moreover, these ROS may modulate toxic responses of PM in biological tissues such as the lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew A Kelley
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Neuroscience, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center , Shreveport, Louisiana 71130, United States
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Shalavadi MH, Chandrashekhar VM, Ramkishan A, Nidavani RB, Biradar BS. Neuroprotective activity of Stereospermum suaveolens against global cerebral ischemia rat model. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2013; 51:955-960. [PMID: 23607907 DOI: 10.3109/13880209.2013.771685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Stereospermum suaveolens DC. (Bignoniaceae) is a medicinal tree species native to India. Traditionally, the whole plant is used for various diseases including neuronal disorders. OBJECTIVE The present study evaluated the neuroprotective activity of Stereospermum suaveolens against global cerebral ischemia in a rat model. MATERIALS AND METHODS Neuroprotective activity was carried out by global cerebral ischemia on Sprague-Dawley rats and divided into five groups of eight rats each; sham and control groups received normal saline (10 ml/kg) and treated groups received methanol extract of Stereospermum suaveolens (MES) orally (125, 250, and 500 mg/kg) for 10 days prior to the experiment. Global cerebral ischemia was induced by bilateral carotid artery (BCA) occlusion for 30 min followed by 4-h reperfusion. The antioxidant enzymatic and non-enzymatic levels were estimated by UV spectroscopic method along with cerebral infarction area; histopathological studies were carried out. RESULTS LD₅₀ of MES was found to be 5000 mg/kg of body weight. The entire test was performed at dose levels 125, 250, and 500 mg/kg of body weight. The results of the study indicate that the Stereospermum suaveolens methanol extract showed neuroprotective activity by a significant decrease in lipid peroxidation (p < 0.001) and an increase in superoxide dismutase (p < 0.01), catalase (p < 0.01), glutathione (p < 0.001), and total thiol (p < 0.001) levels in extract-treated groups as compared to control group. Measurement of cerebral infarction area and histopathological studies further supported the protective effect of the extract. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION These findings suggest a potential protective role of Stereospermum suaveolens against global cerebral ischemia/reperfusion-induced brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- M H Shalavadi
- Department of Pharmacology, Hanagal Shri Kumareshwar College of Pharmacy, B.V.V.S Campus, Bagalkot, Karnataka, India.
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Granulocyte-colony stimulating factor reduces striatal dopamine accumulation caused by cerebral ischemia. Tzu Chi Med J 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tcmj.2012.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Mansoorali KP, Prakash T, Kotresha D, Prabhu K, Rama Rao N. Cerebroprotective effect of Eclipta alba against global model of cerebral ischemia induced oxidative stress in rats. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2012; 19:1108-1116. [PMID: 22951390 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2012.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2012] [Revised: 05/22/2012] [Accepted: 07/06/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress is believed to contribute to neuronal damage induced by cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the possible cerebroprotective and antioxidant effect of hydroalcoholic extract of Eclipta alba against global cerebral ischemia in the rat. Adult Wistar albino rats were treated with extract of Eclipta alba (250 and 500mg/kg/day, p.o.) for 10 days. The global cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury was induced by occluding bilateral common carotid arteries (BCCA) for 30min, followed by 4h reperfusion. Quercetin (20mg/kg, i.p.) was used for the reference compound. After that, animals were sacrificed by decapitation, brain was removed, various biochemical estimations, cerebral edema, assessment of cerebral infarct size, and histopathological examinations were carried out. BCCA caused significant depletion in superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), reduced glutathione (GSH), catalase (CAT), glutahione-S-transferase (GST), glutathione ruductase (GR) and significant increase in malondialdehyde (MDA) in brain. Pretreatment with hydroalcoholic extract of Eclipta alba significantly reversed the levels of biochemical parameters and significantly reduced the edema and cerebral infarct size as compared to the ischemic control group. Eclipta alba at higher dose markedly reduced ischemia-induced neuronal loss of the brain. Reduction of cerebral edema, an early symptom of ischemia, is one of the most important remedies for reducing subsequent chronic neural damage in stroke. The results of the study show that Eclipta alba pretreatment ameliorates cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury and enhances the antioxidant defense against BCCA occlusion induced I/R in rats; so it exhibits cerebroprotective property. HPLC fingerprint of hydroalcoholic extract of Eclipta alba was performed for conforming the coumestan present in the plant extract.
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Affiliation(s)
- K P Mansoorali
- Department of Pharmacology, Acharya & BM Reddy College of Pharmacy, Bangalore 560090, Karnataka, India
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Bora KS, Sharma A. Evaluation of Antioxidant and Cerebroprotective Effect of Medicago sativa Linn. against Ischemia and Reperfusion Insult. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2011; 2011:792167. [PMID: 21785631 PMCID: PMC3137587 DOI: 10.1093/ecam/neq019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2009] [Accepted: 02/15/2010] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Antioxidants have been the focus of studies for developing neuroprotective agents to be used in the therapy for stroke, which is an acute and progressive neurodegenerative disorder. Medicago sativa (MS) has a long tradition of use as ayurvedic and homoeopathic medicine in central nervous system disorders. The plant has been reported to have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antidiabetic effects. Therefore, the present study was designed to investigate the neuroprotective effect of methanol extract of MS on ischemia and reperfusion-induced cerebral injury in mice. Bilateral carotid artery occlusion (BCAO) for 15 min followed by 24-h reperfusion, resulted in significant elevation in infarct size, xanthine oxidase (XO) activity, superoxide anion (O•−2) production and thiobarbituric acid-reactive substance (TBARS) levels, and significant depletion in endogenous antioxidant [reduced glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and total tissue sulfhydryl (T-SH) groups] systems in mice brain. Further, BCAO led to impairment in short-term memory and motor coordination. Pre-treatment with MS (100 or 200 mg kg−1, p.o.) markedly reduced cerebral infarct size, XO, O•−2 and TBARS levels, significantly restored GSH, SOD and T-SH levels and attenuated impairment in short-term memory and motor coordination. In addition, MS directly scavenged free radicals generated against a stable radical 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl and O•−2 generated in phenazine methosulphate-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide systems, and also inhibited XD/XO conversion and resultant O•−2 production. The data from this study suggest that treatment with MS enhances the antioxidant defense against BCAO-induced global cerebral ischemia and exhibits neuroprotective activity.
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Crawford CA, Akopian G, Ring J, Jakowec MW, Petzinger GM, Andersen JK, Vittozzi-Wong P, Wang K, Farley CM, Charntikov S, Mitroi D, Beal MF, Chow R, Walsh JP. Acute and long-term response of dopamine nigrostriatal synapses to a single, low-dose episode of 3-nitropropionic acid-mediated chemical hypoxia. Synapse 2010; 65:339-50. [PMID: 20730800 DOI: 10.1002/syn.20852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2009] [Accepted: 07/26/2010] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The goal of the present investigation was to determine the persistence of striatal (DA) dopaminergic dysfunction after a mild chemically induced hypoxic event in Fisher 344 rats. To this end, we gave a single injection of the mitochondrial complex II inhibitor 3-nitropropionic acid (3-NP; 16.5 mg/kg, i.p.) to 2-month old male F344 rats and measured various indices of striatal DA functioning and lipid peroxidation over a 3-month span. Separate groups of rats were used to measure rod walking, evoked DA release, DA content, malondialdehyde (MDA) accumulation, DA receptor binding, and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) activity. The results showed that 3-NP exposure reduced most measures of DA functioning including motoric ability, DA release, and D(2) receptor densities for 1 to 3 months postdrug administration. Interestingly, DA content was reduced 1 week after 3-NP exposure, but rose to 147% of control values 1 month after 3-NP treatment. MDA accumulation, a measure of lipid peroxidation activity, was increased 24 h and 1 month after 3-NP treatment. 3-NP did not affect TH activity, suggesting that alterations in DA functioning were not the result of nigrostriatal terminal loss. These data demonstrate that a brief mild hypoxic episode caused by 3-NP exposure has long-term detrimental effects on the functioning of the nigrostriatal DA system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia A Crawford
- Department of Psychology, California State University, San Bernardino, California 92407, USA.
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Liva Cengiz Ş, Fatih Erdi M, Tosun M, Atalik E, Cihat Avunduk M, Cavide Sönmez F, Mehmetoglu İ, Baysefer A. Beneficial effects of levosimendan on cerebral vasospasm induced by subarachnoid haemorrhage: An experimental study. Brain Inj 2010; 24:877-85. [DOI: 10.3109/02699051003789260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Preventive Effects of Intraperitoneal Selenium on Cerebral Vasospasm In Experimental Subarachnoid Hemorrhage. J Neurosurg Anesthesiol 2010; 22:53-8. [DOI: 10.1097/ana.0b013e3181b26a63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Safflor yellow B suppresses pheochromocytoma cell (PC12) injury induced by oxidative stress via antioxidant systemand Bcl-2 /Bax pathway. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2009; 380:135-42. [DOI: 10.1007/s00210-009-0424-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2009] [Accepted: 04/27/2009] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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16
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Haberman F, Tang SC, Arumugam TV, Hyun DH, Yu QS, Cutler RG, Guo Z, Holloway HW, Greig NH, Mattson MP. Soluble neuroprotective antioxidant uric acid analogs ameliorate ischemic brain injury in mice. Neuromolecular Med 2007; 9:315-23. [PMID: 17999205 DOI: 10.1007/s12017-007-8010-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2007] [Accepted: 07/23/2007] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Uric acid is a major antioxidant in the blood of humans that can protect cultured neurons against oxidative and metabolic insults. However, uric acid has a very low solubility which compromises its potential clinical use for neurodegenerative disorders. Here we describe the synthesis, characterization and preclinical development of neuroprotective methyl- and sulfur-containing analogs of uric acid with increased solubility. In vitro and cell culture screening identified 1,7-dimethyluric acid (mUA2) and 6,8-dithiouric acid (sUA2) as two analogs with high antioxidant and neuroprotective activities. When administered intravenously in mice, uric acid analogs mUA2 and sUA2 lessened damage to the brain and improved functional outcome in an ischemia-reperfusion mouse model of stroke. Analogs sUA2 and mUA2 were also effective in reducing damage to the cerebral cortex when administered up to 4 h after stroke onset in a permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion mouse model. These findings suggest a therapeutic potential for soluble analogs of uric acid in the treatment of stroke and related neurodegenerative conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Haberman
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program, 5600 Nathan Shock Drive, Baltimore, MD, USA
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17
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Tang SC, Arumugam TV, Cutler RG, Jo DG, Magnus T, Chan SL, Mughal MR, Telljohann RS, Nassar M, Ouyang X, Calderan A, Ruzza P, Guiotto A, Mattson MP. Neuroprotective actions of a histidine analogue in models of ischemic stroke. J Neurochem 2007; 101:729-36. [PMID: 17254011 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2006.04412.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Histidine is a naturally occurring amino acid with antioxidant properties, which is present in low amounts in tissues throughout the body. We recently synthesized and characterized histidine analogues related to the natural dipeptide carnosine, which selectively scavenge the toxic lipid peroxidation product 4-hydroxynonenal (HNE). We now report that the histidine analogue histidyl hydrazide is effective in reducing brain damage and improving functional outcome in a mouse model of focal ischemic stroke when administered intravenously at a dose of 20 mg/kg, either 30 min before or 60 min and 3 h after the onset of middle cerebral artery occlusion. The histidine analogue also protected cultured rat primary neurons against death induced by HNE, chemical hypoxia, glucose deprivation, and combined oxygen and glucose deprivation. The histidine analogue prevented neuronal apoptosis as indicated by decreased production of cleaved caspase-3 protein. These findings suggest a therapeutic potential for HNE-scavenging histidine analogues in the treatment of stroke and related neurodegenerative conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Chun Tang
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, USA
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18
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Van Hemelrijck A, Hachimi-Idrissi S, Sarre S, Ebinger G, Michotte Y. Post-ischaemic mild hypothermia inhibits apoptosis in the penumbral region by reducing neuronal nitric oxide synthase activity and thereby preventing endothelin-1-induced hydroxyl radical formation. Eur J Neurosci 2006; 22:1327-37. [PMID: 16190888 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2005.04331.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Previously, we showed that treatment with resuscitative, post-ischaemic mild hypothermia (34 degrees C for 2 h) reduced apoptosis in the penumbra (cortex), but not in the core (striatum) of an endothelin-1 (Et-1)-induced focal cerebral infarct in the anaesthetized rat. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate by which pathways resuscitative mild hypothermia exerts its neuroprotective effect in this model. The amino acids glutamate, serine, glutamine, alanine, taurine, arginine and the NO-related compound citrulline were sampled from the striatum and cortex of the ischaemic hemisphere using in vivo microdialysis. The in vivo salicylate trapping method was applied for monitoring hydroxyl radical formation via 2,3 dihydroxybenzoic acid (2,3 DHBA) detection. Caspase-3, neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) immunoreactivity and the volume of ischaemic damage were determined 24 h after the insult. In both the striatum and the cortex, Et-1-induced increases in glutamate, taurine and alanine were refractory to mild hypothermia. However, mild hypothermia significantly attenuated the ischaemia-induced 2,3 DHBA levels and the nNOS immunoreactivity in the cortex, but not in the striatum. These observations were associated with a decreased caspase-3 immunoreactivity. These results suggest that mild hypothermia exerts its neuroprotective effect in the penumbra partially by reducing nNOS activity and thereby preventing oxidative stress. Furthermore, we confirm our previous findings that the neuroprotective effect of resuscitative hypothermia is not mediated by changes in ischaemia-induced amino acid release as they could not be associated with the ischaemia-induced damage in the Et-1 rat model.
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Affiliation(s)
- An Van Hemelrijck
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Drug Analysis, Research Group Experimental Pharmacology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
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19
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Miller SL, Yan EB, Castillo-Meléndez M, Jenkin G, Walker DW. Melatonin provides neuroprotection in the late-gestation fetal sheep brain in response to umbilical cord occlusion. Dev Neurosci 2005; 27:200-10. [PMID: 16046855 DOI: 10.1159/000085993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2004] [Accepted: 12/20/2004] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxygen free radicals, including the highly toxic hydroxyl radical (*OH), initiate lipid peroxidation and DNA/RNA fragmentation and damage cells. The pineal hormone melatonin is an antioxidant and powerful scavenger of *OH. We hypothesized that maternally administered melatonin could reduce *OH formation, lipid peroxidation, and DNA/RNA damage in the fetal brain in response to asphyxia. In 15 fetal sheep, extracellular *OH was measured by microdialysis in white and gray matter of the parasagittal cortex. In 10 fetuses, asphyxia was induced by umbilical cord occlusion for 10 min using an inflatable cuff - the ewes of these fetuses received either intravenous melatonin (1 mg bolus, then 1 mg/h for 2 h; n = 5) or vehicle (1% ethanol in saline; n = 5), and results were compared to fetuses with sham cord occlusion and vehicle-infused ewes (n = 5). Hypoxemia, acidemia, hypertension and bradycardia produced by cord occlusion was similar in the melatonin- and vehicle-treated groups. In the vehicle-treated group, cord occlusion resulted in a significant increase in *OH in gray matter at 8-9.5 h after occlusion (p < 0.05); in contrast, there was no *OH change in the melatonin-treated group. After cord occlusion, lipid peroxidation (4-hydroxynonenal immunoreactivity) found throughout the brain of vehicle-infused ewes was significantly less in the melatonin-infused group. Melatonin had no significant effect on the distribution of DNA/RNA fragmentation, as shown by 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine immunoreactivity. Thus, brief asphyxia results in significant and delayed entry of *OH into the extracellular space of cortical gray matter in the fetal sheep brain, and melatonin given to the mother at the time of the insult abrogates this increase. Melatonin, in reducing O2 free radical production, may be an effective neuroprotective treatment for the fetus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne L Miller
- Fetal and Neonatal Research Group, Department of Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
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20
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Bémeur C, Ste-Marie L, Desjardins P, Vachon L, Butterworth RF, Hazell AS, Montgomery J. Dehydroascorbic acid normalizes several markers of oxidative stress and inflammation in acute hyperglycemic focal cerebral ischemia in the rat. Neurochem Int 2005; 46:399-407. [PMID: 15737438 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2004.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2004] [Revised: 11/24/2004] [Accepted: 11/24/2004] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the effect of dehydroascorbic acid (DHA), the oxidized form of vitamin C which is a superoxide scavenger, on manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD), copper-zinc SOD (CuZnSOD), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) expression in a rat model of focal cerebral ischemia under normo- and hyperglycemic conditions. Edema formation was also assessed. MnSOD, CuZnSOD, COX-2 and IL-1beta mRNA and protein expression were studied 3 h post-ischemia. No changes were observed in MnSOD and CuZnSOD mRNA expression among the groups. COX-2 and IL-1beta mRNA expression were upregulated by ischemia but were not influenced by the glycemic state. At the protein level, hyperglycemic cerebral ischemia increased MnSOD and CuZnSOD [Bémeur, C., Ste-Marie, L., Desjardins, P., Butterworth, R.F., Vachon, L., Montgomery, J., Hazell, A.S., 2004a. Expression of superoxide dismutase in hyperglycemic focal cerebral ischemia in the rat. Neurochem. Int. 45, 1167-1174] and IL-1beta expression compared to normoglycemic ischemia. COX-2 protein expression was also significantly higher following hyperglycemic ischemia compared to hyperglycemic shams. DHA administration did not change the pattern of COX-2 or IL-1beta mRNA expression, but normalized the increased protein expression following hyperglycemic ischemia. DHA administration also normalized MnSOD and CuZnSOD protein expression to the levels observed in normoglycemic ischemic animals. Edema formation was significantly reduced by DHA administration in hyperglycemic ischemic animals. The DHA-induced post-transcriptional normalization of MnSOD, CuZnSOD, COX-2 and IL-1beta levels and the decreased edema formation suggest that hyperglycemia accelerates superoxide formation and the inflammatory response, thus contributing to early damage in hyperglycemic stroke and strategies to scavenge superoxide should be an important therapeutic avenue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chantal Bémeur
- Laboratoire de Neurobiologie, PEA A-423, Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Hôpital St-Luc, 1058 St-Denis, Montréal, Québec, Canada H2X 3J4.
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21
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Bémeur C, Ste-Marie L, Desjardins P, Butterworth RF, Vachon L, Montgomery J, Hazell AS. Expression of superoxide dismutase in hyperglycemic focal cerebral ischemia in the rat. Neurochem Int 2004; 45:1167-74. [PMID: 15380626 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2004.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2004] [Revised: 06/21/2004] [Accepted: 06/22/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the possibility that hyperglycemia induces early expression of various superoxide dismutases (SOD) and nitric oxide synthases (NOS) following focal cerebral ischemia in the rat. MnSOD, CuZnSOD, nNOS and eNOS mRNA and protein expression were examined 3 h after permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion under acute hyperglycemic or normoglycemic conditions. 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) treatment post-mortem revealed a significant area at risk of infarction following ischemia in hyperglycemic compared to normoglycemic rats. Although no changes in MnSOD, CuZnSOD, nNOS and eNOS mRNA expression were detected, Western blots of ischemic cortex revealed an increase in MnSOD and CuZnSOD protein expression in hyperglycemic compared to normoglycemic rats. Pre-treatment of hyperglycemic rats with the NOS inhibitors L-nitroarginine methyl ester (L-NAME) and 7-nitroindazole (7-NI) or dehydroascorbic acid (DHA), a superoxide scavenger, significantly reduced the TTC delineated zone. The hyperglycemia-induced post-transcriptional upregulation of MnSOD and CuZnSOD levels suggest a response to increased superoxide production which, in the presence of increased nitric oxide production, may play a major role in the increased risk of damage following hyperglycemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chantal Bémeur
- Laboratoire de Neurobiologie, Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Hôpital St-Luc, A-466, 1058 St-Denis St, Montréal, Québec, Canada H2X 3J4.
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22
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Bémeur C, Ste-Marie L, Desjardins P, Hazell AS, Vachon L, Butterworth R, Montgomery J. Decreased β-actin mRNA expression in hyperglycemic focal cerebral ischemia in the rat. Neurosci Lett 2004; 357:211-4. [PMID: 15003287 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2003.12.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2003] [Revised: 12/12/2003] [Accepted: 12/20/2003] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
beta-Actin is often used as a housekeeping gene when performing reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis for cerebral ischemia models. In the present study, we tested two different control genes used for RT-PCR experiments, beta-actin and porphobilinogen deaminase (PBG-D), in a rat model of focal cerebral ischemia under normo- or hyperglycemic conditions. A three-vessel occlusion model with permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion was used in the rat. beta-Actin mRNA expression was decreased in hyperglycemic ischemic rats compared to normoglycemic ischemic animals 3 h post-ischemia. beta-Actin protein content was unchanged. As for PBG-D, its mRNA expression remained constant throughout the groups. Our data thus show that, following focal cerebral ischemia in hyperglycemic conditions, beta-actin is an unsuitable housekeeping gene whereas PBG-D is more appropriate. This study clearly demonstrates the importance of selecting a stable housekeeping gene when performing RT-PCR experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chantal Bémeur
- Laboratoire de Neurobiologie, Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Hôpital Notre-Dame, Montreal, QC, Canada H2L 4M1.
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23
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Negishi H, Ikeda K, Nara Y, Yamori Y. Estimation of hydroxyl radicals based on the salicylate trapping method in hippocampus of stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRSP) during transient ischemia and recirculation. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2003; 510:313-7. [PMID: 12580446 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-0205-0_51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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24
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Strauss KA, Morton DH. Type I glutaric aciduria, part 2: a model of acute striatal necrosis. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS. PART C, SEMINARS IN MEDICAL GENETICS 2003; 121C:53-70. [PMID: 12888986 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.c.20008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Type I glutaric aciduria (GA1) is an inborn error of organic acid metabolism that is associated with acute neurological crises, typically precipitated by an infectious illness. The neurological crisis coincides with swelling, metabolic depression, and necrosis of basal ganglia gray matter, especially the putamina and can be visualized as focal, stroke-like, signal hyperintensity on MRI. Here we focus on the stroke-like nature of striatal necrosis and its similarity to brain injury that occurs in infants after hypoxia-ischemia or systemic intoxication with 3-nitropropionic acid (NPA). These conditions share several features including abrupt onset, preferential effect in the striatum and age-specific susceptibility. The pathophysiology of the conditions is reviewed and a model proposed herein. We encourage investigators to test this model in an appropriate experimental system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin A Strauss
- Clinic for Special Children, 535 Bunker Hill Road, Strasburg, PA 17579, USA.
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25
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Gupta R, Singh M, Sharma A. Neuroprotective effect of antioxidants on ischaemia and reperfusion-induced cerebral injury. Pharmacol Res 2003; 48:209-15. [PMID: 12798674 DOI: 10.1016/s1043-6618(03)00102-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The present study is designed to investigate the effect of dietary flavanoid rutin, micronutrient selenium and garlic oil on ischaemia and reperfusion-induced cerebral injury. Global cerebral ischaemia was induced by occluding right and left common carotid arteries for 10min followed by reperfusion for 24h. Cerebral infarct size was estimated using triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining. Elevated plus maze was employed to estimate short-term memory. Degree of motor incoordination was evaluated using inclined beam-walking test and lateral push test. Mitochondrial thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) assay was employed as an index of oxidative stress. Global cerebral ischaemia followed by reperfusion produced a significant impairment in short-term memory and motor coordination and produced a notable increase in mitochondrial TBARS. Administration of rutin and garlic oil before global cerebral ischaemia markedly reduced cerebral infarct size and attenuated impairment in short-term memory and motor coordination. Administration of sodium selenite either before or after global cerebral ischaemia markedly reduced cerebral infarct size and attenuated impairment in short-term memory and motor coordination. The protective effect of rutin, sodium selenite and garlic oil was accompanied by a marked decrease in mitochondrial TBARS. On the basis of these results, it may be suggested that rutin and garlic oil administrated before cerebral ischaemia may scavenge reactive oxygen species and consequently attenuate global cerebral ischaemia and reperfusion-induced cerebral injury. Sodium selenite administrated before and after cerebral ischaemia may be neuroprotective due to its antioxidant effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ram Gupta
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University, 147002, Punjab, Patiala, India
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26
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Callaway JK, Lawrence AJ, Jarrott B. AM-36, a novel neuroprotective agent, profoundly reduces reactive oxygen species formation and dopamine release in the striatum of conscious rats after endothelin-1-induced middle cerebral artery occlusion. Neuropharmacology 2003; 44:787-800. [PMID: 12681377 DOI: 10.1016/s0028-3908(03)00068-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Elevated generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) has been demonstrated during ischemia and reperfusion. Dopamine (DA) autooxidation may contribute to increased ROS generation. The novel neuroprotective agent AM-36 has antioxidant and Na(+) channel blocking activity and reduces neuronal damage in both cortex and striatum after middle cerebral artery (MCA) occlusion. Here we sought in vivo evidence of the ability of AM-36 to inhibit intrastriatal ROS generation and DA release after ischemia. Salicylate hydroxylation coupled with in vivo microdialysis in the striatum of conscious Long Evans rats was performed during MCA occlusion by perivascular microinjection of endothelin-1 (ET-1). AM-36 (6 mg/kg) was administered intraperitoneally 30 min after MCA occlusion. Dialysates were analysed using high performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection for the salicylate hydroxylation product, 2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid (2,3 DHBA) and for DA and metabolites. MCA occlusion resulted in a marked increase in 2,3 DHBA and a secondary increase in all analytes, 180-300 min later. Increased DA release coincided with 2,3 DHBA formation. AM-36 significantly reduced ischemia induced increases in 2,3 DHBA and DA, and infarct volume in the striatum. Significant improvements in a battery of behavioural tests was also found in AM-36 treated rats. This study has demonstrated profound inhibition of ROS generation by a novel compound with antioxidant activity, administered post-ischemia in conscious rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- J K Callaway
- Department of Pharmacology, PO Box 13E, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia.
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27
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Liu S, Liu M, Peterson S, Miyake M, Vallyathan V, Liu KJ. Hydroxyl radical formation is greater in striatal core than in penumbra in a rat model of ischemic stroke. J Neurosci Res 2003; 71:882-8. [PMID: 12605415 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.10534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Although hydroxyl radical ((*)OH) formation has been implicated in the pathophysiological changes of ischemic stroke, (*)OH production in the core and penumbra regions is not clear. It is extremely important to distinguish penumbra from ischemic core in focal cerebral ischemia studies, because the penumbra contains viable tissue, which can be salvaged by appropriate treatment. This study evaluated (*)OH production in both core and penumbra regions of ischemic striatum during ischemia and reperfusion. Microdialysis probes were placed in striatal tissue of rats subjected to the middle cerebral artery occlusion model of ischemic stroke. The (*)OH-trapping agent 4-hydroxybenzoic acid (4-HBA) was administered by both i.v. and probe infusion. Dialysate levels of the 4-HBA oxidation products, 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid (3,4-DHBA), were determined by HPLC-ECD. After microdialysis probe delivery of 4-HBA, (*)OH production was significantly increased in the striatal core during both ischemia and reperfusion. Penumbra (*)OH production increased only during reperfusion. Alterations of 3,4-DHBA concentration in dialysate following i.v. 4-HBA administration were likely related to alterations in tissue blood flow. The findings were confirmed by a greater oxidation of dihydroethidium in the ischemic core than in the penumbra as determined by fluorescent microscopy. The findings of (*)OH production in ischemic striatum are the opposite of those reported for ischemic cortex and suggest critical regional variations in (*)OH production that may have significant clinical implications in the treatment of ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shimin Liu
- College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico Health Science Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico
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28
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Cheng FC, Jen JF, Tsai TH. Hydroxyl radical in living systems and its separation methods. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2002; 781:481-96. [PMID: 12450675 DOI: 10.1016/s1570-0232(02)00620-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
It has recently been shown that hydroxyl radicals are generated under physiological and pathological conditions and that they seem to be closely linked to various models of pathology putatively implying oxidative stress. It is now recognized that the hydroxyl radical is well-regulated to help maintain homeostasis on the cellular level in normal, healthy tissues. Conversely, it is also known that virtually every disease state involves free radicals, particularly the most reactive hydroxyl radical. However, when hydroxyl radicals are generated in excess or the cellular antioxidant defense is deficient, they can stimulate free radical chain reactions by interacting with proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids causing cellular damage and even diseases. Therefore, a confident analytical approach is needed to ascertain the importance of hydroxyl radicals in biological systems. In this paper, we provide information on hydroxyl radical trapping and detection methods, including liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection and mass spectrometry, gas chromatography with mass spectrometry, capillary electrophoresis, electron spin resonance and chemiluminescence. In addition, the relationships between diseases and the hydroxyl radical in living systems, as well as novel separation methods for the hydroxyl radical are discussed in this paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fu-Chou Cheng
- Department of Medical Research, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung 407, Taiwan
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29
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Dryhurst G. Are dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin precursors of biologically reactive intermediates involved in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative brain disorders? ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2002; 500:373-96. [PMID: 11764972 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-0667-6_61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- G Dryhurst
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, Norman 73019, USA
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30
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Vachon P, Beaudry F, Marier JF, Ste-Marie L, Montgomery J. Cyclosporin A in blood and brain tissue following intra-carotid injections in normal and stroke-induced rats. Brain Res 2002; 943:1-8. [PMID: 12088832 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-8993(02)02413-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Administration of Cyclosporin A (CsA) to rats undergoing reversible global or focal ischemia has been demonstrated to be variably neuroprotective. As CsA does not readily cross the blood-brain barrier, the variability may be due to differences in bioavailability of CsA to the ischemic brain. We have, therefore, quantitated CsA levels in blood and brain following intra-carotid injection in rats undergoing permanent right middle cerebral artery (MCA) occlusion using a three-vessel model of focal cerebral ischemia. After 30 min of three-vessel occlusion, CsA (10 mg/kg) was injected into the left external carotid artery followed by reversal of the left common carotid artery occlusion. At various times post-injection, blood samples were collected from the vena cava and samples of ischemic or sham-operated cortex were obtained for CsA quantitation by tandem mass spectrometry. Pharmacokinetic parameters were determined using non-linear mixed-effects modeling. CsA areas under the curve between normal and stroke-induced rats were not significantly different in blood (18355 vs. 19405 ng x h/ml, NS) or in brain tissue (15664 vs. 14931 ng x h/g, NS). These results demonstrate that intra-carotid injection of CsA results in high levels in brain (brain-blood ratio from 0.5 to 1). No significant differences in blood and brain exposure were observed between normal and stroke-induced rats. Therefore, reduced cerebral blood flow in the ischemic territory did not limit CsA availability to the cortex. In addition, CsA intra-carotid administration was neuroprotective following 24 h recovery as there was a significant decrease in the infarct area of the affected hemisphere compared to saline injected rats as estimated by TTC staining of viable tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Vachon
- MDS Pharma Services, Ville St-Laurent, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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31
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Yavin E, Brand A, Green P. Docosahexaenoic acid abundance in the brain: a biodevice to combat oxidative stress. Nutr Neurosci 2002; 5:149-57. [PMID: 12041873 DOI: 10.1080/10284150290003159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) (22:6) is a polyunsaturated fatty acid of the n - 3 series which is believed to be a molecular target for lipid peroxides (LPO) formation. Its ubiquitous nature in the nervous tissue renders it particularly vulnerable to oxidative stress, which is high in brain during normal activity because of high oxygen consumption and generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Under steady state conditions potentially harmful ROS and LPO are maintained at low levels due to a strong antioxidant defense mechanism, which involves several enzymes and low molecular weight reducing compounds. The present review emphasizes a paradox: a discrepancy between the expected high oxidability of the DHA molecule due to its high degree of unsaturation and certain experimental results which would indicate no change or even decreased lipid peroxidation when brain tissue is supplied or enriched with DHA. The following is a critical review of the experimental data relating DHA levels in the brain to lipid peroxidation and oxidative damage there. A neuroprotective role for DHA, possibly in association with the vinyl ether (VE) linkage of plasmalogens (pPLs) in combating free radicals is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ephraim Yavin
- Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.
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32
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Ste-Marie L, Hazell AS, Bémeur C, Butterworth R, Montgomery J. Immunohistochemical detection of inducible nitric oxide synthase, nitrotyrosine and manganese superoxide dismutase following hyperglycemic focal cerebral ischemia. Brain Res 2001; 918:10-9. [PMID: 11684037 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-8993(01)02903-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
We have characterized the temporal changes in iNOS, MnSOD and nitrotyrosine immune reactivity in a rat model of permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion under acute hyperglycemic or normoglycemic conditions followed by either 3- or 24-h recovery. We found that the macroscopic labeling pattern for all three antibodies colocalized with the ischemic core and penumbra which was determined by cresyl violet histological evaluation in adjacent sections. Hyperglycemia induced prior to ischemia resulted in earlier infarction which correlated with increased immunoreactivity for iNOS, MnSOD and nitrotyrosine. In the penumbral region of the frontal cortex, labeling of specific cell structures was largely limited to cortical neurons near the corpus callosum and was apparent earlier in the hyperglycemic rats. Increased polymorphonuclear leukocyte adhesion in blood vessels was observed at 24 h in the hyperglycemic group. At both of the recovery times studied, we observed only minor vascular staining for nitrotyrosine and none for iNOS. Our results are consistent with hyperglycemia resulting in an early and concomitant increase in both superoxide and nitric oxide production which can lead to peroxynitrite formation that then nitrates tyrosine residues. It would appear that hyperglycemic ischemia contributes to the early induction of key enzymes involved in nitric oxide bioavailability.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Ste-Marie
- Laboratoire de Neurobiologie, Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Hôpital Notre-Dame, 1560 Sherbrooke St. E., Montréal, Québec, Canada H2L 4M1
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Negishi H, Ikeda K, Nara Y, Yamori Y. Increased hydroxyl radicals in the hippocampus of stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats during transient ischemia and recirculation. Neurosci Lett 2001; 306:206-8. [PMID: 11406331 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-3940(01)01893-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
It has been suggested that stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRSP) show vulnerability to neuronal damage following transient ischemia. To observe the effect of hydroxyl radicals on neuronal damage in the hippocampus of SHRSP during ischemia and recirculation, we measured the levels of 2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid (2,3-DHBA), as a biological marker of hydroxyl radicals in the hippocampus of SHRSP, by high pressure liquid chromatography-electrochemical detection. The production of hydroxyl radicals in the hippocampus during the first 20 min of recirculation was a peak in all intervals. The changes in 2,3-DHBA levels during ischemia and recirculation in SHRSP were significantly higher than in Wistar-Kyoto rats. These results suggest that neuronal damage following ischemia and recirculation is, in part, caused by the increase in hydroxyl radicals during ischemia and recirculation.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Negishi
- Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
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Free Radicals and Acute Brain Injury: Mechanisms of Oxidative Stress and Therapeutic Potentials. Brain Inj 2001. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-1721-4_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/13/2023]
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Chang CF, Niu KC, Hoffer BJ, Wang Y, Borlongan CV. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy for treatment of postischemic stroke in adult rats. Exp Neurol 2000; 166:298-306. [PMID: 11085895 DOI: 10.1006/exnr.2000.7506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The efficacy of hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) therapy for treatment of stroke remains to be validated in the laboratory. We report here that adult rats subjected to occlusion of the middle cerebral artery and subsequently exposed to HBO (3 atm, 2 x 90 min at a 24-h intervals; animals terminated shortly after the second treatment) or hyperbaric pressure (HBP; 3 atm, 2 x 90 min at a 24-h interval; animals terminated shortly after the second treatment) immediately after the ischemia or after a 60-min delay generally displayed recovery from motor deficits at 2.5 and 24 h of reperfusion, as well as a reduction in cerebral infarction at 24 h of reperfusion compared to ischemic animals subjected to normal atmospheric pressure. While both HBO and HBP treatments promoted beneficial effects, HBO produced more consistent protection than HBP. Treatment with HBO immediately or 60 min after reperfusion equally produced significant attenuations of cerebral infarction and motor deficits. In contrast, protective effects of HBP treatment against ischemia were noted only when administered immediately after ischemia, which resulted in a significantly reduced infarction volume, but only produced a trend toward decreased behavioral deficits. The present results demonstrate that HBO and, to some extent, HBP reduced ischemic brain damage and behavioral dysfunctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- C F Chang
- Graduate Institute of Medical Science, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Republic of China
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